外文翻译-高速切削加工的发展及需求(含中英文)

外文翻译-高速切削加工的发展及需求(含中英文)
外文翻译-高速切削加工的发展及需求(含中英文)

High-speed machining and demand for the development of it High-speed machining is an important component of contemporary advanced manufacturing technology and has high-efficiency, high-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of China''s application fields and the demand situation。

High-speed machining is a new high-tech which is oriented to the 21st century, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part。

HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance。

The high-speed machining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding, there are generally several points as follows : high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting; Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cuttingprocess, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the "machine-tool - Workpiece "system the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept。

1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52th on the increase of high-speed cutting for the concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the

time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is expected to achieve the cutting speed。

High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process, and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects : high-speed machining technology development status and trends。

At this stage, in order to achieve high-speed machining, general wiring with high flexibility of high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, By using a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. These equipment in common is : We must also have high-speed and high-speed spindle system feeding system, Cutting can be achieved in high-speed process. High-speed cutting with the traditional cutting the biggest difference is that "Machine-tool-workpiece" the dynamic characteristics of cutting performance is stronger influence. In the system, the machine spindle stiffness, grip or form, a long knife set, spindle Broach, torque tool set, Performance high-speed impact are important factors。

In the high-speed cutting, material removal rate (Metal Removal Rate, MRR), unit time that the material was removed volume, usually based on the "machine-tool-workpiece" whether Processing System "chatter." Therefore, in order to satisfy the high-speed machining needs, we must first improve the static and dynamic stiffness of machine spindle is particularly the stiffness characteristics. HSC reason at this stage to be successful, a very crucial factor is the dynamic characteristics of the master and processing capability。

In order to better describe the machine spindle stiffness characteristics of the project presented new dimensionless parameter - DN value, used for the evaluation of the machine tool spindle structure on the high-speed machining of adaptability. DN value of the so-called "axis diameter per minute speed with the product." The newly developed spindle machining center DN values have been great over one million. To reduce the weight bearing, but also with an array of steel products than to the much more light ceramic ball bearings; Bearing Lubrication most impressive manner mixed with oil lubrication methods. In the field of high-speed machining. have air bearings and the development of magnetic bearings and magnetic bearings and air bearings combined constitute the magnetic gas / air mixing spindle。

Feed the machine sector, high-speed machining used in the feed drive is usually larger lead, multiple high-speed ball screw and ball array of small-diameter silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic ball, to reduce its centrifugal and gyroscopic torque; By using hollow-cooling technology to reduce operating at high speed ball screw as temperature generated by the friction between the lead screw and thermal deformation。

In recent years, the use of linear motor-driven high-speed system of up to'''' Such feed system has removed the motor from workstations to Slide in the middle of all mechanical transmission links, Implementation of Machine Tool Feed System of zero transmission. Because no linear motor rotating components, from the role of centrifugal force, can greatly increase the feed rate. Linear Motor Another major advantage of the trip is unrestricted. The linear motor is a very time for a continuous machine shop in possession of the bed. Resurfacing of the very meeting where a very early stage movement can go, but the whole system of up to the stiffness without any influence. By usinghigh-speed screw, or linear motor can greatly enhance machine system of up to the rapid response. The maximum acceleration linear motors up to 2-10G (G for the acceleration of gravity), the largest feed rate of up to 60 -200m/min or higher。

2002 world-renowned Shanghai Pudong maglev train project of maglev track steel processing, Using the Shenyang Machine Tool Group Holdings Limited McNair friendship company production plants into extra-long high-speed system for large-scale processing centers achieve . The machine feeding system for the linear guide and rack gear drive, the largest table feed rate of 60 m / min, Quick trip of 100 m / min, 2 g acceleration, maximum speed spindle 20000 r / min, the main motor power 80 kW. X-axis distance of up to 30 m, 25 m cutting long maglev track steel error is less than 0.15 mm. Maglev trains for the smooth completion of the project provided a strong guarantee for technology。

In addition, the campaign machine performance will also directly affect the processing efficiency and accuracy of processing. Mold and the free surface of high-speed machining, the main wiring with small cut deep into methods for processing. Machine requirements in the feed rate conditions, should have high-precision positioning functions and high-precision interpolation function,

especially high-precision arc interpolation. Arc processing is to adopt legislation or thread milling cutter mold or machining parts, the essential processing methods。

Cutting Tools Tool Material development

high-speed cutting and technological development of the history, tool material is continuous progress of history. The representation of high-speed cutting tool material is cubic boron nitride (CBN). Face Milling Cutter use of CBN, its cutting speed can be as high as 5000 m / min, mainly for the gray cast iron machining. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has been described as a tool of the 21st century tool, It is particularly applicable to the cuttingaluminum alloy containing silica material, which is light weight metal materials, high strength, widely used in the automobile, motorcycle engine, electronic devices shell, the base, and so on. At present, the use of polycrystalline diamond cutter Face Milling alloy, 5000m/min the cutting speed has reached a practical level. In addition ceramic tool also applies to gray iron of high-speed machining;

