2019年博士研究生招生考试初试试题
安徽师范大学2019年博士研究生招生考试初试试题
考生请注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸上的无效!
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2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题
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安徽师范大学2019年博士研究生招生考试初试试题
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上海海洋大学普通生物学博士真题2019
上海海洋大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：普通生物学考试时间：月日
（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）
一、名词解释：
1、内吞作用
2、无限维管束
3、光周期诱导
4、氧化磷酸化
5、细胞分化
二、简答题：
1、光合作用的光反应和暗反应有何区别？
2、请叙述细胞有丝分裂过程中发生的主要事件。
3、请以体液免疫为例，讨论机体免疫反应的特点。
4、以生长素为例，说明植物激素的作用机制。
5、请叙述物质跨膜运输的主要形式及其过程。
三、论述题：
1、某河流受到有机污染，河水变黑发臭，请运用生物学知识为该河流设计一个治理方案
2、论述某种环境致突变污染物的长期作用可能对生物个体、种群、群落以及生态系统造成的影响及其作用机制
1
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2019年昆明理工大学考博试题材料科学基础
昆明理工大学2019年博士研究生招生考试试题
考试科目代码：2028 考试科目名称：材料科学基础
考生答题须知
1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
昆明理工大学2019年考博英语试题-9页精选文档
昆明理工大学2019年秋季入学博士生招生考试试题考试科目代码：1111 考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：全校考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
Part I Listening Comprehension (10 points)特别说明：听力理解题的Directions 以印在试题册上的为准。
Directions: In this part you will hear 20 statements. Each statement will be spoken only once. At the end of the statement you will be given 20 seconds to answer each of the questions. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.The questions are printed out for youNow please listen:1.The speaker is talking to a ________.A.doctorB. pharmacistC. mechanicD. waiter2.What is the speaker’s attitude ?A.He couldn’t agree any more.B. He agrees completely.C. He agrees partially.D. He couldn’t stand it any more.3.How much did Mr. Dawson pay for the sweater?A. $30B. $13C. $80D. $184.What does staying healthy mean today?A. You should often go to a doctor.B. Going to a doctor regularly helps.C. Keep fit and strong all the time.D. You should never go to a doctor.5.Where is the speaker ?A. In a bank.B. In a restaurant.C. In an office.D. In a shop.6.The speaker regretted having ___________.A. missed the gameB. gone to the gameC. won the gameD. missed the bet7.What does the speaker think about teachers?A.Teachers get much satisfaction from work.B.Teachers get little satisfaction from work..C.Few teachers are satisfied with their work.D.Few teachers feel satisfied with their salary.8.The speaker is comparing two _________.A. research projectsB. political declarationsC. kinds of candiesD. political events9.What does the speaker mean?A. John was unhappy with his dormitory.B. John’s dormitory wasn’t full.C. John didn’t meet me at the door.D. There wasn’t any vacant room.10.What does the statement imply?A. We are sorry that we both failed.B. Mary is envious of Jane’s success.C. We are amazed by the fact.D. Jane is envious of Mary’s success.11.The speaker thinks that ___________.A. writing is his favorite courseB.he prefers other courses to compositionC.one particular course is better than writingD. he doesn’t like any course, least of writing12.What does the speaker imply?A. He didn’t finish the exercises yesterday.B. The exercises were handed in yesterday.C. He knew the exercises should be handed in today.D. He doesn’t need to hand in the exercises today.13.The speaker was _________ minutes late.A. 50B. 15C. 30D. 1014.What does the statement mean?A. The speaker didn’t attend the exam.B. The speaker didn’t do the spelling.C. The speaker was good at spelling.D. The speaker ignored his spelling.15.According to the statement, the house is _________.A. badly builtB. noisy insideC. very dirtyD. in disorder16.The weather last weekend was ___________.A. warm and dryB. cold and wetC. cool and crispD. sunny and lovely17.Joe went to court because he was a __________.A. law breakerB. trainee lawyerC. friend of the judgeD. traffic policeman18.Where did the speaker think they were supposed to meet?A. On the platform.B. On the train.C. Near the stairs.D. At the information desk.19.What is being described?A. Telephone.B. Telegraph.C. Microfilm.D. Microscope.20.How long was the coach delayed?A. Three hours and forty-five minutes.B. Five and a half hours.C. Two hours and forty-five minutes.D. Eight hours and fifteen minutes.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: In this section, there are forty incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.21.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens________ the first grade.A.leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances22.That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only ________ necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of23.Haven’t I told you I don’t want you keeping ________ with those awful riding-about bicycle boys?panyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place24.This platform would collapse if all of us ________ on it.A.standB. stoodC. would standD. had stood25.It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash. Virtually allfinancial ________ will be conducted by computer.A.transactionsB. transmissionsC. transitionsD. transformations26.The purpose of a ________ is to cut down imports in order to protect domestic industry and workers fromforeign competition.A.taxB. tollC. feeD. tariff27.We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always______.A.inexplicableB. healthyC. soundD. straight28.The director was critical ________ the way we were doing the work.A.atB. inC. ofD. with29.He came back later, ________ which time they had left.A.afterB. byC. fromD. foring extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unityin style.A.conflictB. confrontationC. disturbanceD. disharmony31.He promised me a letter, he ought to ________ it days ago.A.have writtenB. writeC. had writtenD. be writing32.The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not ______ for reelection.A.admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable33.Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar intheir ________ aspects.A.potentialB. socialC. essentialD. partial34.Negro slavery, many claimed, was good for all ________.A.concernedB. is concernedC. to concernD. that concerns35.We think ________ possible for them to fulfil their task in a few weeks..A.itB. thatC. whatD. this36.________ China is mobilized to go all out to build the country into a powerful, modern, socialist country.A.WholeB. The wholeC. The whole ofD. The all of37.________, we shall go out for a picnic on MondayA.Weather permitsB. Weather permittedC. Weather permittingD. With weather to permit38.Prof. Ward hardly ever went to ________ the theatre.A.neither the cinema norB. either the cinema norC. neither the cinema orD. either the cinema or39.Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s end..A.exceedinglyB. excessivelyC. extensivelyD. exclusively40.The monopoly-capitalist group ______ many smaller enterprises last year.A.integratedB. mergedC. combinedD. collected41.This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.A.superiorB. advantageousC. superD. beneficial42.Scholars maintain that social development can easily ________ language changes.A.bring upB. bring aboutC. bring outD. bring forward43.They are a firm of good repute and have large financial ________.A.reservesB. savingsC. storagesD. resources44.The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our ________ almost two hours later.A. designationB. destinyC. destinationD. dignity45.The government is trying to do something to ________ better understanding between the twp countries.A.raiseB. promoteC. heightenD. increase46.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ________ the color of his skin.A.with the exception ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. regardless of47.That sound doesn’t ________ in his language, so it’s difficult for him to pronounce it.A.happenB. occurC. haveD. take place48.My students found the book ________; it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.A.enlighteningB. confusingC. distractingD. amusing49.I _______ you that the goods will be delivered next week.A.insistB. confirmC. assureD. ensure50.In many countries tobacco and medicine are government ________.A.controlB. monopolyC. businessD. belongings51.In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointly controlled by a central computersystem..A. independentlyB. individuallyC. irrespectivelyD. irregularly52.They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was that night began to fall.A. itB. thatC. whichD. what53.The last half of the nineteenth century _________ the steady improvement in the means of travel.A. toldB. declaredC. viewedD. witnessed54.At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror ________ curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. gave way toD. did away with55.In most countries, the metric system has been ________ for all measurement..A. admittedB. adaptedC. appliedD. adopted56.One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its ability to________ further research and furtherthinking about a particular topic.A. inventB. stimulateC. renovateD. advocate57.There is a general ________ that pouring old wine into the same bottles is the wrong way to go.A. consensusB. censusC. censorshipD. conscience58.You are just the same ________you were the day when I first met you.A. thatB. asC. likeD. so59.Jack never dreams of _______ for him to be sent abroad to study very soon.A. being a chanceB. there being a chanceC. there to be a chanceD. there be a chance60.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ________ and should be avoided if possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relativePart III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Write the appropriate letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:Psychiatrists who work with older parents say that maturity can be an asset in child rearing ——older parents are more thoughtful, use less physical discipline and spend more time with their children. But raising kids takes money and energy. Many older parents find themselves balancing their limited financial resources, declining energy and failing health against the growing demands of an active child. Dying and leaving young children is probably the older people’s biggest, and often unspoken, fear. Having late-life children, says an economics professor, often means parents, particularly fathers, “end up retiring much later.”For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream.Henry Metcalf, a 54-year-old journalist, knows it takes