语言学概论练习题
语言学概论作业 （二）
一、名词解释
1、语法形式：语法形式是语法意义在语言中的外部表现，是语法意义的外部标志，表现语法意义的形
式就是语法形式。
2、语法手段：语法手段就是表达语法意义的语法形式概括成的类别。
3、语法范畴：语法范畴是通过词的变化形式表现出来的语法意义概括出来的类别。
4、社会方言：社会方言是社会内部不同年龄、性别、职业、阶级、阶层的人们在语言使用上表现出来的
一些变异，是言语社团的一种标志。
5、混合语：两种或几种语言，在一定社会条件下，互相接触而产生的混杂语言
二、填空
1、语法的（组合规则）和（聚合规则）构成一种语言的语法规则。
2、语法单位主要有( 语素 词 词组 句子 )。
3、句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型，例如"什么书他都喜欢看。"是（陈
述句 ）。
4．从意义和作用看，词可以分为（ 实词 ）和（ 虚词 ）两大类。
5．语法研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫（ 句法 ），词以下的规则叫（ 词法 ）。
6．根据在词中的不同作用，一般把语素分成（词根 ）、（ 词缀 ）、（ 词尾 ） 三类，例
如"学习"中的两个语素是（ 词根 ）， "being"中的ing是（词尾 ），"reader"中的er是（ 词
缀 ）。
7．根据语素在词中的不同作用，把词根和词缀叫作（ 构词 ）语素，把词尾叫作（ 变词 ）
语素。
8．由词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的词，称为（ 复合词 ） 。由词根语素和词缀组合起来
构成的词称为（ 派生词 ）。
9．（ 主谓 ）、（ 述宾 ）、（ 述补 ）、（ 偏正 ）、（ 联合 ）是语言
里最基本的结构格式。
10．体现语法形式的语法手段主要有（ 选词、词序、虚词、形态变化 ）。
11．几种句子格式表示相同或相近的结构意义，称为（ 句法同义 ）。同一个句子表示几种不同
的结构意义，称为（ 句法多义 ）。
12．从语法结构角度分类，一般把世界上的语言分为（孤立语 ）、（ 屈折语 ）、（ 粘着
语 ）、（ 复综语 ）四种类型，汉语属于（ 孤立语 ）。
三、单项选择
1．下列说法正确的是（ B ）
A． 语法的组合规则是潜在的 B． 语法的聚合规则是潜在的
C． 语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D． 语法的聚合规则存在于书面语言中
2．（ C ）在语言中处于枢纽地位，一般把作为分析语法结构的最重要的语法单位。
A．句子 B.词组 C.词 D.语素
3．对英语单词"workers"的分析，（ D ）是正确的。
A． work是词干 B． er是词尾
C． s是词缀，严格说是后缀 D． work和 er都是构词语素
4．下列各组词中全都属于复合词的一组是（ B ）
A． 领导 大街 reader B． 国家 月球 railway
C． 老师 刷子 unlike D． 考虑 作家 classmate
5．下列说法（ D ）是正确的。
A．"离开、环境 比拟、协议"都是派生词
B．"study. look. think.door"都是派生词
C．"变化、广义、扒手、左手"都是复合词
D．"留心、伤心、老鼠、impossible"都是合成词。
6．下列词组中全都属于述宾结构的一组是（ C ）。
A． 太阳红 月儿明 I read the book
B． 吃干净 放在一边 the sun rises
C． 看电影 种庄稼 to play football
D． 金色的年华 红五月 to leave a good memory
7．下列词组（ B ）的结构与"我的故乡"相同。
A． 休息几天 太可笑 B． the red sun a warm welcome
C． to waken me to tell her D． 祖国富强 人民幸福
8．下列词组只有（ D ）没有歧义。
A． 两个朋友送的花瓶 B． 发现了敌人的哨兵
C． 看打球的小女孩 D． 折断了猎人的枪
9．英语动词"be"有八种变化形式，下列句子中，只有（ B ）使用正确。
A． He be good child. B． I am a teacher.
C． They is peasant. D． You was workers.
10．俄语、汉语、日语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是（ D ）：
A． 粘着语-屈折语-孤立语 B． 屈折语-粘着语-孤立语
C． 孤立语-屈折语-粘着语 D． 屈折语-孤立语-粘着语
11．下列句子符合英语语法规则的是（ D ）
A．He am a studentes. B．She is a students.
