《弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫日记 第四卷》翻译项目报告
《达洛维夫人》疾病书写与性别意识研究
064《名家名作》·研究［摘 要］ 以《达洛维夫人》为研究对象，探讨伍尔夫通过书写疾病，借以疾病隐喻指出当时社会落后的性别意识观念影响两性健康发展。
同时，伍尔夫通过作品结局提出，只要人们具备主体性，终能在落后的性别观念束缚之中破茧而出。
［关 键 词］ 疾病书写；性别意识；《达洛维夫人》 《达洛维夫人》疾病书写与性别意识研究薛子彤 高红梅《达洛维夫人》是女性主义者作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的作品，其中有大量对疾病的描述。
伍尔夫曾在《论生病》中感叹“人们原本以为小说本该奉献给流感，史诗本该忠实于伤害，颂歌应献身给肺炎，抒情诗则须尽心于牙疼”①，可见在伍尔夫的写作观中，疾病对作者洞察到的事物本象、剖析出的社会制度有着不同寻常的表现力。
通过疾病书写觉察与揭示的社会性别意识形态，正是伍尔夫持续剖析社会制度的一种表现形式。
伍尔夫曾言，或许公众会觉得一部以流感为主题的小说缺乏情节，公众会抱怨作品中没有爱情，但恰恰相反，“疾病经常穿着爱情的伪装，玩着同样隐秘的花招”②，可见疾病书写在伍尔夫创作中有着意味深长的隐喻。
《达洛维夫人》中大篇幅详写的塞普蒂默斯的弹震症，多次略写的达洛维夫人的心脏病导致病弱的身体状态，追究其人物病因、病状背后的隐喻，就能捕捉到其下隐含着伍尔夫对当时社会性别意识潜在问题的揭示。
一、疾病的显现：社会中迷失的男女伍尔夫曾在《论生病》中谈到生病这种事情司空见惯，却很少有作家将其写入作品之中，可见其对疾病书写的重视。
因而在伍尔夫的作品之中，经常出现对人物疾病的描述。
展示塞普蒂默斯和克拉丽莎·达洛维的病情，便是《达洛维夫人》中的主要情节。
作品中的塞普蒂默斯曾主动申请参战，可他在战场之上变得愈加麻木，后来他结了婚，状态却一日不如一日，他突然意识到自己犯了错，“埃文思牺牲时他毫不在乎；那是最大的罪过……他不爱妻子却和她结了婚……他全身密密麻麻地布满了罪恶堕落的疤痕……人性对这样卑鄙无耻的人的判决就是死刑。
《《牧羊人的妻子》(1-4章)英汉翻译实践报告》范文
《《牧羊人的妻子》（1-4章）英汉翻译实践报告》篇一《牧羊人的妻子》英汉翻译实践报告一、引言本报告旨在分享《牧羊人的妻子》这一故事的前四章的英汉翻译实践过程。
翻译是一项需要综合运用语言知识、文化背景、翻译技巧等能力的活动，本文将通过具体案例，详细介绍翻译过程中的经验与教训。
二、原文分析《牧羊人的妻子》是一部富有情感色彩的短篇小说，讲述了牧羊人与他的妻子之间的爱情故事。
原文语言质朴，情感真挚，情节紧凑。
在翻译过程中，需要特别注意保留原文的情感色彩，同时使译文符合英语表达习惯。
三、翻译过程1. 理解原文：在翻译过程中，首先要对原文进行深入理解，把握故事情节、人物性格、情感色彩等要素。
这有助于在翻译过程中准确传达原文的意思。
2. 翻译技巧：在翻译过程中，运用了多种翻译技巧。
如对于一些具有象征意义的词汇，采用了意译的方法，以保留原文的情感色彩；对于一些文化背景差异较大的内容，进行了适当的删减或解释，以使译文更符合英语读者的阅读习惯。
3. 团队协作：本次翻译实践采用了团队协作的方式。
在翻译过程中，团队成员之间进行了多次沟通与讨论，以确保译文的准确性和流畅性。
四、案例分析以下是《牧羊人的妻子》前四章翻译过程中的几个典型案例：案例一：对于一些具有象征意义的词汇，如“心灵的港湾”，在英文中难以找到完全对应的表达，因此采用了意译的方法，译为“a haven for the soul”，以保留原文的情感色彩。
案例二：在处理文化背景差异较大的内容时，如原文中的一些地方特色词汇，进行了适当的删减或解释，以使译文更符合英语读者的阅读习惯。
如将“炊烟袅袅”译为“the smoke from the cooking fire wafting gently”，既保留了原文的意境，又使译文更加流畅。
五、总结通过本次《牧羊人的妻子》英汉翻译实践，我们深刻体会到了翻译的复杂性和挑战性。
在翻译过程中，我们需要深入理解原文，运用恰当的翻译技巧，同时还要注意保留原文的情感色彩和意境。
弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙《鬼屋》
弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙《⿁屋》1.弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙经典语录为什么⼥⼈对于男⼈如此具有魅⼒，远远超过男⼈对于⼥⼈。
原⽂：Why are women so much more interesting to men than men are to women?消灭炉灶旁的天使原⽂：killing the Angel at the Hearth.当我读到被焚的⼥巫，被魔⿁附⾝的⼥性，卖草药的聪明⼥⼈，或杰出男性背后的伟⼤⼥⼈，我便想到我们是与⼀位失落的⼩说家，⼀位受压抑的诗⼈，⼀位沉默、不为⼈知的珍‧奥斯汀，⼀位惮精竭神、忽忽如狂的爱蜜丽‧⽩朗黛，在同条路上。
说实在的，我会认为那位写了许多诗⽽未署名的诗⼈阿侬是位⼥性。
多亏那两次战争，克⾥⽶亚战争使南丁格尔出了客厅，⽽将近六⼗年后，欧战⼜为⼀般妇⼥打开了门扉。
那些恶俗旧习逐渐改善，否则你们今天晚上哪能在这⾥呢？当我搜索枯肠时，我发觉去做什么⼈的伴侣、什么⼈的同等⼈，以及影响世界使之达到更⾼的境界等等，我并没有感到什么崇⾼可⾔。
我只要简短⽽平凡的说⼀句，⼀个⼈能使⾃⼰成为⾃⼰，⽐什么都重要。
遗书：我感到我⼀定⼜要发狂了。
我觉得我们⽆法再⼀次经受那种可怕的时刻。
⽽且这⼀次我也不会再痊愈。
我开始听见种种幻声，我的⼼神⽆法集中。
因此我就要采取那种看来算是最恰当的⾏动。
你已给予我最⼤可能的幸福。
你在每⼀个⽅⾯都做到了任何⼈所能做到的⼀切。
我相信，在这种可怕的疾病来临之前，没有哪两个⼈能像我们这样幸福。
我⽆⼒再奋⽃下去了。
我知道我是在糟蹋你的⽣命；没有我，你才能⼯作。
我知道，事情就是如此。
你看，我连这张字条也写不好。
我也不能看书。
我要说的是：我⽣活中的全部幸福都归功于你。
你对我⼀直⼗分耐⼼，你是难以置信地善良。
这⼀点，我要说----⼈⼈也都知道。
假如还有任何⼈能挽救我，那也只有你了。
现在，⼀切都离我⽽去，剩下的只有确信你的善良。
我不能再继续糟蹋你的⽣命。
《局外人：改变世界的五位女作家》（第1章）翻译报告
摘要本篇翻译实践报告的材料来自英国文学传记女作家林德尔・戈登（Lyndall Gordon）的著作《局外人：改变世界的五位女作家》（Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World）第一章。
《局外人》讲述了五位改变世界的女性作家的故事——艾米莉·勃朗特、乔治·艾略特、奥利弗·施赖纳、玛丽·雪莱和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫。
本书第一章是玛丽•雪莱的传记，主要介绍了科幻小说之母玛丽•雪莱的生平经历，包括其代表作品——西方文学中第一部科幻小说《弗兰肯斯坦》的问世过程，并探讨其作为女人，是如何突破重重障碍成为作家的。
为准确传递源文本信息，提高译文在目的语读者中的可读性和可接受性，译者选取了目的论作为本次翻译实践的指导理论，就翻译过程中遇到的四大问题，即文化负载词、多义词、修辞手法及长难句的翻译进行了具体的分析与研究，以目的论三原则为出发点，运用直译、意译、断句、重组等翻译技巧，将翻译理论与技巧相结合解决问题。
本篇报告包含四个章节：第一章，翻译任务描述，包括翻译材料文本和作者的介绍以及翻译意义；第二章，过程描述，包括译前准备、翻译过程以及质量控制；第三章，案例分析，包括在目的论理论指导下对翻译过程中所遇问题的分析与解决；第四章，实践总结，包括翻译心得、不足以及对今后学习的启发和思考。
关键词:传记翻译；目的论；玛丽·雪莱；《局外人》AbstractThis report is mainly based on the translation of the first chapter of the book Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World by Lyndall Gordon, a British biographer. The literary biography tells the story of five extraordinary women writers who changed the world: Mary Shelley, Emily Bronte, George Eliot, Oliver Schreiner and Virginia Woolf. The first chapter is the biography of Mary Shelley. This part mainly introduces the life experience of Mary Shelley, the birth of her representative work, Frankenstein, the first science fiction novel in western literature, and explores how she, as a woman, broke through a number of obstacles to become a writer. The book was published in 2019 and has no Chinese version available.In order to present the accurate information of the source text in a way acceptable to Chinese target readers, the translator chose the