余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(新西兰的组成)【圣才出品】

第33章新西兰的组成

33.1 复习笔记

Ⅰ. Geography

Ⅱ. Climate

Ⅲ. Plants and Animals

Ⅳ. Historical Background

1. Before 1840

2. The Treaty of Waitangi 1840

3. After 1840

4. The 1870s and after

5. Social changes

6. The 1930s and 1940s

7. After World War Ⅱ

Ⅴ. Notable New Zealanders

Ⅵ. Maoritanga

1. Origins

2. Traditional history

3. Everyday life before 1840

4. Society

5. Race relations

6. Recent developments

Ⅰ. Geography

1. New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean, halfway between the equator and the South Pole.

2. It has two main Islands: North Island and South Island.

3. North and South Islands are long and narrow; from Cape Reinga in the far north to Bluff at the very south of South Island is 1,770 km.

4. New Zealand is just west of the International Date Line, so it is the first country to get the new day. It has only one time zone.

5. The highest peak, Mt Cook, 3,764 meters, is in the centre of the mountain range, which is called the Southern Alps.

6. In North Island the central plateau is dominated by 3 volcanic mountains. Ruapehu and Ngaurohoe are active volcanoes. The third mountain, Tongariro is dormant.

7. The centre of North Island is a volcanic and geothermal area. There are pools of boiling mud and boiling water.

8. Lake T aupo is the largest lake in New Zealand.

9. The largest river is the Clutha in South Island.

10. The two largest North Island rivers, the Waikato and the Wanganui.

11. Apart from occasional storms and flooding, and droughts in some areas,

earthquakes and volcanoes are the most serious potential natural disasters. Ⅰ. 地形

1. 新西兰位于太平洋南部，在赤道和南极点正中间。

2. 两个主要岛屿：北岛和南岛。

3. 北岛和南岛从北部雷恩加角延伸到南部绝壁1770千米。

4. 新西兰在国际日界线的西部，是第一个迎来新一天的国家。只有一个时区。

5. 最高峰库克山，海拔3764米，位于山脉中间，叫做南阿尔卑斯山。

6. 北岛中部高原由3个火山组成：鲁阿佩胡火山和高卢胡火山是活火山，汤加里罗火山处于休眠期。

7. 北岛中心是火山多地热区，有沸泥塘和沸水湖。

8. 陶波湖是新西兰最大的湖。

9. 克鲁沙河是南岛最大的河。

10. 北岛最大的河有两个：怀卡托河和黄加雷河。

11. 除了偶尔的风暴，洪水和干旱以外，地震和火山爆发是最严重的自然灾害。

Ⅱ. Climate

1. The climate of New Zealand is generally temperate, but because the country runs north to south, the climate is varied.

2. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South Island it is almost subarctic.

3. Summer is seldom uncomfortably hot, and in winter snow usually falls only in

high country and in the far south. Rain falls all year, but it rains more in the winter.

4. The highest rainfall is on the west coast.

Ⅱ. 气候

1. 新西兰气候普遍温和，但是从北到南气候不同。

2. 最北方是亚热带气候，南岛的一些山区是亚极地气候。

3. 夏天不会很热，冬天只在高地下雪。在最南方成天下雨，尤其冬天较多。

4. 降雨最多的地方在西海岸。

Ⅲ. Plants and Animals

1. Many of New Zealand’s native flowering plants are unique. Some of the world’s oldest plant forms can be found here.

2. New Zealand native trees are evergreens, so the country remains green all year round.

3. New Zealand evergreen giants include the kauri and totara trees, flax plants, toitoi or pampas grass, and the “cabbage tree”, the yellow kowhai flower and the red pohutukawa.

4. New Zealand has 250 species of birds. The kiwi is a national symbol and New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.

5. The only native land mammals are two species of bats.

6. All other animals have been introduced, mostly from England.

Ⅲ. 植物和动物

1. 新西兰本地植物千奇百怪，一些世界上最古老的植物就在这里。

2. 新西兰本地树种四季常青，所以这个国家常年都是绿色的。

3. 新西兰长青植物有贝壳杉，罗汉松，亚麻树，蒲苇，巨朱蕉。有黄色的四翅槐和桃金娘科常绿树。

4. 新西兰有250种鸟。几维这种无翼鸟是国家象征。新西兰人称他们自己为几维。

5. 唯一的本土哺乳动物是两种蝙蝠。

6. 其他所有动物都是引进的，大部分来自英国。

Ⅳ. Historical Background

1. Before 1840

(1) There are two histories: the Maori history and the European history.

(2) The first European to visit New Zealand was a Dutchman, Abel Tasman.

(3) The first Englishman to visit New Zealand was Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy.

(4) In 1840 the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders.

(5) In 1840 Hobson, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed

the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand was founded.

Ⅳ. 历史背景

1. 1840年以前

(1) 有两段历史：毛利人历史和欧洲人历史。

(2) 第一个来新西兰的欧洲人是荷兰人阿贝尔·塔斯曼。

(3) 第一个来新西兰的英国人是英国皇家海军的吉姆·库克船长。

(4) 1840年，第一个官方州长霍布森和毛利领导人协商。

(5) 1840年霍布森代表维多利亚女王和毛利领导人签署了怀唐伊条约。新西兰成立。

2. The Treaty of Waitangi 1840

(1) The Treaty was an agreement between the chiefs of the Maori people and the

British Crown on behalf of the whalers, sealers, traders and missionaries who had been settling in New Zealand since the early 1800s.

2. 怀唐伊条约

(1) 该条约是毛利领导人和代表19世纪定居在新西兰的商人，贸易人的英国政府签订的条约。

(2) The Treaty has three articles.

①Under the first article, the Maori people gave the Queen of England t he right to make laws for the country;

②The second article promised the Maori full exclusive undisturbed possession over their lands, forests, fisheries and other treasured possessions. If Maori owners wanted to sell land, only the Crown had the right to buy;

③Under the third article Maoris were granted all the rights and privileges of British subjects.

(3) The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand

National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.

(2) 该条约有三大条款：

①第一条规定了英国女王在新西兰有立法权。