Tool Coating : CBN and diamond cutter, despite good high-speed performance, but the cost is relatively high. Using the coating technology to make cutting tool is the low price, with excellent mechanical properties, which can effectively reduce the cost. Now high-speed processing of milling cutter, with most of the wiring between the Ti-A1-N composite technology for the way of multi-processing, If present in the non-ferrous metal or alloy material dry cutting, DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) coating on the cutter was of great concern. It is expected that the market outlook is very significant;Tool clamping system : Tool clamping system to support high-speed cutting is an important technology, Currently the most widely used is a two-faced tool clamping system. Has been formally invested as a commodity market at the same clamping tool system are : HSK, KM, Bigplus. NC5, AHO systems。

In the high-speed machining, tool and fixture rotary performance of the balance not only affects the precision machining and tool life. it will also affect the life of machine tools. So, the choice of tool system, it should be a balanced selection of good products。

Process Parameters

Cutting speed of high-speed processing of conventional shear velocity of about 10

times. For every tooth cutter feed rate remained basically unchanged, to guarantee parts machining precision, surface quality and durability of the tool, Feed volume will also be a corresponding increase about 10 times, reaching 60 m / min, Some even as high as 120 m / min. Therefore,high-speed machining is usually preclude the use of high-speed, feed and depth of cut small cutting parameters. Due to the high-speed machining cutting cushion tend to be small, the formation of very thin chip light, Cutting put the heat away quickly; If the wiring using a new thermal stability better tool materials and coatings, Using the dry cutting process for high-speed machining is the ideal technology program。

High-speed machining field of application

Flexible efficient production line

To adapt to the needs of new models, auto body panel molds and resin-prevention block the forming die. must shorten the production cycle and reduce the cost of production and, therefore, we must make great efforts to promote the production of high-speed die in the process. SAIC affiliated with the company that : Compared to the past, finishing, further precision; the same time, the surface roughness must be met, the bending of precision, this should be subject to appropriate intensive manual processing. Due to the extremely high cutting speed, and the last finishing processes, the processing cycle should be greatly reduced。

To play for machining centers and boring and milling machining center category represented by the high-speed machining technology and automatic tool change function of distinctions Potential to improve processing efficiency, the processing of complex parts used to be concentrated as much as possible the wiring process, that is a fixture in achieving multiple processes centralized processing and dilute the traditional cars, milling, boring, Thread processing different cutting the limits of technology, equipment and give full play to the high-speed cutting tool function, NC is currently raising machine efficiency and speed up product development in an effective way. Therefore, the proposed multi-purpose tool of the new requirements call for a tool to complete different parts of the machining processes, ATC reduce the number of ATC to save time, to reduce the quantityand tool inventory, and management to reduce production costs. More commonly used in a multifunctional Tool, milling, boring and

milling, drilling milling, drilling-milling thread-range tool. At the same time, mass production line, against the use of technology requires the development of special tools, tool or a smart composite tool, improve processing efficiency and accuracy and reduced investment. In the high-speed cutting conditions, and some special tools can be part of the processing time to the original 1 / 10 below, results are quite remarkable。

HSC has a lot of advantages such as : a large number of materials required resection of the workpiece with ultrafine, thin structure of the workpiece, Traditionally, the need to spend very long hours for processing mobile workpiece and the design of rapid change, short product life cycle of the workpiece, able to demonstrate high-speed cutting brought advantages。

高速切削加工的发展及需求

高速切削加工是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分,拥有高效率、高精度及高表面质量等特征。本文介绍此技术的定义、发展现状、适用领域以及中国的需求情况。

高速切削加工是面向21世纪的一项高新技术,它以高效率、高精度和高表面质量为基本特征,在汽车工业、航空航天、模具制造和仪器仪表等行业中获得了愈来愈广泛的应用,并已取得了重大的技术经济效益,是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分。

高速切削是实现高效率制造的核心技术,工序的集约化和设备的通用化使之具有很高的生产效率。可以说,高速切削加工是一种不增加设备数量而大幅度提高加工效率所必不可少的技术。高速切削加工的优点主要在于:提高生产效率、提高加工精度及降低切削阻力。

