Lecture 3-01

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新视野大学英语第三册四级词汇详解unit

新视野大学英语第三册四级词汇详解unit

新视线大学英语四级词汇详解Unit 7--Section AHackerModenizeClassification1 Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to afive-volume report, thelast volume being published in 1895. ( 89-1)261. Let’ s look at this __61__ in more detailbecause it is language,(03-1)A)classificationB)definitionC)functionD)perceptionVoltage1Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltagetransformers, heroestake the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can beused by ordinary people. ( 03-1)2 1 2. According to the passage, heroes are compared to high-voltage transformers in that________.A)they have a vision from the mountaintopB)they have warm feelings and emotionsC)they can serve as concrete examples of noble principlesD)they can make people feel stronger and more confidentBrillianceCorridorVoltDean1 says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton,(08-12)2“ Yeah, we’ re playing the merit game,” acknowledges associTomL a ncaster,dean for undergraduate education. But it has its strong points, too, ( 08-12)3 Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, believed___.(08-12)Conservation1“ The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation cam e along,(01”-1)2 “ Energyconservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases.(01-1)”3 31. It can be learned from the passage that the Ouchidas h ouse ________.(01-1)A)is well worth the money spent on its constructionB)is almost faultless from the point of energy conservationC)failed to meet energy conservation standardsD)was designed and constructed in a scientific way4 35. This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled(01-1)“ ________”A)Energy ConservationB)HousesBuilding CrisisC)Air Pollution IndoorsD)Traps in Building Construction5 forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservationeffort.(05-6)Spokesman1 A spokesman for RoyalDoulton admitted that the company “ has been somewhat slow incatching up with thetrend” toward casual(03dining-12).2“ The Constitution,” said the association’ s spokesman,“ gives everyone the right to own arms. (04-6)3 The spokesman said,“ Hydrogen bombs don’ t killpeoplekill people—.(04-6)4 18. By saying that the bomb also has a deterrent effect the spokesman means that it________.(04-6)A)will frighten away any possible intrudersB)can show the special status of its ownersC)will threaten the safety of the o wners as wellD) can kill those entering others’ houses by forceHeadquarters1 25. The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can___.(03-1)A)better control the whole negotiation processB)easily find new approaches to meet market needsC)fast-forward their proposals to headquartersD)easily make friends with businesspeopleabroad Maximum1 79. the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with_79__ guidance.(93-6)A)maximumB)minimumC)possibleD)practical2 The level of formaldehyde ( 甲醛 ) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federalstandards for chemicalworkers. (01-1)3 17.A)He was afraid t hat be would be caught on t h e spot.(03-9)B)Large bills were not within his reach.C)T h e maximum s um allowed was 55 , 000 .D)H e was limited by time a n d t he size of his pockets.4 71. to carry out the 71 research projects possible in larger institutions(08-12)A)maximumB)mediumC)virtualD)vastPunctual1Others are sever over times of coming home atnight or punctuality for meals. (98-1)231. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite ________ used late for hislecture.(98-1)A)to have studentsB) for students’ being新视线大学英语第三册四级词汇详解unitC) for students to beD) to students’ being3One must arrive at the negotiation table punctually(03-12)4The idea person is punctual(06-6)5 They should make sure their children are always punctual for school.(06-12)GearRecreation1 26. Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes ________.(02-1)A)for recreationB)in the interests of the farmersC)to limit the fox populationD)to show off their wealth2 36. The word“ spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to(02-6) .A)sports activitiesB)places for physical exerciseC)recreation centersD)athletic training programs3 46. The rest of the day was entirely at his for reading or recreation.(03-6)A)dismissalB)survivalC)disposalD)arrival4 5 0 . Mr. Jones holds strong views against video games and ________ the closing of allrecreation facilities for such games.(03-6)5 Directions: Directions: Directions: Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute s to writea short essay on thetopic of Recreational Activities. You should write at least 120 wordsfollowingthe outline given bellow(08-12)1 The receptionist saidthat Mr. Jorden would call me back.(93-6)2 7. A) A guest and a receptionist.(94-1)B)A passenger and an air hostess.C)A customer and a shop assistant.D)A guest and a waitress.341.It is important that the hotel receptionist ________ that guests are registeredcorrectly.