跨文化交际案例1

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跨文化交际的小故事

跨文化交际的小故事

跨文化交际的小故事
故事发生在一个国际会议上,来自世界各地的代表齐聚一堂。

在会议的茶歇时间,一位中国代表和一位美国代表开始了一段有趣的对话。

中国代表主动向美国代表介绍了中国的传统文化和风俗习惯,而美国代表也很开心地分享了美国的文化特点。

然而,在交流的过程中,他们却发现彼此对于礼节和沟通方式的理解有所不同。

中国代表习惯于在交谈时保持一定的距离,而美国代表则更倾向于亲近的身体接触。

这让中国代表感到有些不适,而美国代表却并不知道自己的举动已经触犯了对方的文化习惯。

在这种情况下,他们的交流陷入了一些尴尬和误解。

然而,聪明的中国代表并没有因此而产生负面情绪,而是试图理解对方的文化差异,并主动调整自己的态度。

他们开始进行更加深入的交流,探讨彼此文化的差异和相似之处。

通过这样的交流,他们不仅增进了对彼此文化的理解,还建立了良好的合作关系。

这个小故事告诉我们,跨文化交际并不是一件容易的事情,但只要我们愿意去理解和尊重对方的文化差异,就能够建立起良好的人际关系。

在跨文化交际中,我们需要保持开放的心态,学会倾听
和理解对方,尊重彼此的文化差异。

只有这样,我们才能够真正实
现跨文化交际的目标,建立起和谐的国际关系。

总而言之,跨文化交际是一个需要我们不断学习和适应的过程。

通过尊重和理解对方的文化差异,我们能够建立起更加紧密的人际
关系,促进国际合作的发展。

希望我们在日常生活中,都能够积极
地去面对跨文化交际的挑战,不断提升自己的跨文化交际能力。

这样,我们才能够更好地融入这个多元化的世界,为世界的和平与发
展贡献自己的力量。

跨文化交际民族中心主义案例

跨文化交际民族中心主义案例

跨文化交际民族中心主义案例跨文化交际中的民族中心主义案例有很多,其中一个典型的例子是中国的王兰在美国留学时所遇到的情况。

王兰在中国接受教育时,习惯了老师严肃、庄重、言谈举止中带有教师的尊严的形象。

然而,在美国,她的老师穿着比较随便,上课的时候经常坐在桌子上。

老师上课时也很少自己讲授,而是提出问题让同学们讨论,作报告。

她的美国同学也不像中国学生对老师那样尊重,不但直呼其名,甚至会和老师争论的面红耳赤。

王兰对这种教学方式感到非常不适应,她认为这种教学方式缺乏对老师的尊重,而且过于放任学生的自由讨论,可能会导致课堂纪律的失控。

同时,她也感到她的美国同学对她有敌意,很不友好。

这个案例中,王兰的民族中心主义思想导致了她的误解和困惑。

她把中国的文化规范误认为是他人也接受的文化规范,因此她无法理解和接受美国的教育方式和文化。

这表明在跨文化交际中,必须学会观察异国文化,善于与自己的文化对比,才能逐步提高自己的跨文化意识。

另一个值得注意的案例是关于一位在中国教书的美国教师。

这位教师因为在课堂上使用了一种被认为是不恰当的语言而被学生投诉。

具体来说,这位教师在课堂上使用了一些被学生认为是冒犯性的词汇,这导致了学生对她的不满和投诉。

这个案例涉及到语言差异和文化差异的问题。

由于这位美国教师使用的语言对于中国学生来说可能是不熟悉的,这可能导致学生产生误解或不安。

同时,学生可能将这种语言使用视为冒犯或不尊重,这反映了不同文化背景下的价值观和规范的差异。

这个案例也表明在跨文化交际中需要高度的敏感性和尊重。

教师需要了解并尊重当地的文化和价值观,同时需要与学生建立良好的沟通和关系,以确保他们能够理解和接受所教授的内容。

综上所述,跨文化交际中的民族中心主义案例表明了不同文化背景的人在交际过程中最容易犯的一个毛病是误以为对方与自己没什么两样。

为了避免这种情况的发生,我们需要不断提醒自己人们有着不同的文化背景和习俗,必须学会观察异国文化并与自己的文化对比,才能逐步提高自己的跨文化意识。

跨文化交际学阅读笔记

跨文化交际学阅读笔记

《跨文化交际学》阅读笔记一、跨文化交际学的基本概念跨文化交际学是一门研究不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中如何进行交流、沟通以及相互理解的学科。

它涉及到不同文化间的语言、习俗、信仰、价值观等方面的差异,并探究这些差异如何影响人们的交流行为。

在全球化背景下,跨文化交际已成为我们日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分,对于增进国际间的合作与交流、促进世界和平与发展具有重要意义。

在跨文化交际学中,有几个核心概念是我们需要掌握的。

首先是“文化”,它是指一个群体或社会共有的语言、艺术、信仰、习俗、传统等行为模式和思想观念的集合。

其次是“交际”,它是指人们通过语言、符号等方式进行信息交流和情感沟通的过程。

而“跨文化交际”则是指来自不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中,通过语言、符号等交流工具,进行信息交换和文化理解的活动。

