2003年考研英语试题及参考答案(3)
2003年考研英语试题及参考答案(3)B. there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C. overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.D. a government board ensures fair play in railway business.54.The word“arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to thoseA. who work as coordinators.B. who function as judges.C. who supervise transactions.D. who determine the price.55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused byA. the continuing acquisition.B. the growing traffic.C. the cheering Wall Street.D. the shrinking market.CCDBAText 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depressioncontrolled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In1950, the U.S. spent .7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-----say 83 or so. Former Colorado governorRichard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty todie and get out of the way”,so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s,and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.56.What is implied in the first sentence?A. Americans are better prepared for death than otherpeople.B. Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D. Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57.The author uses the example of caner patients to show thatA. medical resources are often wasted.B. doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.C. some treatments are too aggressive.D. medical costs are becoming unaffordable.58.The author's attitude to ward Richard Lamm's remark is one ofA. strong disapproval.B. reserved consent.C. slight contempt.D. enthusiastic support.59.In contras to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical careA. more flexibly.B. more extravagantly.C .more cautiously.D. more reasonably.60.The text intends to express the idea thatA medicine will further prolong people's lives.B. life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.C. death should be accepted as a fact of life.D. excessive demands increase the cost of health care. DABDCPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and the translate the underlines segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living withthemselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words“anthropos”:“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned(原文如此) manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formu lation of the concept ofculture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(64)Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of“culture,”like the concept of“set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section IV Writing66.Directions:1) describe the set of drawings, Interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)参考答案：Section I Listening Comprehension （20 points）Part A （5 points）1.18762.19813.textiles4.19,1375.concertsPart B (5 points)6.(the couple) themselves7.constructively8.a qualified psychologist9.good intentions10.absencePart C (10points)11.D 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.B 17.B 18.C 19.A 20.DSection II Use of English （10 points）21.A 22.B 23.C 24.D 25.C 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A30.D31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.C 36.D 37.B 38.A 39.C 40.ASection III Reading Comprehension （50 points）Part A （40 points）41.B 42.A 43.C 44.D 45.B 46.A 47.B 48.B 49.A50.D51.C 52.D 53.C 54.B 55.A 56.C 57.A 58.B 59.D 60.CPart B（10 points）61.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
2003年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
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A. 为网上谍报这个话题提供开头 B. 展示多诺汶是如何为美国效力的 C. 提供信息战的一个片断 D. 表彰他为中情局所做出的杰出贡献 23. 段落中的“making the biggest splash” （第三段第一行）最可能的意思是 A. 引起最大的麻烦 B. 做出最大的努力 C. 取得最大的成功 D. 受到最广泛的欢迎 24. 从文章第四段推论出其中的暗示是 A. 斯特雷福公司关于乌克兰的预测已经被证实 B. 斯特雷福公司保证它提供的信息的真实性 C. 斯特雷福公司公司的业务特征是不可预测性 D. 斯特雷福公司能够提供相当可靠的信息 25. 司特雷福公司最引以自豪的是 A. 官方地位 B. 不随大流的形象 C. 它的有效率的员工 D. 它的军方背景
2003 年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译 真题译文+题目翻译
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狂热的比尔·多诺汶（要是活着的话）肯定会喜欢网络。这位美国间谍大王 对情报着迷，他曾经在第二次世界大战时建立了战略事务办公室，后来又为中央 情报局（Central Intelligence Agency）的成立打下了基础。多诺汶相信，在谍报职 业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。如今，互联网已经完全改变了买书和寄 信这样的日常活动，也正在改变多诺汶曾经从事的这个职业。 最近的这次革命性的改变不仅仅是一个人偷看别人的电子邮件的问题， 这样 的电子间谍活动已经存在了数十年。在过去的三四年中，国际互联网已经派生出 一个可称为点击谍报的完整的产业。间谍们把它称为“公开来源情报” 。随着互 联网的发展，它变得越来越有影响力。1995 年美国中央情报局举办了一个竞赛， 看谁能够收集到关于“布隆迪”最多的信息。胜者胜出了一大截，却是弗吉尼亚 一家名为 “公开来源解决方案” 的小公司， 它的明显优势是它对电子世界的把握。 在这个新的电子世界中最引起轰动的是一个叫司特雷福的公司， 它是得克萨 斯州奥斯汀市的一个私营的情报分析公司。该公司的业务是将全球各个国家（从 智利到俄罗斯）侦察而得到的情报销售给“麦克德莫国际”这样的能源公司。它 的许多预测都可以从它的网站上 在线查阅。 该公司的总裁乔治·弗莱德曼说，他把网络世界视为情报收集和情报发布两 方面相互增强的工具，是间谍大王的梦想。上周，他的公司正忙于从世界的偏僻 角落里收集零散的信息，并预测在乌克兰将发生一场危机。 “一旦这个报道发布， 我们将从乌克兰突然新增 500 个用户登陆发布的信息， ”弗莱德曼，一位前政治 科学教授说， “我们将听到其中一些人的反馈。 ”当然公开来源的谍报活动的确有 它的风险，因为很难区分正确与错误的信息。但这也正是司特雷福公司挣钱糊口 的事业。 弗莱德曼在奥斯汀市依赖的是一个人数不多的雇员团体， 其中几位有军事情 报工作背景。他把公司的“局外人”地位视为它成功的关键。司特雷福公司的简 报听上去不像华盛顿当局常常提供的躲闪的言辞， 这些政府机构往往以此来避免 发布引人注目的言论，因为这些言论可能出错。弗莱德曼说，司特雷福公司为其 独立的声音而感到自豪。 21. 互联网出现后 A. 得到了多诺汶这样的网迷的支持 B. 改变了情报收集工作 C. 恢复了许多平常的消遣活动 D. 使谍报复兴成为一个职业 22. 文中提到多诺汶的故事是为了 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众， 并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的语 言，一般人能够明白的语言，而不要使用分子生物学的语言。我们需要说明动物 实验与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的心脏搭桥、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的注射针 剂都密切相关。 对于那些不明白获得这些新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进行动物实 验的人来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍。 有很多事情可以做。科学家可以进入中学课堂，展示他们的实验结果。他们 应该对报刊的读者来信及时做出反应， 以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的 情况下横行，从而获得一副真理的面容。科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向 人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。最后，因为最有发言权的是病人， 医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬·库柏这样的名人的支持——他对动物实 验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。如 果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。 26. 作者在文章开头引用 18 世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克的话的用意在于 A. 呼吁科学家采取行动 B. 批评动物权利运动这个被误导的事业 C. 警告生物医学研究即将终结 D. 展示动物权利运动的胜利 27. 被误导的人们看待用动物做实验的态度是 A. 残酷的，但是自然 B. 不人道的，不可接受的 C. 不可避免的，但是邪恶的 D. 无意义，浪费的 28. “老奶奶”这个例子被用来说明公众对 A. 动物实验的不满 B. 医学科学的无知 C. 瘟疫漠不关心 D. 动物权利的忧虑 29. 作者认为，在动物权利倡导者的挑战面前，科学家应该 A. 科学家应该与公众更多交流 B. 在研究中用高科技手段 C. 无需对他们的事业感到羞耻 D. 努力开发新的治疗手段 30. 从文章提供的信息中推论斯蒂芬·库柏是 A. 一个著名的人文主义者 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they areadjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new inteHectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success andknowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle isalready filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there aremore winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters with manystudent-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . This doesnot mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 , they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice22. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance23. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure24. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance26. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed27. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise28. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense29. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging30. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple31. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation32. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security33. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely34. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short35. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if36. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something37. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone38. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average[C] On the whole [D] On the other hand39. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking40.[A] capabilities [B] responsibilities [C] proficiency[D] efficiencySection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the u great game“ of espionage -- spying as a "profession.v These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen\ e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source inte lligence,“ and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford. Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine；' says Friedman, a fbnner political science professor. "And we41 hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good iiifbniiation from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfordbriefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41.The emergence of the Net has.|A] received support from fans like Donovan|B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes|D] revived spying as a profession42.Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to.|A] introduce the topic of online spying[B]show how he fought for the U.S.[C]give an episode of the information war|D] honor his unique services to the CIA43.The phrase “making the biggest splash” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means.|A] causing the biggest trouble|B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success|D] enjoying the widest popularity44.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that.[A]Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B]Straitford guarantees the tnithfulness of its information[C]Straitford\ business is characterized by unpredictability[D]Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45.Straitford is most proud of its.|A] official status[B]nonconformist image[C]efficient staff|D] military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, u Theii I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way -- in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother^ hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seemswasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt“ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of tiuth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively reciuit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizeniy will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to.[A]call on scientists to take some actions|B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C]warn of the doom of biomedical research[D]show the triumph of the animal rights movement47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is.