money to raise kids. But he’s also worried that his energy will give out first. Sure, he can still ride bikes with his athletic fifth grader, but he’s learned that young atheart doesn’t mean young. Lately he’s been taking afternoon naps to keep up his energy. “My body is aging,”says Metcalf, “You can’t get away from that.”Often, older parents hear the ticking of another kind of biological clock. Therapists who work with middle-aged and aged parents say fears about aging are nothing to laugh at. “They worry they’ll be mistaken for grandparents, or that they’ll need help getting up out of those little chairs in nursery school,” says Joann Galst, a New York psychologist. But at the core of those little fears there is often a much bigger one: “that they won’t be alive enough to support and protect their child,” she says.Many late-life parents, though, say their children came at just the right time. After marrying late and undergoing years of fertility treatment, Marilyn Nolen and her husband, Randy, had twins. “We both wanted children,” says Marilyn, who was 55 when she gave birth. The twins have given the couple what they desired for years, “a sense of family.”Kids of older dads are often smarter, happier and more sociable because their fathers are more involved in their lives. “The dads are older, more mature,” says Dr. Silber, “and more ready to focus on parenting.”61. Why do psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child rearing?A. Older parents can better balance their resources against children’s demands.B. Older parents are usually more experienced in bringing up their children.C. Older parents are often better prepared financially.D. Older parents can take better care of their children.62. What does the author mean by saying “For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream” (Line 6-7, Para. 1)?A. They have to go on working beyond their retirement age.B. They can’t get full pension unless they work some extra years.C. They can’t obtain the retirement benefits they have dreamed of.D. They are reluctant to retire when they reach their retiring age.63. The author gives the example of Henry Melcalf to show that ______.A. many people are young in spirit despite their advanced ageB. taking afternoon naps is a good way to maintain energyC. older parents tend to be concerned about their aging bodiesD. older parents should exercise more to keep up with their athletic children64. What’s the biggest fear of older parents according to New York psychologist Joann Galst?A. Being laughed at by other people.B. Slowing down of their paces of life.C. Being mistaken for grandparents.D. Approaching of death.65. What do we learn abut Marilyn and Randy Nolen?A. They thought they were examples of successful fertility treatment.B. Not until they had the twins did they feel they had formed a family.C. They believed that children born of older parents would be smarter.D. Not until they reached middle age did they think of having children.Passage 2Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:Americans usually consider themselves a friendly people. Their friendships, however, tend to be shorter and more casual than friendships among people from other cultures. It is not uncommon for Americans to have only one close friend during their lifetime, and consider other “friends” to be just social acquaintances. This attitude probably has something to do with American mobility and the fact that Americans do not like to be dependent on other people. They tend to be “ompartmentahze（划分）friendships, having “friends at work”, “friends on thesoftball team”, “family friends”, etc.Because the United States is a highly active society, full of movement and change, people always seem to be on the go. In this highly changed atmosphere, Americans can sometimes seem brusque（无理的）or impatient. They want to get to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something else. Sometimes, early on, they will ask you questions that you may feel very personal. No insult is intended; the questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity, and their impatience to get to the heart of the matter. And the same goes for you. If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them, do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves. Americans are usually eager to explain all about their country or anything “American” in which you may be interested. So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening. It doesn’t matter because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation. They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores, for example, than deal with silence.On the other hand, don’t expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs, unless those subjects directly involve the United States. Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations, some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.66. The general topic of the passage is ________.A. American cultureB. American societyC. Americans’ activitiesD. Americans’ personality67. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?A. Americans do not like to depend on other people.B. Friendships among Americans tend to be casual.C. Americans know a lot about international affairs.D. Americans always seem to be on the go.68. The phrase “highly changed” (Paragraph 2) most probably means ________.A. extremely freeB. highly responsibleC. very cheerfulD. full of mobility and change69. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A. Americans want to participate in all kinds of activitiesB. Americans’ character is affected by their social and geographical environmentC. Americans do not know how to deal with silenceD. Curiosity is characteristic of Americans70. According to the passage, Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world because _______.A. they are not interested in other countriesB. they are too proud of themselvesC. their country does not have many neighboring nationsD. they are too busy to learn about other countriesPassage 3Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage:The year 1400 opened with more peacefulness than usual in England. Only a few months before Richard II, weak, wicked, and treacherous, had been deposed, and Henry IV declared king in his stead. But it was only a seeming peacefulness, lasting for but a little while; for though King Henry proved himself a just and a merciful man, as justice and mercy went with the men of iron of those days——and though he did not care to shed blood needlessly, there were many noble families who had been benefited by King Richard during his reign, and who had lost somewhat of their power and prestige from the coming in of the new king.Among these were a number of great lords who had been degraded from their former titles and estates, from which degradation免职King Richard had lifted them. They planned to fall upon King Henry and his followers and to massacre them during a great tournament which was being held at Oxford. And they might havesucceeded had not one of their own members betrayed them. But Henry did not appear at the lists; whereupon, knowing that he had been lodging at Windsor with only a few attendants, the conspirators marched there against him. In the meantime, the king had been warned of the plot, so that instead of finding him in the royal castle, they discovered through their scouts that he had hurried to London, and that he was marching against them at the head of a considerable army. So nothing was left but fight. One and another, they were all caught and some killed. Those few who found friends faithful and bold enough to afford them shelter dragged those friends down in their own ruin.71. What does the author seem to think of King Henry ?A. He was the best king England had ever had.B. He was a better ruler than King Richard.C. He was unfair and cowardly.D. He was just as evil as King Richard.72. How did King Henry find out about the plot ?A. His scouts discovered it.B. He saw the conspirators coming.C. One of the conspirators told him.D. He found a copy of the conspirators’ plan.73. Why did the nobles wish to kill King Henry?A. Henry had taken away power given to them by King Richard.B. Henry was weak, treacherous, and wicked.C. Henry had needlessly killed members of their families.D. Henry had killed King Richard.74. It can be inferred that Richard II’s reign was ________.A. peacefulB. corruptC. democraticD. illegal75. The main purpose of the passage is to ________.A. prove that Richard II was a bad kingB. explain the customs of fifteenth-century EnglandC. describe some typical English kingsD. discuss the conspiracy against Henry IVPassage 4Questions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage:The full influence of mechanization began shortly after 1850, when a variety of machines came rapidly into use. The introduction of these machines frequently created rebellions by workers who were fearful that the machines would rob them of their work. Patrick Bell, in Scotland, and Cyrus McCormick, in United States, produced threshing machines打谷机. Ingenious improvements were made in plows to compensate for different soil types. Stream power came into use in 1860s on large farms. Hay rakes, hay-loaders, and various special harvesting machines were produced. Milking machines appeared. The internal-combustion engine run by gasoline became the chief power source for the farm.In time, the number of certain farm machines that came into use skyrocketed and changed the nature of farming. Between 1940 and 1960, for example, 12 million horses and mules gave way to 5 million tractors. Tractors offer many features that are attractive to farmers. There are, for example, numerous attachments: cultivators that can penetrate the soil to varying depths, rotary hoes that chop weeds; spray devices that can spray pesticides杀虫剂in lands 100 feet across, and many others.A piece of equipment has now been invented or adapted for virtually every laborious hand or animal operation on the farm. In the United States, for example, cotton, tobacco, hay, and grain are planted, treated for pests and diseased, fertilized, cultivated and harvested by machine. Large devices shake fruit and nut from trees, grain and blend feed, and dry grain and hay. Equipment is now available to put just the right amount of fertilizer in just the right place, to spray an exact row width, and to count out, space, and plant just the right number of seeds for a row.Mechanization is not used in agriculture in many