跨文化交际的核心特点包括多样性和复杂性,由于世界上存在众多不同的文化,每种文化都有其独特的价值体系和行为模式,这使得跨文化交际呈现出多样性。

由于文化差异带来的交流障碍和误解,也给跨文化交际带来了复杂性。

在跨文化交际中,我们需要具备开放的心态和包容的态度,尊重不同文化之间的差异,学会在交流中调整自己的交流策略,以达到更好的交流效果。

为了更好地进行跨文化交际,我们需要了解不同文化间的差异,包括语言、习俗、信仰、价值观等方面的差异。

这些差异可能导致交际中的误解和冲突,因此我们需要通过学习和实践来提升自己的跨文化交际能力,包括语言交际能力、文化适应能力、跨文化意识等方面。

我们才能在全球化的大背景下更好地适应和融入不同的文化环境,促进国际间的交流与合作。

1. 跨文化交际的定义与内涵跨文化交际学是一门研究不同文化背景的人们之间如何进行有效沟通的学科。

在全球化日益发展的今天,跨文化交际的重要性愈发凸显。

在阅读《跨文化交际学》我对其中的定义与内涵有了更深入的了解。

跨文化交际,指的是不同文化背景的人通过语言、符号等交流工具进行信息、情感、观点等的交换过程。

跨文化交际案例分析题及答案

跨文化交际案例分析题及答案

跨文化交际案例分析题及答案案例描述在跨国公司A的一个国际会议上,来自不同国家的员工们需要共同讨论一个重要项目。

会议进行了几天,但是却一直没有取得明确的进展。

不同国家的员工语言文化差异导致了沟通障碍,讨论过程中出现了许多误解和纠纷。

公司高层深感困惑,希望找到解决这个问题的方法。

障碍分析1. 语言障碍跨国公司A的员工来自不同的国家,他们使用的是各自母语进行交流。

除了英语是共同的工作语言外,其他国别的员工使用的语言差异较大。

这种语言差异导致了语言表达的不准确和理解的模糊,使得员工们无法正常交流和理解对方。

2. 文化差异不同国家的员工具有不同的文化背景和价值观念,这导致了他们在讨论过程中产生了误解和冲突。

文化差异可以涉及到对时间观念、权力关系、政治正确性和个人自由等方面的不同理解,这些差异会影响到他们的决策方式和工作方式,导致合作的困难。

解决方案1. 提供语言支持和培训跨文化交际的第一个挑战是语言障碍。

为了解决这个问题,公司可以提供语言支持和培训,以帮助员工们提高英语或共同工作语言的能力。

这可通过组织语言培训课程,雇佣专业翻译人员或提供翻译工具等方式实现。

提供语言支持和培训可以降低语言障碍,提高员工之间的沟通效率。

2. 开展跨文化培训除了语言障碍外,文化差异也是讨论中的一个重要问题。

公司可以组织跨文化培训,帮助员工了解不同文化之间的差异,并教授他们如何在跨文化环境中进行有效的沟通和合作。

该培训可以包括介绍不同文化的价值观、信念和行为准则,以及跨文化冲突解决的技巧和策略。

通过开展跨文化培训,可以提高员工对文化差异的认识和理解,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。

3. 引入跨文化中介人为了解决跨文化交际中的难题,公司可以考虑引入跨文化中介人。

跨文化中介人是具有跨文化交际经验和能力的人员,他们可以在员工之间进行翻译和解释,协助双方理解并解决可能出现的误解和冲突。

跨文化中介人的介入可以减少员工之间的摩擦,促进合作和理解。

备课教案第一章跨文化交际

备课教案第一章跨文化交际

备课教案第一章跨文化交际一、引言跨文化交际是指不同文化下的个体之间进行沟通和交流的过程。

在全球化的下,跨文化交际的重要性越来越被人们所重视。

在教育领域,培养学生的跨文化交际能力已成为一项重要任务。

本教案的第一章将介绍跨文化交际的概念、原则和意义,并提供一些教学方法和策略。

二、跨文化交际的概念跨文化交际是指在不同文化下,个体之间进行交流和互动的过程。

跨文化交际涉及到语言、文化、社会习俗和价值观等方面的差异。

在跨文化交际中,个体需要理解和尊重对方的文化差异,同时要注意自己在交际中所表现出来的行为和态度。

三、跨文化交际的原则1.尊重差异:在跨文化交际中,应该尊重对方的文化差异,包括语言、礼仪、思维方式等方面的差异。

不应该对对方的文化进行歧视或偏见。

2.适应变化:在跨文化交际中,个体需要适应不同的文化环境和情境。

需要灵活地调整自己的行为和态度,以便更好地与对方进行交流。

3.建立共同语言:虽然语言可能是跨文化交际中的一个障碍,但个体可以通过学习对方的语言,或者使用一种中性的语言来建立共同的语言,从而更好地进行交流。

4.接纳多样性:在跨文化交际中,个体需要接纳不同的文化观念和价值观。

要意识到每个文化都有其独特的优点和特点,不应该将自己的文化观念强加于他人。

四、跨文化交际的意义跨文化交际具有重要的意义,它可以促进不同文化之间的交流和理解,有助于消除文化冲突和误解。

在教育领域,培养学生的跨文化交际能力可以帮助他们更好地适应多元文化的社会,并且能够为未来的国际交流和合作提供基础。

五、跨文化交际的教学方法和策略1.多元文化教育:在教学中注重引入多元文化的内容和案例,让学生了解不同文化的差异和特点。

2.语言对比学习:通过对比不同文化下的语言差异,帮助学生理解文化之间的差异,从而更好地进行跨文化交际。

3.资源共享:鼓励学生分享自己的文化和经验,这样可以促进学生之间的互相了解和交流。

4.情景模拟:通过模拟真实的跨文化交际情景,让学生在实践中学习如何应对文化差异和问题。

案例分析必背

案例分析必背

一跨文化交际(一)认识上的误区不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中,最容易犯的一个毛病是误以为对方和自己没什么两样.一旦发现对方的行为与自己的预期相差甚远,就会产生困惑、失望,造成跨文化交际的失败。

(必背)(在认识上的这一误区是跨文化交际的一大障碍。

LaRay Barna认为,把自己的文化规范误认为是他人也接受的文化规范是跨文化交际的主要障碍。

Craig Storti认为,在跨文化交际中,人们大致经历这样四个阶段:(1)期望对方与自己一样;(2)实际情况并非如此,现实与预期差距很大,引起文化冲突;(3)感到愤怒、恐惧;(4)决定退缩回去。

