2013年考研英语二真题及答案(完整版)
2013年研究生入学考试英语一真题与解析英语二完型Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The ___18___ of thistype of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail答案：1-5: ADBDC6-10: BBDBA11-15: ADCCC16-20: CABAD英语二阅读原文及出处：Text 1In an essay, entitled “Making It in America,”in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines。
”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers。
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Average is over。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及解析
.20##全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语〔二〕试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word〔s〕for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.〔10 points〕Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.1, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been2for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment "would soon revolutionize the very3of money itself,〞only to 4itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so5in coming?Although e money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work6the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very7to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the8form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they9receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to10. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float〞—it takes several days11a check is cashed and funds are12from the issuer s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.13electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may14security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information15there.The fact that this is not an16occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and17from someone else s accounts. The18of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to19security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic20that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. ［A］However［B］Moreover［D］Otherwise 2. ［A］off［B］back［C］over［D］around3. ［A］power ［B］concept ［C］history［D］role4. ［A］reward ［B］resist［C］resume［D］reverse5. ［A］silent ［B］sudden［C］slow［D］steady6. ［A］for［B］against［C］with［D］on7. ［A］imaginative ［B］expensive ［C］sensitive ［D］productive 8. ［A］similar ［B］original ［C］temporary ［D］dominant9. ［A］collect［C］copy［D］print10. ［A］give up ［B］take over ［C］bring back ［D］pass down 11. ［A］before ［B］after［C］since［D］when12. ［A］kept ［B］borrowed ［C］released ［D］withdrawn 13. ［A］Unless ［B］Until［C］Because ［D］Though 14. ［A］hide ［B］express ［C］raise［D］ease15. ［A］analyzed ［B］shared ［C］stored ［D］displayed 16. ［A］unsafe ［B］unnatural ［C］uncommon ［D］unclear17. ［A］steal［B］choose［C］benefit［D］return18. ［A］consideration［B］prevention［C］manipulation［D］justification19. ［A］cope with［B］fight against［C］adapt to［D］call for20. ［A］chunk［B］chip［C］path［D］trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.〔40 points〕Text 1In an essay entitled "Making It in America,〞the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, "a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.〞Davidson s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job,could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won t earn you what it used to. It can t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, " In the 10 years ending in 2009, ［U.S.］factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.〞There will always be changed—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post high school education.21.The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate.［A］the impact of technological advances［B］the alleviation of job pressure［C］the shrinkage of textile mills［D］the decline of middle class incomes22.According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to.［A］work on cheap software［B］ask for a moderate salary［C］adopt an average lifestyle［D］contribute something unique23.The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that.［A］gains of technology have been erased［B］job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed［C］factories are making much less money than before［D］new jobs and services have been offered24.According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is.［A］to accelerate the I.T. revolution［B］to ensure more education for people［C］to advance economic globalization［D］to pass more bills in the 21st century25.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?［A］New Law Takes Effect［B］Technology Goes Cheap［C］Average Is Over［D］Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio,〞birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health care aides and physicists are among today s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be bothhere and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26."Birds of passage〞refers to those who.［A］immigrate across the Atlantic［B］leave their home countries for good［C］stay in a foreign country temporarily［D］find permanent jobs overseas27.It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the U.S..［A］needs new immigrant categories［B］has loosened control over immigrants［C］should be adapted to meet challenges［D］has been fixed via political means28.According to the author, today s birds of passage want.［A］financial incentives［B］ a global recognition［C］opportunities to get regular jobs［D］the freedom to stay and leave29.The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated.［A］as faithful partners［B］with economic favors［C］with legal tolerance［D］as mighty rivals30.Which is the best title for the passage?［A］Come and Go: Big Mistake［B］Living and Thriving: Great Risk［C］Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake［D］With or Without: Great RiskText 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we re doing. Subjects exposed to fast food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face <one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling>, we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly "thin slice〞information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in "thick sliced〞long term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dog can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high speed trend.31.The time needed in making decisions may.