parts of Latin America, Africa. Agriculture innovation is accepted fastest where agriculture is already profitable and progressive. Some mechanization has reached the level of plantation agriculture in parts of the tropics, but even today much of that land is laboriously worked bypeople leading draft animals pulling primitive plows.The problems of mechanization in some areas are not only cultural in nature. For examples, tropical soils and crops differ markedly from those in temperate areas that the machines are designed for, so adaptations have to be made. But the greatest obstacle to mechanization is the fear in underdeveloped countries that the workers who are displaced by machines would not find work elsewhere. Introducing mechanization into such areas requires careful planning.76. Which of the following best summarize the main idea of the first paragraph?A. The introduction of machines into agricultural work created rebellions by the workers.B. The use of internal-combustion engine run by gasoline became the chief power for the farm working.C. The mechanization of agricultural work gradually robbed many farmers of their work.D. Steam power began to be used in farming machines in the 1860s to yield production.77. In some areas of Latin America,A. mechanization is not yet used in agriculture.B. mechanization is accepted fastest.C. a lot of farm work is still done in the traditional way.D. primitive plows are no longer in use.78. By saying that “the problems of mechanizing some areas are not only cultural in nature”, the author meansA. mechanization is not yet introduced in some areas for reasons other than culture.B. human and animal labor in some areas are less expensive.C. different kinds of tools are used in different cultures.D. culture is the only factor that obstacles the introduction of mechanization.79. Which of the following statements about farmer’s attitude to mechanization is true?A. Farmers are all very happy to work with farming machines.B. Nearly all the farm works can be done by the machines, so many farmers go to work in cities.C. farm works become easy for the workers, so they love mechanization.D. Farm works don’t need many workers, so they are anxious about their own job opportunities.80. According to the passage, we can infer thatA. mechanization can be introduced to all areas for economic growth.B. human and animal labor in most areas are required.C. mechanization should be considered carefully in some countries.D. different kinds of mechanized farming tools are used in different cultures.Part IV Translation ( 20 points )Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translations should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (81) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (82) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers. They may alter the structure of education; they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. (83) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communication, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, (84) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. (85) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. Part V Writing (10 points)Directions: Present a written argument based on the following topic.Some people believe that government spends too much money on space research while there are stilla lot of problems on the earth. Do you agree or disagree？You should write no less than 150 words.Use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and with relevant evidence.。
2019年昆明理工大学考博试题算法分析与设计
昆明理工大学2019年博士研究生招生考试试题
考试科目代码：2035 考试科目名称：算法分析与设计
考生答题须知
1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
南开大学2019年博士研究生入学考试(经济学)真题
南开大学2019年博士研究生入学考试（经济学）真题《微观经济学》1、为什么奢侈品涨价反而需求增加；2、完全竞争市场的长期短期分析；3、证明利润函数与价格之间的凹凸性关系；4、给了具体数据，计算要素替代弹性和最优要素投入量；5、给了数据，求生产可能性曲线和计算均衡产量价格；（这是以前考过的原题）6、给了材料，画博弈树和求子博弈精炼纳什均衡；7、减税的材料（1）论述减税的微观效应；（2）有人说单纯减税会造成产能过剩，还需要配合刺激消费的政策，你如何评价。
8、三个材料，明星偷逃税以及明星高片酬引发社会关注；材料二，国家表彰两位著名国防军事科学家；材料三，同仁堂假蜂蜜（1）反映了什么经济学原理；（2）结合材料，在实现高质量增长的过程中国家应该如何做。
《宏观经济学》1、理性预期和适应性预期的区别，随机游走模型是使用了哪种预期；2、用蒙代尔弗莱明模型分析一个固定汇率、资本自由流动的国家面对国外贸易保护主义时产出，利率，汇率的变化；3、RBC中的劳动要素跨期替代弹性是指什么；4、一个三部门经济，给了产出表达式，货币供给表达式，失业率和价格表达式（1）短期价格固定，使用IS—LM计算产出和利率；（2）中期价格可变，使用AS-AD计算产出，利率，失业率，价格（3）还是第二问，失业率公式变了5、索罗模型，罗默的原题（1）计算资本的劳动弹性；（2）告诉了平均资本的有效资本弹性，折旧，技术进步，计算劳动力减少1%的产出变化；高人口必然导致贫困，你如何看待该观点。
6、三个材料，材料一消费占比超过投资和出口；材料二，第三产业占比超过一二产业；材料三，老年人口抚养比上升，总抚养比和儿童抚养比下降。
（1）反映了经济结构哪些变化（2）有什么影响7、材料：美联储加息，特朗普指责其使美国股市下跌经济增长下降。
（1）用宏观理论分析为什么加息会使股市下跌，经济增长下降真的是加息造成的吗。
（2）美联储为何在此时加息。
四川大学内科学(呼吸内科)2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
第1页 共1页2019 年攻读博士学位研究生 Nhomakorabea学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
二、呼吸内科 1. 限制性通气功能和阻塞性通气功能的肺功能异常指标的不同（五个） 2. 哮喘的诊断标准 3. AECOPD 的 2019GLOD 定义及治疗 4. IPF 的 HRCT 分类标准 5. 病毒性肺炎的病例题 6. 肺移植的适应症和禁忌症 7. 五个肺部病原菌病史症状特征及 X 线特征
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桂林理工大学1001-英语-2019年考博真题
