托福听力-介绍
托福听力机经总结-lecture
12.3
事实说明,彩色报纸并没有真正的增加读者的数目. 1. 讲美国历史,因为 railroad 的普及,带动美国各方面尤其是经济方面的发展(主要讲 了制造业),一开始还用启发示的教学强调了火车的好处. 2. 讲北极熊,包括它所属的种类(是 marine animal,而不是熊,有题目),毛的颜色 为啥是白的(有人说是为了跟雪的颜色一致,保护自己,但教授说北极熊活动的时候是 极夜,否定上面的观点,强调白毛主要是为了在极昼时多反光,别让阳光灼伤),怎样 保暖,冬眠的习惯(walking hibernation,不算真正的"冬眠",只是在退毛),用什 么捕食(长鼻子,尤其是 snout 很灵敏,有题目). 3. 讲欧洲印刷业的发展,强调一种创新(发明)的产生可以催生多种新技术的产生,期 间提到欧洲对图书的需求,还提到了中国人发明了纸. 4. 讲对海底火山的探测活动.首先说明海底压力大,一般探测器不行,用声纳可以探测 海底的地形.后来又讲由于海底火山的活动,使随着河流注入海中的盐分发生变化,形 成 metal,产生黑色的烟雾. 2006 年 1月 1. Protostar.首先是很多灰尘聚在一起,然后慢慢质量加重.核心的质量增加->内部压 力增加->温度增加.最后 fusion,以发光的方式发射能量,变成 star.但是变成 star 有 一个重要条件:magnetic field 减弱(还是消失,忘记了).因为如果引力场不塌缩的话, 不会有能量逃得出来.也就不会发光成为星星. 2. 花.需要别人帮助才能繁殖的植物.一般是蜜蜂蝴蝶什么的.达尔文认为蜜蜂采蜜, 蜜蜂拿到了蜜,植物可以被繁殖,两方面都有 benefit,这种情况才会发生.但是现在发 现蜜蜂没有拿到蜜,而植物却可以得到被帮助繁殖的事情.因为有种花可以发甜气味但 没有蜜.蜜蜂就会过来,虽然蜜蜂也很聪明,第二次就不会上当,但是还是会跑到另一 朵相同种类的花去被骗,因为这种花每朵都有不同的气味.需要帮助才能繁殖的植物分 两种传粉,一是 SELF 传粉,就是自己家和自己家的配种.还有就是 CROSS 传粉,是 自己家和别人家配.CROSS 比较好因为可以吸收两家的长处,而补充短处.有的花有 时会故意全部不分泌蜜,蜜蜂看没蜜了就跑到别的种类的花去找蜜了.这样子就可以 CROSS 传了. 1.21 3. 经济模式有 4 种:pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly.pure competition:农作物的买卖.monopoly:完全垄断.取决于卖家之间 的联系而非一定要只有一家公司提供此产品.比如一个地区的水电公司或者一个杂货店 (倘若没有别的杂货店) .monopolistic competition 和 oligopoly:举了汽车产业和鞋子 产业的例子.具体哪个对应哪个忘记了. 4. 自画像.以前的名画家画自画像,过了几百年后大家看的时候都好像他们还在生一 样.现在你们(教授问学生)谁有自画像?同学门都说没有,因为觉得好想很 show off. 自我感觉很好的样子.教授讲了两个出名的艺术家.一个是用鲜明的色彩,制造出名人 效果.像漫画一样.这个人说在将来每个人都可以 15 分钟就可以变名人.还有一个是 把自己穿成五十年代的明星,让人觉得认识却又想不起来是谁. 5. 海滩由海滩到内陆一共 5 极:beach - first dune ……- second dune – back dune. 6.讲 wood 的,发现很有意思.这个感觉象是在讲 science 而不是 art.19 世纪人们造家 具要砍木头, 刚砍下来的木头潮湿,要晒干,但也不能太干. 通常要晒 months to years. 后来 20 世界有了 oven,weeks 就够了.那时候大家喜欢用 hardwood 主要因为比较结 实. 2月 2.3 1. 可以. 大型雕塑的含义变迁.例子:1 自由女神本来是美法友谊,后来象征美国的自由.2 美 国四个总统的头像,在山上雕那个,本来是在大萧条时期准备以旅游业赚钱的. 3. 世界各地的日历,以什么为基础,有什么优劣.