1经济学基本概念复习题(萨缪尔森)

六、选择题下列问题按照教材中的顺序安排,从各选项中选出一个佳答案。

A.为什么要学习经济学?1.经济学主要涉及:A.货币。

B.决定公司的利润与亏损。

C.稀缺资源的分配。

D.平衡你的支票簿。

E.所有以上选项。

2.对于萨缪尔森教授和诺德豪斯教授在教材中所写的“相对于无限需求,物品总是有限的”这句话,你理解为:A.人在本性上是贪婪的,不愿与人分享。

B.政府需要重新分配产出。

C.现有的生产方式是无效率的。

D.对于稀缺性和人的欲望的无限性这一经济学的基本问题,并没有简单的解决方案。

E.以上选项都不是。

B.经济组织中的三个经济问题3.下列哪一项是经济品?A.大西洋的海水。

B.爱荷华州的农场。

C.加利福尼亚的海岸线。

D.所有以上选项。

E.除了A项,以上均是。

4.下列哪种情况会产生后此谬误?A.一个问题发生在另一个问题之后。

B.局部正确的东西对整体来说也是正确的。

C.很多变量同时在变化,你没有根据变化进行调整。

D.仅仅因为一件事发生在另一件事之前,就想当然地认为前者是后者的原因。

E.不同学派的经济学家探讨同样的经济问题。

5.下列哪种情况会产生合成谬误?A.一个问题发生在另一个问题之后。

B.局部正确的东西对整体来说也是正确的。

C.很多变量同时在变化,你没有根据变化进行调整。

D.仅仅因为一件事发生在另一件事之前,就想当然地认为前者是后者的原因。

E.不同学派的经济学家探讨同样的经济问题。

6.下列哪种情况会造成不能保持其他条件不变?A.一个问题发生在另一个问题之后。

B.局部正确的东西对整体来说也是正确的。

C.很多变量同时在变化,你没有根据变化进行调整。

D.仅仅因为一件事发生在另一件事之前,就想当然地认为前者是后者的原因。

E.不同学派的经济学家探讨同样的经济问题。

7.下列关于经济组织中的三个经济问题的描述,哪一项是正确的?A.与稀缺性这一概念密切相关。

B.在现在不如文明伊始时重要。

C.生产什么、如何生产以及为什么生产。

D.土地、劳动和资本。

E.所有以上选项。

8.下列关于生产什么这一经济问题的描述,哪一项是正确的?A.是单个企业寻求利润的问题,并不是社会整体的问题。

B.可以描述为在生产可能性曲线上选择一点的问题。

C.只有在生产资源储备很少时发生。

D.只有在所有的生产投入达到专业化,只能生产一种物品而不能生产另一种物品时发生。

C.以上选项都不是。

9.出现下列哪种情况,关于如何生产这一经济问题就不会存在?A.如果所有商品所需的投入比例固定不变,那么生产中一种投入就不可能替代另一种投入。

B.如果生产没有达到充分就业水平。

C.如果资本存量相对于劳动较少。

D.在技术先进的社会里,合适的技术已能做到为生产每一种物品采用最佳方法。

E.在任何情况下,如何生产的问题都是一个技术问题,而不是经济问题。

10.下列哪种陈述符合混合经济的特征?A.混乱的、缺乏组织的。

B.在各个生产期间资源的分配变化。

C.现实中不存在真正混合经济的真实例子。

D.混合经济既带有市场经济的成分,又带有指令经济的成分。

E.以上选项都不是。

C.社会的技术可能性11.下列关于资本的描述,哪一项是正确的?A.与货币同义。

B.经济规划的总指挥。

C.既包括投入,又包括产出。

D.所有以上选项。

E.以上选项都不是。

12.下列关于土地、劳动和资本的描述,哪一项是正确的?A.数量有限。

B.用来生产产出。

C.生产的基本要素。

D.在生产过程中与技术联系在一起。

E.所有以上选项。

13.下列哪一种陈述不符合生产可能性边界(PPF)?A.PPF与稀缺性概念密切相关。

B.投入的数量在图中以坐标轴表示。

C.PPF会随着时间而发生移动。

D.资源的分配发生变化,曲线上的点会沿着曲线移动。

E.技术会改变PPF的形状。

14.下列哪一项解释了经济体的产出水平处于生产可能性边界以内的原因?A.适合于某一种产出的现有资源并不一定适合于另一种产出。

B.现有技术知识体系没有得到充分利用。

C.社会更愿意生产两种产出中的一种。

D.在现实社会中,经济体生产成千上万的物品,而不仅仅是两种。

E.再也没有其他边界。

15.当一个经济体处于它的生产可能性边界时,下列哪种陈述是错误的?A.无法在不减少一种物品产量的前提下,生产出更多的另一种物品。

B.资源得到了充分利用。

C.该经济体的生产是有效率的。

D.消费者将拥有他们所需的全部东西。

E.工人的罢工会导致产出水平处于PPF以内。

16.下列哪一种陈述可用来解释一国生产可能性边界的向外移动?A.技术改进。

B.该国人口增加。

C.该国决定增加投资,推迟当前消费。

D.在海洋里发现新的自然资源。

E.所有以上选项。

17.下列哪一项代表生产可能性边界的坐标轴?A.生产性投入或资源的数量。

B.产成品的数量。

C.产成品的价值。

D.所有以上选项。

E.以上选项都不是。

18.生产可能性图中的每一个点(不管是否在曲线上)都代表生产两种物品的某种组合。

在投入量既定的情况下,其中的一些点是可以达到的,而其他点不能达到。

具体而言,对于生产,经济体能够在下列情况下运行:A.在曲线上的任何地方,而且仅在曲线上。

B.在曲线上的任何地方,或在曲线内部(在左下方)。

C.在曲线上的任何地方,曲线内部或曲线外部。

D.所有以上选项。

E.以上选项都不是。

19.为了把PPF向外移动(向上向右),一个经济体应该:A.增加投入量。

B.精简政府机构。

C.消除垄断势力滥用资源的情况。

D.所有以上选项。

E.以上选项都不是。

20.如果一个经济体增加了投入量,或者它确实发现了新的生产技术,那么生产可能性曲线会:A.保持不变。

B.向里、向左移动。

C.向外、向右移动。

D.所有以上选项。

E.以上选项都不是。

图1-1参照图1-1回答题21-2421.在实线ABCD的生产边界上,哪一点与一国最重视实物相对应?A.A点。

B.B点。

A.C点。

D.D点。

E.E点。

22.PPF移动到1的位置表明:A.该国人口的喜好发生了变化—想要更多的食物,更少的衣服。

B.只在服装行业利用了新的资源。

C.两个行业的技术都得到改善。

D.生产组合变化包括服装产出的增加和食物产出的减少。

E.只在食品行业改进了技术。

23.如果PPF移动到2的位置,问题22的选项中哪一项是正确的?A.该国人口的喜好发生了变化—想要更多的食物,更少的衣服。

B.只在服装行业利用了新的资源。

C.两个行业的技术都得到改善。

D.生产组合变化包括服装产出的增加和食物产出的减少。

E.只在食品行业改进了技术。

24.如果PPF移动到3的位置,问题22的选项中哪一项是正确的?A.该国人口的喜好发生了变化—想要更多的食物,更少的衣服。

B.只在服装行业利用了新的资源。

C.两个行业的技术都得到改善。

D.生产组合变化包括服装产出的增加和食物产出的减少。

E.只在食品行业改进了技术。

图1-2参照图1-2回答题25-2725.如果一国的经济从A点移动到B点,那么:A.它放弃了8个单位的住房而获得了40个单位的食物。

B.它放弃了8个单位的食物而获得了40个单位的住房。

C.闲置资源得到了充分利用。

D.经济变得更加有效。

E.技术有所突破。

26.如果一国的经济从B点移动到C点,那么:A.它放弃了20个单位的食物而获得了17个单位的住房。

B.它放弃了20个单位的住房而获得了17个单位的食物。

C.闲置资源得到了充分的利用。

D.经济变得更加有效。

E.技术有所突破。

27.假定技术进步是PPF从I移动到II的原因,这表明:A.技术对食品和住房行业具有相同的影响。

B.技术对食品行业的影响相对较大。

C.技术对住房的影响相对较大。

D.技术实际上受到了损害。

E.以上选项都不是。

28.机会成本的概念指:A.仅在讨论生产可能性边界时有用。

B.用来衡量次优选择的成本。

C.用美元或美分计量。

D.仅被经济学家使用。

E.以上选项都不是。

29.在镇上修理道路的机会成本可能是:A.增建一所学校。

B.购买新的铲雪机。

C.从志愿组织向全职消防部门的转变。

D.以上选项都是,取决于哪一项是次优选择。

E.以上选项都不是。

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萨缪尔森宏观经济学选择题100道(含答案).docx

萨缪尔森宏观经济学选择题100道(含答案).docx

萨缪尔森宏观经济学选择题100道(含答案)1. The scientific method is not applicable to the study of economics because economics is not a true scienee.A) True B) False2. Hypotheses derived from economic analysis can be validated through empirical analysis, but hardly ever with absolute certainty・A) True B) False3. Which of the following statements relates to the concept of efficiency?A) The absenee of waste・B) Using resources as effectively as possible・C) Being able to produce more of one good only by producing less of something else・D) All the above.E) b. and c・ only.Figure 14. Figure 1 displays the production-possibilities of two countries・ Given that both countries produce five units of x, which of the following best describes court try B's producti on of y?A) Less than country A's production of y.B) The same as country A*s production of y.C) More than country A f s production of y.D) Cannot be determined from the graph・E) None of the above・5・ Mass un employment of resources means society operates in side its production-possibility frontier.A) True B) False6. If two goods use the same resources and the same tech no logy, the producti on possibilities curve between the two goods will have a positive slope・A) True B) False7. It is scarcity that makes goods economic goods・A) True B) False8. Which of the following is the most basic of the subjects with which the study of economics must try to deal?A) Markets.B) Money ・C) Profit seeking.D) The price mechanism・E) Scarcity ・9・ Poor money management by the government, aside from increasing the unemployment rate, will have a relatively small effect on the economy.A) True B) FalseFigure 210. In Figure 2, what is Country B's cost of producing 1 unit of x in terms of y?A) 10 units of y.B) 1/2 units of y.C) 5 units of y.D) 2 units of y.E) None of the above・11 ・ Barter is inconvenient because:A) bargaining power is unequal between rich and poor.B) without money, who can define "fair" values?C) my wants and supplies do not match your supplies and wants.D) it leads to imperfect competition.E) all of the above・12. The econo mic role of gover nment in mixed econo mies can in elude:A) provision of public goods・B) tax collections.C) in come