)扩展案例1:萨拉是位英国教师,从曼彻斯特来到西安教书。

她在讲课时学生不断地记笔记,但是,没有人提问题。

虽然她一再鼓励他们提问,但是收效不大。

她认为学生对她的讲课缺乏兴趣。

但是,她又发现学生常常在课后或者课间问她问题。

她指定学生课后读参考书,但是,她发现他们大部分没有读.她把学生邀请到她的房间,与他们聊天。

但是,他们都比较拘谨。

有的学生把她书桌上的东西拿起来看,事先也不征求她的同意.面对这一切,她感到沮丧.她觉得她可能在教学上不会成功。

萨拉之所以感到沮丧,是因为认识上的误区,认为对方和自己没什么两样,才会产生误会。

在萨拉的认识里学生积极回答问题,多读书,于是默认中国学生也这样,当学生不和她想的一样时,就出现了跨文化交际障碍。

还有师生关系,和隐私,都和萨拉认识上不一样我就不一一展开了.案例2:留学生李英初次出国,到达美国不久被朋友请去参加一个聚会,他准时到达,但却发现许多人都姗姗来迟,穿的也很随便.在聚会上有几种饮料和一些简单的食物,但是没有像样的菜。

聚会上熟人很少,好不容易见了马克,于是与他攀谈起来。

谈了大约十分钟,马克说他要和另一个朋友去谈谈,就走开了,李英非常失望。

聚会的主人把他介绍给一两个人,然后就再也不管他了。

两个钟头以后,他借故离开了聚会。

回到家,他还很饿,不得不煮些面条吃。

跨文化交际第一课材料

跨文化交际第一课材料

Unit 1 An Introduction to Intercultural CommunicationWarm UpCase Study OneProfessor Johnson was invited to give a guest lecture at a Chinese university in the early 1990s. He could tell that the students were very attentive. They applauded warmly when the lecture came to an end. However, Professor Johnson was disappointed when no one asked any questions, even after they were encouraged to do so. In fact, most students avoided eye contact with him as he tried to communicate with them.1. 1 Culture1.1.1 A Definition of CultureIn 1993, two anthropologists, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhorn examined 300 definitions of culture , and they found none of them are the same;Yet there are some fundamental properties about culture on which most people agree. Culture is the collective answer to questions as: Who am I? How should I live my life? Where do I fit in the world? In other words, culture is the set of values and beliefs, norms, and customs, and rules and codes that socially defines a group of people, binds them to one another, and gives a sense of commonality (Trenholm and Jenson, 2000)1.1.2 Characteristics of CultureDespite of the different opinion about the definition of culture, most people agree about the main characteristics of culture. Larry A. Samovar and Richard E. Porter summarized the characteristics of culture as followings:Culture is learned.If one can’t learn from those who live before, we would not have culture. Therefore, we say learning was the most important of all the characteristics of culture. If a baby was cut off from all adult care, training. He can still instinctively eat, drink, defecate, urinate and cry. But what and when would he eat, where would he defecate and urinate, it is most likely he would do all these things randomly.But where and how can we learn culture is hard to explain. We learn our culture through interactions with other people. It’s hard to name who are the “other people”, we receive instructions from family and friends and numerous other “teachers” without knowing it.Culture is transmitted from generation to generation.For culture to exist, endure, and perpetuate, they must make sure that their crucial “message” and elements get passed on. Brislin once said “ if there are values considered central to a soc iety that have existed for many years, they must be transmitted from one generation to another” (p. 6). Keesing said, “ any break in the learning chain would lead to a culture’s disappearance” (p. 28).Culture is based on symbols. Culture is learned and passed from generation to generation, but how to learn and pass? It is our symbol-making ability enables us to learn and pass on our culture from individual to individual, group to group, and generation to generation. The portability of symbols allows people to package and store them as well as transmit them. Culture is historical as well as preservable. Each new generation might “write”Culture is subject to change. Cultures are dynamic systems that do not exist in a vacuum and therefore are subject to change. Cultures are constantly being confronted with ideas and information for “outside” sources.When we talk about culture change, we should keep two points in mind. First, cultures are highly adaptive. In history, there are a lot of examples of how cultures have been forced to changetheir course because of natural disasters, wars, and etc. Second, although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of a culture resists major alterations. Barnlund clearly make this point when he writes: “The spread of Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and Confucianism did not homogenize the societies they enveloped. It was usually the other way around: Societies insisted on adapting the religions to their own cultural traditions” (p.192)Culture is ethnocentric. The important tie between ethnocentrism and communication can be seen in the definition of the term “ ethnocentrism”. Summer defined it as “ the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all othe rs are scaled and rated with reference to it” (p.13) Keesing summarized the power and impact of ethnocentrism “ Nearly always the folklore of a people includes myths of origin which give priority to themselves, and place the stamp of supernatural approval upon their particular customs” (p. 45).1.1.3 Cultural SyndromesSome cultures are relatively simple, and other cultures are relatively complex. The organizing theme of the syndrome is complexity. Harry C. Triandis classified culture syndromes according to the following categories.TightnessTight cultures have many rules, norms, and ideas about what is correct behaviour in each situation; loose cultures have fewer rules and norms. In tight cultures, people can not tolerate when others do not follow the norms of the society, and may even kill those who do not behave as is expected, but in loose cultures people are tolerant of many difference from normative behaviours.Thus, conformity is high in tight cultures. Eg. In Japan, which is a tight culture, people are sometimes criticized for minor deviations from norms. Most Japanese live in fear that they will not act properly. (Iwao, 1993).Tightness is more likely in the following situations:1. The culture is relatively isolated from other cultures, so that consensus about what is proper behaviour can develop.2.The culture is more likely to be tight where people are highly interdependent.3. Tightness is more likely to occur where there is a high population density.Individualism and CollectivismIndividualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family only.”Collectivism “stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive ingroups, which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.”Individualistic cultures like USA and France are more self-centred and emphasize mostly on their individual goals. People from individualistic cultures tend to think only of themselves as individuals and as "I" distinctive from other people. They make just a little different between ingroup and outgroup communication . They prefer clarity in their conversations to communicate more effectively and come in general directly to the point like the Finns and Americans are doing. Vertical and Horizontal CulturesVertical cultures take hierarchy as a natural state. In this culture, people are different from each other. The people who are at the top “naturally” have more power and privileges than those atthe bottom of the hierarchy. In horizontal culture, people are basically similar, equality is a given state.Active-Passive CulturesThis way of classifying culture is from the perspective of attitude towards nature. In active cultures people try to change the nature to fit them; in passive cultures people try to change themselves to fit into the nature. (Diaz-Guerrero, 1979). The