有提到中国的,说是以 jupiter 的周 期来定的,所以有 12 生肖. 1. 恒温动物和变温动物.它会现实这俩个术语的.恒温动物有 mammal 和 bird;虽然 恒温,但仍然会变化.Change daily 如人和 hummingbird(蜂鸟);change seasonal, 如 bear 冬眠.变温动物有 reptile 和多数动物,它们可以通过运动和改变 location 调节 温度.Professor 说他们无好坏之分,如鳄鱼可以摄取少量食物保持庞大身材,节省下 来的能量用于生殖和 gather food,但 hummingbird 摄取大量的食物却仍然很苗条. 2.11 2. Business management. 一种管理方式, quarterly review 叫 (屏幕上会显示这个词) . 起源是某个 automobile 的 CEO 人物.根据每个季度给 stock holder 的管理状况报表而 灵机一动, 发明出每个季度给职工一个 review. 好处: 加强 supervise 和 worker 的交流; 让 worker 有目的,有目标,效劳高;员工由被动管理变为主动完成工作. 3. Literature.就是侦探小说的起源.鼻祖是一本叫 Moonstone 的小说.虽然以前也有 类似的, 但都是短篇,这个长 feature of detective novel: 警察都白痴; 那个侦探是爱好, 并且爱好广泛,如爱拉小提琴.然后侦探总能发现常人不注意的事实,并从中发现一个 全新的世界(原话是 find a new world from this) .还拿 Sherlock Holmes 作比. 3月 1. 教授说在某处发现了某种壁画,时间非常早(这里问是不是最早的).虽然这些壁画 还是用石头做工具(问是用什么工具画的),但是很精致.主要是野兽吧好像.然后说 采用了 dot 而不是 line(问是什么技术),这和以前的看法很不一样(问教授为啥这么 惊叹).后来又说现在限制人们进入,因为会改变温度和湿度(问为什么限制). 2. How to read art piece, 讲了四个步骤,大致是 description, 分析,评价,好像还 有个审美还是什么的,有个排序题. 3. 讲早期天文学家观察 nebula,说早期望远镜可没现在这么好,观察到 nebula,然后 天文学家有两种观点,一种是认为是 dust,另一种认为是 galaxy.然后教授问怎么能判 断.其中一个女学生说好像通过亮度可以判断.教授说不行,两度受距离影响,并且还 有可能是本身就不那么亮.女学生说那我这个方法就不行(问女学生什么意思) .后来技 术进步了,天文学家也通过别的方法做出了判断.教授说现在也一样,新的现象我们还 是不能解释或者有多种解释(问现在和过去的共同点) . 3.3 4. 讲拉美的一个诗人和他对拉美文学 movement 的影响. 这个教授口音比较重, 或者中 间有一点西班牙语,比如那个作家的名字和这次 movement 的一个特定名字,加上又是 文学类,听起来稍显吃力.大概是说这个作家对 free verse 的态度,然后说他早期的游 历对后面的创作很有影响.这个人死了之后这个 movement 也 die 了.又说他对后面拉 美诗人的影响(问有啥影响). 5. 昆虫,具体名字忘了,它们通常在地下潜伏 13 年还是 17 年,教授解释它们为什么 要潜伏这么就,给了两个原因,(多选题,问哪两个原因).然后说到另一种昆虫吧, 等它们差不多要要出来的时候就吃它们,因为那个时候比较 juicy.(问这种昆虫等到什 么时候).然后还说原先某种鸟(好像是)是主要吃虫的,这样虫就不会吃太多树叶. 但到这种昆虫出来的时候,鸟就改吃它们不吃虫了,结果树叶就倒霉了. (问这中 cycle 的影响). 6. 来到美洲大陆的昆虫,它们跟原先该种 species 的区别.它们擅长把木头咬烂,所以 居民的房子就倒霉了.然后说用药来 poison 它们,但不太有效.后来又想了一个办法, 先给木头作为诱饵,然它们抗回家,后来就把一窝都毒死了(让排这种方法的顺序). 另外还有一个比较好的方法,忘了具体的了.