(01-1)Visa1In the wake ofSeptember 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in thenumber offoreign students seeking admission to U.S. Universities, (08-12)28. changes in the visa process(08-12)Commercial1 The first time thatquestion“ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with commercialconsequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to Americawas proposed. (89-1)2 New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.(93-6)3 40. Commercial application of the research finding will be possible if salad cream canbe made resistant to bacterial attack ________.(00-1)4 It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean’ s largest creature, which has almost beenkilled off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. (02-6)5 At least 60 (S4)______ of the world’ s commercially important fish (S5) ________ are already over-fished, or fished to the limit. (03-1)6 As a result, governments have had to close down someareas of sea to commercial fishing.(03-1)7 ) it will not have much commercial value(05-6)8 The “energy-efficient ”sealed commercial buildingsconstructed after the 1970s energy crisis__75__ indoor air quality problems caused bymaterials such as paint, wall covering and carpet.(06-6)9 Beyond that, there were nonational standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs.(06-6)10 It was frequently interrupted by commercials.(08-12)11 As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led theworld in the commercialization of major new technologies,(08-12)12 Third, digital recordingdevices allow audience members more control over which commercialsthey watch.(08-12)1 W: 5:30. That only leaves us 15 minutes to go through the customs and check ourbaggage.(97-1)2 Please check your equipment. And remember no more than10 ounces of carry-on baggage areallowed.(05-6)Tourism1 24.A)Having a good knowledge of its customs(08-12)B)Knowing some key people in tourismC)Having been to the country beforeD)Being able to speak Japanese1 23. Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches aroundthe island at regular ________.(97-1)A)gapsB)rateC)lengthD)intervalsSightseeing1 He was busy sightseeing.(93-6)2 But I really enjoyed my sightseeing in San Francisco.(93-6)38. A) Spending more time on sightseeing.(99-6)B)Visiting the city with a group.C)Touring the city on a fine day.D)Taking the man with her on the tour.47. A) They go to the seaside.(01-1)B)They set off early.C)They go sightseeing.D)They wait for a fine day.547.Fifty years ago, wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun _______(01-6) sightseeing.A) than to goB) rather than to goC) more than goingD) other than going619.A) To go boating on the St. Lawrence River(06-12)B) To go sightseeing in QuebecProvince .C) To call on a friend in Quebec City .D) To attend a wedding in Montreal .7But while I’ m there I’ d also like to do some (08sightseeing-12).Multiple1 Experts have long recognized that this discouraging problem has multiple causes.(01-1) Frame1 observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house n frame’issreinforcedwoode with longsteel rods to give it extra strength.(03-12)2 C) to protect the wooden frame of the house(03-12)3 39. It ________ you to at least 50% off the regular price of either frames or lenses whenyou buy both.(04-6)4 45. As an actor he could communicate a whole ________ of emotions.(05-1)A)frameB)rangeC)numberD)scale5 W: Well, right now I think I want white for the window frames and yellow forthe walls, but I'll let you know tomorrow.(08-12)VideophoneBatPanelProcession176.Most students attend a university mainly to 75 the knowledge needed for their chosen 76 . (08-12)A)processionB)professionC)possessionD)preferenceClockwiseQuiz Vague1 While I was sitting there drinking my coffee and reading the paper, I was vaguelyaware of a woman and her child coming to sit at the next table. (97-01)2 60. The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that ________ lot.(02-6)新视线大学英语第三册四级词汇详解unitA)validB)vacantC)vainD)vague3Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.(05-6)4 The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging,(05-6)5 38. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because ________.(05-12)A)it gets one into the habit of making empty promisesB)it may make the other person feel guiltyC)it is vague and ineffectiveD)it is hurtful and insulting6 64. My grandfather had always taken a ________ interest in my work, and I had anequal admiration for the stories of his time.(05-12)A)splendidB)weightyC)vagueD)keen730 A)people differ greatly in their ability to communicate(08-12)B)there are numerous languages in existenceC)Most public languages are inherently vagueD)Big gaps exist between private and public languagesPolitics1 the range of news from local crime to international politics,(98-1)2 the ABCs of business should include a P, for politics, as in officepolitics.