［A］vary according to the urgency of the situation［B］prove the complexity of our brain reaction［C］depend on the importance of the assessment［D］predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32.Our reaction to a fast food logo shows that snap decisions.［A］can be associative［B］are not unconscious［C］can be dangerous［D］are not impulsive33.To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should.［A］trust our first impression［B］do as people usually do［C］think before we act［D］ask for expert advice34.John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on.［A］critical assessment［B］"thin sliced〞study［C］sensible explanation［D］adequate information35.The author s attitude toward reversing the high speed trend is.［A］tolerant［B］uncertain［C］optimistic［D］doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe s top corporate governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action.Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?"Personally, I don t like quotas,〞Reding said recently. "But I like what the quotas do.〞Quotas get action: they "open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,〞according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding s reluctance—and her frustration. I don t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much "soft pressure〞is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Shery Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36.In the European corporate workplace, generally.［A］women take the lead［B］men have the final say［C］corporate governance is overwhelmed［D］senior management is family friendly37.The European Union s intended legislation is.［A］ a reflection of gender balance［B］ a reluctant choice［C］ a response to Reding s call［D］ a voluntary action38.According to Reding, quotas may help women.［A］get top business positions［B］see through the glass ceiling［C］balance work and family［D］anticipate legal results39.The author s attitude toward Reding s appeal is one of.［A］skepticism［B］objectiveness［C］indifference［D］approval40.Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of.［A］more social justice［B］massive media attention［C］suitable public policies［D］greater "soft pressure〞Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A G for each numbered paragraph <4145>.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 〔10 points〕［A］Live like a peasant［B］Balance your diet［C］Shopkeepers are your friends［D］Remember to treat yourself［E］Stick to what you need［F］Planning is everything［G］Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious."The community mental health team saved my life.And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I d lost. But it s still a day by day thing.〞Now he s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He s feeling positive, but he ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—"there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food〞—but eating well on a budget. Here s his advice for economical foodies.41.Impulsive spending isn t an option, so plan your week s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42.This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre packed in the supermarket chiller.43.You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off〞will be cooked or juiced.44.Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you ll feel comfortable asking if they ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they ll let you have for free.45.You won t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21—more than enough for a three course lunch at Michelin starred Arbutus. It s ￡16.95there—or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino s: I know which I d rather eat.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.〔15 points〕I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I ve been able to do this, since I was 4.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does—try to put it to one side. I don t think it s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1> inform them about the details and2> encourage them to participate.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming〞instead. Don t write your address.〔10 points〕Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1> interpret the chart, and2> give your comments.You should write about 150 words.〔15 points〕某高校学生兼职情况[20##试题超精解]1.［答案］［A］［考点］上下文逻辑关系［解析］此类考题形式表明本题考查上下文之间存在的逻辑关系,理解上下文并破解其逻辑关系是解题的关键.空格所在句的上句大意为：我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会；而本句大意为：一个无现金社会不太可能很快出现,由此可见上下文之间有转折关系.［A］项However意为"然而〞,表转折,符合题意；［B］项Moreover意为"而且〞,表递进；［C］项Therefore意为"因此〞,表结果；［D］项Otherwise意为"否则〞,表对比.2.［答案］［D］［考点］句内语义理解与介词辨析［解析］根据空格所在句中的but可知,本句前后两个分句存在转折关系.第二个分句大意为：这样一个〔无现金〕社会的预言没有实现,所以第一个分句大意应该为：这样的预言已经进行〔或存在〕了二十年.［D］项around作表语,表示"在存在,在使用中〞,符合题意.3.［答案］［B］［考点］上下文逻辑与名词辨析［解析］该句大意为：《商业周刊》于1975年就预言电子支付"将很快彻底改变金钱的〞.在无法猜测空格所需要词义的时候,我们可以采用"代入法〞,即：把四个选项分别放入句子试验,从而确定正确选项.［A］项power意为"力量,权利〞；［B］项concept意为"理念,概念〞；［C］项history意为"历史〞；［D］项role意为"角色〞.电子支付将会改变金钱这一概念,由此可知［B］项符合题意.4.［答案］［D］［考点］句内语义理解与动词词义辨析［解析］本句空格之前部分大意为：商业周刊于1975年就预言说电子支付"将彻底改变金钱这一概念〞,only to意为"却；不料竟会〞,表示结果出乎意料,itself指代商业周刊,由此推测空格中需要"否定〞或者"推翻〞等类似词义.［A］项reward意为"奖赏；报答〞；［B］项resist意为"抵制,抵抗〞；［C］项resume意为"重新开始,继续〞；［D］项reverse意为"推翻；使倒退；逆转〞,故［D］符合题意.5.［答案］［C］［考点］上下文逻辑与形容词词义辨析［解析］上文说明了早在1975年就有预言说无现金社会可能即将到来,而作者认为实际上真正的无现金社会不会马上到来,并通过事例证明.空格所在句子就是提问为什么会这样,也就是为什么无现金社会只可能缓慢到来,所以本题答案为［C］项slow.［A］项silent意为"安静的,沉默的〞；［B］项sudden意为"突然的〞；［D］项steady意为"平稳的；固定的〞,都与题意不符,故［D］排除.6.［答案］［B］［考点］上下文语义与动词词组辨析［解析］上一段最后提问"为什么无现金社会的到来如此缓慢〞,本段将分析其原因；同时, although引导的让步状语从句肯定了电子货币might be more convenient and may be more efficient<便捷,高效>,空格所在主句与从句之间存在转折关系,意思是说几个因素使得纸币系统不会消失.空格之前的动词work意为"起作用〞；与［B］项构成work against,意为"违背,妨碍；起反作用〞,符合题意；与［C］项构成work with,意为"与……共事,对……起作用〞；与［D］项构成work on,意为"从事……工作,对……起作用〞,都不符合题意,排除.7.［答案］［B］［考点］句内语义理解与形容词词义辨析［解析］空格所在句为纸币支付"不会〞消失的第一个原因,同时,空格中的形容词是对to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks〔安装电脑、读卡器,建立通讯网络〕的说明.