|A] cruel but natural[B]inhuman and unacceptable[C]inevitable but vicious|D] pointless and wasteful48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's[A]discontent with animal research|B] ignorance about medical science[C]indifference to epidemics[D]anxiety about animal rights49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientistsshould.[A]communicate more with the public|B] employ hi-tech means in research[C]feel no shame for their cause[D]strive to develop new cures50.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is.|A] a well-known humanist|B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights|D] a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coat chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive“ shippers 20 to 30 percent more th an they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. u Do we really want raikoads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?^ asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquii'e Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the canyiiig costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because *|A] cost reduction is based on competition[B]services call for cross-trade coordination[C]outside competitors will continue to exist[D]shippers will have the railway by the throat52.What is many captive shippers5 attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A] Indifferent.|B] Supportive.[C] Indignant.|D] Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that.[A]shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad|B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide[C]overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business54.The word “arbiters” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those[A]who work as coordinators[B]who function as judges[C]who supervise transactions[D]who determine the price55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by *[A]the continuing acquisition[B]the growing traffic[C]the cheering Wall Street[D]the shrinking marketText 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans5 life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death -- and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. Tlie most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians -- fiustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient --too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002. the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age -- say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying tha t the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way,“ so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old.I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could iinpiove people's lives.56.What is implied in the first sentence?[A]Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B]Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C]Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D]Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that.[A]medical resources are often wasted[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C]some treatments are too aggressive[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordable58.The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of.[A]strong disapproval[B]reserved consent[C]slight contempt|D] enthusiastic support59.In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C]more cautiously[D]more reasonably60.The text intends to express the idea that.[A]medicine will further prolong people's lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C]death should be accepted as a fact of life|D] excessive demands increase the cost of health carePartBDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 61) Furtheimorg humans have the ability to modify the environment in which [hey live, thus subjecting all other life foirns to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology“ derives from the Greek words anthropos: "human^ and logos “the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned、orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that Mural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought [o the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as ”・・・ that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law、custom. and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor,s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.65) Thus, the anlhropological coocept of “culture." like the concept of “set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of conciete research and understanding.Section IV Writing66. Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should1)describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2)point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)温室国医不起血雨。
2003年英语一真题答案红宝石
2003年英语一真题答案红宝石1、They lost their way in the forest, and _____ made matters worse was night began to fall. [单选题] *A. thatB. itC. what(正确答案)D. which2、My friend and classmate Selina（)running in her spare time. [单选题] *A.likeB. likes (正确答案)C. is likedD. is liking3、My brother often does ______ homework first after school.（）[单选题] *A. heB. his(正确答案)C. sheD. her4、--The last bus has left. What should we do?--Let’s take a taxi. We have no other _______ now. [单选题] *A. choice(正确答案)B. reasonC. habitD. decision5、He spoke too fast, and we cannot follow him. [单选题] *A. 追赶B. 听懂(正确答案)C. 抓住D. 模仿6、We can see ______ stars at night if it doesn’t rain. [单选题] *A. a thousand ofB. thousandsC. thousand ofD. thousands of(正确答案)7、Mary, together with her children ,_____ some video show when I went into the sitting room. [单选题] *A. were watchingB. was watching(正确答案)C. is watchingD. are watching8、Tom’s mother will let him _______ traveling if he comes back?in five days. [单选题] *A. to goB. goesC. wentD. go(正确答案)9、My English teacher has given us some _______ on how to study English well. [单选题] *A. storiesB. suggestions(正确答案)C. messagesD. practice10、Hearing that he had passed _____ health examination, he immediately made _____ call to his parents. [单选题] *A. a; /B. the; /C. the; a(正确答案)D. a; the11、He has bought an unusual car. [单选题] *A. 平常的B. 异常的(正确答案)C. 漂亮的D. 废弃的12、Nowadays more and more people travel by _______, because its safe, cheap and fast. [单选题] *A. footB. bikeC. high-speed train(正确答案)D. boat13、She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. [单选题] *A. which(正确答案)B. whoC.itD. that14、22．Will there ________ any schools in the future? [单选题] *A．isB．areC．amD．be(正确答案)15、We ______ to set up a food bank to help hungry people next week.（）[单选题] *A. hadB. are going(正确答案)C. were goingD. went16、Tom will _______ me a gift from Japan. [单选题] *A. takeB. getC. carryD. bring(正确答案)17、We’re proud that China _______ stronger and stronger these years. [单选题] *A. will becomeB. becameC. is becoming(正确答案)D. was becoming18、Bob is young, _______ he knows a lot. [单选题] *A. becauseB. soC. but(正确答案)D. unless19、My mother’s birthday is coming. I want to buy a new shirt ______ her.（）[单选题] *A. atB. for(正确答案)C. toD. with20、Actually, we don't know whether this news comes from a reliable（）or not. [单选题] *A. source(正确答案)B. originC. basisD. base21、74．No person （）carry a mobile phone into the examination room during the national college Entrance Examinations．[单选题] *A.shall(正确答案)B.mustC.canD.need22、49．________ is the price of the product? [单选题] *A．HowB．How muchC．What(正确答案)D．How many23、Let us put the matter to the vote,（）? [单选题] *A. will youB. can weC. may ID. shall we(正确答案)24、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off25、She returns home every year to _______ the Spring Festival. [单选题] *A. celebrate(正确答案)B. shareC. watchD. congratulate26、My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast. [单选题] *A. goesB. makesC. keeps(正确答案)D. gains27、Thank you very much. You gave us ____ our factory needed. [单选题] *A. informationB. informationsC. the information(正确答案)D. the informations28、While they were in discussion, their manager came in by chance. [单选题] *A. 抓住时机B. 不时地C. 碰巧(正确答案)D. 及时29、78．According to a report on Daily Mail, it’s on Wednesday（）people start feeling really unhappy. [单选题] *A. whenB. whichC. whatD. that(正确答案)30、( ) What she is worried __ is ____ her daughter is always addicted to chatting online./; that [单选题] *A /; thatB of thatC about that(正确答案)D about what。
2003考研英语(一)真题
2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C OR D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious1to how they can best2such changes.Growing bodies need movement and3,but not just in ways that emphasize competition.4they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the5that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are6by others. However,the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be7to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,8，publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,9student artwork,and sponsoring book discussion clubs.A variety of small clubs can provide 10opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful11dynamics.Making friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the12of some kind of organization with a supportive adult13visible in the background.In these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have14attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized15participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to16 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants17.This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.18they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by19for roles that are within their20and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.1.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice2.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance3.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure4.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because5.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance6.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed7.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise8.[A]in effect[B]as a result[C]for example[D]in a sense9.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging10.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple11.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation12.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security13.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely14.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short15.