有关高速切削加工的含义,目前尚无统一的认识,通常有如下几种观点:切削速度很高,通常认为其速度超过普通切削的5-10倍;机床主轴转速很高,一般将主轴转速在10000-20000r/min以上定为高速切削;进给速度很高,通常达15-50m/min,最高可达90m/min;对于不同的切削材料和所釆用的刀具材料,高速切削的含义也不尽相同;切削过程中,刀刃的通过频率(Tooth Passing Frequency)接近于“机床-刀具-工件”系统的主导自然频率(Dominant Natural Frequency)时,可认为是高速切削。可见高速切削加工是一个综合的概念。

1992年,德国Darmstadt工业大学的H. Schulz教授在CIRP上提出了高速切削加工的概念及其涵盖的范围,如图1所示。认为对于不同的切削对象,图中所示的过渡区(Transition)即为通常所谓的高速切削範围,这也是当时金属切削工艺相关的技术人员所期待或者可望实现的切削速度。

高速切削加工对机床、刀具和切削工艺等方面都有一些具体的要求。下面分别从这几个方面阐述高速切削加工技术的发展现状和趋势。

现阶段,为了实现高速切削加工,一般釆用高柔性的高速数控机床、加工中心,也有釆用专用的高速铣、钻床。这些设备的共同之处是:必须同时具有高速主轴系统和高速进给系统,才能实现材料切削过程的高速化。高速切削与传统切削最大的区别是,“机床-刀具-工件”系统的动态特性对切削性能有更强的影响力。在该系统中,机床主轴的刚度、刀柄形式、刀长设定、主轴拉刀力、刀具扭力设定等,都是影响高速切削性能的重要因素。

在高速切削中,材料去除率(Metal Removal Rate,MRR),即单位时间内材料被切除的体积,通常受限于“机床-刀具-工件”工艺系统是否出现“颤振”。因此,为了满足高速切削加工的需求,首先要提高机床动静刚度尤其是主轴的刚度

特性。现阶段高速切削之所以能够成功,一个很关键的因素在于对系统动态特性问题的掌握和处理能力。

为了更好地描述机床主轴的刚度特性,工程上提出新的无量纲参数—DN值,用以评价机床的主轴结构对高速切削加工的适应性。所谓DN值即“主轴直径与每分钟转速之积”。新近开发的加工中心主轴DN值大都已超过100万。为了减轻轴承的重量,还釆用了比钢制品要轻得多的陶瓷球轴承;轴承润滑方式大都釆用油气混合润滑方式。在高速切削加工领域,目前已开发空气轴承和磁轴承以及由磁轴承和空气轴承合并构成的磁气/空气混合主轴。

在机床进给机构方面,高速切削加工所用的进给驱动机构通常都为大导程、多头高速滚珠丝槓,滚珠釆用小直径氮化硅(Si3N4)陶瓷球,以减少其离心力和陀螺力矩;釆用空心强冷技术来减少高速滚珠丝槓运转时由于摩擦产生温升而造成的丝槓热变形。

近几年来,用直线电机驱动的高速进给系统问世,这种进给方式取消了从电动机到工作台溜板之间的一切中间机械传动环节,实现了机床进给系统的零传动。由于直线电机没有任何旋转元件,不受离心力的作用,可以大大提高进给速度。直线电机的另一大优点是行程不受限制。直线电机的次极是一段一段连续铺在机床的床身上。次极铺到哪里,初极工作台就可运动到哪里,而且对整个进给系统的刚度没有任何影响。釆用高速丝槓或直线电机,能够大大提高机床进给系统的快速响应。直线电机最高加速度可达2-10G(G为重力加速度),最大进给速度可达60-200m/min或更高。

2002年举世瞩目的上海浦东磁悬浮列车工程中的磁浮轨道钢梁加工,釆用沈阳机床控股有限公司集团中捷友谊公司厂生产的超长进给系统高速大型加工中心实现。该机床的进给系统为直线导轨和齿轮齿条传动,工作台最大进给速度60m/min,快速行程100m/min,加速度2g,主轴最高转速20000r/min,主电机功率80kW。其X轴的行程长达30m,切削25m长的磁浮轨道钢梁误差小于0.15mm,为磁悬浮列车工程的顺利竣工提供了有力的技术保证。

此外,机床的运动性能也将直接影响加工效率和加工精度。在模具及自由曲面的高速切削加工中,主要釆用小切深大进给的加工方法。要求机床在大进给速度条件下,应具有高精度定位功能和高精度插补功能,特别是圆弧高精度插补。圆弧加工是釆用立铣刀或螺纹刀具加工零部件或模具时,必不可少的加工方法。

刀具材料的发展:高速切削技术发展的历史,也就是刀具材料不断进步的历

史。高速切削的代表性刀具材料是立方氮化硼(CBN)。端面铣削使用CBN刀具时,其切削速度可高达5000m/min,主要用于灰口铸铁的切削加工。聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具被称之为21世纪的刀具,它特别适用于切削含有SiO2的铝合金材料,而这种金属材料重量轻、强度高,广泛地应用于汽车、摩托车发动机、电子装置的壳体、底座等方面。目前,用聚晶金刚石刀具端面铣削铝合金时,5000m/min的切削速度已达到实用化水平,此外陶瓷刀具也适用于灰口铸铁的高速切削加工;