［A］项imaginative意为"富有想象力的〞,明显不符合句意；［B］项expensive 意为"昂贵的〞,符合句意；［C］项sensitive意为"敏感的,灵感的〞,不符合句意；［D］项productive意为"多产的〞,不符合句意.8.［答案］［D］［考点］上下文逻辑与形容词词义辨析［解析］本段探讨电子货币不能取代纸币的原因,空格所在句意为"使得电子货币成为〔什么性质的〕支付方式〞,由此推断,空格中需要"主流,主要,流行〞等类似词义.［A］项similar意为"相似的〞；［B］项original意为"原始的,独创的〞；［C］项temporary意为"暂时的,临时的〞,与题意不符,排除.［D］项dominant意为"统治的,处于支配地位的〞,符合题意.9.［答案］［B］［考点］上下文逻辑与名词词义辨析［解析］空格所在句是电子货币不会取代纸质货币的第二个原因,就是纸质支票的一个优点；能〔什么〕receipt〔收据,发票；收入〕,由此推测空格中需要"提供〞等类似词义.［A］项collect意为"收集〞,与句意不符,排除；［B］项provide意为"提供〞,符合句意；［C］项copy 意为"复印〞；［D］项print意为"打印〞,不符合句意,排除.10.［答案］［A］［考点］句内语义理解与动词短语解析［解析］空格中动词短语的宾语是something,指代上文的advantage,即：纸质支票支付具有能够提供收据这一优势,而这一优势人们自然是不会放弃的.由此推测空格中需要填入意为"放弃〞之类的单词.［A］项give up意为"放弃〞,符合题意；［B］项take over意为"接管〞；［C］项bring back意为"拿回来；回想起〞；［D］项pass down意为"使流传,一代传一代〞,均不符合题意,可排除.11.［答案］［A］［考点］句内语义理解与连接词辨析［解析］空格中是连接词,连接两个分句,前一分句大意为：需要花几天,后一分句大意为：纸质钞票兑现；同时本句最后which引导的定语从句也对空格所在部分发生的事情做了解释：这就意味着可以获得利息.由此推断空格所在部分大意为：支票开出几天后才会兑现,由此确定本题答案为［A］项before.［注意］...time/times/number/amount/all...before…可视为固定句式,表示"多长时间/多少次数/多少数量/所有的都……才……〞之意.12.［答案］［D］［考点］句内语义理解与动词词义辨析［解析］空格所在部分与a check is cashed〔支票兑现〕通过and连接,为并列关系,语义相近；同时空格中被动态动词的主语为funds〔资金〕.由此推断空格中需要"提取,提款〞等类似词义.［A］项kept意为"保持,保存〞；［B］项borrowed意为"借,借款〞；［C］项released 意为"释放,发布〞,均不符合题意,可排除.［D］项withdrawn意为"取钱,提款；撤退〞,符合题意.13.［答案］［C］［考点］上下文逻辑与连接词辨析［解析］空格所在句子的上一句已经说明一个事实：the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float〞,由此推断electronic payments are immediate〔电子支付是即时的〕是they eliminate the float for the consumer<排除了消费者的在途资金>的原因.［A］项Unless意为"除非〞,表条件关系；［B］项Until意为"直到〞,表示时间关系；［C］项Because 意为"因为,由于〞,表因果关系,符合题意；［D］项Though意为"然而〞,表让步关系.14.［答案］［C］［考点］句内语义理解与动词词义解析［解析］空格中的动词为本句谓语动词,其主语是electronic means of payment〔电子支付方式〕,宾语是security and privacy concerns〔安全与隐私担忧〕.由此推断空格中需要"引起〞等类似词义.［A］项hide意为"躲藏；隐瞒〞；［B］项express意为"表达〞；［C］项raise 意为"引起；抬高；抚养〞,符合题意；［D］项ease意为"减轻,缓解〞.15.［答案］［C］［考点］句内语义理解与动词词义解析［解析］空格之前提到hacker〔黑客〕能够进入电脑数据库,那么下一个动作就是修改存储于数据库的信息.［A］项analyzed意为"分析〞；［B］项shared意为"分享,共有〞；［C］项stored意为"储存〞,符合题意；［D］项displayed意为"陈列,展示〞.16.［答案］［C］［考点］上下文逻辑与形容词词义辨析［解析］上一段最后一句提到我们常常听到黑客进入电脑数据库修改信息的事实,空格所在句中的this指代这一事实；同时,本句表示肯定,而前面又出现了否定词,所以要用双重否定,选填词汇意思应为不普遍的.［A］项unsafe意为"不安全的〞；［B］项unnatural意为"不自然的〞；［C］项uncommon意为"不是普遍的〞,符合题意.［D］项unclear意为"不清楚的〞.17.［答案］［A］［考点］句内语义理解与动词词义辨析［解析］空格中动词与access bank accounts in electronic payments systems<进入电子支付系统的银行账户>是并列谓语,其主语是dishonest persons〔不诚实的人们〕,由此可以推断他们进入银行账户的下一个动作就是"偷窃〞.［A］项steal意为"偷盗,偷窃〞,符合题意；［B］项choose意为"挑选〞；［C］项benefit意为"收益,有利于〞；［D］项return意为"归还,返回〞.18.［答案］［B］［考点］上下文逻辑与名词词义辨析［解析］空格所在句中的this type of fraud〔这种诈骗〕指代上文进入银行账户盗取他人资金的行为,结合空格之后的no easy task〔并非易事〕可以推断空格中需要"解决,应对〞或"预防〞等类似词义.［A］项consideration意为"考虑〞；［B］项prevention意为"阻止,防止〞,符合题意；［C］项manipulation意为"操纵〞；［D］项justification 意为"正当理由〞.19.［答案］［A］［考点］句内语义理解与动词短语辨析［解析］空格所在句子用and与上句连接,是并列关系,上句提到预防此类诈骗并非易事,本句大意为：计算机科学的一个崭新领域正在发展,由此推断其目的便是解决这个问题.［A］项cope with 意为"妥善处理,解决〞,符合题意；［B］项fight against 意为"反对〞；［C］项adapt to 意为"适应〞；［D］项call for 意为"需要,需求〞.20.［答案］［D］［考点］句内语义理解与名词词义辨析［解析］空格所在句子指出了人们对电子支付的另一个担忧：电子支付会留下电子形式的痕迹,其中包括大量有关个人购物习惯的信息.［A］项chunk 意为"厚块,大块〞；［B］项chip意为"芯片；薯条〞；［C］项path意为"小路,路〞；［D］项trail意为"痕迹,踪迹〞,符合题意.[全文翻译]想到电子货币的种种优势,你可能会认为我们会很快进入无现金社会,在这里,所有支付都以电子形式完成.然而,真正意义上的无现金社会不会很快到来.的确,早在二十年前就出现了无现金社会的预言,但是至今仍没有实现.例如,《商业周刊》于1975年就预言说电子支付形式将很快彻底改变金钱本身的概念,而结果却是几年后推翻了自己的预言.为什么进入无现金社会的过程这么缓慢呢？尽管比起纸质货币支付系统,电子支付更便捷、更高效,然而几个因素使得纸币支付系统不会消失.首先,要使电子货币成为主流支付方式,就必须安装电脑和读卡器并建立通讯网络,这是非常昂贵的；第二,纸质支票的优势是它能提供凭证,而很多顾客不愿放弃凭证；第三,使用纸质支票,顾客就有几日的在途资金,也就是说：要过几天支票才兑现,账户中的资金才被提取,这就意味着写支票的人可以得到几日的利息.由于电子支付时是即时的,就排除了顾客的在途资金；第四,电子支付可能会引起人们对安全和隐私问题的担忧.我们经常听到这样的媒体报道：黑客未经授权就能够进入电脑数据库,篡改其中存储的信息.此类事件的发生并非异常,这就意味着不诚实的人会进入电子支付系统的账户,从他人账户中盗走资金.预防此类诈骗行为并非易事,计算机科学的一个新领域正在发展,试图解决这一难题.人们对电子支付形式的另一种担忧是电子支付方式会留下一些痕迹,其中包含大量有关个人购物习惯的信息.人们担忧政府部门、雇主、销售人员可以获取这些信息,进而侵犯个人隐私.21.［答案］［A］［考点］例证题［正确项精解］例证题的解题思路是：先找到事例,如果事例出现在文章开头,其作用往往是引出主题或阐明观点；如果事例出现在行文之中,其作用是为了证明某一观点.本题中的joke出现在文章开头,其作用首先是引出文章主题,但是也有证明观点的作用.阅读得知,第一段全段都是joke的内容,于是要证明的观点应该出现在第二段,阅读第二段得知本段便是joke 所要阐明的观点,其大意为：高失业率和中产阶层收入下降的一个原因是全球化和信息技术的进步.由此确定［A］为本题答案.是对该句内容的"概括和同义替换〞.［干扰项分析］［B］就业压力的缓解,与本文谈论话题相反,属于"正反混淆〞；［C］纺织厂规模的缩减,与文章内容无关,属于"无中生有〞,［D］中产阶级收入减少,不是文章谈论的重点,文章重在谈论造成中产阶级收入减少的原因〔技术进步的影响〕,属于"偷换概念〞.22. ［答案］［D］［考点］细节题［正确项精解］限定在第三段.根据题干关键词to be a successful employee,精确定位到文章第三段的最后一句Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment,其中,stand out <突出>对应题干中的to be successful, 由此理解到要成为成功的员工,everyone needs to find their extra〔人人都需要找到自己超常的价值〕,也就是说their unique value contribution〔他们独特的贡献〕.［D］项中的contribute something unique是对their unique value contribution的同义改写,为本题的答案.属于"同义替换〞.［干扰项分析］［A］项的干扰来自于第三段:It can t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.文中意思是,雇主〔employer〕可以购买到便宜的软件,而不是说员工〔employee〕的情况,属于"偷换概念〞.［B］项a moderate salary在文中没有相关信息,属于"无中生有〞.［C］项的干扰来自第三段第一句In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job,could earn an average lifestyle.〔过去,掌握一般技术,从事一般性工作的人可以通过劳动过上普通的正常生活.〕显然文中是说过去平庸的人可以过上一般的生活,而［C］项将an average lifestyle安插在successful employee身上,属于"X冠李戴〞.23. ［答案］［B］［考点］例证题［正确项精解］本题中的quotation出现在第四段,属于文中引用〔举例〕,要证明的观点便是其上一句：Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there s been acceleration〔新技术一直并将继续吞噬工作岗位,但是近来有加速的趋势〕.由此可见［B］项为本题答案.如果前一句话确实理解不透,便可认真领会例子本身传递的道理.［B］项和［D］项内容相反,一般其中之一正确.［干扰项分析］［A］项gains of technology have been erased中的been erased在文中找不到依据,［C］项factories are making much less money than before也没有相关内容提与,属于"无中生有〞.文章第三段说明,工作岗位正在减少,而［D］项正好相反,属于"正反混淆〞.。
2013年考研《英语二》试题及答案：完形填空
2013年考研《英语二》试题及答案：完形填空2013年考研《英语二》试题及答案（完形填空）已公布，具体内容请各位考生及时查看如下，尽请关注！Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader,and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The ___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government,。
2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文主要分析了无现金社会为何迟迟不来的原因。
第一段是文章的中心段落，指出真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。
第二、三段从电子支付设备昂贵、纸质支票提供收据、使用纸质支票能获得浮存利息以及电子支付方式存在的安全隐私问题四个方面分析纸币系统得以继续存在的理由。
二、试题解析1．【答案】A （However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，两者之前出现了明显的转折关系，因此答案A。
B. moreover 表递进C.therefore 表结果D. Otherwise 表对比2．【答案】D （around）【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。
事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。