托福听力TPO1原文 Lecture 4
下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO1原文中Lecture 4的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO 1 Lecture 4BiologyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a biology class.ProfessorFor today’s discussion, we’ll review the case study on how some animals have behaviorally adapted to their environments. Now you had to read about two animal species, the Eastern marmot and the Olympic marmot. Marmots are rodents. They are large ground squirrels, about the size of an average house cat. And they live in a variety of habitats. And even though they spend the significant portion of the year hibernating, according to this case study, marmots are still considered excellent subjects for animal behavioral studies. Why is that?StudentWell, when they are not hibernating, you can find them in open areas. And they are pretty active during the day, which makes them easy to observe, right?ProfessorUh-huh, so first let’s discuss the Eastern marmots. They reside throughout the eastern region of North America where there is a temperate climate, where the growing season lasts for at least five months of the year, which is when they do all their mating, playing and eating.StudentOh, I see. At first I wasn’t sure what growing season meant, just from the reading. But now I get it. It's the amount of time it takes for them to grow, right? So it would be five months?ProfessorUmm? Oh, uh… I’m sorry but no. It has nothing to do with that. It's not about the time it takes for Eastern marmots to grow. It’s when the food is available. That is when it’s not covered in snow and there is no frost covering the grass and, umm, vegetative parts of a plant’s herbs and the flowers the marmots like to eat. So growing season refers to the availability of the food they eat, OK? So now how would you describe the Eastern marmots’ social habits?StudentWell, they are really territorial, and loners, and just so aggressive even with other Eastern marmots. And their mating ritual is just so impersonal.ProfessorUh-huh? Now when they emerge in the spring from hibernation, the mating process begins. For them, well, they come together to mate and then theygo their separate ways. Then about six to eight weeks after birth, the offspring leave their mothers.StudentReally? Just six weeks? Is that possible for the offspring to make it on their own so young?ProfessorWell, it’s not as if they aren’t ready for the real world because they are. Remember, they mature quickly and the weather’s nice. Also they live in open fields where there is lots of edible vegetation. So roughly six weeks after birth, Eastern marmots are just old enough to take their chances of surviving in the temperate environment. So how does this relate to their behavior?StudentOh, I get it. Since the climate’s not too bad, the Eastern marmots don't have to rely on each other too much and they really don't need to stay together as a family to survive either.ProfessorUh-ha. Any contrast, the Olympic marmots? What about them?StudentWell, they live together as a family and take care of their young until they are at least two years old. They’re really friendly with each other. And what I really like is that they even have greeting ceremonies. And they are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots. So their social behavior is so different from Eastern marmots because of the climate where they live? That seems so bizarre.ProfessorWell, the Olympic marmots inhabit meadows high in the Olympic Mountains where the weather conditions are much harsher. So there is a lot more wind and snow. The growing season only lasts about two to three months. So in that much shorter period of time, all the Olympic marmots, male and female, eat, play, work and nurture the young together. Because the climate is so harsh, cooperation increases the survival rate of the Olympic marmots. They keep their young at home until they are physically able to survive on their own. This could explain why the social behavior of the Olympic marmots is so unlike that of the Eastern marmots.翻译独白：听一段生物课的讲座教授：在开始今天的讨论前，我们先回顾一下关于一些动物的行为是如何适应他们环境的案例研究。