涂层刀具:CBN和金刚石刀具尽管具有很好的高速切削性能,但成本相对较高。釆用涂层技术能够使切削刀具既价格低廉,又具有优异性能,可有效降低加工成本。现在高速加工用的立铣刀,大都釆用TiAIN系的复合多层涂镀技术进行处理,如目前在对铝合金或有色金属材料进行干式切削时,DLC(Diamond Like Carbon)涂层刀具就受到极大的关注,预计其巿场前景十分可观;

刀具夹持系统:刀具的夹持系统是支撑高速切削的重要技术,目前使用最为广泛的是两面夹紧式工具系统。已作为商品正式投放巿场的两面夹紧式工具系统主要有:HSK、KM、Bigplus、NC5、AHO等系统。

在高速切削的情况下,刀具与夹具回转平衡性能的优劣,不仅影响加工精度和刀具寿命,而且也会影响机床的使用寿命。因此,在选择工具系统时,应尽量选用平衡性能良好的产品。

高速加工的切削速度为常规切速的10倍左右。为了使刀具每齿进给量基本保持不变,以保证零件的加工精度、表面质量和刀具的耐用度,则进给量也必须相应提高10倍左右,达到60m/min以上,有的甚至高达120m/min。因此,高速切削加工通常是釆用高转速、大进给和小切深的切削工艺参数。由于高速切削的切削余量往往很小,所形成的切屑很薄很轻,把切削时产生的热量很快带走;若釆用全新耐热性更好的刀具材料和涂层,釆用干切削工艺也是高速切削加工的理想工艺方案。

用高速加工中心组成高效率的柔性生产线(FTL或FML),具有小型化、柔性突出以及易于变更加工内容等显着特点。图2为上汽集团某发动机公司利用该生产线加工发动机机体、汽缸盖、滤清器座等工件的实例。

为了尽快适应新车型的需要,汽车车身覆盖件模具和树脂防冲挡的成形模具等,均必须缩短制作周期和降低生产成本,因此,必须下大力推进模具生产高速化的进程。上汽集团所属各公司认为:与过去的精加工相比,进一步实现高精度化;同时必须满足表面粗糙度、弯曲度的精度要求,为此应施以适当的手工精修

加工,由于切削速度的极大提高,与过去的精加工工序相比,加工周期应大幅度缩短。

为了发挥以车削加工中心和镗铣类加工中心为代表的高速切削加工技术和自动换刀功能的优势,提高加工效率,对复杂零件的加工应尽可能釆用集中工序的原则,即要求在一次装夹中实现多道工序的集中加工,淡化传统的车、铣、镗、螺纹加工等不同切削工艺的界限,充分发挥设备和刀具的高速切削功能,是当前提高数控机床效率、加快产品开发的有效途径。为此,对刀具提出了多功能的新要求,要求一种刀具能完成零件不同工序的加工,减少换刀次数,节省换刀时间,以减少刀具的数量和库存量,有利于管理和降低制造成本。较常用的有多功能车刀、铣刀、镗铣刀、钻铣刀、钻-铣螺纹-倒角等刀具。与此同时,在批量生产线上,使用针对工艺需要开发的专用刀具、复合刀具或智能刀具,可以提高加工效率和精度,减少投资。在高速切。

高速切削具有相当多的好处,例如:有大量材料需要切除的工件,具有超细、薄结构的工件,传统上需要花相当长的机动工时加工的工件以及设计变更快速、产品周期短的工件,均能显示出高速切削所带来的优点。

机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed,belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost.Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so.Nowadays,bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine).The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance.An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth,soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits.For load sharing on multiple drives.torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology,at present many more reliable.Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1.1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters.With a full-voltage starter design,the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive.Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors.With direct fu11-voltage starters.no control is provided for various conveyor loads and.depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements,empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load.The maintenance-free starting system is simple,low-cost and very reliable.However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque;therefore.they are