active cultures are more competitive, and emphasize self-fulfillment; in passive cultures , people are more cooperative, emphasize the experience of living, and getting along with other people are their concerns.Universalism-ParticularismUniversalism and particularism are standards that may guide behavior of persons or of whole cultures. Universalism implies that correct behavior can be defined and always applies, while particularism suggests that relationships come ahead of abstract social codes. In universalist culture people try to treat others on the basis of universal criteria regardless of who they are in sex, age, race, etc.; in particularist cultures people treat others on the basis of who the other person is.In universalist cultures, people’s focus is more on rules than on relationships; while in particulist culture, people’s focus is more on relationships than on rules. A univeralist is preparing for “rational”, while a particulist is preparing for “personal”.Take the case of trying to cross the street at the red light. In a universalist culture, you will still be frowned at even if there is no traffic. In a particularist culture, it is likely to be OK with one if it is his/her brothers or friends that violate the traffic rule. These people are not "citizens", but their "friends" or "brothers".Diffuse-SpecificThis dimension measures how far people get involved with other's life space. Take a research group as an example. In specific-oriented cultures, the project leader would segregate out the task relationship he/she has with a subordinate, and insulates this "work relationship" from other dealings. Therefore, the leader's authority only reaches where his/her work relationship with the subordinate is defined, and each area in which the two persons encounter each other is considered apart from the other. Work and life are sharply separated in specific-oriented cultures life the U.S. In diffuse cultures, however, life space and every level of personality tends to permeate ALL others. For example, a teacher would be treated by the student not only as an instructor in the classroom, but also has certain influence on the student's home life. The boss-subordinate relationship usually does not stop only in the office; the boss is likely to have a say in other aspects of his/her employee's personal life.Affective - NeutralIn relationships between people, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of these dominates will depend upon whether we are affective, that is we show our emotions, in which case we probably get an emotional response in return, or whether we are emotionally neutral in our approach. Members of cultures which are affectively neutral do not express their feelings but keep them carefully controlled and subdued. In contrast, in cultures high in affectivity, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling and gesturing; they attempt to find immediate outlets for their feelings.Neutral cultures are not necessarily cold or unfeeling, nor are they emotionally constipated or repressed. In fact, the amount of emotion we show is often the result of convention. Achievement vs. AscriptionThis dimension is about how status is accorded to people in different cultures. The contrast between an achievement culture and an ascriptive culture is not difficult to understand. Achievement means that people are judged on what they have accomplished and on their record. Ascription means that status is attributed to you by things like birth, kinship, gender, age, interpersonal connections, or educational record. The former kind of status is called achieved status and the latter ascribed status. Achieved status refers to doing; ascribed status refers to being. Take a look at the difference from another angle. Achievement-oriented societies or organizations justify their hierarchies by claiming that senior people have "achieved more." Inascription-oriented cultures, however, hierarchies are justified by "power-to-get-things-done." Here are some examples.Let's assume that you are being interviewed by your potential boss and he/she is interested in knowing more about your educational background. In an achievement culture, the first question is likely to be "What did you study?" In contrast, this question will more likely be "Where did you study?" and only if it was a lousy university or one they do not recognize will this ascriptive interviewer asks what you studied.In addition to sampling different attributes, members of different cultures give different weights to the attributes that they sample. One can identify many more syndromes.1.2 Communication1.2.1 A Definition of CommunicationAlthough communication has been written for about 25 centuries, there is still disagreement about how to define it. In 1972, Frank Dance and Karl Larson surveyed the field for definition of communication. They found 126. And we can list some.Communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus.Communication… is an “effort after meaning,” a creative act initiated by man in which he seeks to discriminate and organize cues so as to orient himself in his environment and satisfy his changing needs.Speech communication is a human process through which we make sense out of the world and share that sense with others.Communication: the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. by the use of symbols…Communication is a process by which a source transmits a message to a receiver through some channel.Communication is a transactional process and we develop a mutually dependent relationship by exchanging symbols. First, communication is a process. And it is symbolic, continuous, systematic, irreversible, and unrepeatable.1.2.2 The Prosperities of CommunicationIn last section, communication was defined. The definition reflects how we define communication. But there are numerous ways this word communication can be defined. Dance and Larson (1976) list over 125 definitions of this term. Yet despite these different definitions, most theorists agree on the properties of communication. Neuliep (2000) provides a summary of these, along with eight definitions of communication.1. Communication is a process. “Communication theory reflects a process point of view…you cannot talk about the beginning or the end of communication…”(Berlo)2. Communication is dynamic. “Communication is a transaction among symbol users in which meanings are dynamic, changing as a function of earlier usages and of changes in perceptions and metaperceptions. Common to both meanings is the notion that communication is time-bound and irreversible.” (Bowers and Bradac)3. Communication is interactive/ transactive. “Communication occurs when two or more people interact through the exchange of messages.” (Goss)4. Communication is symbolic. “… all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time.” (Cooley)5. Communication is intentional. “…communication has as its central interest those behavioral situations in which source transmits a message to a receivers with conscious intent to affect the latter’s behavior.” (Miller)6. Communication is contextual. “Communication always and inevitably occurs within some context.” (Fisher)7. Communication is ubiquitous. “…communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus.” (Stevens)8. Communication is cultural. “…culture is communication…communication is culture.”