C．I were a student. D．You are a student.
12．英语名词后面加上词尾s或es，这种变化属于语法范畴中的（B ）变化。
A．性 B．数 C．格 D．体
13．与"春光明媚"结构相同的组合是（C ）
A．阳光的温暖 B．马上开始 C．The sun rise. D．Worker and peasant.
14．下列句子有歧义的一句是（ B ）。
A．那里的茶花很多。 B．那里的杜鹃很多。
C．那里的月季很多。 D．那里的玫瑰很多。
15．英语"He writes a letter "中动词writes中的s表示的语法意义是（C ）。
A．性 B．数 C．人称 D．格
四、分析题
1．用层次分析法分析下列句法结构
（1） 这 是 一 个 鲜 花 盛 开 的 村 庄
） 这 是 一 个 鲜 花 盛 开 的 村 庄
|___||_____________________________|
主 谓
|___||_________________________|
述 宾
|___||_____________________|
偏 正
|______________||______|
偏 正
|______||_______|
主 谓
（2） 非 常 热 爱 祖 国 和 人 民 的 英 雄
|___________||_______________________|
述 宾
|___||_______||________________||______|
偏 正 偏 正
|_______||________|
联 合
b.非 常 热 爱 祖 国 和 人 民 的 英 雄
|_____________________________||_____|
偏 正
|___________||_________________|
述 宾
|_____||_____||_______||________|
偏 正 联 合
2．变换下列句子，使其具有句法同义关系
（1） 激流冲垮了堤岸 、
激流把堤岸冲垮了。堤岸被激流冲垮了。
（2）老王同志按时完成了组织上交给他的任务
老王同志按时把组织上交给他的任务完成了。
组织上交给老王的任务他按时完成了
3．用变换方法区分下列句法多义的句子
（1） 咬死了猎人的猎狗
（2）三个少数民族学生
a. 那条咬死了猎人的猎狗非常凶猛。
b. 野豹咬死了猎人的猎狗。
c. 三个少数民族的学生站满了操场。
d. 少数民族的三个学生是玉姬、哈桑、库尔班
五、问答题
1、 汉语用“男、女”“雌、雄”“公、母”“阴、阳”等表示事物的“性别”，能说明汉语有“性”的
语法范畴吗？
2、语言发展的原因和特点是什么？
一，原因：社会因素（外因）1，社会发展带动语言的发展，2，社会的统一和分化导致了语 言的发展，3，
社会的接触推动语言的发展 4，社会的发展使语言日趋精密，日益完善。 心理因素（外因） ：思维是诸
多的心理因素中对语言的发展影响最大的因素。语言结构要素 互相影响（内因） ：语言是一个符号系统，
它内部的各要素经常处于对立统一的关系之中。 相互间保持一种平衡状态。如果其中一个要素因社会条件
发生了变化，平衡受到破坏，其他 各要素就得随之做出调整，达到新的平衡。这种平衡，打破，平衡模式
的不断出现。就促使 语言不断地发展。
3、语音演变规律有哪些特点？
受纯语音性条件的限制而发生整齐一致的变化：语音演变根据一定的语音条件而发生，所有语言符号中凡
符合该语音条件的音要变一起变，语法语义条件不起作用。（如在尖团合流的变化中，只要符合声母是精组
和见组、韵母是细音的语音条件，都合流为舌面前声母；不论含有这些声母的字是名词性的、动词性的、
形容词性的，也不管它们表达了什么语义。）⑵ 系统性：同一个语音变化往往涉及因某个区别特征相同而
聚合的一组音。如尖团合流中同属于舌尖前音的ts、ts'、s等音一起变化，同属于舌面后音的k、k'、x等音
也一起变化。
⑶ 时间和地域的限制：语音演变是一种可能的变化而不是必然的变化。它只在一定的时间和地域范围内起
作用。因此一种语音演变往往在有的方言中发生，在另一些方言中不发生，在有的方言中变得快，有的方
言中变得慢。这一特点也就是语音演变在语言外时空中的不平衡性。
把上述音变规律的特点概括起来，简单地说，就是：音变规律具有条件性（语音条件）、时间性（只在某一
时期中演变）和地域性（只在某一地区演变）三大特点，规律性和系统性是由这些特点决定的音变的结果。
《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案
《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/shehas never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphereor maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicatedof the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4.When –ing in ‘gangling’is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing hisideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they arecollectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese andKorean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-Polynesian Key: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic wordswhich consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called_____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing withaddressee relationship—continually ca tegorized as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairs Key: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of languagea. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correcta. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morphemea. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word dischargeda. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlya. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct.This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other name would smellas sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules inEnglish.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stayadjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent Parameter Key: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisitionA. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymy Key: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as_______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “inter nation alism” should beregarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntact ic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John is a student.” belongs to__________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a word or a fragment ofa sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/FKey: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/FKey: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms andcollocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usually indicates a rathernarrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/FKey: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form a syntactic unit thatis less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences ofindividual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/F Key: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maxim actuallyworks and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/FKey: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to makegrammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11.Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact that childrenacquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal. Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so language is only oneaspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.Key: T15.Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and theirpatterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship betweenwords in a sentence.Key: Tnguage is genetically transmitted.Key: F19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive.Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study that deals with thefactors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Key: T22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [?] and [?] are all fricative in English, but [?] and [?] are alveolar while [f] and [v] aredental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure,and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, and N.Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or oneshape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs.Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction where constituentshave been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words.Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are called tones. Languagesusing tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships, rather than lexicalones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.T/FKey: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category. T/FKey: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/FKey: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/F Key: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by N. Chomsky. Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricatesKey: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution to the proposition ofSpeech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixation and suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ writing.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internal reconstruction and the_______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard language to the non-standardlanguage, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalization of the language arecalled “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of words is functionallyequivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key: Endocentric_9.It’s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it’s used for _________.Key: human communication10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed _________ in languagetesting, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.Key: validity11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of thespeaker.Key: displacementnguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structure of ___________. Key: meaning13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and _________phonetics. Key: acoustic14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________ stress.Key: sentence15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________.Key: [ ];16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology and derivational morphology. Key: .inflectional17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurity and ambiguityaccords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point ofthe vocal tract are called_______.Key: consonants19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: prescriptive20.The sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.” ______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”Key: entaills21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branchesof ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.Key: social22. Clear［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution.Key: complementary23.A ________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.Key: root24.A ________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.Key: complex25.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of________ antonyms.Key: complementary26.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utterance27.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. Asa characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________.Key: transfer31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels of languages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.Key: free34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all of them can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35.