机械手机械设计论文中英文资料对照外文翻译

中英文资料对照外文翻译 机械设计 摘要: 机器由机械和其他元件组成的用来转换和传输能量的装置。比如:发动机、涡轮机、车、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机和摄影机。许多机械方面设计的原则和方法也同样适用于非机械方面。术语中的“构造设计”的含义比“机械设计”更加广泛,构造设计包括机械设计。在进行运动分析和结构设计时要把产品的维护和外形也考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中,以及其它工程领域,都需要机械设备,比如:开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词:设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实用性,现有的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度,或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需能够完全或部分代替以前人的功能,比如计算、装配、维修。 在设计的初级阶段,应该充分发挥设计人员的创意,不要受到任何约束。即使有一些不切实际的想法,也可以在设计的早期,即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,必须提出几套设计方案,然后进行比较。很有可能在这个计划最后指定使用某些不在计划方案内的一些想法的计划。 一般当产品的外型和组件的尺寸特点已经显现出来的时候,就可以进行全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能、安全、重量、耐用性,并且成本也要考虑在内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸,同时也要保持与其它组成部分的平衡。 选择原材料和工艺的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性,如稳定和反应的能量和摩擦力的利用,动力惯性、加速度、能量;包括材料的弹性强度、应力和刚度等物理特性,以及流体的润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是一个反复与合作的过程,无论是正式的还是非正式的,对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。。产品设计需要大量的研究和提升。许多的想法,必须通过努力去研究成为一种理念,然后去使用或放弃。

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

机械工程外文翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)

Mechanical engineering 1.The porfile of mechanical engineering Engingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement. 2.The history of mechanical engineering 18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering –separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree

机械设计外文翻译(中英文)

机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思,还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉,机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处,只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而,应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前,必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面,应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如,即使将一个小数点的位置放错,也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承担一定的风险,当新的方法不适用时,就使用原来的方法。因此,设计人员必须要有耐心,因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计,要求屏弃许多陈旧的,为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规,这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法,在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理,将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生,只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后,才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此,一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时,也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是,如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法,就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常,要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。

中小企业发展战略目标与发展方向选择

中小企业发展战略目标与发展方向选择

摘要:针对中小企业在各国经济发展中的作用和我国中小企业的现状,指出对我国中小企业发展战略和发展方向进行研究的必要性。在研究战略目标定位时,从中小企业的发展环境、运行结果、噩社会效益三个方面出发,提出了在这三个方面所要达到的战略目标以噩要实现访目标所要迭到的十太要求。在确定中小企业发展方向时,鲒告中国国情、中小企业的特点噩加八WTO给我国带来的机遇和挑战,提出了要坚持发展特色型中小企业、配套型中小企业噩科技型中小盘业等7个发展方向。关键词:中小企业;中小企业发展战略;中小企业发展方向世界经济发展实践表明:中小企业以其经营方式灵活、组织成本低廉、转移进退便捷等优势更能适应当今瞬息万变的市场和消费者追求个性化、潮流化的要求,呈现蓬勃发展的良好态势。在包括发达国家在内的世界各国的经济发展中,中小企业都有着举足轻重的地位,发挥着不可替代的作用?。特别是在我国这样一个人口众多、地域辽阔、各地经济发展水平差别很大的国家,中小企业的发展更具有重要的意义。目前我国中小企业约1ooo万户,劳动密集型出口产品和一些高新技术出口产品大多是中小企业生产的,中小企业产品出口额占全国出口总额的6o%;中小企业提供了大约75%的城镇就业机会,我国从农村转移出来的劳动力绝大部分被中小企业所吸纳中小企业每年为国家缴纳的工商税收占总额的50%左右。在2o世纪90年代以来的经济快速增长中,工业新增产值的76.7%是由中小企业创造的。但是应该看到,我国中小企业由

于受到多种因素的影响,其发展面临着空前的困难,其思想观念、技术装备、经营管理组织结构等方面都存在着严重的问题。为了使我国中小企业能够适应经济发展和市场竞争的需要,充分发挥其在国民经济中的重要作用,有必要首先明确中小企业发展的战略目标和战略方向。一、战略目标中小企业发展的战略目标就是对中小企业的战略定位,这种定位既要成为我国中小企业的追求目标,起到引导我国中小企业发展的作用,又要使其在运行过程中通过努力实现并能推动中小企业的逐步发展,是运行过程中的动态目标。就其目标而言.既要与我国国情相符台,又要与中小企业发展的现状相统一;就其动态来看,还要与加入WTO后的世界经济形势相统一。通过研究我们认为中小企业的发展主要应实现以下三个方面的战略目标:运动状态支持目标、中小企业运行结果目标、社会效益目标。 (一)运动状态支持目标这主要是从外部环境来讨论中小企业发展的战略目标。企业的发展是一个动态过程,必须在一个有利于其发展的大环境系统中才能成长壮大。特别是中小企业,由于它们是一个弱势群体,更需要系统环境目标的实现才能达到自身运行的结果目标和社会效益目标。因此,运行状态支持目标就自然构成战略目标中最重要的目标之一。而具体要达到以下几个目标。 1.政府扶持到位政府的政策扶持是一个关系到中小企业发展方向和系统目标能否实现的首要问题。由于中小企业资金缺乏、人才短缺、技术落后,很难与大企业相互抗衡,也由于自身条件的限制无法获得发展所必要的