[A]if only[B]now that[C]so that[D]even if16.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something17.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone18.[A]On the contrary[B]On the average[C]On the whole[D]On the other hand19.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking20.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency[D]efficiencySection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World WarⅡand later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage—spying as a“profession.”These days the Net,which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail,is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail.That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.In the past three or four years,the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.The spooks call it“open source intelligence,”and as the Net grows,it is becoming increasingly influential.In1995the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the mostdata about Burundi.The winner,by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford,Inc.,a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.Many of its predictions are available online at.Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymaster’s st week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“As soon as that report runs,we’ll suddenly get500new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman,a former political science professor.“And we’ll hear back from some of them.”Open-source spying does have its risks,of course,since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad.That’s where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of20in Austin.Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds.He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success.Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.Straitford,says Friedman,takes pride in its independent voice.21.The emergence of the Net has.[A]received support from fans like Donovan[B]remolded the intelligence services[C]restored many common pastimes[D]revived spying as a profession22.Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to.[A]introduce the topic of online spying[B]show how he fought for the US[C]give an episode of the information war[D]honor his unique services to the CIA23.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line1,paragraph3)most probably means.[A]causing the biggest trouble[B]exerting the greatest effort[C]achieving the greatest success[D]enjoying the widest popularity24.It can be learned from paragraph4that.[A]straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B]straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C]straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability[D]straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25.Straitford is most proud of its.[A]official status[B]nonconformist image[C]efficient staff[D]military backgroundText2To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way—in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement,a father’s bypass operation,a baby’s vaccinations,and even a pet’s shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done.Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing,there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to.[A]call on scientists to take some actions[B]criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C]warn of the doom of biomedical research[D]show the triumph of the animal rights movement27.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is.[A]cruel but natural[B]inhuman and unacceptable[C]inevitable but vicious[D]pointless and wasteful28.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s.[A]discontent with animal research[B]ignorance about medical science[C]indifference to epidemics[D]anxiety about animal rights29.The author believes that,in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should.[A]communicate more with the public[B]employ hi-tech means in research[C]feel no shame for their cause[D]strive to develop new cures30.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is.[A]a well-known humanist[B]a medical practitioner[C]an enthusiast in animal rights[D]a supporter of animal researchText3In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into supersystems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as1995,the top four railroads accounted for under70percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.Next year,after a series of mergers is completed,just four railroads will control well over90percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers20to30percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federalgovernment's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process is expensive,time consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It's theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici,a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortuning fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the$10.2billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.Conrail's net railway operating income in1996was just$427million,less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill?Many captive shippers fear that they will,as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31.According to those who support mergers,railway monopoly is unlikely because.[A]cost reduction is based on competition.[B]services call for cross-trade coordination.[C]outside competitors will continue to exist.[D]shippers will have the railway by the throat.32.What is many captive shippers'attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.33.It can be inferred from paragraph3that.[A]shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.[B]there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.[C]overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.[D]a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34.The word“arbiters”(line7,paragraph4)most probably refers to those.[A]who work as coordinators.[B]who function as judges.[C]who supervise transactions.[D]who determine the price.35.According to the text,the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by.[A]the continuing acquisition.[B]the growing traffic.[C]the cheering Wall Street.[D]the shrinking market.Text4It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder. Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine50years ago.But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal;we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish,even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level,yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care,we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it’s useless.The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In1950,the US spent$12.7billion on health care.In2002,the cost will be$1,540billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say83or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way”,so that younger,healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their60s and beyond,and remain dazzlingly productive.At78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her70s,and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden,countries that spend far less on medical care,have achieved longer,healthier lives than we have.As a nation,we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improvepeople’s lives.36.What is implied in the first sentence?[A]Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B]Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C]Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D]Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.37.The author uses the example of caner patients to show that.[A]medical resources are often wasted[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C]some treatments are too aggressive[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordable38.The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of.[A]strong disapproval[B]reserved consent[C]slight contempt[D]enthusiastic support39.In contras to the US,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C]more cautiously[D]more reasonably40.The text intends to express the idea that.[A]medicine will further prolong people’s lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C]death should be accepted as a fact of life[D]excessive demands increase the cost of health carePart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.Humans arethoughtful and creative,possessed of insatiable curiosity.（41）Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore,it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words anthropos“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.（42）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography,economics,political,science,psychology,and sociology.Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity.Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.（43）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of19th century science.（44）Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight,so profound in its simplicity,opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life.Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned.shared,and patterned behavior.（45）Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture,”like the concept of“set”in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section III Writing46.Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay entitled in which you should1）describe the set of drawings,interpret its meaning,and2）point out its implications in our life.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)。
2003年在职申硕(同等学力)英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2003年在职申硕（同等学力）英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. V ocabulary 4. Reading Comprehension 5. Cloze 6. Error Detection 7. Translation 9. WritingV ocabularySection ADirections: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1．The very sight of the imposing buildings assured these tourists of the significant changes in this city.A．instinctiveB．impressiveC．institutionalD．imaginary正确答案：B解析：instinctive本能的；impressive给人印象深刻的，感人的；institutional 公共机构的；imaginary想象的。
2．The accepted criteria of adequate diet have been challenged by new discoveries in nutrition.A．formationsB．componentsC．standardsD．ingredients正确答案：C解析：formations机构；components部件，部分；standards标准，标准的；ingredients成分。
2003年英语真题和答案