________is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members are not regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as an example to indicate the ________ function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables an d ________morphemes.Key: 341. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and they are mainly of the _________gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______ components. Key: semantic44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions and attitudes of the speaker.Key: expressive47. As language is a product and capacity of the human brain, many psychologists and linguists have tried to examine the relation between language and the brain, developing a new branch of science called________.Key: psycholinguistics48. The production of any speech sound involves the movement of an airstream. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by ______ egressive airstream mechanism.Key: oral49. Some speech sounds involves the simultaneous use of two places of articulation. For example, the English [w] has both an approximation of the two lips and that of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, and may be termed______.Key: labial-velar50. ________ is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning.Key: synonymy51. The ________family includes most of the European languages and marry languages spoken in North India and in the two Americas and Australia.Key: Indo-European52. _________or analytic languages refer to those which depend on invariable roots or stems and word order to indicate their grammatical relations.Key: Isolating53. When we consider the variation relating to what the user is trying to do with language, whether teaching, persuading, advertising or instructing, we are dealing with addressee relationship, contextually categorized as __________.Key: tenor of discourse54. ________means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages, but the communication systems of certain animals do not have this feature. For instance, some male birds posses calls which female birds do not have.Key: Interchangeability55. ________ refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another sound, so that the sounds become less alike.Key: dissimilation56. The __________ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Key: morpheme57. In English, prepositions and verbs determine particular forms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them. This requirement is called _______ in linguistics.Key: collocation58. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of。
语言学概论习题
语言学概论习题【练习与思考】一、填空题1、语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的（）（）（）三个方面的属性。
2、语音同其它声音一样，也具有（）（）（）（）四个要素。
3、人类的发音器官可分为（）（）（）三大部分。
4、在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的，叫做（）发音器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做（）发音器官。
5、口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是（）6、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。
7、根据发音特点，音素可以分为（）和（）两类。
8、每个元音的音质是由（）（）（）三个方面的因素决定的。
9、辅音的发音特点是主要由（）和（）两个方面决定的。
10、[t]—[d]的区别性特征表现为（）对立。
11、汉语拼音方案是以（）字母为基础制订的。
12、语音中具有辨义作用的最小单位是（）。
13、一个音位通常是归纳几个音素的结果，那么，属于同一音位的几个音素叫（）。
14、一般把具有辨义作用的音高、音强、音长形成的音位分别叫做（）（）（）。
15、（）是听觉上能够自然辨别出来的最小语音单位，它也是语音中最小的（）单位。
16、汉语的音节通常可以分为（）、（）和（）三部分，其中韵母又分（）、（）、（）三部分，声母和韵母是由（）音位构成的，声调由超音质音位的（）构成的。
17、常见的语流音变主要有（）（）（）（）四种。
18、我们在念“老虎”时，通常要把“老”念成类似阳平，这种变化叫做（）。
二、分析题1、根据发音特点描述，分别写出相对应的元音或辅音。
①舌面后半低圆唇元音；②舌面前半高不圆唇元音；③舌面前低不圆唇元音；④舌面后高圆唇元音；⑤舌面前高圆唇元音；⑥舌面后半高不圆唇元音；⑦双唇不送气清塞音；⑧舌尖中浊鼻音；⑨舌根清擦音；⑩舌尖前送气清塞擦音；2、指出下列各组音素的区别特征。
[p‘]－[p][f]－[v][??]－[??][n]－[l][y]－[i][y]－[u]三、名词解释1、语音2、音质3、音素4、音标5、半元音6、音位7、音位变体8、条件变体9、自由变体10、典型变体11、超音质音位12、音高13、音强14、音长15、区别性特征16、二合元音17、复辅音18、语流音变19、同化20、异化21、弱化22、脱落23、历史音变24、语音规律四、思考题1、与其他声音相比，语音的突出特点是什么？2、在没有看见人的情况下，为什么我们能分辨出是男子说话还是妇女说话？是大人说话还是小孩说话来呢？3、举例说明什么是音素？为什么要强调在一次发音中来辨别音素？4、造成不同音质的原因有哪些？5、音长、音高、音强和音质的联系？6、语音的社会性表现在哪些方面？7、国际音标有哪些优点？8、元音和辅音的区别有哪些？9、音位的主要特征是什么？10、音位、音素、音位变体的关系？11、条件变体和自由变体有何区别？12、划分和归并音位的基本原则是什么？13、为什么说音位总是属于具体语言或方言的？14、特定语言中的音位系统大致包括哪些内容？15、不同语言或方言音位系统的差异主要表现在哪些方面？16、语音规律的制约条件主要有哪些？17、音位体系的演变包括哪些内容？18、举例说明语音的同化与异化、弱化与脱落。
语言学概论练习题(有答案)
语言学概论练习题（有答案），很棒哦~~今天最新增加了北语历年真题2000-2009，还有语言学、文字学专业复试完整版（04-07年），还有北大的真题，也可以作为练习和参考。
但是我要声明：里面的北语真题很全，但是电子版的资料是我在网上四处找到的，不是北语的资料，不能代替北语的笔记，只作为参考。
我这里有夏大的语概的练习题，宝贵之处是他有答案，而且题目出的也不错。
可以作为复习的参考资料（但是不否认里面有一小部分题目和北语的笔记有点点出入，大家遇到这样的地方还要以北语笔记为准）,有些题目的设置和答案做的是很不错的，特别是思考题部分和北语的试题比较接近。
这里先把第一、二章的内容给大家。
第1-2章：思考题部分1、汉人说的就是汉语，英国人说的就是英语，对吗？为什么？注意!!!不正确。
语言不是说话，不管中国人还是英国人，他们说出来的话属于言语的一部分内容，是具体的、个别的言语活动；而他们在说话时所遵循的确定的规则才是语言。