A. off 停止; B. back 返回; C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选 D. around 出现。
3．【答案】B （concept）【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975 年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定义），而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role 的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。
4．【答案】D （reverse）【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中 A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有 D 选项reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。
2013考研英语二真题及答案（详细版）【7】
2013考研英语二真题及答案（详细版）【7】Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. T o accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap de cisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly“thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reac tions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtful。
2013年考研英语二真题和答案
2013年考研英语二真题和答案2013年的考研英语二真题是许多考生备考过程中的重点之一。
本文将介绍2013年考研英语二的真题内容，并提供详细的答案解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对此次考试。
一、阅读理解本次考试的阅读理解部分共包含四篇短文，分别涉及科技、教育、社会和自然等方面。
以下是各篇短文的摘要和答案解析：1. 第一篇短文: 科技类该篇短文主要讲述了人工智能在现代社会中的应用和未来的发展前景。
答案解析：细节题主要涉及人工智能的优势和不足，以及人工智能在医疗、教育和交通等领域的应用。
2. 第二篇短文: 教育类该篇短文主要介绍了教育资源分配不均的问题以及如何改善教育公平。
答案解析：细节题主要考察对文章中提到的影响教育公平的因素以及解决方案的理解。
3. 第三篇短文: 社会类该篇短文主要探讨了社交媒体对人际关系和社会交往的影响。
答案解析：细节题主要考察社交媒体对个人社交行为和社会关系的积极和消极影响。
4. 第四篇短文: 自然类该篇短文主要讲述了生物多样性对生态系统稳定性的重要性及其保护的意义。
答案解析：细节题主要考察对生物多样性对生态系统功能的认识以及相关保护措施的理解。
二、完形填空完形填空部分共有一篇短文，讲述了一个关于勇气和友谊的动人故事。
以下是完形填空部分的答案解析：该篇短文主要传达了一个鼓励人勇敢追求梦想、面对逆境并提倡友谊的主题。
答案解析：该部分主要考察考生对文章整体意义的理解，同时也涉及一些细节信息的推理和推断。
三、概括大意与补全句子概括大意和补全句子部分共包含几个与阅读理解和完形填空部分相关的题目。
主要考察考生对文章主旨和段落结构的理解，以及根据上下文填充合适的句子。
四、阅读填空阅读填空部分共有一篇短文，文章主要讲述了关于教育改革的话题。
答案解析：该部分主要考察考生对文章主旨和关键信息的理解，以及根据上下文填写合适的单词或短语。
五、翻译翻译部分包含两个句子，分别是中译英和英译中。
该部分考察考生的翻译能力和语言运用能力。
2013年考研英语二真题和答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语二试题National Entrance Test of English Ⅱ for MA/MSCandidates (NETEM)Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1 in World WarⅡand the people they liberated, the GI. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5 an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name isn't much. GI.is just a military abbreviation 7 .Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka. Joe Magrac...a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.G.I. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character. or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B] served [C] rebelled [D] betrayed2.[A] actual [B] common [C] special [D] normal3.[A] bore [B] cased [C] removed [D] loaded4.[A] necessities [B] facilities [C] commodities [D] properties5.[A] and [B] nor [C] but [D] hence6.[A] for [B] into [C] form [D] against7.[A] meaning [B] implying [C] symbolizing [D] claiming8.[A] handed out [B] turn over [C] brought back [D] passed down9.[A] pushed [B] got [C] made [D] managed10.[A] ever [B] never [C] either [D] neither11.[A] disguised [B] disturbed [C] disputed [D] distinguished12.[A] company [B] collection [C] community [D] colony13.[A] employed [B] appointed [C] interviewed [D] questioned14.[A] ethical [B] military [C] political [D] human15.[A] ruined [B] commuted [C] patrolled [D] gained16.[A] paralleled [B] counteracted [C] duplicated[D] contradicted17.[A] neglected [B] avoided [C] emphasized [D] admired18.[A] stages [B] illusions [C] fragments [D] advances19.[A] With [B] To [C] Among [D] Beyond20.[A] on the contrary [B] by this means [C] from the outset [D] at that pointSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionText 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do wellon state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ ac ademic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls’identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singularlack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after "toddler" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences –or invent them where they did not previously exist.26. By saying "it is ... The rainbow"(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink _______.A should not be the sole representation of girlhoodB should not be associated with girls' innocenceC cannot explain girls' lack of imaginationD cannot influence girls' lives and interests27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?A Colors are encoded in girls' DNAB Blue used to be regarded as the color for girlsC Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing gendersD White is preferred by babies28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced by ________.[A] the marketing of products for children[B] the observation of children's nature[C] researches into children's behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________.A focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothesB attach equal importance to different gendersC classify consumers into smaller groupsD create some common shoppers' terms30. It can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____.A clearly explained by their inborn tendencyB fully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenD well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured membe rs that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dots’, explains Hans Sau er, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like______A. their executives to be activeB. judges to rule out gene patentingC. genes to be patentableD. the BIO to issue a warning32. Those who are against gene patents believe that_____A. genetic tests are not reliableB. only man-made products are patentableC. patents on genes depend much on innovationsD. courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for_____A. establishing disease correlationsB. discovering gene interactionsC. drawing pictures of genesD. identifying human DNA34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that_____A. the Supreme Court was authoritativeB. the BIO was a powerful organizationC. gene patenting was a great concernD. lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaki ng, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is_____A. criticalB. supportiveC. scornfulD. objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financiallyprudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes. Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the government[B]explore reasons for the unemployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believed that economic recession may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist'spersonal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself." His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 15 points) When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valsey or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-education people form developing counting are particularly likely to emigrants , A big survey of Indian households in 2004found that nearly 40% of emigrants had morn than a high-school education ,compared with around 3.3%of all Indian over the age of 25. This "brain drain" has long bothered policymakers in poor counties .They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled worker who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospital and come up with clever new product for their factories to makeSection IV WritingPart A47. DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary thatyou bought from an online store the other day, Write an email to the customer service center to1) Make a complaint and2) Demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "zhang wei "instead. 48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1) Describe the table, and2) Give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words (15points)2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语二答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1-5 BBAAC6-10 DCADB11-15 DBCDC16-20 ACBBDSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21-25 ACABDText 2 26-30 ABDCCText 3 31-35 CBACDText 4 36-40 DDBDAPart B41-45 AFGCEPart C当发展中国家的人们提起对移民的担忧，他们通常是在担心本国最优秀、最聪明的人前往发达国家的“硅谷”、医院和大学之后本国的前景。
2013考研英语二真题及答案（详细版）【9】
2013考研英语二真题及答案（详细版）【9】Text4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,”according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European union ’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”。
2013考研英语二真题翻译试题
2013考研英语二真题翻译试题+参考答案（及出处解析）46. I can pick a date from the past 53years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even theday of the week, I’ve been able to do this, since I was 4.I never feeloverwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems tobe able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of asad memory. I do what everybody does-try to put it to one side. I don’t thinkit’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’tmake my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfatherdied and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I alsoremember that the musical play hair opened on Broodway on the same day-theyboth just pop into my mind in the same way.从过去的53年里选择任何一天，我都能立刻回想起我那时在哪儿，当时有什么新闻，甚至连那天是星期几都能回想起来。
2013年考研英语二真题与答案解析
2013考研英语（二）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirecti ons:Read the followi ng text ・ Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the adva ntages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically・_ 1 __ a true cashless society is probably not around the comer.Indeed, predictions have been2for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payme nt would soon ''revolutionize the very 3 of money itself,'* only to ___ 4 __ itself _ several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless societybeen so __ 5 ___ in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a paymentssystem based on paper, several factors work ____ 6 __ the disappearanee of the papersystem ・First, it is very ____________ 7 ___ to set up the computer, card reader, andtelecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ______ 8 __ formof payme nt Second, paper checks have the adva ntage that they ______________________ 9__ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ____ 10 ___ ・ Third, the use of paperchecks gives consumers several days of '"float” - it takes several days _____________________________ 11 __check is cashed and funds are ____ 12 __ from the issuer's account, which means thatthe writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in themean time.13 electronic payme nts arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the con sumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may ____ 14 __ security and privacy concerns.We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access acomputer database and to alter information ____ 15 ___ there. The fact that this is notan ___ 16 ___ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bankaccounts in electr onic payments systems and ___ 17 _from some one else's accounts.The __ 18 ___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer scieneeelectr onic means of payme nt leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data ・There are concerns that gover nment, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1 ・[A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] cone ept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B]sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [CJwith [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise (D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] un comm on [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevent!on [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailis developing to __ 19 __ security issues ・A further concer n is that the use ofSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirecti ons:Read the following four texts・ Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled 44 Making It in America H ,the author Adam Davidsonrelates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today, ” a man and a dog・ The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.Da vidson ' s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appearedmaking