2003年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30 minutes, 15 points) (略)Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16. Scientists estimate that about 530，000 other objects, too small to detect with radar, ____ theEarth too.A. being circledB. are circlingC. are to be circlingD. are being circled17. During the past years the of automobile accidents in New York City has decreased.A. degreeB. quantityC. numberD. amount18. Both approaches require that the actor his or her own personal values as well as thecharacter’s.A. must understandB. should understandC. has to understandD. need to understand19. It is wrong for people to think that experts are right when they explain their ideas onsome subjects.A. steadilyB. constantlyC. persistentlyD. continuously20. We had a party last weekend, and it was a lot of fun. So let’s have one this weekend.A. anotherB. moreC. the otherD. other21. The brave firemen had fought for days before they managed to the forest fire.A. put onB. put upC. put offD. put out22. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting you don’t mind taking the night train.A. ifB. unlessC. thoughD. until23. He that a combination of recent oil discoveries and the advance of new technology willlead to a decline in the price of crude oil.A. predictsB. compelsC. arrangesD. disputes24. in a simple style, the book clearly describes the author’s childhood experiences in asmall town.A. WritingB. To be writtenC. Being writtenD. Written25. For these reasons, the newspaper is having problems in the north of the country.A. distributionB. regulationC. recognitionD. destruction26. The parents were much kinder to their youngest child than they were to the others, ,of course, made the others jealous.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. who27. ―Sorry, there are no tickets for tomorrow’s performance,‖ the ticket officer said politely.A. preferableB. considerableC. accessibleD. available28. With temperature so rapidly, we could not go on with the experiment.A. fellB. fallC. fallingD. fallen29. History has demonstrated that countries with different social systems can join hands in meetingthe common challenges to human and development.A. evolutionB. survivalC. satisfactionD. damage30. before we departed last weekend, we would have had a wonderful dinner party.A. Had they arrivedB. Would they arriveC. Were they arrivingD. Were they to arrive31. A lot of people were ready to work long hours because high unemployment meant that theycould easily be .A. separatedB. appointedC. transferredD. replaced32. that saw the trade between the two countries reach its highest point.A. During the 1990’sB. That it was in the 1990’sC. It was in the 1990’sD. It was the 1990’s33. They have been waiting for many hours. The airplane must have been .A. of scheduleB. on scheduleC. ahead of scheduleD. behind schedule34. The manager promised to keep me of how our business was going on.A. informedB. informingC. to be informedD. having informed35. We can’t afford to let the situation get worse. We have to take to put it right.A. decisionsB. advantagesC. sidesD. stepsPart III Reading Comprehension (55 minutes, 40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each of the passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Passage OneThe worst thing about television and radio is that they entertain us, saving us the trouble of entertaining ourselves.A hundred years ago, before all these devices were invented, if a person wanted to entertain himself with a song or a piece of music, he would have to do the singing himself or pock up a violin and play it. Now, all he has to do is turn on the radio or TV. As a result, singing and music have declined.Italians used to sing all the time. Now, they only do it in Hollywood movies. Indian movies are mostly a series of songs and dances trapped around silly stories. As a result, they don’t do much singing in Indian villages anymore. Indeed, ever since radio first came to life, there has been a terrible decline in amateur (业余的) singing throughout the world.There are two reasons for this sad decline: One, human beings are astonishingly lazy. Put a lift in a building, and people would rather take it than climb even two flights of steps. Similarly, invent a machine that sings, and people would rather let the machine sing than sing themselves. The other reason is that people are easily embarrassed. When there is a famous, talented musician readily available by pushing a button, which amateur violinist or pianist would want to try to entertain family or family or friends by himself?These earnest reflections came to me recently when two CDs arrived in the mail. They are historic recordings of famous writers reading their own works. It was thrilling to hear the voices from a long dead past in the late 19th century. But today, reading out loud anything is no longer common. Today, we sing songs to our children until they are about two, we read simple books to them till they are about five, and once they have learnt to read themselves, we become deaf. We’re alive only to the sound of the TV and the stereo (立体声音响) .I count myself extremely lucky to have been born before TV became so common. I was about six before TV appeared. To keep us entertained my mother had to do a good deal of singing and tell us endless tales. It was the same in many other homes. People spoke a language; they song it, they recited it; it was something they could feel.Professional actors’ performance is extraordinarily revealing. But I still prefer my own reading. Because it’s mine. For the same reason, people find karaoke (卡拉OK) liberating. It is almost he only electronic thing that gives them bake their own voice. Even if their voices are hopelessly out of tune, at least it is meaningful self–entertainment.36. The main idea of this passage is that .A. TV and radio can amuse us with beautiful songs and musicB. TV and radio prevent us from self–entertainmentC. people should sing songs and read books aloud themselvesD. parents should sing songs and read books aloud to their children37. According to the passage, Italians .A. only sing songs in HollywoodB. are no longer fond of musicC. only sing and dance in villagesD. don’t sing much nowadays38. Which of the following is NOT the reason for the decline in amateur singing?A. It is easier for people to please themselves with songs through TV and radio.B. Amateurs feel embarrassed for they cannot sing as well as the professionals.C. People don’t want to take the trouble to sing songs themselves.D. Famous and talented musicians can easily be met.39. When hearing the voices from the famous writers of a long dead past, the author .A. was very excitedB. was very frightenedC. thought that writers shouldn’t read their own booksD. thought the past recording was not of good quality40. The author’s attitude toward karaoke is .A. negativeB. positiveC. neutralD. indifferentPassage TwoIf those ―mad moments‖—when you can’t remember what your friend has told you or where you left your keys —are becoming more frequent, mental exercises and a healthy brain diet may help.Just as bodies require more maintenance with the passing years, so do brains, which scientists now know show sighs of aging as early as the 20s and 30s. ―Brain aging starts at a very young age, younger than any of us had imagined and these processed continue gradually over the years,‖ said Dr. Gary Small, the director of the Center on Aging at the University of California, Los Angeles. ―I’m convinced that it is never too early to get started on a mental or brain-fitness program,‖ he added.In his book, The Memory Bible, the 51-year-old neuroscientist (神经学家) lists what he refers to as the 10 suggestions for keeping the brain young. They include training memory, building skills, reducing stress, mental exercises, brain food and a healthy lifestyle. It’s a game plan for keeping brain cells sparking and neural networks in perfect shape.―Misplacing your keys a couple of times don’t mean you should start labeling your cabinets. Memory loss is not an inevitable consequence of aging .Our brains can fight back,‖ he said.Small provides the weapons for a full–scale attack.Simple memory tests give an indication of what you are up against and tools such as ―look‖ and ―connect‖ are designed to make sure that important things such as names and dates are never forgotten. ―So if you wanted to learn names and faces, for example, you meet Mrs. Beatty and you notice a distinguishing facial feature, maybe a high eyebrow,‖ said Small. ―You associate the firstthing that comes to mind. I think of the actor Warren Beatty so I create a mental picture of Warren Beatty kissing her brow.‖Small admits it may sound a bit strange but he says it works. ―Mental exercises could be anything from doing crossword puzzles and writing with your left hand if you are right handed or learning a langrage. It could be anything that is fun that people enjoy doing,‖ he added.He also recommends physical exercise, a low–fat diet and eating foods rich in fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants (抗氧化剂) including blueberries and onions in addition to reducing stress.41. The ―mad moment‖ in the first paragraph refers to the time when we .A. don’t listen to our friendsB. have lost our important thingsC. have some mental problemsD. have a bad memory42. In this passage, the author mainly tells us .A. everyone has bad memories sometimes no matter how old he isB. we can prevent our mind from aging with various methodsC. brain aging starts at the time when we are in the 20s and 30sD. memory lost is not the sign that we are getting old43. By giving the example ―you meet Mrs. Beatty and you notice a distinguishing …eyebrow‖, Dr.Small is trying to explain the memory tool of .A. lookB. physical exercisesC. connectD. mental exercises44. By saying ―I think of the actor Warren BEATTY so I create … her brow‖’ Dr. Small is trying toexplain the memory tool of .A. remembering facial featuresB. reducing stressC. connecting related thingsD. observing carefully45. Mental exercises do NOT include ______ .A. writing with one’s left handB. learning a foreign languageC. doing crossword puzzlesD. taking picturesPassage ThreeIt may look like just another playgroup, but a unique educational center in Manhattan is really giving babies something to talk about. ―It’s a school to teach languages to babies and young children with games, songs—some of the classed also have arts and crafts,‖ said Francois Thibaut, the founder of the Langrage Workshop for Children, a place where babies become bilingual.Children as young as few months are exposed to French and Spanish before many of them can even speak English. Educators use special songs and visual (视觉的) aids to ensure that when a childis ready to talk, the languages will not be so foreign. ―Children have a unique capacity to learn many languages at the same time,‖ said Thibaut. ―Already at nine months, a child can tell the differences between the sounds he or she has heard since birth and the sounds he or she has never heard yet.