skopos theory as the theoretical guidance of this translation task. Based on the three principles of Skopos theory, the translator adopted literal translation, free translation, dividing, reordering and other translation techniques to solve the four major problems encountered in the translation process, namely, the translation of culture-loaded expressions, polysemants, rhetorical devices, and long and difficult sentences.This translation report is divided into four parts. Chapter One gives a general introduction to the source text, the author and the significance of the task. Chapter Two describes the translation process, including pre-translation preparation, translation process and post-translation matters. Chapter Three is the case study part, which analyzes the four major difficulties in the translation practice with the help of skopos theory and certain translation techniques. Chapter Four summarizes the lessons learned through the process as well as the translator’s reflections on future translation.Key words: biography translation; skopos theory; Mary Shelley; OutsidersContents摘要 (i)Abstract.......................................................................................................................... i i Chapter One Task Description (1)1.1 Introduction to the Source Text (1)1.2 Introduction to the Author (2)1.3 Significance of the Task (3)1.4 Structure of the Report (4)Chapter Two Process Description (5)2.1 Preparation (5)2.2 While-translating (6)2.3 Quality Control (7)Chapter Three Case Study (9)3.1 Introduction to Skopos Theory (9)3.2 Translation of Culture-loaded Expressions (10)3.2.1 Literal Translation with Annotation (11)3.2.2 Free Translation (13)3.3 Translation of Polysemants (15)3.3.1 Word Meaning Selection (16)3.3.2 Word Meaning Extension (18)3.4 Translation of Rhetorical Devices (20)3.4.1 Translation of Metaphor (20)3.4.2 Translation of Simile (22)3.4.3 Translation of Metonymy (23)3.4.4 Translation of Parallelism (23)3.5 Translation of Long and Difficult Sentences (25)3.5.1 Dividing (25)3.5.2 Reordering (27)Chapter Four Conclusion (30)4.1 Summary (30)4.2 Limitations and Suggestions (31)Bibliography (32)Acknowledgements (34)Appendix (35)Chapter One Task DescriptionThe present thesis is composed of mainly two parts. The first part is the English-Chinese translation of Lyndall Gordon’s book Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World (Chapter I). The second part is the translation report based on this translation practice.1.1 Introduction to the Source TextThe source text selected is Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World, written by Lyndall Gordon. The book was published by Johns Hopkins University Press and has not yet been published in Chinese as of press time. Outsiders, a literary biography, tells the story of five extraordinary women writers who changed the world: Mary Shelley — a prodigy, Emily Bronte — a visionary, George Eliot —an ‘outlaw’, Oliver Schreiner —an orator and Virginia Woolf —an explorer. In this book, the author connects together five female writers who were born in different ages and seeks to understand how they became writers despite numerous obstacles in a woman’s way. All of them were outsiders during their lifetimes, but it was also their separations from society that released what they wanted to say. Although the five visionary writers differed in place and situation, they had much in common: they were all motherless, they were all on the edge of society, they were all readers before they became writers and were mutually affected by reading each other’s works. They struggled against the rules and regulations of their respective eras, strived for the life and rights they longed for, and provided a possibility of feminism for the world.The book consists of five separate chapters and each chapter introduces a writer. The translator is responsible for translating the first chapter, which is the biography of Mary Shelley. This part mainly introduces the life of Mary Shelley as well as the birth of her representative work, Frankenstein, which is the first science fiction in western literature, and explores how she, as a woman, broke through a number of obstacles tobecome a writer.As a literary biography，the source text falls into the category of literary text, which is exquisite in wording and expressions, and