托福听力tpo65 两篇对话精析
托福听力tpo65两篇对话精析Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Conversation2 (6)原文 (6)题目 (8)答案 (10)译文 (10)Conversation1原文Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the housing office.Employee:Hi.Here for your room key?Student:Actually,no,I got a bill in the mail today.Employee:Yeah,don’t worry about it.Some students got a second copy of their housing bills.You can just ignore it if you’ve already paid.Student:Yeah,no,actually it’s my phone bill.I just got it and it looks like there were all these calls made during the summer break,and I wasn’t even here.I turned in myroom key at the end of last term.Employee:Right,but do you remember making arrangements to have your phone service turned off before you left?Student:Was I supposed to do that?Employee:Yeah,you were.Student:I didn’t know that.Employee:Yeah,it’s in the contract.Student:What contract?Employee:Okay,you had service with the phone company,right?Student:Sure.Employee:And you got a copy of the contract when you signed out.Student:Yeah,I guess so.Employee:Well,okay then,it’s buried in the details of the contract in fine print.And I’ve got to admit that I might not have noticed it myself but I’ve dealt with two or three other cases like this.And it does state that it’s your responsibility to cancel the service.Student:Really?Employee:I’m afraid so.You might not have seen it,but it’s in there.Student:But I thought that the housing office automatically shuts the service off when the university closes for the summer break.Employee:I’m afraid not.Classes may end for you,but the university doesn’t close down.We have a whole summer program of short courses,so it’s likely that someone who was enrolled in the summer program was assigned to your old room and when they might plug the phone in...Student:The service was already there.Oh,wow!I really made a stupid mistake.Employee:Oh,well,don’t be too hard on yourself.There is a chance we could do something.What was your old room number?Student:Baker Hall,Room622.Employee:Okay.It looks like someone did stay there over the break.What I can do is contact them and ask them to give us a call,then we’ll explain what happened and we’ll give them your contact information.Student:Okay,but what if you don’t get a reply.Employee:Well,I hope that doesn’t happen,because if it does,then you are on your own.Again,what it comes down to is this，you signed a contract with the phone company,and there is really not much we can do to help you at this point.题目1.Why does the student go to the housing office?A.To request a telephone for her dormitory roomB.To turn in the key to her dormitory roomC.To ask about an unexpected bill she receivedD.To request an explanation about a bill she had already paid2.What mistake did the student make?A.She forgot to pay her housing fee.B.She did not cancel her telephone service.C.She failed to clean out her dormitory room.D.She forgot to return her dormitory key to the housing office.3.What does the man imply about the student with regard to her contract for telephone service?A.The student needs to show him the contract.B.The student failed to pick up a copy of the contract from the housing office.C.The student forgot to sign a copy of the contract.D.The student did not read the contract carefully.4.What does the man imply about the telephone bill?A.It might have been sent to the student by mistake.B.It may be larger than the student expects.C.The student may need to pay it.D.The student should send it back to the telephone company.5.Why does the student say this:Student:Actually,no,I got a bill in the mail today.Employee:Yeah,don’t worry about it.Some students got a second copy of their housing bills.You can just ignore it if you’ve already paid.Student:Yeah,no,actually it’s my phone bill.A.To correct a misunderstandingB.To apologize for interrupting the manC.To thank the man for the information he has providedD.To show her surprise at what the man just said答案C BD C A译文1.旁白：听一个学生和住房办公室员工之间的对话。