(04-6)3Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in officepolitics— a better job, a raise , praise—many people are still unable — or unwilling — to“ play the game. (04-”6)4“ People assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的) behavior,” says Deborah Comer,assistant professor of management at HofstraUniversity.“ But politi cs derives from the word(04-6)‘ polite’ .5In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursue oneown self-interest in the workplace. (04-6)6Some people, they say, have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed. Still others associate politics with flattery ( 奉迎 ), (04-6)711. “ Office politics” (Line 2, Para. 4) is used in the passage to refer to (04-6). 814 . The author considers office politics to be ________.(04-6)9M y every achievement— jobs, research papers, awards— was viewed through the lens of gender ( 性别) politics. (08-12)10 63. From Paragraph 2, we can infer that people would attribute the author res to________.(08-12)A) the very fact that she is a womanB) her involvement in gender politicsC) her over-confidence as a female astrophysicist’ s ’ s failuD) the burden she bears in a male-dominated society11 They offer them various courses in international politics.(08-12)Conquer1The popular image of the tiger is that of a merciless and unconquerable hunter. Butstudies show that it catches only one of 20 victims ( 牺牲品 ) it tries to attack.(93-1) 253. Hitler set out to conquer all of Europe in the belief that the Germans were themaster ________.(93-1)A)raceB)humanC)bloodD)brainsDeadly1 It involves the use of a deadly poison.(02-1)2 To scientists, she might providetechnical details on such topics as the design of spacesuits that protects spacemenfrom the deadly temperature extremes of space. (08-12)Competitor1Because the service offered by its competitors was far better.(03-1)264. It is too early to say whether IBM’ s competitors will be able to ________ their products to the new hardware at an affordable cost.(03-6)3At least onecompetitor in the 1896 games met these qualifications. (03-9)4S9. Similarly, it is smaller than most of its competitors, thus fitting easily into a pocketor a handbag.(05-1)5Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out onlywhen their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a studyjointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school(08-12)6 they wouldlose top students to their competitors.(08-12)ClawInterpret1Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to thewords on the page; others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing,analyzing and examining. (94-1)2C) interpret a text in their own way(94-1)3D) interpreting and criticizing a text(94-1)4D) Believers of misfortunes happening in threes are cautious in interpreting events.(95-1)565. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with ________.A) the interpretation of the term“ (96environment-1)”6This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mentalprocess of appraisal and interpretation. (97-1)7C) their own interpretations of the courses(03-1)869. For instance, animals’ cries do not __69hts__andthougfeelings clearly. (03-1)A)inferB)explainC)interpretD)express9The Defense Secretary, Michael Portillo,claimed the matter was “ a misinterpretation or misunderstanding. (04-6)”10 D) they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola(04-6)11 85. and finally __85__ the meaning.(06-12)A)prescribeB)justifyC)utterD)interpretVisionaryBrick1 Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrowto accommodate ( 容纳 ) automobiles.(06-6)2 Y et the survivors have to start somewhere. N ew homes can be built __86__ thestones, bricks and beams of old ones. S pring is coming and it is a good time tostart again.(08-12)Hardware1 What refrigeration did promote was marketing — marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of agood price.(97-6)24 7. Research universities have to keep up with the latest computer and scientifichardware ________ price.(03-6)364.It is too early to say whether IBM’ s competitors will be able to ________ their products to the new hardware at an affordable cost.(03-6)174.with __73__ sharp curves andmany straight __74__ , a direct route is not always themost __75__ one. (89-1)A)selectionsB)separationsC)seriesD)sections2 B) In a series of misfortunes the third one is usually the most serious.(95-1)3Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.(98-6)4 5 6. Louis Herman, at the University of Hawa ii , has ________ a series of newexperiments in which some animals have learned to understand sentences.(03-6)5 4. How do Yale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers?A)They organize a series of seminars on world economy.(08-12)6 87. Thanks for/Due to series of new inventions(08-12)7 Privacyeconomist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people willsurrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands ona pitiful 50-cents-off coupon (优惠券) 。