redistributio n.D) all of the above.E) none of the above・13. By the "in visible han d,n Smith meant the influe nee and lobbyi ng of the hidde n interest groups.A) True B) False14. A society which forgoes present consumption:A) is forced to do so because of excessive consumption within the country in the past.B) may be devoting new resources to new capital formation.C) is merely devoting resources to the replacement of capital.D) expects to consume only that amount tomorrow which was foregone today.E) does none of the above・15. An economic good is valued in part by its scarcity・A) True B) False1 6. The statement that roundabout methods of production are often more efficient than more direct methods:A) means that roun dabout methods use the same in puts as more direct methods, except for time, which is not a scarce economic good・B) means that consumers ought to choose those goods which most lend themselves to roundabout methods of production.C) means that the most roundabout method is always the most efficient method of producing any output・D) is false, for direct and indirect methods of production are usually the same in terms of efficiency.E) suggests that foreg one consumpti on devoted to investme nt sometimes in creases future output in ways that more closely match individual and/or social desires.17. Which of the following statements is true of specialization?A) Specializati on is inc on siste nt with the idea of in dividual freedom ・B) Economies that practice a division of labor are morally superior to those that do not.C) In accepting specialization, a person sacrifices his or her own interests for the sake of society's interest・D) While specialization has enormous advantages, the costs outweigh them・E) In creased productivity is more likely to be achieved through specializati on.18. In an affluent modern society, businesses may have to offer workers more fulfilling jobs ・A) True B) False1 9. Consumers vote their dollars primarily in:A) labor markets.B) land markets.C) capital markets ・D) goods markets ・E) none of the above. 20. An example of legal limitations on property rights is the prohibition of pollution.A) True B) False21. Lower pricescoax out higher quantities demanded along a downward-slopingdemand curve ・A) True B) False22. An increase in price will lead to a lower quantity demanded because:A) suppliers will supply only the smaller amount ・B) quality deteriorates.C) people will purchase less of the good ・D) all of the above.E) none of the above ・Use the following to answer question 24:Table 1Use the follow!ng to answer question 23:Quantity of QFigure 323. Let P* and Q* represent market clearing price and quantity, respective!y. Given the supply and demand curves drawn in Figure 3, a reduction in the price of an input used in the production of Q can be expected to cause:A) P* and Q* to climb.B) P* to climb while Q* falls.C) P* to climb while Q* holds steady ・D) P* to fall while Q* climbs.E) P* and Q* to fall. oThe Market for Potato Chips(quantities measured in bags per week)Price Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded$1.00 500 20002.00 1000 17503.00 1500 15004.00 2000 12505.00 2500 100024. According to Table 1, the equilibrium price for potato chips is:A) $1.00.B) $2.00.C) $2.50.D) $3.00.E) $4.00.25. Upward-sloping supply curves are the result of:A) increasing returns to scale・B) increasing costs of production.C) changes in government policies・D) changes in technology・E) none of the above26. To say that a price "clears the market11 is to say that every one who wants that commodity is getting all they want.A) True B) False27. The position of the supply schedule for Americamade cars will not be directly affected by which of the following?A) Union wage rates.B) Car prices・C) The possibility of strikes・D) A cha nge in assembly tech no logy ・E) All of the above will affect supply.28. The demand curve for a normal good will shift to the right if:A) in come in creases.B) populati on in creases ・C) the price of a substitute good in creases ・D) all the above・E) none of the above・29. Given a fixed supply of lamb chops, a reduction in the price of pork chops (close substitutes) will tend to:A) shift the dema nd curve for lamb chops to the right ・B) shift the dema nd curve for pork chops to the right ・C) shift the dema nd curve for pork chops to the left ・D) raise the price of lamb chops・E) lower the price of lamb chops・30. One reason that supply curves display positive slope is that:A) expanded production may require the use of superior resources・B) people are not willing to pay a higher price for more goods・C) expa nded industry output might cause a labor shortage and subseque ntly in crease the wage rate in eluded in the cost of producti on.D) extra production brings in the more efficient, lower-cost producers.E) the law of diminishing returns is important to producers・31 ・ If a 1 percent change in price causes a 5 percent change in quantity demanded, then demand is price inelastic・A) True B) False32. Whenever total expenditure (i.e., total revenue) remains the same after a change in price, the elasticity of demand is:A) greater than 1 ・B) less than 1.C) equal to 0.D) equal to 1 ・E) equal to infinity.33. If price and quantity sold both decrease from one period to another, we may infer that the law of dow nward-sloping dema nd does not operate in that market ・A) True B) False34. In "tight” housing markets, rent controls are often applied to hold the price of hou sing to a ” reas on able" level. What is the immediate effect of this price policy with respect to the allocative functions of prices, and the relative in comes of ten ants and landlords?A) The allocative function of prices is impaired, but the tenants are prevented from gaining at the expense of the landlords.B) The allocative function of prices is not impaired, and the tenants are prevented from gaining