(Hall)Case Study TwoMing Li is a Chinese scholar in agriculture. He had been co-operating with Hank, an American professor on a project. And Hank had been to China twice for the project. And Ming Li arranged everything for him, including accommodation, having his students accompany him whenever he needed to do something. Frequently Ming Li invited him to home or restaurants for meals. And every meal was like a feast. Hank was very grateful, but told Ming Li several time that he could take care of himself.Eventually, Ming Li went to the United States to work with Hank for a period of time. Hank picked him up at the airport and took him directly to his temporary accommodations. Saying that he would take Ming Li out for dinner some day and went back home.Ming Li did not speak much English and he felt like a stranger in U.S. and he expected more from Hank. Hank did take him out for dinner in a nice restaurant one evening and invited him to his home once. But Ming Li had to arranged everything himself from shopping to traveling. Neither Hank nor his students accompanied him. He was very disappointed and hurt by Hank, thinking Hank should at least return the favor he had done to him.In fact, Ming Li was so upset that his working relationship with Hank suffered. Hank noticed the change but did not know where the tension came from.Questions:1.What is hospitality in Chinese perspective?2.Having Ming Li’s students accompany him everywhere, does Hank feel verycomfortable?3.Was Hank not very grateful and hospitable?1.3 Intercultural Communication1.3.1 What is Intercultural Communication?According to Neuliep (2003), intercultural communication occurs whenever a minimum of two persons from different cultures or microcultures come together and exchange verbal and nonverbal symbols. Microcultures are groups of people that exist within the broader rules andFood.dress.music. visual arts. Drama. craftsnguagecelebrations.gamescourtesy. Contextual conversational patterns. Concept of time. Personalspace. Rules of conduct. Facial expressions. Nonverbal communication.Body language. Touching. Eye contact. Patterns of handling emotions.Notions of modesty. Concept of beauty. Courtship practices.Relationships to animals. Notions of leadship. Tempo of work. Conceptsof food. Ideals of childrearing. Theory of disease. Social interaction rate.Nature of friendships. Tone of voice. Attitudes toward elders. Concept ofcleanliness. Notions of adolescence. Patterns of group decision-making.Definition of insanity. Preference for competition or cooperation.Tolerance … and so forthSurface CultureAbove sea levelEmotional Load:relatively low guidelines of the dominant culture, but are distinct in some way: racially, linguistically, occupation, age, or sexual orientation. Often microcultural groups have histories that differ from the dominant cultural group and are subordinate in some way.Intercultural communication, like all communication, is contextual. A context is a combination of factors--- situation, setting, circumstance, the people involved, the relationship of those people, and so on. In short, context is the overall framework within which communication takes place.1.3.2 A Narrative Approach to Intercultural CommunicationThere are numerous approaches to the study of intercultural communication--- all of which have their strengths and weaknesses. Based on our own intercultural living experiences, we are convinced that the most effective and insightful approach is the narrative approach.Scholars often discuss culture in terns of an iceberg metaphor. What we see in any culture is only the tip of the iceberg. Yet, effective communication occurs only when we begin to understand what is below the water level.The Iceberg Concept of CultureLike an iceberg, nine-tenths of culture is below the surface.Another metaphor compares culture to a theatrical production. You see what is on stage, but you don ’t see all the activity backage. It is the backstage activity that enables the action on stage to be effective.We suggest a narrative approach to the study of intercultural communication. We are the stories we tell. We make sense out of others and ourselves through story. As storytellers, our values, emotions, and aesthetic considerations ground our beliefs and behaviors.A key concept in the narrative approach is the concept of narrative itself. Fisher indicated “By ‘narration’, I mean symbolic actions---- words and/or deeds--- that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, or interpret them”(p.58), he also states it “ There is no genre, including technical communication, that is not an episode in the story of life” (p. 347).Thus, listening to a class lecture, talking with your friends, listening to a political speech or the evening news, reading a book--- all consist of your hearing and shaping narratives. If story is a universal medium, then story is the key to our understanding of others from cultures unlike our own.Because our lives are experienced through narratives, some standard for determining which stories to believe and which to disregard is essential. This standard is narrative rationality. It is different from the traditional one in which most Westerners have been trained. Traditional standards of rationality ask questions such as:1. Are the claims supported by the facts?2. Have all relevant facts been considered?3. Are the arguments internally consistent?4. Does the reasoning used conform to the tests of formal and informal logic?In contrast, narrative rationality is concerned with the principle of coherence and fidelity. Coherence refers to the internal consistency of the narrative and asks such questions as:1.Do the elements of the story flow smoothly?2.Is the story congruent with the stories that seem related to it?3.Are the characters in the story believable?Fidelity, the second principle of narrative rationality, concerns truthfulness or reliability of the story. Stories with a high degree of fidelity “ring true” to the listener. When the elements of a story “represent accurate assertions about social reality” (Fisher, 1987, p.105), they have fidelity. Fisher proposes that we assess narrative fidelity through the logic of good reasons. If a narrative possesses fidelity, it constitutes good reasons for a person to hold a certain belief or act in a certain way. The logic of good reasons enables a person to judge the worth of stories by presenting the listener with a set of values that appeal to her or act in a certain way. The logic of good reasons enables a person to judge the worth of stories by presenting the listener with a set of values that appeal to her or him and form warrants for accepting or rejecting a certain story.The logic of good reasons consists of asking two sets of questions. The first set constitutes a logic of reasons:1. Are the statements that claim to be factual in the narrative really factual?2. Have any relevant facts been omitted from the narrative or distorted in its telling?3. What are the patterns of reasoning that exist in the narrative?4. How relevant are the arguments in the story to any decision the listener may make?5. How well does the narrative address the important and significant issues of this case? Assignment:Terms: culture , Individualism and Collectivism, communication, intercultural communication, Questions:1.What are characteristic of culture?2.What are properties of communication/3.How do Harry C. Triandis clarify Cultural Syndromes4. How do you understand The Iceberg Concept of Culture。