‖Thibaut says the best time to expose children to language is from birth to 3 years old. For the last 30 years, the school has been using what it calls the Thibarut Technique, a system that combines language lessons with child’s play.―I always wanted to learn Spanish, but by the time I got to high school it was too late to pick it up and speak fluently,‖ said Marc Lazare, who enrolled his son at the school. ―I figured at this age, two, it’s a perfect time for him to learn.‖Aside from learning a language, the kids also gain a tremendous sense of confidence. One young student boasted that aside from French, she can speak five languages (though that included ―monkey ―and ―lion‖) . The school gives children the tools to communicate, and sometimes that gives them an advantage over their parents. ―I think they sometimes speak French when they think I won’t understand them,‖ said parent Foster Gibbons.Depending on the age group, classes run from 45 minute up to 2 hours. Even when students are not in class, the program is designed to make sure the learning continues at home. Tapes and books are included so kids can practice on their own.46. The word ―bilingual‖ in the first paragraph probably means _____ .A. capable of using two languagesB. both clever and confidentC. aware of their own limitations and strengthsD. independent of their parents47. The passage tells us that the best time for a child to learn languages is ________ .A. before seven years oldB. from birth to three years oldC. in his childhoodD. in his teens48. According to Thibaut, it is possible _______ .A. for children to take advantage of their parents by using a foreign languageB. to expose children to a foreign language after they can speak EnglishC. to combine language lessons with sports gamesD. for children to learn several languages at the same time49. The school teaches language by _______ .A. exposing children to the new environmentB. using modern facilities and equipmentC. combining language lessons with gamesD. giving children confidence50. The best title for this text is ______ .A. A Unique Language School for ChildrenB. The Foreign Language for Children to LearnC. Special Songs and Visual Aids in LearningD. The Best Way to Learn a Foreign LanguagePassage FourThe girls in this sixth grade class in East Palo Alto, California, all have the same access to computers as boys. But researchers say, by the time they get to high school, they are victims of what the researchers call a major new gender (性别) gap in technology. Janice Weinman of the American Association of University Women says, ―Girls tend to be less comfortable than boys with the computer. They use it more for word processing rather than for problem solving, rather than to discover new ways in which to understand information.‖After re-examining a thousand studies, the American Association of University Women researchers found that girls make up only a small percentage of students in computer science classes. Girls consistently rate themselves significantly lower than boys in their ability and confidence I using computers. And they use computers less often than boys outside the classroom.An instructor of a computer lab says he’s already noticed some differences. Charles Cheadle of Cesar Chavez School says, ―Boys are not so afraid they might do something that will harm the computer, whereas girls are afraid they might break it somehow.‖Six years ago, the software company Purple Moon noticed that girls’ computer usage was falling behind boys. Karen Gould says, ―The number one reason girls told us they don’t like computer games is not that they’re too violent, or too competitive. Girls just said they’re incredibly boring.‖Purple Monn says it found what girls want, characters they can relate to and story lines relative to what’s going on in their own lives. Karen Gould of Purple Moon Software ways, ―What we definitely found from girls is that there is no intrinsic (固有的) reason why they wouldn’t want to play on a computer; it was just a content thing.‖The sponsor of the study says it all boils down to this: the technology gender gap that separates the girls from the boys must be closed if women are to compete effectively with men in the 21st century.51. According to the passage, girls are victims of the gender gap in technology because _____ .A. they can not discover new ways to use computersB. they have the same access to computers as boysC. they are likely to be less comfortable with computersD. they can only use computers for word processing52. Girls often feel ______ .A. bored with computer gamesB. comfortable using computersC. it hard to use computers in word processingD. worried about using computers53. The research o girls and computers is ______ .A. based on a few recent articlesB. presented by one personC. based on thousands of studiesD. not considered well grounded54. The software company seems to think ______ .A. if girls had an equal chance of playing games, they would like computersB. if the software was more violent, girls would be more interestedC. if the software content was changed, girls would be more interestedD. if the character were funny, girls would like them better55. The gender gap needs to be closed because ______ .A. it isn’t fair that boys are allowed to use computers all the timeB. there isn’t enough money for upgrading computersC. most of the causes may boil down to a question of moneyD. the ability to use computers is important in today’s worldPart IV Close Test (15 minutes, 5 points)Directions: There are ten blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSCER SHEET with a single line through the center.Visitors to this country are normally admitted for six months, but foreign students can usually stay for one year. They must 56 an educational institution, and they are required to study for a 57 of fifteen hours a week on a daytime course. Prospective students have to show that they can afford their studies, and that they have sufficient 58 resources to support themselves 59 in this country.In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, 60 must be applied for by his prospective employer. The problem here is that the Department of Employment has the right to grant or 61 these permits, and there is little that can be done 62 it; it would be extremely unwise for a foreign visitor to work 63 a permit, since anyone doing so is liable to immediate deportation (驱逐出境) . There are some people from the European countries, who are often given 64 residence permits of up to five years. Some other people, such as doctors, foreign journalists, authors and others can work without permits, and foreign students are normally allowed to 65 part-time jobs while they are studying here.56. A establish B purchase C prove D attend57. A minimum B maximum C minority D majority58. A natural B financial C human D economical59. A after B since C while D before60. A it B what C that D which61. A receive B refuse C oppose D accept62. A for B on C about D with63. A with B before C after D without64. A temporary B interior C permanent D short65. A engage B take C expect D workPaper TwoPart V Translation (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The generation gap is so great in Hong Kong that the teenagers there rarely turn to their parents or teachers for advice on anything. Whether it be sex, AIDS, school worries or family problems, adults are not considered up to the job.Until now, no one has asked Hong Kong youth, ―What do you think?‖ Some understanding of the emotions of Hong Kong’s youth, however, has come from the work of Dr. Jeffrey Day－at the University of Hong Kong. His survey of young people does not focus, for example, on how many drugs they take-but tries to answer the question why.Dr. Day hopes the results, which he plans to explain in full next week, will reveal what troubles －as well as pleases－today’s high-school students. Conclusions will be passed on not only to government departments but back to the schools which took part.Part VI Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words about the title ―Lifelong Learning‖. You should base your composition on the Chinese outline given below:1.终身学习对每个人的重要性。
2003年考研英语试题及参考答案（2）
Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That 'sswheresStraitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. 41. The emergence of the Net has A. received support from fans like Donovan. B. remolded the intelligence services. C. restored many common pastimes. D. revived spying as a profession. 42.Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to A. introduce the topic of online spying. B. show how he fought for the U.S. C. give an episode of the information war. D. honor his unique services to the CIA. 43.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line 1,paragraph 3)most probably means A. causing the biggest trouble. B. exerting the greatest effort. C. achieving the greatest success. D. enjoying the widest popularity. 44.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that A. Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true. B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information. C. Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability. D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information. 45.Straitford is most proud of its A. official status. B. nonconformist image. C. efficient staff. D. military background. BACDB Text 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whosearguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don's understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to A. call on scientists to take some actions. B. criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. C. warn of the doom of biomedical research. D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is A. cruel but natural. B. inhuman and unacceptable. C. inevitable but vicious. D. pointless and wasteful. 48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's A. discontent with animal research. B. ignorance about medical science. C. indifference to epidemics. D. anxiety about animal rights. 49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should A. communicate more with the public. B. employ hi-tech means in research. C. feel no shame for their cause. D. strive to develop new cures. 50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is A. a well-known humanist. B. a medical practitioner. C. an enthusiast in animal rights. D. a supporter of animal research. ABBAD Text 3 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mergingsintossuper systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. 51.According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because A. cost reduction is based on competition. B. services call for cross-trade coordination. C. outside competitors will continue to exist. D. shippers will have the railway by the throat. 52.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? A. Indifferent. B. Supportive. C. Indignant. D. Apprehensive. 53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that A. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.。