at the expense of Iandlords・C) The allocative function of prices is impaired, and the tenants who find housing gain at the expense of Iandlords・D) The allocative function of prices is not impaired, but the Iandlords gain at the expense of tenants who do not find housing・E) None of the above・35. Which of the following in efficie ncies might be the result of mono poly power's destroyinga competitive equilibrium?A) Prices too high・B) Output too low.C) Wages distorted across the economy.D) In put prices distorted across the economy.E) All of the above.36. Dollar receipts for sellers of some commodities will be lower at higher prices・A) True B) False37. The quantity of a good which a person will purchase will not depend on which one of the following items?A) The price of the good・B) His or her tastes・C) The prices of substitute goods・D) His or her in come ・E) The elasticity of supply.Figure 438. Refer to Figure 4 once agai n. Suppose that now the dema nd curve has shifted to D'D'・ At what point along D'D' is price elasticity equal to 1 ?A) GB) between G and H.C) H.D) between H and I.E) I-39. Rank the supply curves in the figure below in order of greatest to least price elasticity at the common in tersection point ・QA) C, A, B.B) B, A, C.C) B, C, A.D) A, B, C.E) None of the above・40. A price subsidy of 20 cents per gallon on milk (which does not have a totally inelastic dema nd curve) will result in a:A) change in consumer tastes・B) drop in the equilibrium price of 20 cents per gall on.C) drop in the equilibrium price of less than 20 cents per gall on.D) drop in the equilibrium price of more than 20 cents per gallon.41 ・The law of dim inishing marginal utility states that the:A) ratio of MU to P for luxuries is lower than that for necessities・B) utility derived from the last unit of the good consumed falls as the consumption of the good increases・C) ratio of MU to P will be the same for all goods・D) utility derived from total consumption of a good falls as consumption increases・E) none of the above・42. A consumer is said to be in equilibrium in his or her choice between two goods A and B when:A) the purchase of good A gives the same satisfaction as the purchase of good B・B) the last purchase of good A gives the same addition to satisfaction as the last purchase of good B.C) each penny spent on good A gives the same satisfaction as each penny spent on good B.D) the last penny spent on good A gives the same addition to satisfaction as the last penny spent on good B.E) the last pennies spe nt on goods A and B gen erate no additions to satisfacti on.43. A con sumer spe nds all of her income on two goods, coffee and dough nuts. Shepurchases coffee at 25 cents a unit with a total utility of 800 and a marginal utility of 12・ Doughnuts are purchase at 75 cents a unit with a total utility of 200 and a marginal utility of 24. In order to reach consumer equilibrium, she should consume:A) less doughnuts and more coffee・B) more doughnuts but the same amount of coffee・C) more coffee but the same amount of doughnuts・D) more dough nuts and less coffee ・E) the same amount of coffee and doughnuts.44. If a person only consumes pickles and pea nut butter, he will consume peanut butter up to the point where the:A) marginal utility of the last unit of pea nut butter con sumed equals that of the last unit of pickles consumed・B) total utility of pea nut butter consumed equals the total utility of pickles con sumed ・C) con sumer surplus of peanut butter con sumption equals the consumer surplus of pickle consumption・D) last dollar spe nt on pea nut butter consumption provides the same marginal utility as the last dollar spent on pickle consumption.E) none of the above・45. Water tends to have a low marginal utility because substitutes for it are widely available ・A) True B) False46. A good which sells for a higher price than one which is more important for welfare reflects the concept of:A) complementarity in demand・B) substituti on.C) marginal or total utility.D) the paradox of value・E) law of diminishing marginal utility.47. The price of good X is $1.50 and that of good Y $1. A particular consumer who evaluates the marginal utility of Y to be 30 units, and is in equilibrium with respect to purchases of X and Y must consider the marginal utility of X to be:A) 15 units.B) 20 units.C) 30 units.D) 45 units.E) none of the above・48. It is possible to sum in dividual dema nd curves to get the market dema nd curve only whe n all con sumers are exactly alike in their dema nds.A) True B) False49. The paradox of value is not the result of declining marginal utility.A) True B) False50. In the figure below, which area represents consumer surplus at a price of 5?A) OADC.B) OBEC.C) CEH.D) OBEH.E) CEGF.51 ・ Both in nu mber and in dollar value of sales, the in dividual proprietorship is thedominant form of American enterprise ・A) True B) FalseUse the following to answer question 52:Figure 552. Suppose that two in puts, K and L, are variable and in crease at the same rate. Which one of the panels in Figure 5 represents Increasing Return to Scale (IRS)?A) Panel a.B) Panel b.C) Panel c.D) Panel d.E) None of the above ・53.”Unlimited liability** in partnerships refers to the liability of each partner for her percentage (C) LabOr (L ) QuantityTotal Product Total Product(b)share of any losses incurred, without limit, except for some legal minimum of property she is permitted to keep・A) True B) False54. The employme nt of which of the following in puts might be adjusted in the short run?A) Physical capital.B) Number of hours worked by labor.C) Units of energy required per unit output・D) Units of material required per unit output・E) None of the above・55. Numerically, the bulk of businesses in the U.S. are:A) corporati ons.B) partnerships ・C) sole proprietorships・D) farms.E) mom・and-pop retail shops・56. If in comes were properly