跨文化交际unit1答案解析

跨文化交际unit1答案解析

Unit 1Communication Across CulturesWarm UpQuestions1. Why is it difficult to explain to a blind person what colors are?2. Do you sometimes find it hard to make yourself properly understood by others? If you do, why do you think it is hard?It is very difficult for people to understand one another if th ey do not share the same experiences. Of course, we all share the experience of being human, but there are many experiences which we donot share and which are different for all of us. It is these different experiences thatmake up what is called ―culture‖ in the social sciences -the habits of everyday life, the cues towhich people respond, the automatic reactions they have to whatever they see and hear. These often differ, and the differences may introduce misunderstandings where we seek understanding.Reading IIntercultural Communication:An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that“everyone‟s quick to blame the alien”in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance,it is not uncommon intoday‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems arecaused by minorities and immigrants.2. What‟s the difference between today‟s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greaterimportance than in anytime in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated culturalinteraction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence“culture is everything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one‟s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generallyagreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Discovering Problems: Slim Is Beautiful?Questions for discussionWhich do you think is the mark of beauty, thin or fat? Why is it often said that beauty is in the eye of beholder?One sociologist once said that with the greater influence of American culture across the world, the standard of a beauty is becoming more and more Hollywood-like, characterized by a chiseled chin and a tall, slim figure. One can see such beautiful images in almost any American movie. We Chinese also share the notion that the standard idea of beauty includes being tall, thin, and light skinned. It seems that with the process of globalization, eastern and western beauties look more and more alike.But we have to remember that the definition of beauty differs from culture to culture. For example, Hispanic standards of female beauty are to have big hips, a moderate tan, and a short height. As is described in the article, in southeastern Nigeria, Coca-Cola-bottle voluptuousness is celebrated and ample backsides and bosoms are considered ideals of female beauty.What‘s more, the ideal standard of beauty varies from time to time. For instance, during timesof famine, the ideal standard of beauty for women is a much larger body size. Larger size and more body fat may reflect one‘s status; for it suggests that the person is well fed and healthy. Thinness then wouldreflect malnutrition. However, during times of plenty, plumpness is not a reflection ofstatus. People may easily associate fatness with hypertension, h eart disease or other potential diseases. Likewise, during eras in which lower-class labors had to toil predominantly outside for hours a day, tanned skin was an indication of lower status, and therefore the ideal standard of female beauty was very pale skin; women during those times actually used a lot of white powdered cosmetics to exaggerate the paleness of their skin. Now, however, tan is a reflection of having more leisure time spent on seashores instead of working in an office all the time, and therefore it may suggest higher status, so women strive for darker skin tones.It is true that beauty is in the eye of the beholder because people of different cultures and in different situations may have different ideas about what is beautiful and what is not.Group WorkFirst share with your group member whatever experiences you have had in communication events that can be considered as intercultural. Then work together to decide whether each of the following cases of communication is possibly intercultural or not and, if it is, to what extent it is intercultural. Try to place all the cases along a continuum of interculturalness, from the most intercultural to the least intercultural.All the cases may seem to be intercultural but they differ in the extent to which they are intercultural. However it may be very difficult for us to place all these cases along a continuum of interculturalness from the most intercultural to the least intercultural, for many other factors have to be taken into consideration if we have to decide which is more intercultural than another. For instance, whether communication between a male manager and a female secretary is intercultural or not and, if it is, how intercultural it may be, may depend on the cultural and social backgrounds of the two persons. If they are from drastically different cultures, communication between them is surely intercultural and may be very intercultural. If they are from the same culture, communication between them may be little intercultural.The following is tentatively suggested for measuringthe interculturalness of the cases of communication, and the cases are presented from the most intercultural to the least intercultural: Communication between a Chinese university student and an American professor; Communication between a Canadian girl and a South African boy;Communication between a first-generation Chinese American and third generation one; Communication between a businessperson from Hong Kong and an artist from Xian; Communication between a teenager from Beijing and a teenager from Tibet;Communication between a father who is a farmer all his life and his son who works as an engineer;Communication between a software technician and a fisherman; Communication between a male manager and a female secretary (supposing they are of the similar cultural and social backgrounds) .DebateThe class is to be divided into two groups and debate on the two different views mentioned in thefollowing on intercultural communication. State your point of vi ew clearly and support your argument with convincing and substantive evidence.Pro: People are people; more interactions would lead to greate r understanding of each other.(Commonality precedes)Con: People are shaped by different environments they find themselves in, therefore, the difference overrides. (Differences precedes)1. Human beings tend to draw close to one another by their common nature. We all share the common basic needs.2. Rapid expansion of worldwide transportation and communication networks have made it far easier than ever before for people throughout the world to contact with one another.3. The process of globalization may reduce the regional differences between people all over the world. We are all members of the ―global village‖.4. Economic interdependence in today‘s world requires people of different countries to interact onan unprecedented scale, and more interaction will result in more similarity among people.5. More and more people from various cultures have to work and live together and they will adapt to each other to such an extent that cultural differences between them may no longer matter.1. People throughout the world may be similar in many aspects, but differences in habits and customs keep them apart.2. Though the basic human needs are universally the same, people all over the world satisfy their basic common human needs in different ways.3. As our society is becoming more and more diversified, differences between people tend to grow larger in some aspects.4. It is differences between people that underlie the necessity of communication, and it does not follow that communication which may increase the possibility of understanding between people will always reduce differences.5. People nowadays are more likely to try to maintain their unique cultural identities when they find themselves living closely with people of other cultures.From the two seemingly opposite viewpoints, we can learn something that we should keep in mind when we are involved in interculturalcommunication. First, all human beings share some common heritages that link us to one another. To some extent, people throughout the world are pretty much alike in many aspects, and that has formed the very basis on which it is possible for people of various cultures to communicate. However, what we have to realize is that there are also vast differences between people from various cultural groups. To really understand a person whose cultural background is different from yours can be very difficult, for both you and that person maybe subconsciously influenced by each one‘s own cultural upbringing. In a sense, what we should doin intercultural communication is to treat people of other cultures both as the same with and as different from us.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a“global village”is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that“the…global‟may be more local than the…local‟”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ‗global‘may be more local than the ‗local‘‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have tomeet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures, a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael Fay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalization? Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.WritingRead the following and then try to write a short essay on what one has to learn to get prepared for working and living in a new cultural environment.There seems to be so much that one can do to get oneself well prepared for working and living in a new cultural environment. Apart from what is mentioned in the passage, the following may be what a person in Anna ‘s situation should also try to do:1. Learning the language that is used in the new cultural environment.2. Learning about the history and present social situation of the area or the country.3. Learning about the dominant religious belief and some important social customs.4. Learning about the cultural uses of nonverbal means inc luding time and space for communication.5. Learning to look at things and people in new perspectives that are different from what one is accustomed to.6. Developing a more tolerant attitude toward any unfamiliar phenomena.7. Becoming aware that problems and misunderstandings are inevitable in intercultural communication.8. Learning about how foreigners are usually perceived and treated by the local people.Identifying Difference: How We Address Each OtherQuestions for discussionHow do you address a friend from an English-speaking country? And how should we do it if he or she knows our culture very well or if we speak Chinese to each other?Usually we can address a friend from an English-speaking country by his/her first name withoutmentioning his/her surname or title out of respect for his/her culture. Because people from English-speaking countries attach great importance to casualness in addressing each other in order to form a relatively intimate and equal relationship. But if he or she knows our culture very well or if we speak Chinese to each other, we can address him/her in the Chinese way. Just as the old sayinggoes, ―When in Rome, do as the Romans do‖, it‘s better for our friend to learn more about andbecome better acquainted with the Chinese culture. In this way, when addressing him/her, we can add ―xiao‖(young) or ―lao‖(aged) before his/her family name according to his/her age so as to create an amicable atmosphere. We can also address him/her by using his/her title in a humorous way,or by inventing some nickname for him or her in either English or Chinese, depending on the degree of intimacy.SurveyConduct a survey among some Chinese students to find how much they know about the possible cultural differences between Chinese and English-speaking people in the speech behaviors listed below.SpeechbehaviorChina English-speaking countriesGreetin g When greeting each other, theChinese often begin with ―Have you eaten?‖, ―Where are yougoing?‖, ―What are youdoing?‖,―Long time no see.‖ and so on.People from English-speakingcountries usually say ―Hello.‖―Good morning/afternoon/evening‖―Nice to meet you./Glad to see you.‖or ―How doyou do?‖Apologi zing Chinese people seem toapologize less often thanPeople from English-speakingcountries often apologize inEnglish-speaking people. TheChinese apologize only whenthey think it is about somethingthat really matters.their daily life even for th e most trivial things.Making request s Chinese people tend to make requests in indirect ways, especially when the peop leinvolved are not on intimate terms with one another.People from English-speaking countries tend to mak e requests directly and openly.Express ing gratitu de Chinese people often expre ss their gratitude not just by what they say, but also by what they do and what they give to others who have done them a favor. People from English-speaking countries tend to show their gratitude more verbally t o others who have helpedthem.Express ing disappr Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face. If People from English-speaking countries are more likely to express their disapprovoval they have to express disapproval,they often prefer to do it in a veryindirect way.al freely and directly.Leave-t aking Chinese people tend to excusethemselves by claiming that theothers must be tired or busy, etc,using the expressions thatimputethe motive of tirednessor business to the other partywhen parting.People from English-speakingcountries would usually findreasons to part related tothemselves rather thanto others.Intercultural InsightExplorationTry to describe and explain the possible similar experiences in your use of English as a foreign language in communicating with native speakers.What a student tells us below can further illustrate the point that how we communicate appropriately in intercultural encounters may not be as simple as we tend to assume:I remember in the first class of oral English when I was a freshman at university, we students habitually addressed our amiable foreign teacher as ―teacher‖as we did to the other Chinese teachers. But he asked us to call him by his first name instead. Since he seemed morethan fifty years old we were embarrassed but gradually we learned that was the suitable way to address a teacher in the United States, for teachers in the United States generally prefer to be seen as equal and like a friend to their students. However, when I was already a junior, to our great surprise, one of our foreign teachers who taught us intensive reading told us that hepreferred to be called by us as ―Professor White‖ or ―Doctor White‖. The reason was simplythat he wanted to be properly respected in China.Translation纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