机械类外文翻译

机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法,本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形,翘曲,是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键,而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术,以找出最佳浇口位置,其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后,通过实例讨论的文件,它可以得出结论,该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的,但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品,尤其是具有高生产的要求,严密性,以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料,零件几何形状,模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙,盖茨和亚军,和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分~但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存

中小企业发展策略

XX省经济的发展格局一直是以中小企业为主, 加快中小企业发展, 推动中小企业开拓国际市场, 在XX经济中具有极其重要的意义。当前, 社会已为中小企业提供了较好的发展环境, 但还需要政府继续给予有力扶持, 特别是在融资、人才等方面帮助解决实际困难, 消除发展障碍, 培育竞争力。企业自身要充分把握发展机遇, 确定企业发展战略, 推动企业发展驶上快车道, 为向大企业发展积蓄力量。同时, 中小企业还必须十分重视发展策略问题。 一、权变制胜出奇以绝- 善于运用奇正策略 孙子曰:“凡战者, 以正合, 以奇胜。”转换到商战中, 正者, 也就是常规产品、传统款式、已有市场以及通行的营销方式等;奇者, 就是不断推出新产品、翻换新款式、开拓新市场、变换营销方式等。中小企业固然要让有市场的常规产品形成规模,筑牢原有的营销网络, 唱好自己的拿手戏。 但是, 市场风云变幻, 况且同一领域的中小企业所生产的产品档次往往差异性不大, 又在同一市场内抢吃同一个蛋糕。如果只知道守住“正”地, 固步自封不创新,“正”地是不可能固若金汤的, 不是坐以待毙, 就是被拖垮。

因此, 必须善于运用奇正策略, 学会度势控变, 做到以不变应万变, 以权变来制胜。要设立研发机构, 加强技术创新体系建设, 获得产品技术上的提高, 不断推出市场需求、款式新颖的新产品, 采取别出心裁、出人意外的新举措, 开拓新兴的、有潜力的新市场。 当然,“正”与“奇”是相对的、辩证的关系, 一件产品最先研发出来时为“奇”, 待其他企业相继模仿后则变为“正”, 就需要用更新的产品来开拓市场, 使“正”又转化为“奇”。 中小企业只有充分运用好奇正策略,“奇正相生”, 不断创新, 才能有生命力, 才能发展壮大。 二、扬长避短乘势而行- 善于运用聚焦策略 每个企业只能在一定的领域、一定的行业形成优势, 不可能在多个方向、多个方面都有竞争力。而且, 中小企业往往难以形成规模性生产和销售, 难有较强的研究开发能力, 质量、技术、信誉以及市场营销一般都不及大型企业, 形不成成本领先战略、产品差别战略所要求的经营优势。所以, 明智的中小企业就要善于“并兵相敌”, 坚持“有所不为而后 有为”的原则, 运用市场聚焦策略, 扬长避短, 把有限的 资源、资金、力量集中到能够形成自身优势的领域和目标上来, 或者谋求成本领先地位, 或者争取产品差别优势, 如有可能两者兼而有之。在形成相对竞争优势后, 要乘势而

机械类英文文献+翻译)