distributed, competitive general equilibrium would move resources to the best use for consumers1 satisfaction.A) True B) FalseUse the following to answer questions 57:Total Product withVarious In put CombinationsLand 10 15 20LaborO 0 0 01 20 20.67 20.52 38 39.33 40.03 54 57.00 58.54 68 72.67 76.05 80 87.33 92.56 90 102.00 108.057. Suppose that product!on were defined by the function recorded in the table above. For diminishing returns to continue to hold for the 7th unit of labor with land equal to 15 units, total product for the combi nation of [labor =7; la nd = 15] would have to be less tha n:A) 0.B) 116.67.C) 115.67.D) 114.67.E) none of the above・Use the following to answer questions 58-59:Table 2 Total Product withVarious In put Combinati onsLandl0 15 20LaborO 0 0 01 20 20.67 20.52 38 39.33 40.03 54 57.00 58.54 68 72.67 76.05 80 87.33 92.56 90 102.00 10&058. The production process defined by the function recorded in Table 2 displays diminishing returns in both labor and land.A) True B) False59. The production process defined by the function recorded in Table 2 displays decreasing returns to scale for labor but not for land.A) True B) False60. Which of the following is an example of a project that could be observed in the short run?A) The construction of a new assembly line to match an existing one・B) The con structi on of a new assembly line to take adva ntage of a new tech no logy ・C) The moving of an established assembly line to bring it geographically closer to a market ・D) The sale of an existing assembly line on the scrap market to finance part of a new facility.E) None of the above・61 ・ Horizontal long-run MC is associated with constant returns to scale・A) True B) False62. A fixed cost is:A) the cost of any in put whose per-u nit price has bee n fixed, whether by Ion g-term con tract or by some similar means.B) a cost whose increases are exactly proportional to increases in output・C) any comp orient included in average cost which enters in AC as the same fixed per-unit amount, no matter what the level of plant output may be.D) a cost which the firm would in cur eve n if its output were zer o.E) none of the above.Use the follow!ng to answer questions 63・64:Table 3Quantity Variable Cost Total Cost1 2 3 4 5 6 7 25 40 45 60 60 75 70 85 85 100 105 120 132 14763.A)B)C)D)E) What is MC between Q = 3 and Q = 4 in Table 3?10152025None of the above.64.A)B)C)D)E) What is AFC at Q = 5 in Table 3? 3457.51565. unit.A) Total cost at " q + 1” minus total cost at “q " gives marginal cost for the 'q 'th True B) False66.A)B) The balanee sheet always balances because:by definition, profit is the residual between revenue and cost.every proper official business statement is audited by a firm of independentaccounta nts.C)D)E) accountants, like statisticians, know how to manipulate the truth・by definition, net worth equals the difference between assets and liabilities・ none of67. A driver wishes to buy gasoline and have her car washed・ She finds that the wash costs $3.00 when she buys 19 gallons at $1.00 each, but that if she buys 20 gallons, the car wash is free ・ Thus the margi nal cost of the twentieth gall on of gas is:A)B)C)D)E) -$2.00.$0.00.$1.00.$2.00.none of the above.68. If a firm produces more goods than it sells and buys more raw materials than it uses up during the year, an inventory adjustment must be made so as not to:A) overstate earnings for the year.B) understate earnings for the year.C) overstate liabilities at the end of the year.D) understate liabilities at the end of the year.E) overstate assets at the end of the year.69. Both the bala nee sheet and the in come statement in dicate the flow of sales, cost, and revenue over the accounting period.A) True B) False70. In calculati ng a firm's total costs, which of the following is not in eluded?A) The owner's expertise・B) The demand curve facing the firm.C) The taxes paid by the firm.D) Non・essential costs, such as advertising and entertainment experises・E) In put prices ・71. The zero・profit point for a perfectly competitive firm occurs where the price equals the minimum point of the:A) A VC curve ・B) AC curve.C) MC curve.D) AFC curve.E) none of the above・72・ In the long run, all costs:A) lie along a perfectly elastic Iong-run supply curve・B) are fixed costs・C) are variable costs・D) exhibit constant returns to scale・E) depe nd upon the dema nd structure of the give n market ・73. Pure economic rent is the price paid to a factor of production that is fixed in total supplyA) True B) False74. If, in long run equilibrium, the competitive price of some good is $1 6.67, then, for each and every firm in the industry,A) marginal cost > average cost = $16.67.B) marginal cost < average cost = $16.67.C) $16.67 = marginal cost = average cost・D) $16.67 = marginal cost > average cost・E) $16.67 = marginal cost < average cost・75. A tax on the emission of a pollutant from the firms of a competitive industry can be expected to cause the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied to decline・A) True B) False76・ In a market economy, the short・run reaction to an excess supply of a commodity after a decrease in dema nd is:A) price will rise, but profits fall・B) price and profits will fall・C) price will fall, but profits will be unchanged.D) price will fall, but profits will in crease ・E) price and profits will both in crease ・77. In the long run, any firm will eventually leave an industry if:A) price does not cover at least average total cost・B) price is not equal to marginal cost.C) price is higher than average variable cost.D) price is not at least equal to the minimum of the marginal cost curve.E) other firms in the industry are leaving.Figure 678. In Figure 6, the firm's economic profits will equal:A) 0.B) $40.C) $100.D) $150.E) none of the above.79・ Which of the following is incompatible with an efficient economic optimum?A) Perfect