Lecture 3 浮点数的表示

Lecture 3 浮点数的表示

相当于此时移码 的计算不是加 128,而是加 127
IEEE754标准浮点数表示

几个特殊数值:

当E的二进制位全为1时为特殊数值:此时,


若M的二进制位全为0,则n表示无穷大。若S为1则为负 无穷大,若S为0则为正无穷大; 若M的二进制位不全为0时,表示NaN(Not a Number), 表示这不是一个合法实数。
浮点数在计算机中的表示格式如下:
MS E 数符 阶码 定点整数移码表示

M 尾数值 定点小数补码表示
ES E MS M 阶符 阶码 数符 尾数值 定点整数补码表示 定点小数补码表示
浮点数的表示格式
E 阶码 Es Ek-1 … E1E0 Ms Mn-1
阶 符 阶码的 数值部分 数 符 小数点位置
M 尾数
IEEE754标准浮点数表示
例 将十进制数9和5/32转换为IEEE754标准的单精度数, 并用8位十六进 制表示

解答(1)
9= (-1)0×1001=(-1)0×23 ×1.001 =(-1)0×2130-127 ×1.001
二进制代码为:
0 10000010
00100000000000000000000
即:41100000H

解答(2)
5/32= (-1)0×0101×2-5
=(-1)0×2-5×22×1.01
=(-1)0×2124-127 ×1.01
二进制代码为: 0 01111100 01000000000000000000000 即:3E200000H
IEEE754标准浮点数表示


将IEEE754单精度数(8位十六进制表示)转换为十进制数

英语教师技能Lecture 3

英语教师技能Lecture 3

How to prepare students for listening tasks?
Involve ss in focused listening
Make it relevant to ss (interesting) Provide background knowledge
Pre-listening exercise to activate
7. /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /m/: /p/ /b/ /n/: /t/ /d/ /ŋ/: /k/ /g/ 8. /h/音
英美发音异同: 1. /r/音卷舌 2.元音/a:/在/f/ /s/ /θ/和鼻音前,美音 发[æ],lm前除外 3.[ɔ]美音发为[a] 4.美音中[Λ]和[ə]不做区分
பைடு நூலகம்
英美发音异同: 5.美音中[t]的弹舌 6.美音中[tn]鼻腔爆破音 7.美音中Dark[l] 和Clear [l]
Bottom up strategies 2: words
1. Pronunciation minimal pair practices
lice / rice
pin / pen
pin/pin/pen (choose)
present tense or past tense They share the food. They shared the food. pronunciation change / blurred speech What do you mean? Where’s the boy?
Lecture 3
Language elements & Language Skills
Language elements: Pronounciation, Vocabulary, Grammar

Lecture-01

Lecture-01

第一章 波函数1.1波粒二象性什么是波粒二象性?是指几何形状,还是指运动形态?1)光的波粒二象性h εν=, p hλ=其中,ε、p 是粒子的物理量,ν、λ是波动物理量。

波粒二象性是指物理量的取值既具有粒子性,也具有波动性。

不是指几何形状,也不是指运动形态。

2)原子的量子论描述a. 电子具有确定的分离轨道。

“确定”是经典的,“分离”是量子的。

(经典轨道是连续的)b. 跃迁 m h E E n ν=−,体系的性质与两条轨道的关联相关矩阵力学。

“轨道”是经典的,“两条”是量子的。

矩阵→不对易。

→c. 跃迁几率:量子论不能给出结果。

问题:如何自洽地描述微观粒子的运动?量子力学→1.2 电子双缝衍射实验1实验结果:只开缝1,强度分布为()211I ()x x ψ=;只开缝2, ()222I ()x x ψ=;同时开缝1和2, 2121I ()()I 2x x ψψ=+≠+I ,电子具有衍射特性,波动性。

实验分析: 一次只发射一个电子,屏上开始出现随机的光斑分布,长时间后出现衍射条纹。

光斑说明粒子性,但随机说明统计性,故不是经典粒子,而是统计意义上的粒子; 衍射条纹说明波动性,但只有长时间才有统计性,故不是经典波动,而是统计意义上的波动; 合起来说明粒子的位置力学量具有统计意义上的波粒二象性。

一个电子说明波粒二象性是微观粒子的固有特性,不是多个粒子相互作用的结果。

总结:1)观察物理量()x 的取值时既观察到粒子性质,又观察到波动性。

粒子性:物理量的取值具有颗粒性,一份一份的;波动性:物理量的取值不确定;2)粒子性与波动性都是从力学量取值的统计意义来理解,不是指运动的空间位形。

注意:此处的统计根源与经典统计不同。

每次发射一个电子,即使初态完全相同,也仍具有统计意义上的波粒二象性,而每一次丢一枚硬币,若初始条件完全相同,则每一次结果同。

1.3 Born 统计解释(将力学量x 取值的粒子性与波动性统一起来)引入几率波函数r t ψr (,), 2r t r t ψρ⎧⎪∝⎨⎪⎩r r 波幅的平方(,)波动性衍射条纹强度粒子出现的几率(,) 粒子性, 那么微观粒子在t 时刻位于的几率密度为r r 2*r t r t r t r t ρψψψ∝=r r r r (,)(,)(,)(,)注意波函数一般为复函数。

Lecture 2 定点数的表示

Lecture 2 定点数的表示
数 数值部分 符 小数点位置

Sf S1S2 … Sn
数 符 数值部分 小数点位置
定点机 原码 补码
小数定点机 –(1 – 2-n) ~ +(1 – 2-n) – 1 ~ +(1 – 2-n)
整数定点机 –(2n – 1) ~ +( 2n – 1) – 2n ~ +( 2n – 1)
反码
–(1 – 2-n) ~ +(1 – 2-n)
1111 1110
0000
0001 0010
1101
1100 1011
0011
0100 0101 0110 1001 1000
1010 0111
定点数-补码
补码定义-整数
0,x
[x]补 =
x 为真值
2n > x ≥ 0
0 >x ≥
n 为整数的位数
2n+1 + x
2n(mod 2n+1)

x = +1010 [x]补 = 0,1010
[x] 移对应的 十进制整数
-100000 - 11111 - 11110 … … + 11110 + 11111
0 1 2 …
用移码表示浮点数的阶码1 1 - 00001 1 1 1 1 ,能方便地判断浮点数阶码大小 011111 31
±