机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing

中小企业发展战略目标的选择

中小企业发展战略目标的选择 摘要:针对中小企业在各国经济发展中的作用和我国中小企业的现状,指出对我国中小企业发展战略和发展方向进行研究的必要性。在研究战略目标定位时,从中小企业的发展环境、运行结果、噩社会效益三个方面出发,提出了在这三个方面所要达到的战略目标以噩要实现访目标所要迭到的十太要求。在确定中小企业发展方向时,鲒告中国国情、中小企业的特点噩加八WTO给我国带来的机遇和挑战,提出了要坚持发展特色型中小企业、配套型中小企业噩科技型中小盘业等7个发展方向。 关键词:中小企业;中小企业发展战略;中小企业发展方向世界经济发展实践表明:中小企业以其经营方式灵活、组织成本低廉、转移进退便捷等优势更能适应当今瞬息万变的市场和消费者追求个性化、潮流化的要求,呈现蓬勃发展的良好态势。在包括发达国家在内的世界各国的经济发展中,中小企业都有着举足轻重的地位,发挥着不可替代的作用?。特别是在我国这样一个人口众多、地域辽阔、各地经济发展水平差别很大的国家,中小企业的发展更具有重要的意义。目前我国中小企业约1ooo万户,劳动密集型出口产品和一些高新技术出口产品大多是中小企业生产的,中小企业产品出口额占全国出口总额的6o%;中小企业提供了大约75%的城镇就业机会,我国从农村转移出来的劳动力绝大部分被中小企业所吸纳中小企业每年为国家缴纳的工商税收占总额的50%左右。在2o世纪90年代以来的经济快速增长中,工业新增产值的76.7%是由中小企业创造的。但是应该看到,我国中小企业由于受到多种因素的影响,其发展面临着空前的困难,其思想观念、技术装备、经营管理组织结构等方面都存在着严重的问题。为了使我国中小企业能够适应经济发展和市场竞争的需要,充分发挥其在国民经济中的重要作用,有必要首先明确中小企业发展的战略目标和战略方向。一、战略目标中小企业发展的战略目标就是对中小企业的战略定位,这种定位既要成为我国中小企业的追求目标,起到引导我国中小企业发展的作用,又要使其在运行过程中通过努力实现并能推动中小企业的逐步发展,是运行过程中的动态目标。就其目标而言.既要与我国国情相符台,又要与中小企业发展的现状相统一;就其动态来看,还要与加入WTO 后的世界经济形势相统一。通过研究我们认为中小企业的发展主要应实现以下三个方面的战略目标:运动状态支持目标、中小企业运行结果目标、社会效益目标。(一)运动状态支持目标这主要是从外部环境来讨论中小企业发展的战略目标。企业的发展是一个动态过程,必须在一个有利于其发展的大环境系统中才能成长壮大。特别是中小企业,由于它们是一个弱势群体,更需要系统环境目标的实现才能达到自身运行的结果目标和社会效益目标。因此,运行状态支持目标就自然构成战略目标中最重要的目标之一。而具体要达到以下几个目标。1.政府扶持到位政府的政策扶持是一个关系到中小企业发展方向和系统目标能否实现的首要问题。由于中小企业资金缺乏、人才短缺、技术落后,很难与大企业相互抗衡,也由于自身条件的限制无法获得发展所必要的资金、人才和技术,这就要求政府对其进行必要的扶持,创造良好的外部环境。政府扶持政策到位目标体现在政府观念的到位、政府身份的到位、政府扶持政策的到位。(1)政府观念的到位是指政府应改变自己的观念,认识到大中小企业都是社会主义市场经济中平等的一员,都能为国家的经济发展和社会稳定做出各自的贡献.并且大中小企业是一个不可分割的整体,这种规模结构的形成过程是既定约束条件下资源的配置过程,它们相互依存、互相协作、互为补充、共同发展,都应给予同等的政治地位和经济地位,而不能只重视大企业,忽视甚至歧视中小企业。(2)政府身份的到位是指政府在促进中小企业发展的过程中以恰当的角色出现在中小企业面前,不能超越其职权干预中小企业的生产经营。政府的行为应该是:代表和维护中小企业的利益;负责对中小企业的宏观指导、发展规划和发展产业指导;负责贯彻落实及督促和检查中央有关中小企业发展的文件的执行;推动服务体系建设,为中小企业创造良好的生存空间和发展环境等。(3)政府扶持政策的到位是指政府制订的政策有利于中小企业的发展,政府运用政策的行为是间接管理而不是

外文翻译英文

A Distributed Approach for Track Occupancy Detection Abstract This paper investigates the problem of track occupancy detection in distributed settings. Track occupancy detection determines which tracks are occupied in a railway system. For each track, the Neyman–Pearson structure is applied to reach the local decision. Globally, it is a multiple hypotheses testing problem. The Bayesian approach is employed to minimize the probability of the global decision error. Based on the prior probabilities of multiple hypotheses and the approximation of the prior probabilities of multiple hypotheses and the approximationofthereceiving operation characteristic curve of the local detector, a person-by-person optimization method is implemented to obtain the fusion rule and the local strategies off line. The results are illustrated through an example constructed from in situ devices. Key Words:Track occupancy detection,Neyman–Pearson, Generalized likelihood ratio test, Bayesian approach,Distributed detection 1Introduction With respect to the majority of railway systems in China, a quasi-moving block method is employed to specify the safe zone of a train. A key piece of knowledge to be determined is the set of track segments that are occupied, i.e., track occupancy detection. Then the speed restriction curves for the following trains are calculated accordingly. When there are misdetections, collisions may happen; additionally, false alarms may lead to declines of line capacity. Track occupancy detection is achieved by a set of track circuits. The track circuit is a crucial device mainly composed of a transmitter–receiver pair and a track segment. The measurement is the receiving signal at the end of the track. For each segment, a decision is made locally and individually, which leads to frequent ambiguities on which tracks are occupied for the whole line. It means that the false alarm rate of the line increases greatly. Besides, for the next generation of railway systems, a moving block method is adopted. Such a method requires the exact position and velocity of the train. However, those data are not provided in the current detection mechanism.