competition.B) Absenee of externalities・C) Monopoly.D) All of the above are incompatible.E) None of the above is in compatible ・80. Under conditions of decreasing cost:A) externalities are irrelevant and in applicable ・B) each of the firms in the industry will continue to produce more output at falling costs per unit・C) a strong case can be made for supplanting complete individualism by some kind of group action.D) a few large sellers may come to dom in ate the industry.E) monopolization of the industry becomes impossible・Use the following to answer questions 81 ・82:Table 4P Q$5 8$4 12$3 17$2 22$1 2781 ・ Suppose an imperfect competitor faces the dema nd curve defi ned in Table 4, and its MC is constant at $2.00・ If the firm is able to produce at any output level, then it maximizes profits at:A) P =£>;q = 8B) P= 4q = 12.C) P=G q = 17.D) P= 2 !; q = 22.E) none of the above if fixed costs are less than $1.00.82. Consider the demand curve given in Table 4. If the imperfectly competitive firm is able to produce at any output level, then the price and quantity which maximize total revenueA) P = £>;8B) P= 4 q = 12.C) P= 3 q = 17.D) P= 2 •: q = 22.E) P= 1 ;q = 27.83. Falling marginal reve nue faci ng an individual firm is in compatible with:A) growth of the firm.B) perfect competition.C) oligopol y.D) barriers to entry.E) none of the above・84. A percentage tax on a monopolist's profit has no effect on the profit-maximizing output as long as the tax is no greater than 100%.A) True B) False85. A profit・maximizing firm will always try to operate at the level of output at which its average costs are at a minimum, i.e., at the bottom of its U・shaped cost curve・A) True B) False86. Steel is an oligopolistic industry in the U.S.A) True B) False87. If all firms in an industry sell identical products, then it would never pay to advertise ・A) True B) False88. The marginal cost schedule faci ng an imperfect competitor is con st a nt at $12 ・ The dema nd curve is give n in Table 5. The profit maximizing output for this firm is:Table 5P Q$20 6$19 7$18 8$17 9$16 IOA) 6 unitsB) 7 unitsC) 8 unitsD) 9 unitsE) 10 units89. If a firm*s dema nd curve is horiz on tai, then the firm's marginal revenue is:A) less than the price of the product.B) equal to the price of the product.C) greater than the price of the product.D) greater than, equal to, or less than the price of the product, depending on the particular circumstances・E) not determ in able from the above inf ormati on.90. An imperfect competitor is not willing to increase sales at the prevailing price because todo so would reduce marginal revenue・A) True B) False91 ・ If price equals P1 for a monopolist good and P2 for a competitive good, then for any single consumer the ratio of marginal utilities, MU1/MU2:A) is exactly 1, and equal to the ratios of marginal costs, MC1/MC2.B) is exactly 1, and less than the ratios of marginal costs, MC1/MC2.C) is exactly 1, and greater than the ratios of marginal costs, MC1/MC2.D) is exactly 1, and MC1 = MC2E) cannot be determined on data given.Use the following to answer questions 92・93:Figure 792. By the deadweight loss due to monopoly, we mean the area in Figure 7 labeled:A) PAB.B) ABCD.C) FDEQ.D) PCEB.E) BDE.93. Consider Figure 7. The cartel solution would occur at point:A) B.B) E.C) H.D) G.E) none of the above.94. The H separation of ownership and control H in the large corporation refers primarilyto:A) government limitations on the rights of capital ownership・B) the ability of a small minority of shareholders or management to exercise effective control.C) the issuanee of voting warrants to management personnel.D) the lack of diversification of stock ownership.E) the fact that an officer of the company can sit on the board of directors, even though hemay not be a shareholder.95. "There are thousands of 'Ma and Pa1 grocery stores in the United States that sellvery similar merchandise・Therefore, the retail grocery business must be perfectly competitive.H This statement is:A) correct; grocery stores are like wheat farms, and if wheat farming is perfectly competitive, so is the grocery business・B) incorrect; since the production of food is nearly perfectly competitive, the distribution of food must be perfectly competitive also.C) in correct; grocery stores are best described as oligopolistic.D) in correct; the thousands of separate retail grocery markets may best be described as monopolistically competitive with product differentiation determined by location.E) correct; retail groceries are notoriously unprofitable・96. A concentration ratio measures:A) the number of firms in a perfectly competitive industry・B) the rwmber of products sold in a monopolistically competitive market・C) the ratio of the total number of firms in the market to the dollar value of industry revenues.D) the percent of total industry output that is accounted for by the largest firms・E) none of the above・97. Monopolistic deviation from P = MC means that:A) no body can be made better off without maki ng someone else worse off.B) goods are being produced efficiently.C) society is more able to achieve its welfare optimum.D) someone can be made better off without maki ng some one else worse off.E) none of the above・98. Which of the following best explains why collusive oligopolies are not stable?A) Compa nies are in here ntly hostile to each other.B) Companies feel they have a moral responsibility not to collude・C) Each company in the oligopoly can in crease its profits by deviating from the agreed upon price and/or quantity.D) Oligopolies are not unstable; rather they are quite stable・E) None of the above・99. Many firms practice mark up pricing, since it allows for profit maximization.A) True B) False100.Strategic interaction is a term used to describe the condition in which a firm's business strategy depends upon its competitors1 actions・A) True B) False。