人们所说的话是使用语言的产物，即运用语言才产生的言语活动。
因此，我们不能把人们所说的话与他们所使用的语言等同起来。
2、语言与言语的区别和联系是什么？为什么要把语言和言语区分开来？语言是词汇系统和语法系统的总和，是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的、有规律可循而又成系统的那一部分；说话就是对规则系统的运用，相同的规则生成不同的句子。
语言和言语的主要区别：（1）从运用角度来说：言语是自由的；而语言是有规则的，不自由的。
（2）从语言学角度分析：言语包括张口说话的动作（言语动作）、说话代码（语言）以及说、写、想的话（言语作品）；而语言是言语中较为确定的部分。
（3）从表现形式看：言语是个人的，有个人特点；而语言是社会的。
（4）从哲学角度看：言语是具体的、个别的；而语言是抽象的、一般的。
语言和言语的联系：（1）语言存在于言语之中。
（2）语言存在以说话的需要为前提。
（3）言语是对语言的具体运用，是行为和结果。
自考_语言学概论_分章节练习题[1]
![自考_语言学概论_分章节练习题[1]](https://360docs-1393072327.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/4f3b640dec630b1c59eef8c75fbfc77da26997a0.webp)
自考_语言学概论_分章节练习题[1]第一章语言和语言学一、单项选择题1.语言的客观存在形式首先表现为口语。
语言学是指研究语言的科学。
2.在个别情况下，当口语已经发生巨大变化而书面语长期保持古代语言的面貌不变时，就可能产生言文脱节的现象。
3.在我国，白话文代替文言文的时间是五四运动以后。
4.世界各国都把书面语的产生作为文明史的开端。
5.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感是确定一个“民族”的最根本的标准。
6.语言是最直观最容易识别的民族标志。
7.口语是语言的有声客观存在形式。
8.书面语虽然在口语的基础上产生，但也影响口语的发展。
9.口语和书面语都有两个方面：一方面是表示一定意义的声音或图形，这是一种物理现象；另一方面则是由声音或图形表示的意义，那是一种心理现象。
10.人与人的口头交际过程是非常复杂的，从通信理论的角度可以将之理解为编码和解码的过程。
11.主张把语言和言语分开的代表人和集大成的学者是现代语言之父索绪尔，他的代表作是《普通语言学教程》。
12.语言符号的特点有：任意性、强制性、可变性、离散性、线性。
13.索绪尔创立的语言学，使语言学成为现代意义的科学。
14.言语活动可以分为语言和言语两个分支，即索绪尔提出人类言语活动可分为语言和言语两个部分。
15.语言和言语：“语言”是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的有规律可循而又成为系统的那一部分。
言语是个人“说话”的具体行为和结果，在每个人的发音、用词和使用的句子结构等方面体现出个人特色。
16.书面语和口语的关系是：前者是第二性的，后者是第-性的。
17.口语和书面语的所谓一致，是指基本的语言成分。
18.语言符号的物质实体（语音）和所表示的意义（语义）之间没有必然的理据关系，这说明，语言符号具有任意性。
19.语言符号是离散的，在时间这根轴上成线性排列。
语言符号的线性特征使离散的语言符号有可能组合成大小不等的语言单位，组合成连续的语流。
20.在语言系统的各个子系统中，语音系统的系统性最强。
《语言学概论》练习
语言学概论练习一、填空1、语言的底层是（），语言的上层是（）。
2、北京话［ts、ts`、s］聚合成群依据的区别特征是（）。
3、“歌”和“喝”两字的声母在发音上的不同，是由于前者使用（）的发音方法，而后者使用（）的发音方法。
4．声音具有（）、（）、（）、（）这四种声学特征。
5．按照舌位的前后，可以把舌面元音分为（）、（）、（）。
6.同一音位的条件变体除出现的条件（）外，也必须在（）上相似。
7．基本词汇有三个特点：（）、（）、（）。
8．词汇的单位有两种: 一种是（），另一种是（）。
9.超音段音位主要包括（）、（）和（）。
10.词汇的发展变化大致包括（）、（）、（）。
11．语言符号的特点是（）（）。
12．汉语属于（）语系，俄语属于（）语族，英语属于（）语族。
13．语言发展的特点是（）（）。
14．舌面元音分类的标准是（）（）（）。
15．发音方法与[f]相同的舌面前音是（）。
舌位最低的央元音是（）。
16．语拼音字母“sh”，国际音标写为（）。
17．文字产生之前，人类曾经用（）（）来记事。
18．根据语言形态学分类，世界上的语言可分为（）（）（）（）。
19．现代使用最广泛的字母是（）。
20．语言作为工具的两个主要功能是可以用于（）和（）。
21．语言符号具有（）和强制性的对立统一，线条性和（）对立统一。
22．以辅音结尾的音节叫做（）。
23．句法结构的意义可以分为（）和（）两种。
24．多义词具有几个义项，但并不引起表义混乱，是因为（）的限制作用。
25．用直接成分分析法分析汉语，与主语对应的成分一般叫做（），与宾语对应的成分一般叫做（）。
26．从一定的意义上说克里奥尔语是变成了母语的（）。
27．（）现象是一种语言替换另外一种语言的必经阶段。
28．（）的出现是语言统一的表现，方言和（）的出现是语言分化的结果。
29．文字可以分为（）文字和（）文字两个大类型。
30．一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。
31．语言结构类型中的（）的特点是，词的本身缺乏形态变化，不能直接反映词的语法结构意义。
语言学概论练习题
导言&第一章一、选择：1. 在印度，传统语文学研究的文化经典主要是（ B ）。
A. 训诂学B. 宗教典籍C. 《圣经》D. 音韵学2.下列关于语言的功能表述中，不正确的是（ C ）。
A. 语言的功能是客观存在的B. 语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能C. 语言的人际互动功能是语言的本质D. 语言思维功能的生理基础是大脑3.（ C ）是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。
A. 身势B. 旗语C. 语言D. 文字4.思维方式的差异更多的体现在不同语言在表达思想时（ A ）方面的特点。
A. 语法B. 词汇C. 语音D. 句法5.儿童语言的习得的临界期是在（ A ）。
A. 十一二岁B. 三四岁C. 八九岁D. 十三四岁二、填空：1.语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。
2.语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的最基本的手段。
3. 语言是说话者和听话者交际互动的工具。
4. 独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句，这是孩子学话中的关键的两步。
5.孩子最早的智力活动就是学话。
三、判断：1.语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。
（√）2.旗语是建立在语言基础上的再编码形式。
（×）3.语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。
（√）4.独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句，这是孩子学话中的关键的两步。
（√）5.思维的普遍性决定语言的普遍性。
（×）导言＆第一章答案：选择： 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.A填空： 1.信息传递2.最基本3.语言4.独词句5.学话判断： 1. √2. ×语言改为文字3. √4.√5. ×思维改为语言；语言改为思维第二章选择题1、语言系统的组成规则主要表现为（ B）A、系统的二层性B、结构的层次性C、结构的二层性D、系统的层次性2、人类语言和其他动物的交际方式的本质区别（A ）A、单位的明晰性B、开拓性C、结构的层次性D、发展性3、语言符号和语言符号进入组合之后最大的特点是（ A）A、可论证性B、任意性和可论证性C、随意性D、随意性和可论证性4、早在先秦时期，我国的（C ）就提出了著名的“约定俗成”的观点。
《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案
《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and producesentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing afavorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what iscommunicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4.When –ing in ‘gangling’ is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way ofcreating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positionsof importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way ofexpressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to theword, they are collectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. Assimilation Key: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family.Vietnamese and Korean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD.Malayo-PolynesianKey: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemicwords which consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which standin specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of anotheris called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ isproposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. Austin Key: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language,we are dealing with addressee relationship—continually categori zed as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a specialtype of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairsKey: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labele d as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of language?a. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]?a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?a. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morpheme?a. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word discharged?a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?a. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning ratherthan by instinct. This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other namewould smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipientshould stay adjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent ParameterKey: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, andpersonal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of anotheris called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaningand sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in thehearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account ofthe meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z]can be labeled as _______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word“inter nation alism” should be regarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntactic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John isa student.” belongs to __________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a wordor a fragment of a sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/FKey: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix canbe added to it. T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/F Key: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation ofwords, idioms and collocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usuallyindicates a rather narrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/F Key: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form asyntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitualco-occurrences of individual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/FKey: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maximactually works and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/FKey: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combinedto make grammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11. Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact thatchildren acquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal.Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal systemof communication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so languageis only one aspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary. Key: T15.Descriptive linguisti cs aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e., totell people what they should say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech soundsand their patterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntacticrelationship between words in a sentence.Key: Tnguage is genetically transmitted.Key: F19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive.Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study thatdeals with the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.Key: T22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [] and [] are all fricative in English, but [] and [] arealveolar while [f] and [v] are dental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements insentence structure, and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, andN. Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing oneword or one shape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs. Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction whereconstituents have been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words. Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are calledtones. Languages using tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships,rather than lexical ones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the CooperativePrinciple, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spokenform. T/FKey: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “Thelinguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. T/FKey: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/F Key: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition,unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a languagesuccessfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/FKey: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ isproposed by N. Chomsky.Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which standin specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricates Key: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution tothe proposition of Speech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixationand suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ wri ting.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internalreconstruction and the _______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic_______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard language to thenon-standard language, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalizationof the language are called “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of words isfunctionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key: Endocentric_9.It’s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it’s used for_________.Key: human communication10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed _________ inlanguage testing, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test. Key: validity11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituation of the speaker.Key: displacementnguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structureof ___________.Key: meaning13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and_________ phonetics.Key: acoustic14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________ stress.Key: sentence15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________.Key: [];16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology and derivationalmorphology.Key: .inflectional17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurityand ambiguity accords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstreamat some point of the vocal tract are called_______.Key: consonants19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. Key: prescriptive20.The sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.” ______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”Key: entaills21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links withother branches of ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.Key: social22. Clear［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution. Key: complementary23.A ________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.Key: root24.A ________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.Key: complex25.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of ________ antonyms.Key: complementary26.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utterance27.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________. Key: transfer31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they aretransmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels oflanguages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitutionof one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.Key: free34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all ofthem can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35.________is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members arenot regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as anexample to indicate the ________ function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use oflanguage.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together andthe air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables and ________morphemes.Key: 341. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words ina language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns,and they are mainly of the _________gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______components.Key: semantic44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in thesentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none ofthe words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions andattitudes of the speaker.Key: expressive。
语言学：语言学概论考试试题
语言学：语言学概论考试试题1、填空题语言学的三大发源地：（）正确答案：中国、印度、希腊—罗马2、名词解释语言融合正确答案：是指某个民族或某个民族中一部分人放弃本民族的语言而专用其他民族的语言，一种语言取代其（江南博哥）他语言，成为不同民族共同的交际工具，又叫语言转用、语言同化或语言替换。