托福听力讲座lecture高频话题必备基础知识科普介绍：天文学行星
托福听力讲座lecture高频话题必备基础知识科普介绍：天
文学行星
缺乏背景知识听不懂讲座在讲什么的情况在中国考生中比较普遍。
今天给大家带来了托福听力讲座lecture高频话题必备基础知识科普介绍：天文学行星，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力讲座lecture高频话题必备基础知识科普介绍：天文学行星托福口语讲座类背景知识补充：天文学行星名称来历或许由于水星Mercury在空中移动得快，才使它得到这个名字。
符号是上面一个圆形下面一个交叉的短垂线和一个半圆形是墨丘利所拿
魔杖的形状。
在第5世纪，水星实际上被认为成二个不同的行星，这是因为它时常交替地出现在太阳的两侧。
当它出现在傍晚时，它被叫做墨丘利;但是当它出现在早晨时，为了纪念太阳神阿波罗，它被称为阿波罗。
毕达哥拉斯后来指出他们实际上是相同的一颗行星。
中国古代则称水星为“辰星”。
金星Venus是离太阳第二近，太阳系中第六大行星。
在所有行星中，金星的轨道最接近圆，偏差不到1%。
中国古人称金星为“太白”或“太白金星”，也称“启明”或“长庚”。
古希腊人称之为Aphrodite(阿芙罗狄蒂)，是希腊神话中爱与美的女神。
而在罗马神话中爱与美的女神是维纳斯—Venus
，因此金星也称做“维纳斯”。
也许是对古代人来说，它是已知行星中最亮的一颗。
(也有一些异议，认为金星的命名是因为金星的表面如同女性的外貌。
)金星的天文符号用维纳斯的梳妆镜来表示。
金星的位相变化金星同月球一样，也具有周期性的圆缺变化(位相变。
托福考试听力历年真题全解2024
托福考试听力历年真题全解2024*本文按照听力练习的题目分别进行解析，以帮助考生更好地备考。
每个题目均包含听力材料和解析部分。
请阅读以下内容获取更多有关于托福考试听力真题的信息。
*第一题：听力材料：Narrator: Now listen to a short conversation between a student and a librarian.Student: Hi, I'm a first-year student here at the university. I'm having trouble finding a book that's on my reading list for one of my classes. Can you help me locate it?Librarian: Of course. Which book are you looking for?Student: It's called "The Theory of Evolution" by Charles Darwin.Librarian: Let me check for you. Ah, here it is. "The Theory of Evolution" is located in the science section on the second floor. The call number is QH357. Do you need any further assistance?Student: No, that's great. Thank you so much!解析部分：在这个对话中，学生向图书管理员咨询关于一本书的信息。
图书管理员告诉学生这本书所在的位置以及索书号。
学生表示感谢，表示已经足够了。
托福考试题型与分数介绍
托福考试题型与分数介绍托福（TOEFL）是由美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）举办的英语能力考试，主要用于评估非英语为母语者在学术环境中的英语语言能力。
对于想要出国留学或工作的人来说，了解托福考试的题型和分数是非常重要的。
一、托福考试的题型1、阅读（Reading）托福阅读部分主要考察考生理解学术文章的能力。
通常有 3 4 篇文章，每篇文章长度约 700 800 词，每篇文章后有 10 14 个问题。
题型包括：事实信息题：要求考生从文章中找出明确表述的事实信息。
否定事实信息题：需要考生识别出文章中未提及的内容。
推理题：基于文章中的信息进行推理和判断。
词汇题：考查对特定单词或短语在上下文中的含义理解。
指代题：确定文中某个代词所指代的对象。
句子简化题：选出与原文句子意思最相近的选项。
文章内容小结题：总结文章的主要内容。
表格题：将文章中的信息整理到表格中。
2、听力（Listening）听力部分包括讲座和对话两种类型。
有 2 3 个讲座和 3 4 个对话。
讲座长度约 5 6 分钟，对话约 3 分钟。
题型有：主旨题：把握听力材料的主要内容。
细节题：考查具体的事实和细节。
功能题：理解说话者的意图或目的。
态度题：判断说话者的态度和情感。
推理题：根据所听内容进行推理和判断。
3、口语（Speaking）托福口语考试共有 4 个任务：独立任务 1：考生需要根据给定的题目发表自己的观点和看法，回答时间 45 秒。
独立任务 2：先阅读一个短文，然后听一段相关的听力材料，最后根据题目要求进行口语回答，时间 60 秒。
综合任务 3：阅读一篇短文，听一段相关讲座，然后回答问题，时间 60 秒。
综合任务 4：听一段讲座，然后回答问题，时间 60 秒。
4、写作（Writing）写作部分包括综合写作和独立写作：综合写作：先阅读一篇文章，然后听一段相关的讲座，最后根据所给材料写一篇文章，总结讲座内容与阅读文章的关系，字数要求 150 225 词。
托福听力TPO1原文 Lecture 1
托福听力TPO1原文Lecture 1下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO1原文中Lecture 1的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO 1 Lecture 1Contemporary artListen to part of a lecture in a contemporary art class.ProfessorOk, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment.The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up?StudentWell, Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um… Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough.ProfessorGood. What else? What were the subjects?StudentWell, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.ProfessorGood. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style. It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak, but you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. The colors aren’t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well an unnatural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foregroundis blue, but somehow the overall scene gives an impression of a cold, bleak winter day on a farm. So that’s the impressionist side of her work.Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me. One interesting thing I read about Franzten is that when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmers bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work---that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too.So, what about Realism? What are the elements of Realism we should be looking for in Frantzen’s work?StudentUm… real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter, too.ProfessorGood. One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like a photograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. This is realism. But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.I find Frantzen to be a very accessible artist. I mean, some artists, to appreciate them, you have to know their life story. But here’s a little bit about Rose Frantzen’s life anyway. She attended art school, but was told by one of her instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead. So she took advertising classes and fine arts classes too, until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that her work was really good, that she could be an artist. But of course, it’s not as easy as that, and so Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to buy paint for her more serious art work. No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But what’s important is that you keep at it that you don’t give up. That’s what is really important to remember.《当代艺术》独白：听一段节选自当代艺术课堂的讲座。
【TPO小站】TOEFL听力学科背景知识大全
TOEFL听力学科背景知识大全托福听力背景知识辅导：天文学从古至今，人们对宇宙的探索从未停止过。
在望远镜(telescope)发明前，人们对宇宙的了解都基于肉眼的观察。
我国古代有天圆地方之说，而西方则有古希腊天文学家托勒密(Ptolemy)提出的地心说。
在十六世纪，哥白尼(Kopernik)提出了日心说，颠覆了地球是宇宙中心的理论，而伽利略(Galileo)发明的望远镜为观测天体提供了更好的条件，也为哥白尼的学说找到了证据。
意大利哲学家布鲁诺(Bruno)为了维护日心说在罗马百花广场被教会处以火刑的故事广为人知。
考到有关于天文学的话题，astronomy和cosmology这两个单词。
天文学(astronomy)指的是研究宇宙空间天体、宇宙的结构和发展的学科，内容包括天体的构造、性质和运动规律。
而宇宙学(cosmology)指的是从整体的角度来研究宇宙的结构和演化的天文学分支学科。
因此，天文学的概念更加广泛，宇宙学是其分支学科。
天文学研究的天体(celestial body)包括恒星(star)、行星(planet)及其卫星(satellite)，小行星(asteroids)、彗星(comet)、流星(meteor)、陨石(meteorite)等。
这些天体又组成了星系(galaxy)、星团(star cluster)、星群(asterism)。
我们比较熟悉的是地球所处的太阳系(solar system)，这也是人类唯一能够直接观测的星系，而太阳系只是由无数恒星系组成的银河系(milky way galaxy)中的普通一员。
太阳系可以分成几个部分：(1) 太阳：包括了光球(photosphere)、色球层(chromosphere)和日冕(solar corona)。
光球即我们平时看到的太阳圆面;色球层指的是紧贴光球的大气;日冕是太阳大气的最外层。
在日全食(solar eclipse)中，我们可以看到色球层和日冕。
TOEFL老托福听力PartC原文汇总3篇
TOEFL老托福听力PartC原文汇总3篇TOEFL老托福听力PartC原文汇总1The winds of a tornado are the most violent and destructive ones on Earth.龙卷风是地球上最猛烈和最具破坏性的风。
Any of you who have seen one knows very well how frightening and powerful they are.任何看见过龙卷风的人都非常了解他们是多么令人恐惧和强大。
What's interesting about them is that scientists don't actually know exactly why tornadoes occur.关于它们有意思的是科学家事实上并不确切地知道龙卷风为什么发生。
We do know, however, what happens when tornadoes are formed.然而，我们的确知道，当龙卷风形成时发生了什么。
As you remember, a front occurs when cool, dry air from the north meets warm, humid air ing from the south, from the Gulf of Mexico, for tornadoes in the United States.正如你们所记得的，当来自北方的凉爽干燥的空气遇到来自南方，来自墨西哥湾的温暖湿润的空气，会出现一个峰，形成在美国的龙卷风。
Where these air masses meet, a narrow zone of storm clouds develops, and thunderstorms, and sometimes tornadoes, occur.在这些气团相遇的地方，一个狭窄的暴风雨云团地带形成了，还有雷暴，以及有时会发生龙卷风。
托福听力考试必考考点有哪些
托福听力考试必考考点有哪些在托福听力练习中，想要把握好重点，了解好听力必考的考点，才能有利于提升听力成绩。
下面就是店铺给大家整理的托福听力考试必考考点，希望对你有用!托福听力考试必考考点1、优缺点必考此类题目一般集中于典型的高科技、生物化学类听力当中。
比如有一篇听力考到了科学家利用细菌来去除海洋污染物的文章，文章中清晰地给出了此方法的优点和缺点，缺点的题目是一个多选题，基本就是原文中的比较耗费时间和速度比较慢等。
所以，对于此类文章，一定要明白其相关的结构，这样才可以在考试中游刃有余。
2、小于五的数字必考此类题目一般会出现我们所谓的多选题，一般会考到具体的作用、表现形式、逻辑关系等。
具体的题目在巴朗中多见，比如考到具体的绘画的三种作用，四种排水系统等，或者是修正主义对于早期农业的消极影响的三个方面等。
需要各考生注意的是，在此类听力中可以适当使用专业名词缩略语以减少听力笔记时间。
3、专业名词必考在托福听力中，我们经常会听到类似“this is what we call + 专有名词”的说法，或者“this is +现象”。
一般来讲，此类专有名词是我们所不熟悉的，但是教授会用一种比较简单的方式表达出来。
更难的考法是用另一个专有名词来解释一个专有名词，那么考点非常明显了，就是考察what is the definition for+专业名词。
不管考试题目如何千变万化，考试的要点是不变的。
具体的试题题目可参阅下TPO第四套的关于动物行为的那一篇文章。
4、原因、结果必考任何类型的lecture题目当中都有可能会考到此类问题。
一般来讲，表示原因的听力内容特别值得我们关注。
除了最常用的because外，表示原因的还有since，as，for，the reason is that等表达方式，这就需要我们的日常积累。
5、例子必考此类听力题目中经常会使用具体简单的例子来解释某一专业说法，比如会使用我们放在冰箱里的食物会变坏这个例子来说明细菌的作用，也会使用自行车的轮子来说明某种排水系统，也会使用某一历史事件来说明绘画的具体作用。