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外国文化与跨文化交际
跨文化交际
例题一:
内容提要:
合资企业中,跨文化差异现象的存在,使得企业领导与员工的沟通具有一定的障碍,这主要是由于不同的文化背景所造成的。

面对这种文化冲突,要理性地去对待,避免感情用事,致使矛盾愈深。

案例名称:《回答的方式》
案例介绍:
飞利浦照明公司人力资源副总裁(美国人)与一位中国员工交谈。

中国员工的回答令副总裁难以理解,甚至不耐烦。

案例:《回答的方式》
飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源副总裁(美国人)与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。

想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。

中国员工并没有正面回答问题,而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系,以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等。

将了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。

副总有些大惑不解,没等他说完已经有写不耐烦了,因为同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。

“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算,想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位罢了,可为何就不能得到明确的回答呢?”谈话结束后,副总忍不住想人力资源总监甲抱怨道。

“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人?”谈话中受到压力的员工也想甲谈苦。

作为人力资源总监,甲明白双方之间不同的沟通方式引起了隔阂,虽然他极力想双方解释,但要完全消除已经产生的问题并不容易。

以上便是整个案例,这是一个很典型的跨文化焦急的例子。

首先,我们看到这位副总裁是美国籍人,而那位员工则是中国籍。

既然出生于两个不同的过度,那他们的思维方式、生活习惯、文化背景、教育程度、文化差异等众多方面都存在着差异。

正是由于这些文化差异的存在,才使得双方在交流、沟通过程中产生一系列障碍。

其次,“中国员工并没有正面回答问题”,我们可以想象一下这位中国员工没有正面回答问题的原因。

比如说由于语言障碍、没有理解透彻美国副总裁所说话语的原意;或者说副总的文化方式让中国员工产生了误解;亦或是中国员工有意回避从正面回答……。

以上原因都知识我们的推测而已。

下面我们给出一个假设。

假设这位中国员工从正面直接回答了副总的问题。

比如,中国员工回答:“……想在五年之内作到营销部经理的职位。

很显然,按照中国人的传统心理,这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦虚、委婉的心理习惯。

太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心,高傲自大的缺陷。

谦虚也可以给自己留有后路,万一做不到那个理想的位子,也不至于丢面子,被人耻笑。

恰恰相反,美国人一向简单明了,很直接,这也是他们一贯的思维方式。

由此看来,中国人似乎没有一个明确的奋斗目标或规划,只是做一点算一点,得过且过的心理,而美国人则做某意见事总是事先作好精心的策划,然后在一个明确的目标的知道下去采取行动。

这样,中国人的那种思维习惯容易给企业领导留下不良印象。

再次,美籍副总裁询问这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算,及想要在飞利浦作到什么样的职位。