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第2章 现代混合经济)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第2章  现代混合经济)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)第2章现代混合经济课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1.市场、市场机制(market,market mechanism)答:(1)市场是买者和卖者相互作用并共同决定商品、劳务和资产的价格以及交易数量的机制。

它既是商品交换的场所和地点,是商品交换关系的总和,同时也是一种市场机制。

(2)市场机制是市场有机体各构成要素相互联系、相互制约共同推动市场运行的形式和手段。

具体的说,市场机制是指在市场经济中,由利润最大化的厂商行为所决定的供给、由效用最大化的消费者行为所决定的需求,以及价格三者之间相互作用、相互影响、相互制约,使整个经济体制顺利运行,并达到均衡的作用机制和调节功能。

在市场经济中,市场机制主要解决生产什么、生产多少、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。

在市场机制中,价格机制构成经济运行的中心。

价格作为最敏感的市场信号,通过它对生产者和消费者的利润和效用的影响,像一只“看不见的手”那样调节着他们的经济行为。

每一种商品和劳务都有价格,价格的变动引起供给和需求的变动。

生产者生产什么和怎样生产由生产者按照利润最大化原则,根据产品及要素价格的相对变化,以及其产量、产品价格及要素投入的均衡点来决定。

为谁生产取决于生产要素的价格,工资、地租、利息、利润构成要素所有者的收入。

市场机制在完全竞争的市场环境中得到完全的发挥,使整个经济处于最有效率的状态:厂商获得最大利润并且不存在过剩生产能力;消费者以最低的价格获得尽可能多的产品,其效用达到最大化。

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第17章--效率与公平:重大权衡)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第17章--效率与公平:重大权衡)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)第17章效率与公平:重大权衡课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1.收入分配的趋势(trends of income distribution)答:收入分配的趋势是指随着经济和社会的发展,人们所得收入的绝对和相对变化的一般规律。

一般而言,在政府未加干预的情况下,随着经济的发展,收入分配会出现贫富差距越来越悬殊的趋势。

2.收入和财富的洛伦茨曲线(Lorenz Curve of income and wealth)答:人们常用洛伦茨曲线来对收入和财富不公平状况进行分析。

洛伦茨曲线是西方经济学中用以描述社会收入分配状况的一种曲线,由美国统计学家M·O·洛伦茨提出,因此被称为洛伦茨曲线。

它由累计的一定人口数量占总人口的百分比与这部分人口所获得的收入占总收入的百分比的对应关系来表示,如图17-3所示。

图17-3 洛伦茨曲线图17-3中的对角线OL称为绝对平等线,线上任意一点表示占总人口一定百分比的人口所获得的收入在总收入中也占同样的百分比,即收入累计百分比等于人口累计百分比。

由横轴和纵轴组成的折线OHL称为绝对不平等线。

它表示社会的全部收入集中在一个人手中。

介于绝对平等线与绝对不平等线之间的任意一条凸向横轴的曲线,是反映实际收入分配状况的曲线,即洛伦茨曲线,例如OL曲线。

该曲线向下弯曲的程度越大,表明社会收入分配不均的程度越严重;反之,社会收入的分配越接近公平。

3.基尼系数(Gini coefficient)答:基尼系数是表示社会中收入分配不平等的程度。

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第12章 市场如何决定收入)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第12章  市场如何决定收入)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)第三编要素市场:劳动、土地和资本第12章市场如何决定收入课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1.收入分配(income distribution)答:收入分配是指按照各生产要素对国民收入的贡献大小而实现的收入配置。