contains a lot of western cultural background knowledge. In the process of translation, the translator mainly came across four kinds of challenges: 1. the translation of culture-loaded expressions —many culture-loaded terms occur in text, such as “John Bull”, “weaker vessel”, “feather-head” and so on; 2. the translation of polysemants —in the source text there are many polysemants which are difficult for the translator to accurately determine the exact meaning; 3.the translation of rhetorical devices — the author employs various rhetorical devices including metaphor, simile, metonymy and parallelism to convey her points as well as to make the text more literary and convincing; 4. the translation of long and difficult sentences — there are a great many long and difficult sentences throughout the source text, which requires plenty of energy and efforts from the translator in her reading and translation of the source text.1.2 Introduction to the AuthorLyndall Gordon, the author of Outsiders, grew up in Cape Town in South Africa where she studied History and English, then 19th Century American Literature at Columbia University. Lyndall went to St Hilda’s College, Oxford, in 1973 as a Rhodes Visiting Fellow to complete her thesis on T. S. Eliot’s early years.Lyndall was a lecturer in English at Jesus College for seven years, and then she returned to St Hilda’s as Fellow and Tutor in English in 1984. At present, Lyndall is a Senior Research Fellow at St Hilda’s and a well-known, award-winning biographer of Mary Wollstonecraft, T. S. Eliot, Charlotte Bronte and Emily Dickinson (cited from St Hilda’s College website).Lyndall’s research interests lie in the 19th and 20th century literature, covering the 19th century American literature, women’s writing, the novel, and biography. She is particularly interested in archival work, observing the evolution of texts through their drafts, as in the cases of T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, Charlotte Bronte’s Villette, and Virginia Woolf’s The Waves (cited from St Hilda’s College website).Lyndall has published seven biographies and two memoirs, including The Imperfect Life of TS Eliot, Lives Like Loaded Guns: Emily Dickinson and her Family’s Feuds and Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft. She has received honors like The British Academy’s Rose Mary Crawshay Prize, Cheltenham Prize for Literature, Southern Arts Prize and James Tait Black Prize for biography.1.3 Significance of the TaskAlthough Lyndall has written a number of excellent works and scored great achievements, she has not attracted corresponding attention in China. Except for one biography introduced by Sichuan Publishing House in 2001, there is no other Lyndall’s works in China. Therefore, the translation of Outsiders will draw more attention to this excellent biographer as well as western feminine literature in China.Besides, the perspective of the author is not stereotyped, and she does not lay out clichés on the basis of her predecessors. Instead, she devotes herself to tracing the heartfelt journey buried in time and history of each biographee. In her writing, Charlotte is not a victim or a saint, but a mean gossip; Elliot is a woman with an unhappy marriage; and Woolf’s letter to her husband before she committed suicide is an elegant and tolerant expression of comfort rather than love for her husband; Lyndall even breaks the tradition and makes a fierce defense for Mary Wollstonecraft — a feminist writer who was smeared in history —with remarkable courage. As Anita Sethi commented (Gordon, 2019), “Gordon succeeds in showing not only the pain but ‘the possibilities of the outsider.’ While distinctive in their voices, these writers converge ‘in their hatred of our violent world,’ exposing domestic and systemic violence. Their strength of spirit shines from the pages and through the ages.” Although the five writers in the book were born in different times, they tried their best to voice for women despite a high price. Through this book, readers can learn more about western female writers and feminism from a unique perspective.In addition, the source text falls into the category of literary text, which is exquisite in wording and expressions, and contains a lot of western cultural backgroundknowledge. The translation of it is undoubtedly a challenge for the