由此可见,美国人很注重个人在企业的发展状况。

通过个人才华的施展和努力来取得企业的辉煌业绩和达到理想目标。

这也许与美国一贯提倡的人权问题有着莫大的关系。

而从中国员工的回答来看,基本上是“从集体到个人”的单一模式。

他先谈论的是与公司有关的一些情况,如公司未来的发展方向、晋升体系;接着才说到自己在公司所处的位置等。

一个好的集体是由每一个优秀的个体所创造和组成的。

中国人的思维方式是习惯于从集体得到更多,而自己付出甚少。

以上问题都是由跨文化差异所造成的,长期可能或造成不良结果。

第一,怀恨心理;如案例中副总裁的“不耐烦”、中国员工说副总“咄咄逼人”,这些很容易造成冲突双方的怀恨心理;第二,过度保守。

文化冲突严重影响企业领导与员工之间的关系的和谐,领导只能以固有模式操作企业,对员工愈加疏远;而员工则亦按照固有模式做工作,缺乏创新精神;第三,感情用事。

领导与员工不能正确处理存在的文化冲突时,双方便容易感情用事,使误会和矛盾加深;第四,当双方的误会和矛盾经过积累达到一定程度时,过同就有可能自然中断,由此可能造成企业在决策施行上的巨大偏差。

针对在跨文化交流中存在的问题,我们要寻求一系列妥善的解决方案。

第一,企业员工可以在东道国接受当地文化的洗礼以及相关的各种跨文化沟通的培训。

或者东道国公司直接为外籍员工惊醒一定时期的培训;第二,企业要努力建设自己的文化、历年,使每一个员工都融合到企业文化里面。

因为,通常这种文化具有很强的包容性和融合力。

从案例中可以看出,美籍副总裁和中国员工在企业自身文化中不能找到共识;第三,作为副总,应该以包容的态度来处理文化冲突,慢慢地去与员工沟通,而非“不耐烦”或抱怨;第四,通过第三方的调节和解释,使问题明了化,解开副总裁与中国员工之间的疑惑及矛盾。

这一方式不仅有助于解决本案例,我想,在其他案例当中也不失为一种奏效的办法。

在以上四个解决方案当中,我个人认为第一个方案是最重要,也可能是最成功的。

虽然让员工接受当地文化洗礼或培训需要耗费一定的时间和财力,但从长久看来,它有助于使文化差异最小化,同时有利于企业文化自身的建设。

相关补充:
在语言、文化、跨文化交际三者的关系中,语言反映文化,文化影响语言的使用和发展;在以一种语言为媒介的跨文化交际中,交际者应遵守该语言的文化语用规则。

但不难发现,当一种语言在各种困素的作用下被广泛传播到本土以外、为众多其他地域的人们使用时,语言与文化之间会呈现出一种颇为复杂的关系,而在以该语言为媒介所进行的跨文化交际中,交际双方遵守的语言使用规则也可能会有所不同。

下面我们以英语的变迁为例来说明这一现象,并讨论其对跨文化交际研究的意义。

从历史上的小语种发展成为如今全球最为重要的国际通用语,英语经历了一个自身全球化和本土化的过程。

16世纪前英语是一门使用范围仅限于英伦三岛的小语种,但随着英国的殖民扩张和20世纪美国的快速崛起,英语传播到世界各地,为许多国家的人们所使用。

据统计,全球大约有3.2—3.8亿人以英语为母语,1.5—3亿人以英语为第二语言,7.5—10亿人以英语为外语,85%的国际组织将英语作为工作语言,每年出版的英语书籍占全球出版书籍总量的28%,42%的欧盟成员国公民可用英语进行交流。

从以上数据可以看出,英语的非母语使用者人群在数量上远远超出了母语使用者人群。

与此同时,英语语言本身在和当地语言文化不断接触融合的过程中也发生了诸多变化。

变化的结果是英语在美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、非洲及亚洲许多国家地区形成了区域变体。

这些变体在语音、词汇、句法及语用等方面都有不同程度的差异,许多方面明显受到了当地文化的影响。

从语言与文化的关系来考察英语全球化与本土化的过程,就会发现这些英语变体与其最初依附的文化有一种相分离的趋势。

众多的变体,庞大的使用者和广泛的使用范围,使英语不再仅仅是一两个民族的语言,不再是单纯承载盎格鲁—撒克逊民族文化、反映其民族特质的语言。

变体所反映的英国文化色彩在淡化,而本土文化特色在加强。

当然,这种分离并未违反语言和文化相互作用的规律,相反,分离正是这一规律作用的结果。

这说明语言反映的是它的使用者的文化,不同的使用者有可能将不同的文化附着在同一种语言上,使这一语言形成反映本土文化的区域变体。

长期以来,我们在使用英语的同时,总是在努力遵守英美文化语用规则。

然而,纵观英语全球化和本土化进程,我们至少可以获得这样的启示:在以英语为媒介的跨文化交际中,交际者可能是来自不同文化、使用不同英语变体的人士,他们各自遵循的语用文化规则也不尽相同。

交际中如果仅以英美文化为参考框架来理解对方的言语行为,可能会导致误解。

这也是跨文化交际研究应包含的一个方面。

例如,当中国人和澳大利亚人、新加坡人和法国人、印度人和津巴布韦人用英语交流时是如何跨越差异、表达自己和理解对方的?我们对这些问题并不十分清楚,但研究这些问题无疑会提高跨文化交际的效率。

而且有一点可以肯定,在用英语和非英美国家人士交流中,我们不能单纯依赖英美文化语用规则来表达自己或理解对方,而应在充分了解对方文化身份的基础上做出判断,进行交际。

英语的发展变迁进一步说明,语言、文化之间是一个动态的不断发展变化的过程,两者并非绝对一一对应的关系。

在某些情况下,若干文化可能会作用于同一种语言,促使这种语言发生变化,形成不同的变体。

在以该语言为媒介的跨文化交际中,如何选择其语用规则来传递解释信息、消除误会偏见,对交际的成功至关重要。

而研究非英美国家人士之间如何用英语进行交流对跨文化交际研究来说,也是一个极具现实意义的课题。

这一课题可以拓宽我们的视野,使我们从不同角度把握、理解跨文化交际。

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