the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment anddeclining middle-class incomes today is also because of the adva nces in bothglobalization and the informatio n tech no logy revolution, which are more rapidlythan ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job could earn anaverage lifestyle ,But,today ‘average is officially over. Being a verage just wonearn you what it used to. It can 't when so many more employers have so muchmore access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics,cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius ・ Therefore, every one n eeds tofind their extra-their unique value contributi on that makes them stand out inwhatever is their field of employment.Yes, new tech no logy has been eati ng jobs forever, and always will. But therebeen an acceleration. As Davidson notes, ” In the 10 阀希MI用[U.S.]factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared ・There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services・ But the one thing we know for sure isthat with each advance in globalization and the l・T・ revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more andbetter education to make themselves above average・In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, butnothing would be more important than passing some kind of G」.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that everyAmerican has access to poet-high school education.21 ・ The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate _______ .[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class in comes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to _________[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that _______[A] gains of tech no logy have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is _______[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] to advanee economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic in eluded settlers andsojoumers. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in theUnited States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrivedwhile about 2 million departed ・ About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eve ntually retur ned to Italy for good ・ They even had an affectionatenickname, “ uccelli di passaggio, " birds of passage・Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers intotwo categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in themaking, or our broken immigrati on system and the long political paralysis overhow to fix it. We don ' t need more categories, but weneed to change the way wethink about categoriesWe need to look bey ond strict definitions of legal and ・illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living andthriving in the gray areas ・ We might then begi n to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, homehealth- care aides and physicists are among today * sbirds of passage・ They areenergetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money andideas ・ They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can man age tohave a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities withease・ We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can beproductive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We needthem to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to twonations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudeson both sides of the immigration battle ・Looking beyond the culture war logic ofright or wrong means openi ng up the middle ground and un dersta nding thatmanaging immigratio n today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes ・Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system・26 “ Birds of passage ” refers to those who ______ ・[A] immigrate across the Atlantic[B] leave their home countries for good[C] stay in a foreign temporarily[D] find permanent jobs overseas27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US _______ ・[A] needs new immigrant categories[B] has loosened control over immigrants[C] should be adopted to meet challenges[DJhas been fixed via political means28 According to the author, today ' s birds of passage want _____[A] financial incentives・[B] a global recog nition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs・[DJthe freedom to stay and leave・29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated _[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors・[C] with regal toleranee.[D] as mighty rivals・30 which is the best title of the passage?[A] come and go: big mistake[B] living and thriving : great risk[C] with or without: great risk [DJIegal or illegal: big mistakeScientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if wetake a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react veryminute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snapdecisionsin reaction to rapid stimuli aren ' t exclusiveinterpersonal realm ・ Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, eventhough reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast fooddoing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences ・ If we know we will overreact to consumerrepresentatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying .If we know female job scree ners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside scree ners.long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck Ion ger evaluati on; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiatesus from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes ・ But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the Ion ger term ・ Although technology might change the way we react, it has ncha nged our n ature ・ We still have the imaginative temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.Joh n Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that wequickly “ thin sliceinformation reliably only after we ground such snap reactionsin u thick slicedText 3Snap decisions can be importantdefe nse mecha nisms; if we are judgingquickly, within millisec onds. But we need more time to assess other factors ・ To accurately tell whethersome one is sociable, studies show, wen eedatleast ato thewith speed and impatie neeand carry those impulses into whatever else we' reproducts or housing options when we see a happy face (onereason good salescapacity to rise above31 ・ The time needed in making decisions may ____・[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions ______ .