translator. In the process of translation, the translator can not only improve her translation competence, but also broaden her scope of knowledge and have a better command of western social culture.1.4 Structure of the ReportThis translation report is composed of four parts. Chapter One generally introduces the source text, the author and the significance of the task. Chapter Two describes the translation process, including pre-translation preparation, translation process and post-translation matters. Chapter Three is the case study part, which analyzes the four major difficulties in the translation practice with the help of skopos theory and certain translation techniques. Chapter Four summarizes the lessons learned through the process as well as the translator’s reflections on future translation.Chapter Two Process DescriptionThis chapter mainly records the translation process, which is generally divided into three phases, that is, preparation, while-translating and quality control.2.1 PreparationAfter discussion with her supervisor, the translator chose Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World as the source text of her graduation report. The whole book was co-translated by the present translator and two of her fellow graduates. The translator is responsible for the translation of the first chapter of the said book. Before translation, the translator tried to learn about as much background information as possible about Mary Shelley, which involved reading Frankenstein, her representative work, and watching relevant videos including the movie Mary Shelley, to get familiar with the biographee of the first chapter. Second, the translator spent nearly two weeks reading through the source text to grasp a good command of its theme and structure as well as its textual and stylistic features. Besides, the translator checked the Internet for some key terms to get a preliminary understanding of the content to be translated. Furthermore, the translator read some book reviews as well as articles about the ST author to gain a general understanding of her writing style and writing background. With a general understanding of the material, the translator finally developed a corresponding translation plan, according to which at least 1,000 words per day should be translated to ensure that the whole translation task could be completed within one month.Before translating, the translator also read some books such as Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation and Introducing Translation Studies to learn some translation theories which would guide the translator’s translation activity and improve her translation competence.2.2 While-translatingAfter the preparation process, the translator began to translate. For new words appearing in the text, the translator tried to figure them out by referring to paper dictionaries including Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, Collins Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary and online translation tools such as Google Translator, Eudic, Youdao Dictionary, etc. For other unsolved problems, the translator resorted to online resources from CNKI, Wikipedia, Baidu, Bing, etc.As a literary biography, the book contains a lot of delicate character descriptions such as psychological descriptions and appearance descriptions. On the one hand, the translator should ensure the accuracy of the target text; on the other hand, she should retain the author’s writing style and restore the image of each character as much as possible. Therefore, how to preserve the literariness of the original text and interpret the characters to the greatest extent in translation has presented a challenge. The translator consulted some parallel texts about character description in Chinese and tried her best to re-present the characters vividly.In addition, a variety of characters and works are involved in the original text, and most of them are renowned in the history of literature, so the translator searched for the conventional, well-established translation of the names with the help of the Internet. For characters closely related to the biographee, the translator got a rough idea of their life experience, works, thoughts, and relationship with the biographee through online resources to have a better command of the story background. For place