博士研究生入学考试专业课真题 2019年桂林理工大学考博专业课真题2019考试科目代码：1001考试科目名称：英语Part I Reading Comprehension (45%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Less than two months into her breast cancer treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didn’t really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of radiation.Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify the emergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs(肋骨) buckling beneath their chests — debilitating injuries suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray — even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient Corp., told Newsweek.A jarring example of that came in 2010, when Walt Bogdanich published an extensive review in The New York Times that listed numerous patients whose lives had been destroyed by mistakes in hospital imaging and radiotherapy. Shortly after the article series went to press, the Food and Drug Administration began to ramp up its efforts to limit excessive exposure, eventually launching its Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure From Medical Imaging.Along with organizations like the American College of Radiology, the FDA now supports a number of so-called dose registries that allow facilities to compare radiation dose indexes to regional and national values. To date, hundreds of facilities across the U.S. have enrolled.But the FDA’s regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients: A 2012 paper bythe Institute of Medicine found that medical imaging is one of the leading environmental causes of breast cancer.1. The skin damage on Jn-Charles’ chest was caused by ______.A) breast cancerB) advanced technologyC) over-radiationD) treatment methods1. What does the author want to explain by exemplifying Jn-Charles?A) There is no need to waste so much money for to treat breast cancer.B) Until now, breast cancer is still an incurable illness around the world.C) There is an increasing number of young people suffering from cancer.D) There are incidents of excessive irradiation of patients in America.3. What can be learnt about the CT scan?A) It is a double-edged sword in the term of cancer.B) It has been argued in the medical profession.C) It is much safer to be used to treat breast cancer.D) The radiation dosages can be controlled easily.4. What does the word “ramp up” (Para. 6) mean?A) Heat up.B) Draw out.C) Intensify.D) Put up.5. The author thinks FDA’s solution to reduce radiation exposure is ______.A) ineffectiveB) looseC) harmfulD) unnecessaryPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start a pilot with public libraries in New York.Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money (neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap). If these wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then?Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night, from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books).Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value. You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm. Owning a book is useful if you want to savour（品尝）it repeatedly, but who reads “Fifty Shades of Grey” twice?E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licences. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35m titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behaviour to participating publishers. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive’s market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions.Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers, and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy.So publishers keep tweaking（对……稍作调整）their lending arrangements in search of the right balance. Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.6. What can we learn about the big six publishers?A) They know they need to cooperate with libraries.B) They have recently sold e-books to most libraries.C) Most of them hesitate in cooperation with libraries.D) They stand out against selling e-books to libraries.7. What is the advantage of electronic borrowing?A) There is no need to worry about deadlines.B) It can pay for the late fees automatically.C) Readers can lend the book files to their friends.D) It is much cheaper than traditional printed books.8. Why are publishers and libraries worried about OverDrive’s market dominance?A) Publisher and libraries will lose their market shares of e-books.B) OverDrive provides various format of e-books and audio files.C) OverDrive will increasingly divide their profit of e-books.D) E-readers will not lend e-books or audio files from libraries.9. What was shown in Pew survey?A) The desire to collect popular books inspires people to buy them.B) E-readers in America prefer to buy their e-books from libraries.C) More than half of Americans are book borrowers and book buyers.D) People with library cards usually have to wait for popular e-books.10. What does the author mean by saying “The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.” (Para. 7)?A) Many problems about e-book lending need to be solved.B) It is wise for publishers to cooperate closely with libraries.C) Cooperation between publishers and libraries is a win-win strategy.D) Libraries will dominant the book market by lending e-books.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arumand Josipa Roksa. In 2011 they released a landmark study titled “Academically Adrift,” which documented the lack of intellectual growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students’ lack of learning on a watered-down college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college is supposed to be a full-time job, stu- dents spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week studying and many were skating through their semesters without doing a significant amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging classes and spend more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing.Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she calls the “party pathway,” which eases many students through college, helped along by various clubs that send students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are “catering to the social and educat ional needs of wealthy students at the expense of others” who won’t enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.These students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to use their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market isn’t kind to candidates who can’t demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates will still fare better than those with only a high school education, of course. But a university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over.11. What is Arum and Roksa’s finding about higher education in America?A) It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students.B) It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modern times.C) It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years.D) It has tried hard to satisfy students’ various needs.12. What is responsible for the students’ lack of higher-level skills?A) The diluted college curriculum.B) The boring classroom activities.C) The absence of rigorous discipline.D) The outdated educational approach.13. What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations?A) They fail to give adequate help to the needy students.B) They tend to offer too many less challenging courses.C) They seem to be out of touch with society.D) They prioritize non-academic activities.14. What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students?A) They tend to have a sense of superiority over their peers.B) They can afford to choose easier majors in order to enjoy themselves.C) They spend a lot of time building strong connections with businesses.D) They can climb the social ladder even without a degree.15. What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A) American higher education has lost its global competitiveness.B) People should not expect too much from American higher education.C) The current situation in American higher education may not last long.D) It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education.Part II Translation (25%)Directions: For this part, you are to translate a passage from Chinese into English.西安是我国黄河流域古代文明的重要发源地之一，与雅典、罗马、开罗并称为世界四大古都。
四川大学2019年博士研究生入学英语考试题-14页word资料
四川大学2019年招收攻读博士研究生入学考试英语试题(第一类)Part 1 Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical multiculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars". Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on theFirst Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to multiculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and 2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed 20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America. In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of SouthAmerica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills.An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience. Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goeswhere, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction.Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s. It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity." What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, orintermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat--could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019 which killed 41 people. Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes. The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fightingspecialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.Part 2 Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33. AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50. The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others. The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The tea m surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use。
2019上海体育学院博士招考题目
2019年上海体育学院攻读博士研究生入学试题体育教育学部分1、请根据你的理解对“physical literacy”一词进行释义。
2、简述体力活动与体育活动的关系与区别，你认为哪些社会因素影响了我国青少年体力活动水平。
3、2018年教育部发布了《普通高中体育与健康课程标准（2017年版）》，请简述该版标准内容上有哪些新变化。
4、2018年我国第一套以田径、足球、乒乓球等11个运动项目的《青少年运动技术等级标准》在上海公开发布，论述青少年运动技能标准的必要性以及实施该标准的现实意义。
教学论(50分)一、简答题(在以下3道题中,任选2道题回答,每题10分,共20分)1.简述建构主义学习观。
2.教育叙事硏究有何优势和局限性。
3.国外不同教学理论流派对教学本质的认识有何不同与争论?请阐述不少于四种教学理论流派的观点。
二、论述题(在以下3道题中,任选2道题回答,每题15分,共30分)1.传统教学理论硏究与现代教学改革之间岀现了哪些新的冲突与困境,请结合实际予以论述。
2.教学行为有哪几种分类方式?当代基础教育体育课程改革要求体育课堂教学行为发生哪些转变？3.请结合实际,分析随着社会信息化的发展所导致的教育观念,教学组织和教学策略的变革。
2019年上海体育学院博士入学考试试题：（2301）运动生理学60662019-03-17 09:06:52话题：2019年考博1、在进行抗阻力量训练时，如果单纯考量阻力大小的因素，大阻力和小阻力训练将分别对肌肉产生怎样的适应性变化？（10分）2、在运动实践中，优秀运动员具备良好的专业技术感，如球类运动员有良好的“球感”、水上运动员有良好的“水感”等，简述这些特殊感觉形成的生理本质。
（10分）3、简述“重力性休克”发生的生理机制。
（10分）4、简述运动中合理的呼吸方法。
（10分）5、什么是运动单位？从肌肉收缩方式的角度，试述运动时不同类型肌纤维是如何被动员的，在运动训练中如何应用？（10分）6、描述有氧耐力的生理学基础和评价有氧耐力常用的生理学指标。
医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。