[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. To reverse the n egative in fluences of snap decisi ons, we should _____ ・[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on ______ ・[A] critical assessment[B] 1 thin sliced 1 study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate in formation35. The author ' s attitude toward reversing the high -speed trend is __________ ・[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplaceof senior will n ever be completely family — frie ndly until women are partmanagement decisions, and Europe * s top oapogoajtaruije positions remainoverwhelm!ngly male・ Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards・The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certainproportion of wome n・up to 60 perce nt・ This proposed man date was born of frustration ・Last year,VivianeEurope Commission Vice Preside ntReding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership・ But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporateLadder fairy as they balance work and family?“ Personally, I don ' t like quotas, ” Reding said recently.But i like what the quotas do. w Quotas get action: they 44 open and they breakthrough the glass ceiling, ” according to Reding, a result seen in France and othercoun tries with legally bindi ng provisi ons on placing women in top busi nesspositions ・I understand Reding ' sreluctanee ・and her frustration・ I don *t like quotaseither; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable・Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it doeslook as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered・After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europeas the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotio n of women to topposition —no matter how much “ soft pressure 91is put upon them・ When womendo break through to the summit of corporate power-as, for example, SherylSan dberg recently did at Facebook —they attract massive attentio n preciselybecause they remain the exception to the rule・If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women — whether CEOs ortheir children ' csaregivers a-nd all families, Sandberg would be no morenewsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally ______ ・[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union ' s intended legislation is _________ ・[A] a reflection of gender balanee[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding ' s call[D] a voluntary action38. According to Reding, quotas may help women________ ・[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balanee work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author ' s attitude toward Reding 1 s appeal is one of ___________ ・[B] objectiveness[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of __________ ・[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] great er “ soft pressurePart BDirecti ons:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitableheading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his£ 60 a week to s love of good food with living on ben efits. After bills, Tony has£ 40of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £ 130,000 a I year working in corporate communications andeating at London's betft restaurants'11 at least twice a week・ Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and hisdrinking became serious・”The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree,when people responded to the blog so well・ It gaveme the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing.11 Nowhe's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feelingpositive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - ”there are so many people in a much worsestate, with barely any money to spend on food” - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies・[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is everything[G] Waste not, want not41. ____________________Impulsive spendi ng isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in adva nee, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities・ I have an Exceltemplate for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balanee your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42 _____________________________________________________________This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy・ With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43 ________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough・ Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish・Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to M go off will be cooked or juiced・44 ___________________________________Every one says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters ・ Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things f and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, They will let you have for free.45 _________________You worVt be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every fewmonths treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaur ant - £ 1.75 a week for threemonths gives you £ 2*1 ・ more tharT enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin- starred Arbutus・It's £ 16.95 there ・ or £ 12.99 for a large pizza fromDomino*s: I know which rd rather eat.Section III TranslationDirecti ons:Translate the following text from English into Chinese・ Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week・ Ive been able to do this sinceI was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs mymind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly・ When Ithink of a sad memory, I do what everyone does・try to put it to one side・ I don 'tthink it ' shader for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memorydoesn 11 make my emotions any more acute or vivid・ I can recall the day mygrandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before・I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the Broadway on the sameday- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV Writing47・ Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help・ Write yourclassmates an email to1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate ・2) Don't use your own n ame, use “Li Ming w in stead ・Don't write your address.(10 points)48 write an essay based on the following chart・ In your writing, you should "interpret the chart and 2)give your comments2013考研英语(二)答案Section I use of English1 •【答案】 A (However )【解析】空前作者讲到•鉴于电子货币的擁，你也许会诙，我们将快速步入非现金社会. 实现完全电子支付。