00000 + 00001 + 00010
n+1
移码在数轴上的表示
–2
n
–1 [x]移码
0
2 –1
n
真值

x = 10100
[x]移 = 25 + 10100 = 1,10100 x = –10100 [x]移 = 25 – 10100 = 0,01100

电子商务讲解课件(英文)Lecture

电子商务讲解课件(英文)Lecture
Customer service
Effective channels for customers to get help and resolve issues.
03
E-commerce Businesses
Marketplace
Marketplace Amazon Alibaba eBay
A platform that brings together buyers and sellers to facilitate transactions.
A crowdfunding platform that allows individuals or groups to raise funds for personal causes or charitable
projects.
Airbnb
A peer to peer e-commerce platform that allows
01
02
03
起始阶段
20世纪90年代初,电子商 务出现,以静态网页展示 产品信息。
发展阶段
20世纪90年代末至21世 纪初,电子商务平台兴起 ,在线购物逐渐普及。
成熟阶段
21世纪中期至今,移动支 付、社交电商、跨境电商 等多元化模式涌现。
Types of E-commerce
01
02
03
04
B2B (Business-to-Business) :企业与企业之间的电子商务
Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc., used for secure, decentralized transactions.
Delivery and Logistics
In-store pickup

Lecture02 递归:镜子

慎用!
数组查找
• 查找数组的最大项
• 二叉查找 • 查找第K个最大值
– 迭代、递归
if(anArray has only one item) { maxArray(anArray) is the item in anArray } else if(anArray has more than one item) { maxArray(anArray) is the max of maxArray(left half of anArray) and maxArray(right half of anArray) }
递归解决方案
• N!(Lecture01中已完成)
递归解决方案
• 箱式跟踪式跟踪递归方法的执行情况的一种系统方法, 通过箱式跟踪,不但能理解递归,还可调试递归方法。
• 箱式跟踪
– 在递归方法中标记各个递归调用 – 在执行过程中,用一个新箱表示各个方法调用 – 绘制一个箭头,从启动递归过程的语句指向第一个 箱,从发出调用的箱指向新建箱 – 执行方法体 – 取消当前箱,并沿箭头返回调用该方法的箱 EG.3! (P96)
《数据结构(Java版)(第3版)》
逆置字符串
• 去掉第一个字符
– writeBackward(s)
程序跟踪P100:writeBackward() writeBackward2()
《数据结构(Java版)(第3版)》
计数
• 兔子繁殖(Fibonacci序列) • 组织游行队伍* • Spock的困惑
递归将一个复杂的问题分解为一些更小的问题这些小问题与初始问题的类型完全相同即镜像为非常复杂的问题提供简单而灵活的解决方案当试图新建递归解决方案时要牢记以下4个问题
OutLine

有机化学01-Lecture


A polar covalent bond has a slight positive charge on one end and a slight negative charge on the other
A Polar Bond Has a Dipole Moment
A polar bond has a negative end and a positive end
The synthesis of the simple organic compound urea in 1828 showed that organic compounds can be prepared in the laboratory from non-living material.
Today, organic natural products are routinely synthesized in the laboratory.
Molecular weight: the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the molecule
The Distribution of Electrons in an Atom
Quantum mechanics uses the mathematical equation of wave motions to characterize the motion of an electron around a nucleus.
Nitric Oxide Radical, Mammalian Signaling Agent
Radical
Carbocation
Carbene
Borane