2003年GCT考试英语真题及答案_3
2003年GCT考试英语真题及答案外语运用能力测试题英语运用能力测试题(50题，每题2分，满分100分，考试时间45分钟)Part One Vocabulary and StructureDirections:In this part there are ten incomplete sentences, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark you answer on the Answer Sheet b drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.1. The news currency will get into _______ soon.A. circuitB. circulationC. circularD. circle2. Shortage of capital is the main factor that _______ economic development.A. holds outB. holds on toC. holds backD. holds on3. The captain of the ship _______ the passengers that there was no danger.A. assuredB. ensuredC. securedD. insured4. Many old people in the cities find themselves unable to get used to the rapid _______ of city life.A. rateB. speedC. stepD. pace5.The first Olympiad is said to have consisted _______ of a 200-yard foot race nearthe small city of Olympia.A. nearlyB. completelyC. merelyD. identically6. The issue _______ at the conference is very important and it will create a sensation nationwide.A. discussedB. being discussedC. is being discussedD. has been discussed7. The extensive survey suggested that their assumptions _______ totally wrong.A. wereB. beC. wasD. would be8. Undoubtedly, _______ wins the election is going to have a tough job getting theeconomy back on its feet.A. anyoneB. whoC. whoeverD. everyone9. If they had sent a check to the telephone company last week, their telephone_______ out of service at this moment.A. will not beB. will not have beenC. would not beD. would not have been10. Millions of Americans flock to their drugstores to buy vitamins and minerals,that these pills can help prevent serious illnesses.A. convincingB. convincedC. to convinceD. to be convincedPart Two Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this part there passages and one weather forecast followed by questions or unfinished statements each with four suggested answers choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions11-15are based on the following passage:Elephants who pant aren’t new . Paintings by Ruby , an Asian elephant who lived at the Phoenix Zoo in Arizona, sold for up to 5,000 in the late 1980s, said Dick George, a consultant with the zoo.“Ruby was about seven months old when the first came to the zoo,” said George. “She lived with a goat and some chickens, but she didn’t have an elephant companion for a number of years. She spent a lot of time drawing in the dirt with a stick to make her days more stimulating. Her keeper bought her some art supplies.”George said ,”Ruby was excited about painting right from the beginning.”The elephants at the art academies in southeast Asia are taught to hold a paintbrush with the tip their trunks .Initially, the keeper guides the elephant’s trunk over the canvas (画布)and offers rewards for good performance.“It only takes a few hours to a day to teach them,” said Mia Fineman , an art historian whose book When Elephants Paint is an illustrated history of the Asian Elephant Art and Conservation Project.11.Ruby was an Asian elephant .A.who was sold for a price as high as 5,000B.who was famous for being the first painting elephantC.whose paintings sold for as high as 5,000D.who started painting in the late 1980s12.Why did Ruby start painting according to Dick George?A.Because she was seven years old.B.Because she was the first to come to the zoo.C.Because she learned a lot from the goat and the chickens.12.How did Ruby paint at the very beginning?A.She used a stick to draw in the dirt.B.She spent much time in the dirt.C.She stimulated herself every day.D.She painted with her keeper’s art supplies.14.To encourage the elephants to paint well, the keeper .A.bought them a lot of art suppliesB.made them excited at the beginningC.taught them to hold a paintbrush with their trunksD.reinforced the desired behaviors with rewards15.when Elephants Paint is a bookA.on the history of artsB.about the painting elephants in AsiaC.explaining how to teach elephants to paintD.chiefly theorizing about elephant artQuestions 16-20 are based on the following passage:While it is true that Americans believe climbing the educational ladder leads to success, they are less certain that intellectual achievement is the only important factor leading to success . A competitive personality is seen as important to success , especially in men . The development of social and political skills are also considered to be very important.To help Americans develop these other important skills , schools have added a large number ofextracurricular (课程外) activities to daily life at school . This is especially true of high schools and colleges and extends down into elementary schools as well .Athletics , frequently called “competitive sports ,”are perhaps the most important in teaching students , particularly boys ,the “winning spirit ,” At times , athletic teams seem to become more important to some students and their parents than the academic programs offered by the schools .16. Americans believe that education isA.the only way to successB.the main purpose of the schoolsC.just like climbing laddersD.important to success17.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as important to success?A.intellectual achievementpetitive personalityC.social backgroundsD.social and political skillsE.18. A variety of extracurricular activities are added in American schools llectual achievementpetitive personalityG.social backgroundsH.social and political skills18. A variety of extracurricular activities are added in American schoolsA.to help students climb the education ladderB.to enrich student s’ dull life at schoolC.to help students become more successful in later lifeD.to extend college education down into elementary schools19. Athletic activities are designed .A.to make boys strongerB.to teach students winning spiritC.to develop students’ social and political skillsD.to improve the academic programs20. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage ?cation and SuccessB.Extracurricular Activities at SchoolC.Athletic SportsD.Intellectual AchievementQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage :People once widely believed that intelligent life existed on Mars . The 19th-centruy discovery of what appeared to be geometric designs cut across the surface was taken as evidence. The lines were thought to have been a system of canals that had been built to irrigate the surface. It is now clear that the “canals”---perhaps the most spectacular geologic features of Mars –are natural valleys where ancient rivers once flowed.Another fragmented idea concerns the planet’s seasonal changes in color. Once attributed to the rapid spread of some life-form, these shifts are now known to develop from the movement of fine dust in the atmosphere.By the close of the 20thcentury none of the many experiments conducted by spacecraft had ever found persuasive evidence of life. Nevertheless, speculation continued over the existence of some form of life ,in either the present of past. In 1996 scientists discovered organic compounds and minerals in a meteorite （陨石），consisting of Martian rock, that collided with Earth around 11,000 B.C. These compounds suggest that Mars may have been inhabited by organisms more than three billion years ago.21. Why did people in the 19th century believe the existence of intelligent life on mars ?A.Because the surface of Mars seemed to be geometric.B.Because the lines were drawn across the surface of the planet.C.Because a system of canals was thought to be there.D.Because it was the Martians that built the canals.22. The “canals” on Mars have proved to be according to the passage.A.the minor geologic characteristics of MarsB.natural valleys on the surface of MarsC.rivers that have kept flowing since ancient timesD.a system that irrigates the whole surface23.What are the Mars’ seasonal changes in color believed to be ?A.The natural changes on the planet.B.The seasonal cycles .C.The movement of some life form .D.The storm of dust in its atmosphere.24. How is the 1996 discovery related to the possible existence of organisms on Mars?A.The meteorite containing organic compounds is part of Mars.B. A Martian rock struck Earth about 11,000 years ago.C.The organisms came back to life after the collision with Earth.D.The inhabiting organisms appeared more than three billion years ago.25. How many arguments in this passage lead to the belief of the existence of life on Mars?A. TowB. ThreeC. FourD. FiveQuestions 26-30are based on the following weather forecast:26. According to the forecast,A.Kansas City will be warmer than TorontoB.Temperatures will be the lowest in Seattle and Minneapolis.C.The weather will be fine in most of the listed cities.D.More than half of the listed cities are cloudy or rain likely27. Among the following four cities. The difference between the afternoon high and the evening low is smallest inA.Kansas CityB.MiamiC.AtlantaD.Seattle28. Which of the following cities is closest to Miami in weather conditions?A.Boston.B.Atlanta.C.Washington.D.Houston.29. The difference between the afternoon high and the evening low is greatest in .A.SeattleB.Los Angeless VegasD.Phoenix30. The differences between the afternoon high and the evening low are the same in .E.SeattleF.Los Angeless VegasH.Phoenix30. The differences between the afternoon high and the evening low are the same in 。