3、多选下列有关普通话的表述中，正确的有（）A.以北京语音为标准音B.以北京话为基础方言C.以北方方言为基础方言D.以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范E.以历代经典的文学作品为语法规范正确答案：A, C, D4、名词解释通语正确答案：或称凡语、凡通语、通名等，是杨雄《方言》一书用来指西汉时没有地域限制，通行比较广的共同语的术语。
5、名词解释词汇意义（词义）正确答案：由人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价。
词典的释义所说明的一般都是词的词汇意义。
6、填空题根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
正确答案：语言的谱系分类、语言的发生学分类7、单选下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是（）A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究正确答案：B8、名词解释社会语言学正确答案：用社会学的方法研究社会上的形形色色的语言变异等问题9、问答题简答复元音与几个相连的单元音的区别。
正确答案：复元音的几个成分同属于一个音节，发音时发音器官只有一次肌肉紧张；相连的单元音则各自分属于不同的音节，发音时有几个元音就有几次肌肉紧张；复元音是一个整体，发音时发音器官的运动是连续滑动的，元音的音质是不间断地逐渐变化的，中间会产生一连串的过渡音。
几个相连的单元音是彼此独立的整体，发音时发音器官的运动是跳跃式的，元音的音质是突变的，中间没有过渡音。
10、填空题句子结构关系的意义可以分为（）意义和（）意义两种。
正确答案：显性；隐性11、名词解释单纯字符正确答案：不能再分解为更小字符的字符。
语言学概论 书本 习题及答案
线条性：是语言符号与符号之间的相互关系表现出来的特点，说话 的时候，语言符号只能一个跟一个依次出现，在时间的线条上延伸， 不能在空间上展开。语言符号的线条性特点使语言符号能够组成各种 结构序列。
1、 语言学（ 研究语言规律的学科） 2、小学（围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，以“字”为单位 的“小学”：文字、音韵、训诂学） 3、普通语言学（普通语言学，以所有语言为研究对象；探讨各种语言 所共有的属性和共同的规律。） 4、个别语言学（个别语言学研究个别语言的结构体系和结构规律。现 代汉语，汉语语音学，英语词汇学。） 5、共时语言学（又叫静态语言学。它以语言在历史发展过程中某一特 定状态中的语言系统为研究对象,揭示语言的内部结构规律，分析各种 语言单位,描写语言规则,而不考虑时间的因素。）
知识
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品质 [] 班级 [] 开封 [] 语言 [] 学习
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故事 [] 苦菜 [] 花朵 []
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三、名词解释 1、语音( 语音是人类发音器官发出的含有一定意义的声音，是语
言的物质外壳（表现形式）。 2、音质(音的性质，本质特色，又叫”音色”→一个音区别于其他
语言的组合关系和聚合关系。 8、为什么说组合关系和聚合关系是语言体系中两种最基本的关系？
组合关系和聚合关系是组成语言符号系统的一个纲。语言符号系统 的每一个的单位都既可以和别的同类单位组合，也可以和别的同类单 位聚合。我们把语言比作一个装置，那么这个装置就是靠组合和聚合 运转的。
语言学概论的试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案语言学概论试题及答案（一）：一、单项选择题（本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是贴合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．决定两种话是不一样语言还是同一种语言的不一样方言就应主要参考（C）A．相互理解程度B．语言结构的差异程度C．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．是否属于同一个国家2．关于“说话”这种口头交际行为，下列说法正确的一项是（D）A．只涉及心理问题，不涉及物理和生理问题B．只涉及物理问题，不涉及生理和心理问题C．只涉及生理问题，不涉及物理和心理问题D．既涉及心理问题，又涉及生理和物理问题3．关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确的一项是（B）A．在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B．能起区别语言好处作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C．音长是由发音体振动的持续时光决定的D．音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的4．下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是（B）A．音位是透过区别特征相互区别的B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性C．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立5．关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确的一项是（B）A．复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B．复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结C．复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D．复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象6．从语言信息处理技术本身来看，下列各项中，属于未来一段时光研究的主攻方向的是（D）A．文字编码B．语音识别C．文本检索D．机器翻译7．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是（A）A．[k，] B．[m，n] C．[n，] D．[k，p]8．北京话“面”单念时读作[mi?n]，但“面包”却读作[mi?mp u]，这种语流音变现象是（C）A．弱化B．增音C．同化D．异化9．关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素，下列说法不正确的一项是（C）A．“洗”是成词语素，“浴”是不成词语素B．“洗”是自由语素，“浴”是黏着语素C．“洗”是不定位语素，“浴”是定位语素D．“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是（A）A．席卷耳鸣地震B．打倒切断推翻C．发光散热出气D．天地欢乐爱好11．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致状况的一组是（D）A．丹麦挪威法兰西B．沙拉咖啡麦当劳C．卡车啤酒立邦漆D．香波克隆好莱坞12．汉语中的词类（词的语法分类）能够首先分出的两个大类是（B）A．基本词和非基本词B．实词和虚词C．典型词和兼类词D．体词和谓词13．语法现象能够分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象”，其中“核心语法现象”主要是指（D）A．词语搭配问题B．好处表达问题C．语音实现问题D．句法结构问题14．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指（C）A．语素和语素组B．语素组和词C．词和词组D．词组和句子15．语法规则的“抽象性”是指（A）A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C．语法规则之间能够相互推导和解释D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢16．下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”（层次分析法）的表述，不正确的一项是（D）A．从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一向切分到词为止B．从最小的词开始逐层组合，一向组合到词组为止C．分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有好处”D．分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17．“汽车”和“卡车”是（A）A．上下位词B．同义词C．等义词D．近义词18．下列各项中，语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是（B）A．这样做不值得B．他跑过去开门C．我们单位需要增加编制D．他们正在研究如何筹集资金19．下列各项中，甲和乙是预设关系的一项是（C）A．（甲）他买了一支钢笔//（乙）他买了一支笔B．（甲）老王在小李的左边//（乙）小李在老王的右边C．（甲）他早就不在学校工作了//（乙）他以前在学校工作过D．（甲）什么水果他都吃过//（乙）他吃过苹果20．文字最基本的单位是（B）A．笔画B．字符C．偏旁D．部首21．根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类，已知自源文字都属于（A）A．词语文字B．语素文字C．音节文字D．音位文字22．在语言谱系分类的层级体系中，最大的类别是（C）A．语族B．语支C．语系D．语群23．在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言潜力是（C）A．语音潜力B．语汇潜力C．语法潜力D．语义潜力24．“萨丕尔（E。