收入产生于国民经济的生产过程中,是对投入生产要素(劳动、土地、资本)的回报,包括工资和薪金、租金、利息和利润。

工资和薪金是对付出劳动的报酬;租金是对提供地产或者一段时间内转让其他实物资本的回报;提供货币就能得到利息;利润或亏损则是对企业家的风险奖惩。

2.收入(流量),财富(存量)[income (flow),wealth (stock)]答:在衡量一个人或一个国家的经济状况时,最常用的两个指标是收入和财富。

收入指的是一定时期内(通常为一年)的工资、利息收入、股息和其他有价物品的收益。

市场经济中的收入以工资、利润、租金和利息等形式分配给生产要素的所有者。

所有收入的总和是国民收入,国民收入中最大的部分是劳动收入,其形式为工资、薪金和附加福利。

剩余部分是各种形式的财产收入:租金、净利息、公司利润和业主收入,这部分基本上包括了小企业主的收入。

财富是人们在某一时点所拥有的资产的货币净值。

财富是一个存量,而收入是单位时间中的流量。

家庭的财富包括有形财产(房屋、汽车、其他耐用消费品及土地),还有金融资产(如现金、储蓄、债券和股票)。

所有有价值的东西都称为资产,而所有欠他人的东西都称为负债。

总资产和总负债的差额称为财富或净财富。

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第18版)笔记和课后习题详解(含考研

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第18版)笔记和课后习题详解(含考研

9.1复习笔记 9.2课后习题详解 9.3考研真题详解
10.1复习笔记 10.2课后习题详解 10.3考研真题详解
11.1复习笔记 11.2课后习题详解 11.3考研真题详解
第12章市场如何决定 收入
第13章劳动市场
第14章土地和资本
第14章附录市场和经 济效率
12.1复习笔记 12.2课后习题详解 12.3考研真题详解
第4章供给和需 求的应用
2
第5章需求和消 费者பைடு நூலகம்为
3 第5章附录消费
均衡的几何分 析
4
第6章生产和企 业组织
5
第7章成本分析
第 7 章 附 录 生 产 、1
成本理论和企 业决策
2
第8章完全竞争 市场分析
3 第9章不完全竞
争及其极端形 式——垄断
4
第10章寡头和 垄断竞争
5
第11章不确定 性和博弈论
13.1复习笔记 13.2课后习题详解 13.3考研真题详解
14.1复习笔记 14.2课后习题详解 14.3考研真题详解
附录课后习题详解
第16章政府税收和 支出
第15章比较优势和 贸易保护主义
第17章促进市场更 富效率
第18章环境保 护
第19章效率与 公平:重大权 衡
15.1复习笔记 15.2课后习题详解 18.3考研真题详解
精彩摘录
这是《萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第18版)笔记和课后习题详解(含考研真题)》的读书笔记模板,可以替 换为自己的精彩内容摘录。
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目录分析
第1章经济学基础知 识
第1章附录如何看图
第2章现代经济中的 市场与政府
第3章供给与需求的 基本原理

萨缪尔森《宏观经济学》(第19版)配套模拟试题及详解(一)【圣才出品】

萨缪尔森《宏观经济学》(第19版)配套模拟试题及详解(一)【圣才出品】

第二部分模拟试题及详解萨缪尔森《宏观经济学》(第19版)配套模拟试题及详解(一)一、名词解释(每小题5分,共计20分)1.GDP与GNP答:(1)国内生产总值(GDP)是指经济社会(即一国或一地区)在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值。

国民生产总值(GNP)是指一国或一地区的国民所拥有的全部生产要素在一定时期内所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值。

(2)GDP与GNP这两个统计指标在统计思想上反映了是按国土原则还是国民原则进行统计的区分。

GDP按国土原则进行统计,凡是在本国领土上创造的收入,不管是否由本国国民所创造,都被计入国内生产总值。

GNP按国民原则进行统计,凡是本国国民收入,不管生产要素是否在国内,都被计入国民生产总值。

(3)国外要素支付净额(NFP)是指本国生产要素在世界其他国家获得的收入减去本国付给外国生产要素在本国获得的收入。

因此,国内生产总值就可以通过国民生产总值减去国外要素支付净额获得,即GDP=GNP-NFP。

2.有效市场假说答:1970年,法玛提出了有效市场假说,其对有效市场的定义是:如果在一个证券市场中,价格完全反映了所有可以获得的信息,那么就称这样的市场为有效市场。

根据有效市场假说,投资者在买卖股票时会迅速有效地利用可能的信息,所有已知的影响一种股票价格的因素都已经反映在股票的价格中,因此根据这一理论,股票的技术分析是无效的。