2013年考研英语二真题与答案解析
2013考研英语〔二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word<s> for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. <10 points>Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___ a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been___2___for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself," only to___4___itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so___5___in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work___6___the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very___7___to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the___8___form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they___9___receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days___11___ a check is cashed and funds are___12___from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may___14___security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information___15___there. The fact that this is not an ___16___ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and___17___from someone else's accounts. The___18___of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to___19___security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic___20___that contains a large amount of personaldata. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. <40 points>Text 1In an essay entitled "Making It in America", the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: Theaverage mill only two employees today," a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines."Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job,could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes," In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______.[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] to advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio," birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right orwrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 "Birds of passage" refers to those who____.[A] immigrate across the Atlantic[B] leave their home countries for good[C] stay in a foreign temporarily[D]find permanent jobs overseas27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US ____.[A] needs new immigrant categories[B] has loosened control over immigrants[C] should be adopted to meet challenges[D]has been fixed via political means28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___[A] financial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D]the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D]as mighty rivals.30 which is the best title of the passage?[A] come and go: big mistake[B] living and thriving : great risk[C] with or without : great risk[D]legal or illegal: big mistakeText 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face <one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling>, we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly "thin slice" information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in "thick sliced" long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘thin sliced’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversin g the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management d ecisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards. The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?"Personally, I don’t like quot as," Reding said recently. "But i like what the quotas do." Quotas get action: they "open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling," according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much "soft pressure " is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater"soft pressure"Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph <41-45>.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. <10 points>The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation andconfidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is everything[G] Waste not, want not41._____________________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42____________________________________________________________This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43_________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.44___________________________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, They will let you have for free.45__________________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - £1.75 a week for three months gives you £21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starredArbutus. It's £16.95 there - or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. <15 points>I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make m y emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV Writing47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1> inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .2> Don’t use your own name, use "Li Ming" instead. Don’t write your address.<10 points>48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1>interpret the chart and2>give your commentsYou should write about 150 words2013考研英语〔二答案Section I use of English1．[答案]A〔However[解析]空前作者讲到"鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。