新目标大学英语(第二版)视听说教程3Unit1答案

新目标大学英语(第二版)视听说教程3Unit1答案Unit1 Personality01.Unit Goals 略02.Quotation 略03.Lead-inI.1.know me 2.play a part 3.wear a mask 4.my heart 5.Staring 6.I am insideII.1.vain,self-centered,insecure,intelligent2.demonic,impetuous,talented,bold3.accomplished,learned,resourceful,loyal4.humorous,self-sufficient,courageous,calm5.conscientious,competitive,humble,brave6.well-educated,careful,bright,sentimental,feminineIII.1.I like Hua Mulan’s personality. She was brave and determined. Hua Mulan was a legendary/fictional female warrior from the Northern and Southern Dynasties period of Chinese history. Disguised as a man, she took her aged father’s place in the army. Mulan fought for twelve years and gained high merit, but she refused any reward and retired to her hometown.2. I strongly agree with this proverb. Our destiny is often decided by how we choose and what we do. And our character determines how we choose and what we do. In turn, those choices and actions shape our character too. Character tells who we are and determines what happens in our life and what path we take.I will take Scarlett as an example. Katie Scarlett O’Hara is a fictional character in Margaret Mitchell’s 1936 novel Gone with the Wind. She is vain, self-centered, and spoiled by her wealthy parents. She can also be insecure, but is very intelligent, despite the Old South’s pretense of ignorance and helplessness. She is somewhat unusual among Southern women, whom society preferred to act as dainty creatures who need protection from their men. All her life experiences are greatly influenced by her personality.04.Note-Taking skill略05.Task1ExerciseI. 1-5 FTTFTExerciseII. 1.thinking 2.feeling 3.acting municating 5.listener 6.interesting 7.optimistic 8.encouraging 9.supportive 10.integrity 11.respect 12.yourself 13.radiant 14.engaging 15.perfect06.Task2ExerciseI. 1.career 2.personality 3.yourself 4.tools5.selfassessments6.extrovert7.social8.being around people9.introvert 10.oneself 11.solitary 12.social settings 13.have apartnership 14.schedule 15.how you fit into the jobExerciseII. 1.C 2.C 3.AExerciseIII. 1-5 TFTTT07.ExerciseI. 1.traits 2.outlook 3.boils down to 4.get a clearpicture of 5.social settings08.ExerciseII. 1.social settings 2.boils down to 3.traits 4.outlook5.get a clear picture of09.ExerciseIII. 1.If you keep practicing, you are well on your way toestablishing yourself among the top players in the world.2.Tom wants to discontinue the relationship, whileRebecca wants to continue.3.It’s important to comfort him while he was working,because the less he worried, the better he worked.10.ExerciseIV. 1.work on developing these traits for ourselves 2.facilitate and develop your confidence 3.as accurate as we think they are 4.be comfortable with yourself in the type of work that you’re doing 5.you’re more of an introvert11.Presentation 略12.Exercise 略 Answers may vary13.Critical ThinkingExerciseI. 1 D.open 2 C.conscientious 3 E.extrovert 4 A.agreeable 5 B.neuroticExerciseII. Openness:Openness indicates how open-minded a person is.A person with a high level of openness to experience enjoys trying new things. They are imaginative, curious, and open-minded. Conscientiousness:Conscientiousness is the personality trait of being careful, or diligent. Conscientiousness implies a desire to do a task well, and to take obligations to others seriously.Extroversion:Extroversion (also spelled extraversion) is defined, by Carl Jung, as “an attitude-type characterized by concentration of interest on the external object”. Extroversion tends to be manifested in outgoing, talkative, energetic behaviour, whereas introversion is manifested in more reserved and solitary behaviour. Agreeableness:Agreeableness is a personality trait manifesting itself in individual behavioural characteristics that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, and considerate.Neuroticism:Individuals who are neurotic are more likely than average to be moody and to experience such feelings as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed mood, and loneliness. They respond worse to stressors and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. They are often self-conscious and shy, and they may have trouble controlling urges and delaying gratification. ExerciseIII. 1.I am an agreeable person. I find it important to getalong with others and I’m willing to put aside my interests for other people. I feel it hard to say NO to others. People like to come to me and I never refuse to help them even though I myself am busy at that time.2.Personality traits predict general patterns of behaviour over time rather than single instances of behaviour. Odelia is excited and interested because she is an open person. She plans to explore the island and learns new things. Claire is concerned about the seriousness of the situation because she is a conscientious person. She wants to make sure that they can survive. Emile is thrilled because he is an extrovert. He wants to celebrate and explore the island with others. Albert is kind because he is an agreeable person. He cares for Nora and agrees to everything. Nora has a breakdown because she is a neurotic person. She feels stressed and lost.3.Emile has the idea to make a fire. He calls the others to help. Claire immediately starts to work, Albert brings more wood, Odelia is holding up her beautifully arranged SOS sign while Nora screams desperately for help.14.Conversation1.C2.B3.C4.D1.uncomfortable2.pretendmon4.movement5.tell15.Passage1.D2.C3.B1.age;gender;socia-economic backgrounds2.gifted;flexible;the same type;high expectationsmitted to;pushes me forward16.Lecture1.B2.C3.D1.Four types of people/personalities2.extremely organized3.credibility4.(very)analytical5.all the detailspetitive7.energetic8.talk to people9.great with relationships 10.hugging 11.kisses 12.himself/herself 13.he/she works with17.Goal Checking YES。