机械设计外文翻译(中英文)

Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends

机械图纸中英文翻译汇总

近几年,我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来,外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注,平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏(相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求),其中有图纸名称(TILE)、设计者(DRAWN)、审查者(CHECKED)、材料(MATERIAL)、日期(DATE)、比例(SCALE)、热处理(HEAT TREATMENT)和其它一些要求,如: 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔(HOLE)如: (1)毛坯孔:3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; (2)加工孔:1"DIA1"; (3)锪孔:锪孔(注C'BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); (4)铰孔:1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; (5)螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径,每英寸牙数(螺矩)、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深,方向等。如: 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上(EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布) DRILL 1"DIATHRO' 钻1"通孔(THRO'=THROUGH通) C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO' 攻统一标准细牙螺纹,每英寸14牙,精度等级3B级 (注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹) 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔,攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹,每英寸20牙,攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通(UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹)

论我国中小企业发展战略目标与发展方向选择

目录 一、对我国中小企业情况的概述 (1) (一)我国中小企业定义 (1) (二)中小企业在国民经济中的地位和作用 (1) 1、中小企业是经济结构调整的“加速器 (1) 2、中小企业促进了所有制结构的多元化 (1) 3、中小企业有力于缓解就业压力 (1) 4、中小企业有利于国民经济提高抵抗意外风险的能力 (2) 二、中小企业的发展现状及存在问题 (2) (一)地区差异正在显现 (2) (二)企业自主程度比较 (2) (三)企业创新能力比较 (2) 三、我国中小企业的发展规划 (3) (一)发展战略 (3) (二)技术创新 (3) 一、转变对中小企业的认识 (4) 二、改善政府对中小企业技术创新的管理 (4) 三、加快中小企业制度创新 (4) 四、多渠道开拓资金来源 (4) 五、加快催生中小企业 (5) 参考文献 (5)

内容提要 随着社会主义市场经济的发展和完善,经济体制改革的加深和完善,中小企业发展所面临的问题摆在了突出位置。由于我国的现行体制和历史原因,对中小企业存在的现状问题及长远发展战略必须有一定程度的了解和规划部署。通过对政府的政策简单分析和中存在环境分析出发,从发展战略及创新等方面简略地阐述了我国中小企业发展应采取的对策和策略。 [关键词] 中小企业 ; 战略规划; 经营战略; 技术创新

论我国中小企业发展战略目标与发展方向选择 世界经济发展实践表明:中小企业以其经营方式灵活、组织成本低廉、转移进退便捷等优势更能适应当今瞬息万变的市场和消费者追求个性化、潮流化的要求,呈现蓬勃发展的良好态势。在包括发达国家在内的世界各国的经济发展中,中小企业都有着举足轻重的地位,发挥着不可代替的作用,特别是在我国这样一个人口众多、地域辽阔、各地经济发展水平差距很大的国家、中小企业发展更具有重要要的意义。近年来,无论是在发达国家还是在展中国家,都出现了中小企业的复兴和发展。但是在发展的过程中还存在诸多的问题,本文就中小企业发展中存在的问题,从技术创新及发展战略方面进行阐述。 一、对我国中小企业情况的概述 (一)所谓中小企业,根据我国《中小企业促进法》规定,是指在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的有利于满足社会需求,增加就业,符合国家产业政策,生产经营规模属于中小型的各种所有制和各种形式的企业。为便于界定,《中小企业标准暂行规定》对其作了划分。一般说来,除了因行业不同人数有差别外,资产总额在 4 亿元以下,或销售额在 3 亿元以下的企业为中小企业。 (二)中小企业在国民经济中的地位和作用 中小企业是推动国民经济发展,构造市场经济主体,促进社会稳定的基础力量。特别是目前,在确保国民经济适度增长、缓解就业压力、实现国有经济战略调整、优化经济结构等方面,均发挥着日益重要的作用: 1、中小企业是经济结构调整的“加速器” 中小企业对市场变化的适应性,使其能适应经济结构的调整,因而能在经济不景气时,起到促进经济增长的作用。同时加速经济体制的转型,促进经济结构调整到位。 2、中小企业促进了所有制结构的多元化 改革开放以来,我国所有制结构呈现如下特点:国有经济的份额逐渐下降,其他经济形式的比重上升。形成了以国有经济为主体,多种经济形式并存的格局。我国中小企业人数少、规模小、经营方式灵活。这些特点决定了中小企业在企业制度形式选择上的空间广、自由度大、可变性强。改革开放以来,国家实行多种经济成份并存的政策,使中小企业获得了极好的发展机遇。 3、中小企业有利于缓解就业压力 中小企业比大公司能够创造更多的就业机会。这是因为中小企业投资少、经营方式灵活、对劳动力要求

相关文档
最新文档