3.总供给曲线答:总供给是指经济社会在每一价格水平上提供的物品和劳务的总量,总供给函数表示总产出与一般价格水平之间的依存关系,描述这种关系的曲线称为总供给曲线。

总供给曲线是根据生产函数和劳动力市场的均衡推导得到的,当资本存量一定时,总产出水平随就业量的增加而增加,但边际产出递减。

就业量取决于劳动力市场的均衡,当劳动力需求等于劳动力供给时,就决定了劳动力市场的均衡就业量。

总供给曲线的斜率取决于劳动力市场对货币工资变动能作何反应的假定。

微观经济学萨缪尔森

在尼泊尔,大多数人都有多种才能,即使技
能最少的村民也能提供很多服务,但在美国则不 同,美国人会雇佣其他人做一些尼泊尔人自己做 的事情。为什么会有这一的差别呢?
假设有一个很小的社团,在这个社团里,
保拉是唯一的专业自行车技师,而贝希是唯 一的程序员。如果他们用来进行这两项经济 活动的时间为:
表1 保拉和贝希的生产信息
在技术知识和可投入品数量既定的 条件下,一个经济体所能得到的最大产 量。
生产可能性边界
大炮
A 15
12
9
6
B
M
C
D
N
2
34
E
5
黄油
经济学的研究方法
1)实证分析和规范分析 • 实证分析是描述经济现象“是什么”以
及社会经济问题“实际上是怎样解决 的”,它揭示经济变量之间的因果关系。
• 规范分析是研究经济活动“应该是什么” 以及社会经济问题“应该是怎样解决 的”,它以一定价值判断作为出发点来 研究经济问题。
《微观经济学原理》(第三版)Robert H. Frank and Ben S. Bernanke 著 ,李明志译 清华大学出版社。
经济学产生的基础 • 资源的稀缺性
•
选择
• 欲望的无限性
人的欲望能否满足?
• 终日奔波只为饥 方才一饱便思衣 • 衣食两般皆俱足 又想娇容美貌妻 • 取得美妻生下子 恨无天地少根基 • 买到田园多广阔 出入无船少马骑 • 槽头扣了骡和马 叹无官职被人欺 • 县丞主簿还嫌小 又要朝中挂紫衣 • 作了皇帝求仙术 更想登天跨鹤飞 • 若要世人心里足 除是南柯一梦西
在数量上相等或经济决策单位认为再改 变资源配置方式时,已不能获得更多的 经济效益。
均衡分析是假定经济变量中的自变 量为已知的和固定不变的,然后考察因 变量达到均衡状态时所出现的情况以及 实现均衡的条件。

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第18章 国际贸易)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)第18章国际贸易课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1.绝对优势(劣势)和比较优势(劣势)[absolute and comparative advantage (or disadvantage)]答:(1)绝对优势指可以用较少量的投入生产物品的一种生产率方面的优势。

绝对优势比较的是生产一种物品所需要的投入量,一个可以用较少量投入生产物品的生产者被称为在生产这种物品上有绝对优势。

绝对优势理论主张以各国生产成本的绝对差异为基础进行国际专业化分工,并通过自由贸易获得利益。

该理论由英国古典经济学家亚当·斯密(Adam Smith)为反对当时的重商主义和保护贸易政策在其1776年的巨著《国富论》中提出。

如果一国某种产品的绝对生产成本或价格比其他国家低,就称该国具有这种产品上的绝对优势,因而该国就应完全专业化生产并出口这种产品,同时进口那种它具有绝对劣势的产品。

这种基于绝对优势的国际分工和自由贸易的结果将使贸易各方都可获得贸易利益。

换言之,在斯密看来,贸易应该是一场双赢的“正和博弈”。

这一思想开启了整个国际贸易理论的先河。

(2)比较优势理论是指以各国生产成本的相对差异为基础进行国际专业化分工,并通过自由贸易获得利益的一种国际贸易理论。

英国古典经济学家大卫·李嘉图在其《政治经济学及其赋税原理》一书中提出:在两国生产两种商品的情形下,其中一国在两种商品生产上均占据绝对优势,另一国在两种商品生产上均处于绝对劣势,则优势国可以专门生产优势较大的那种商品,劣势国可以专门生产劣势较小的那种商品,通过专业化分工和国际交换,双方仍能从中获益。

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第13章 劳动市场)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)第13章劳动市场课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1.劳动需求的因素:劳动质量、技术、其他投入的质量(elements in demand for labor:labor quality,technology,quality of other inputs)答:劳动质量、技术和其他投入的质量都是影响劳动需求的重要因素。

时间推移、资本积累、技术进步以及劳动质量提高等都会引起劳动需求的增加,从而使劳动需求曲线会向右上方移动。

首先,如果劳工有更多或更好的资本品与之配合,劳动的边际生产率就会提高。

其次,训练有素或受过良好教育的劳工,其边际生产率一般要高于那些拥有较少“人力资本”的工人。

2.劳动供给的因素:小时数、劳动力参与程度、移民(elements in supply of labor:hours,labor-force participation,immigration)答:(1)小时数、劳动力参与程度和移民都是影响劳动供给的因素。

在一定条件和时期内,工人工作的小时数增加、劳动参与程度的提高和合法移民的增加都会增加一国劳动的供给。

(2)劳动力参与程度是指劳动力资源中经济活动人口参与劳动力市场的程度。

劳动力参与程度可以用劳动力参与率来衡量。

劳动力参与率指正在从事和要求从事社会劳动的人口占劳动资源总数的比率。

劳动力参与率主要取决于经济发展水平和教育的发达程度。

影响这一指标的重要因素是劳动资源中从事家务劳动的人数和正在接受教育的学生人数。

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第5章需求和消费者行为)

萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第5章需求和消费者行为)萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)第5章需求和消费者行为课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1.效用与边际效用(utility ,marginal utility )答:(1)效用是指商品满足人的欲望的能力,或者消费者在消费或拥有商品时所感受到的满足程度。

一种商品对消费者是否具有效用,取决于消费者是否有消费这种商品的欲望,以及这种商品是否具有满足消费者的欲望的能力。

某种物品的效用大小没有客观标准,完全取决于消费者对商品满足自己的欲望的能力的主观心理评价和偏好。

因此,同一商品会因人、因时、因地不同而有不同的效用。

效用值可以用基数也可以用序数加以度量,这取决于效用理论的假定。

不同的效用理论形成了分析消费者行为的不同方法,主要有基数效用论的边际效用分析方法和序数效用论的无差异曲线的分析方法。

(2)边际效用是消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量,其表达式为:()TU Q MU Q ?=?其中,Q 为消费者对商品的消费数量,()TU f Q =为总效用函数。

当商品的增加量趋于无穷小,即0Q ?→时,边际效用也可以表示为:()()0d lim d Q TU Q TU Q MU Q Q ?→?==?2.功利主义(utilitarianism )答:广义的功利主义是指一种强调功利价值,以功利为衡量事物价值尺度的思想文化现象。

它既可以表现为一定的理论学说,也可以表现为现实生活中支配人们行为的心理趋向、价值观念、思维方式等。

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