2003年考研英语一真题及答案
2003年考研英语真题和答案http://bit.ly/kyyy2Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English.You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them.There are three parts in this section,Part A,Part B,and Part C.Remember,while you should first put down your answers in your test booklet.At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Question1-5,you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art.While you listen,fill out the table with the information you have heard.Some of the information has been given to you in the table.Write only1word or number in each numbered box.You will 打开http://bit.ly/kyyy2更多精彩hear the recording twice.You now have25seconds to read the table below.(5points)Boston Museum of Fine ArtsFounded(year)1870Opened to the public(year)Question1Moved to the current location(year)1909The west wing completed(year)Question2Number of departments9The most remarkable department Question3Exhibition Space(m2)Question4Approximate number of visitors/year800,000Programs provided classes lectures Question5Part BDirections:For Questions6-10,you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems.While you listen,complete the sentences or answer the e not more than3words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice.You now have25seconds to read the sentences and questions below.(5points)What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple? ________.Question6Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them________.Question7http://bit.ly/kyyy2can’’t talk Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they canwith each other?________.Question8Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their________.Question9According to the old notion,what will make hearts grow fonder? ________.Question10Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material.Before listening to each one,you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening,answer each question by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]. After listening,you will have time to check your answers you will hear each piece once only.(10points)Questions11-13are based on the following talk about napping, you now have15seconds to read questions11-13.11.Children under five have abundant energy partly because they________.[A]sleep in three distinct parts[B]have many five-minute naps[C]sleep in one long block[D]take one or two naps dailyhttp://bit.ly/kyyy212.According to the speaker,the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by________.[A]its genes[B]its habit[C]its mental state[D]its physical condition13.The talk suggests that,if you feel sleepy through the day,you should________.[A]take some refreshment[B]go to bed early[C]have a long rest[D]give in to sleepQuestions14-16are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie,an American Indian poet.You now have15seconds to read Questions14-16.14.Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?[A]He could bring unfinished work home.[B]He might have time to pursue his interests.[C]He might do some evening teaching.[D]He could invest more emotion in his family.15.What was his original goal at college?[A]to teach in high school[B]to write his own books[C]to be a medical doctor[D]to be a mathematician16.Why did he take the poetry-writing class?[A]To follow his father.[B]For an easy grade.[C]To change his specialty.[D]For knowledge of poetry.Questions17-20are based on the following talk about public speaking.You now have20seconds to read Questions17-20.17.What is the most important thing in public speaking?[A]Confidence.[B]Preparation.[C]Informativeness.[D]Organization.18.What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audience’’s attention?audience[A]Gather abundant data.[B]Organize the idea logically.[C]Develop a great opening.[D]Select appropriate materials.don’’t start working for the presentation until the day19.If you donbefore,you will feel________.[A]uneasy[B]uncertain[C]frustrated[D]depressed20.Who is this speech most probably meant for?[A]Those interested in the power of persuasion.[B]Those trying to improve their public images.[C]Those planning to take up some public work.[D]Those eager to become effective speakers.You now have5minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET1.Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young adults experience.And they also need to give serious to how they can best such changes.Growing bodies need movement and,but not just in ways that emphasize competition. they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of newintellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are by others.However,the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,student artwork,and sponsoring book discussion clubs.A variety of small clubs can provide opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful dynamics.Making friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the of some kind of organization with a supportive adult visible in the background.In these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.,they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by for roles that are within their and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice22.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance23.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure24.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because25.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance26.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed27.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise28.[A]in effect[B]as a result[C]for example[D]in a sense29.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging30.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple31.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation32.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security33.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely34.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short35.[A]if only[B]now that[C]so that[D]even if36.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something37.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone38.[A]On the contrary[B]On the average[C]On the whole[D]On the other hand39.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking40.[A]capabilities[B]responsibilities[C]proficiency[D]efficiencySection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(40points)Text1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated withinformation.Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to handprofession.””These game””of espionage--spying as a“profession.in the“great gamedays the Net,which has already re-made such everyday pastimes asDonovan’’s vocation as buying books and sending mail,is reshaping Donovanwell.isn’’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading The latest revolution isngentlemen’’s e-mail.That kind of electronic spying has been other gentlemengoing on for decades.In the past three or four years,the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.intelligence,””and as the Net grows,it The spooks call it“open-source intelligence,is becoming increasingly influential.In1995the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi.The winner,by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions,whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford,Inc.,a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.Many of its predictions are available online at .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the onlineworld as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both informationspymaster’’s st week his firm collection and distribution,a spymasterwas busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the worldwe’’ll and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“As soon as that report runs,weUkraine,””says suddenly get500new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,we’’ll hear back Friedman,a former political science professor.“And wethem.””Open-source spying does have its risks,of from some of them.course,since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’’s where Straitford earns its keep.ThatFriedman relies on a lean staff of20in Austin.Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds.He sees the firm’’s outsider status as the key to its success.StraitfordStraitford’’s briefs firmdondon’’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.Straitford,says Friedman,takes pride in its independent voice.41.The emergence of the Net has________.[A]received support from fans like Donovan[B]remolded the intelligence services[C]restored many common pastimes[D]revived spying as a professionDonovan’’s story is mentioned in the text to________.42.Donovan[A]introduce the topic of online spying[B]show how he fought for the U.S.[C]give an episode of the information war[D]honor his unique services to the CIAsplash””(Line1,Paragraph3)43.The phrase“making the biggest splashmost probably means________.[A]causing the biggest trouble[B]exerting the greatest effort[C]achieving the greatest success[D]enjoying the widest popularity44.It can be learned from Paragraph4that________.Straitford’’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[A]Straitford[B]Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationStraitford’’s business is characterized by unpredictability[C]Straitford[D]Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45.Straitford is most proud of its________.[A]official status[B]nonconformist image[C]efficient staff[D]military backgroundText2To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all thatis needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people donothing.””One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research nothing.because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use inresearch.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rightsadvocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and therebythreatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of theanimal rights movement target biomedical research because itdepends on public funding,and few people understand the process ofhealth care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals inresearch settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberatelyharm an animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rightsbooth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure thatencouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is testedanimals——no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed in animalsimmunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animalresearch.When assured that they do,she replied,“Then I would haveyes.””Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said, to say yes.Don’’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers.computers.””“Dondon’’t understand.Such well-meaning people just donScientists must communicate their message to the public in acompassionate,understandable way--in human terms,not in thelanguage of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connectiongrandmother’’s hip replacement,a between animal research and a grandmotherfatherbaby’’s vaccinations,and even a petpet’’s father’’s bypass operation,a babyshots.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done.Scientists could“adoptadopt””middle school classes and present their own research.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.Burke’’s words to46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke________.[A]call on scientists to take some actions[B]criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C]warn of the doom of biomedical research[D]show the triumph of the animal rights movement47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is________.[A]cruel but natural[B]inhuman and unacceptable[C]inevitable but vicious[D]pointless and wasteful48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to showpublic’’s________.the public[A]discontent with animal research[B]ignorance about medical science[C]indifference to epidemics[D]anxiety about animal rights49.The author believes that,in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should________.[A]communicate more with the public[B]employ hi-tech means in research[C]feel no shame for their cause[D]strive to develop new cures50.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is________.[A]a well-known humanist[B]a medical practitioner[C]an enthusiast in animal rights[D]a supporter of animal researchText3In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into supersystems,causing heightened concerns aboutmonopoly.As recently as1995,the top four railroads accounted forunder70percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.Next year,after a series of mergers is completed,just four railroads will controlwell over90percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergerswill allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinatedservice.Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fiercecompetition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavybulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore havethem by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that mostshippers are served by only one rail company.Railroads typicallycaptive””shippers20to30percent more than they do charge such“captivewhen another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers whofeel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federalgovernment’’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the governmentprocess is expensive,time-consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers oneveryone’’s cost.If the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyonerailroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It It’’s a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?marketplace?””asks Martin Bercovici,a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the$10.2billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.ConrailConrail’’s net railway operating income in1996was just$427million,less than halfWho’’s going to pay for the of the carrying costs of the transaction.Whorest of the bill?Many captive shippers fear that they will,as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those who support mergers,railway monopoly is unlikely because________.[A]cost reduction is based on competition[B]services call for cross-trade coordination[C]outside competitors will continue to exist[D]shippers will have the railway by the throatshippers’’attitude towards the52.What is many captive shippersconsolidation in the rail industry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that________.[A]shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad[B]there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide[C]overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief[D]a government board ensures fair play in railway business54.The word“arbitersarbiters””(Line7,Paragraph4)most probably refers to those________.[A]who work as coordinators[B]who function as judges[C]who supervise transactions[D]who determine the price55.According to the text,the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by________.[A]the continuing acquisition[B]the growing traffic[C]the cheering Wall Street[D]the shrinking marketText4It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.AmericansAmericans’’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine50years ago.But not even a great health-care system can cure death--and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal;we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish,even under ideal conditions.We all understand that atsome level,yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem tobe solved.Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care,we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it it’’suseless.The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.Physicians--frustrated by their inability to cure the disease andfearing loss of hope in the patient--too often offer aggressivetreatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In1950,the U.S.spent$12.7billion on health care.In2002,thecost will be$1,540billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude thata government with finite resources should simply stop paying formedical care that sustains life beyond a certain age--say83or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted assaying that the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of theway,””so that younger,healthier people can realize their potential. way,I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely workthrough their60s and beyond,and remain dazzlingly productive.At78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her70s,andformer surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-upin his80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works andthat we can manage the health problems that come naturally withage.As a mere68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden,countries that spend far less on medical care,have achieved longer,healthier lives than we have.As a nation,we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding researchpeople’’s lives.on humbler therapies that could improve people56.What is implied in the first sentence?[A]Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B]Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C]Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D]Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ________.[A]medical resources are often wasted[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C]some treatments are too aggressive[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordableLamm’’s remark is one author’’s attitude toward Richard Lamm58.The authorof________.[A]strong disapproval[B]reserved consent[C]slight contempt[D]enthusiastic support59.In contrast to the U.S.,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care________.[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C]more cautiously[D]more reasonably60.The text intends to express the idea that________.people’’s lives[A]medicine will further prolong people[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C]death should be accepted as a fact of life[D]excessive demands increase the cost of health carePart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.61)Furthermore,humans have theability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.Anthropology””derives from the Greek words anthropos:“Anthropologyhuman””and logos“the study of.of.””By its very name,anthropology “humanencompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography,economics,political science,psychology,and sociology.Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.63)Theemphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept ofTylor’’s formulation of the concept of culture was culture.Sir Edward Tylorone of the great intellectual achievements of19th century science.64) Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.society.””This insight,so profound in its simplicity,opened up an entirely new way of perceiving andTylor’’s definition is the understanding human life.Implicit within Tylorconcept that culture is learned,shared,and patterned behavior.65)Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture,culture,””like the set””in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes concept of“setpossible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section IV Writing66.Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should1)describe the set of drawings,interpret its meaning,and2)point out its implications in our life.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)答案Section I:Listening Comprehension(20points)Part A(5points)1.18762.19813.textiles4.19,1375.concertsPart B(5points)6.(the couple)themselves7.constructively8.a qualified psychologist9.good intentions10.absencePart C(10points)11.[D]12.[A]13.[D]14.[B]15.[C]16.[B]17.[B]18.[C]19.[A]20.[D]Section II:Use of English(10points)21.[A]22.[B]23.[C]24.[D]25.[C]26.[B]27.[D]28.[C]29.[A]30.[D]31.[A]32.[D]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[D]37.[B]38.[A]39.[C]40.[A]Section III:Reading Comprehension(50points) Part A(40points)41.[B]42.[A]43.[C]44.[D]45.[B]46.[A]47.[B]48.[B]49.[A]50.[D]51.[C]52.[D]53.[C]54.[B]55.[A]56.[C]57.[A]58.[B]59.[D]60.[C]Part B(10points)61.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
2003英语考研翻译真题及解析
2003Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos“human” and logos“the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.65) Thus, the anthropological concept o f “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.2003一、试题总体分析文章从人类学的起源入手，指出对人类的研究是为了实现人类内部及人类与地球上其他生命和睦相处。