最优化方法Lecture3_单纯形法1


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xB x3 x4 x1 T B1b 7 6 3T , xN x2 x5 T 0
f1 cB B1b 12, w cB B1 0 0 4
z2 c2 wP2 c2 4 z5 c5 wP5 c5 4 最大判别数是z2 c2, x2是进基变量。计算
xk
min
bi yik
|
yik
0
br yrk
0
则得新解 x x1, , xr1, 0, xr1, , xm , 0, , xk , 0, , 0T

f x f
x0
zk
ck
br yrk
f
x0
.
旧基为 P1, , Pr , , Pm 新基为 P1, , Pk , , Pm
xr 为离基变量 xk 为进基变量。
2 s.t.
BxB NxN b
xB B1b B1NxN
xB , xN 0
min
3 s.t.
f x cB B1b B1NxN cN xN
xB B1NxN B1b
1 等价于
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4
s.t.
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f x 0xB cB B1N cN xN cB B1b
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br yr1
min
b1 y12
,
b2 y22
min
7
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x4为离基变量,用P2代替P4得到新基。
1 2 1 0 0
A P1
P2
P3
P4
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yt 1 0.5 yt 1 t
1.8 ____ y 1.6 - - - - Mean Series y Mean 1.302106 Median 1.265548 Maximum1.702138 Minimum 0.866587 Std. Dev. 0.234691 Skewness -0.203005 Kurtosis 2.205343 Observations 29
1.4
1.2
1.0
yt 1 0.5 yt 1 t
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0.8
3.2.4
AR(1)过程的自协方差
与自相关函数
j E[ yt ][ yt j ]
E[ t t 1 t 2 L ][ t j t j 1 t j 2 L ]
图3-4 AR(1)模拟生成的 序列图与相关统计量
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 250 500 750 1000 ____ y ---- Mean
series y Mean 3.262315 Median 3.286064 Maximum 6.170433 Minimum 0.254820 Std. Dev 0.973348 Skewness -0.003795 Kurtosis 2.758862 Observations 999
金融计量学
张成思
第三章 平稳金融时间序列:AR模型
3.1
3.2 3.3 3.4基本 Nhomakorabea念一阶自回归模型(AR(1)process) 二阶自回归模型(AR(2)process) p阶自回归模型(AR(p)process)
2
3.1 基本概念 3.1.1 随机过程与数据生成过程 随机过程: 从随机概率论的概念出发,随机过 程是一系列或一组随机变量的集合,用 来描绘随机现象在接连不断地观测过程 中的实现结果。对于每一次观测,得到 一个观测到的随机变量。
自相关函数,即 yt 与 yt- j 的自相关 函数定义为:
j
Cov( yt , yt- j ) Var ( yt ) Var ( yt- j ) , j 0, 1, 2,L
一般将 j相对于滞后期数j绘制出的 图示称为自相关图。
3.1.3 弱平稳与严平稳的定义 弱平稳(weakly stationary) 有时也叫协方差平稳(covariancestationary) 或二阶平稳( secondorder stationary)。
0, j 0
如果一个白噪音过程还满足正态分 布的条件,即服从正态分布,这样的 过程称为高斯白噪音过程。例如: 2 y1, y2 ,L , yT , yt : N (0, ) 就是一个典型的样本为T的白噪音过程。
3.2 一阶自回归模型(AR(1)process) 3.2.1 AR(1)过程的基本定义和性质 AR(1)模型可以写成:
ALPHA=-0.9
0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
基于 AR(1)的模拟序列
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ALPHA=0
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ALPHA=0.6
yt c yt 1 t
t : iid (0, )
2
c是常数项或截距项。
用无限阶移动平均来表示AR(1)移动平均 过程: 如果, 1 c 2 yt t t 1 t 2 L 1 因此, AR(1)实际上是一个无穷阶移动平均 过程 。
2 2
E[ ]
j j 2 t j 2
j 2 4
E[
2 t j 1 2
]
j 4
E[
2 t j 2
] L
(1 L )
2 j 2 1
j j j 0
所以,1 ,而对于 ,其取值越 靠近于1,则暗示 yt 序列相邻观测值之间 的相关性越强。很明显,平稳AR(1)过 程的自相关函数图应该是随着滞后期数的 增加而呈现逐渐衰减的态势。
弱平稳的定义: 对于随机时间序列 yt ,如果其期 望值、方差以及自协方差均不随时间t 变化而变化,则称 yt 为弱平稳随机变 y 量,即对于所有时间t, t 必须满足以下 条件: (i) E ( yt ) 为不变的常数; Var ( yt ) 2 为不变的常数; (ii) (iii) j E yt yt- j , j 0, 1, 2,L
平稳还暗示着:
j j , j 1, 2,L
对于一个弱平稳过程 yt ,自相关函数
j j , j 0, 1, 2, L Var ( yt ) Var ( yt- j ) 0
Cov ( yt , yt- j )
并且:
0 0 1 0 j j
4 0 -4 -8 -12
3.1.2 自协方差与自相关函数 假定 yt 是一个随机变量,自协方差 定义的是 yt 与其自身滞后期之间的协方 差,即“自身的协方差”。常见的协方 差的基本定义是:
Cov( X , Y ) E X E ( X ) Y E (Y )
y E 其中:[ ] 表示期望。从而可以知道, t 与其自身滞后j期 yt j 之间的协方差定义 为:j E yt E ( yt ) yt- j E ( yt- j ) , j 0, 1, 2,L
数据生成过程: 利用下面的回归模型来说明,即:
2 0
yt 0 xt t , t : i.i.d.(0, ), t 1,2,L , T
假设模型中所有系数已知或者是已 经设立了的,那么给定解释变量 xt 的一 组观测值,回归模型就可以生成对应的 一组 yt 值,则模型就是一个数据生成过 程。
DGP适用于理论上的问题与真实世 界的事例之间的比较。 例如:中国国际股票指数和随机游走 过程看上去相似吗?股票的收益率序列 符合白噪音过程吗?
160 120 80 40 0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
DGP: Y(t)=Y(t-1)+e China International Stock Price
8 4 0 -4 -8
ALPHA=0.9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
8 ALPHA=1.0 4 0 -4 -8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
对于均值保持不变的随机过程来说,
j E yt yt- j , j 0, 1, 2,L
j 0 时,即为方差:
0 Var( yt ) E yt yt-0
随机变量x和y的相关系数模型为:

Cov( x, y) Var ( x) Var ( y)
3.2.5
一阶自回归系数 的影响
下面利用实际例子进一步演示自 回归系数 取值不同对自相关系数 以及 yt 序列动态走势的影响。
ACF的图示说明
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ALPHA=0.5 ALPHA=0.9
1.0
3.2.2 平稳AR(1)的均值
c c E[ yt ] 0 0 L 1 1
3.2.3 AR(1)过程的方差
0 E[ yt ] E[ t t 1 t 2 L ]
2 2 2 t 2 2 t 1 6 4 2 t 2 6
2
3.1.4白噪音过程(white noise process) 一个随机过程如被称为白噪音过程, 则组成该过程的所有随机序列彼此互相独 立,并且均值为0,方差为恒定不变值。 y 即对于所有时间t, t 如果满足下列条件 (i) E( yt ) 0 (ii) Cov( yt , yt j ) 0, j 0 2 (iii) Var ( yt ) 0 则 yt 是白噪音过程。
如果使用数学语言来定义随机函 数,给定一个时间域T,对于T中每一 个参数t,都有一个取值于确定集合W 的随机变量Yt (s) ,其中s属于一个特定 的样本区间。所以对于一个给定的t, Yt ( s) 是一个随机变量。对于一个确定的 Yt 样本s,( s) 就是在s上的一组实现值,而 { 集合 Yt ( s), t T } 就是一个随机过程。
严平稳的定义:
如果对于任何 j1, j2 ,L , jk ,随机变 量的集合 ( yt , yt j1 , yt j2 ,L ,t jk ) 只依赖 于不同期之间的间隔距离 ( j1 , j2 ,L , jk ) 而不依赖于时间t,那么这样的集合称 为严格平稳过程或简称为严平稳过程, 对应的随机变量称为严平稳随机变量。
E[ ] E[ ] E[ ] E[ ] L
2 t 3
(1 L )
2 4
2
2 1
2
平稳序列的观测值表现出一种向其 均值水平回复的特征,这种特征在金融 时间序列分析中称“均值回复”,对应 的英文名词是“mean-reverting”。
图3-3 白噪音过程的 自相关图
1.0 ACF 0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0 4 8 12 j
对于白噪音过程,总有如下等式成立: 2 , j 0 j 0, j 0 1, j 0 以及 j 白噪音过程中的观测值彼此之间互相 独立,白噪音过程不能由其以前的信息 来预测,至少从线性角度看是这样的。
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