names in the source text, the translator used the above-mentioned dictionaries and online tools to achieve accurate translation.For the major difficulties encountered in the translation of the source text, the translator took corresponding measures to solve them. For culture-loaded expressions, the translator searched the internet and books as much as possible to find the real meaning behind the expressions. For some polysemants, the translator consulted different dictionaries and put each meaning of a word into the context so as to choose the most appropriate meaning. For rhetorical devices, the translator read relevant bookslike Metaphors We Live By to have a good knowledge of each kind of rhetorical devices and to better translate them. For long and difficult sentences, the translator turned to translation textbooks and applied different techniques including diving and reordering in dealing with the problem.The process of translation is also the process of learning. In searching for new words and background information, the translator not only accumulated new knowledge and broadened her horizon, but also gained a deeper understanding of female literature and social culture in western countries.2.3 Quality ControlAfter translation, the translator compared her translation with the original text and polished her rendition carefully, including correcting the parts of mistranslation, correcting wrong words, checking punctuation marks, rewriting incoherent sentences and so on. The translator improved the version mainly from the aspects of words, sentences, and paragraphs. First is the translation of words. For uncertain translation of words, the translator put all the definitions the word has into the target text and chose the most appropriate meaning. Second is the translation of sentences. There are many long and difficult sentences in the source text. The smoothness of sentences and the coherence between them are of great importance. Third is the transition from paragraph to paragraph. The segmentation of the text is often accompanied by the shift of the scene. When translating, the transition should also be presented to the target readers. Besides, personal pronouns are also noteworthy. When the personal pronouns appear repeatedly, it is necessary to clearly indicate who the pronouns refer to.The translator also communicated with two co-translators to unify the translation style and the translation of names of people and places. In addition, she also annotated the difficult issues in translation and sought the advice and assistance from classmates and her supervisor.During the process of quality control, the translator repeatedly considered the context of some confusing points and revised the translation to reproduce the originalinformation accurately and make it more acceptable to Chinese readers.Chapter Three Case StudyIn this chapter, the translator first made a brief introduction to the theory applied during the translation of the source text, and then analyzed the four major problems encountered in the translation process, namely culture-loaded expressions, polysemants, rhetorical devices, and translation of difficult sentences, with the help of skopos theory and certain translation techniques.3.1 Introduction to Skopos TheorySkopos is a technical term in translation studies derived from Greek, meaning the “aim” or “purpose” of the action of translation. Skopos theory was first advanced by the German functionalist scholar Hans, J. Vermeer in the 1970s, and it has become a popular theoretical framework for translation assessment ever since (Munday, 2008).From the perspective of Vermeer, any action has an aim or purpose. Since translation is considered as one kind of human actions, it also has its aim or purpose. Therefore, Vermeer called this theory translation skopos theory, indicating that it is a theory of purposeful action.Skopos theory consists of three rules: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule.According to skopos theory, the first and primary rule of translation is the skopos rule, which means “the end justifies the means” (Nord, 2001). The basic element that can decide the process of the whole translation activity is skopos, which is further divided into three types: 1) the basic purpose of the translator, 2) the communicative purpose of the target text, 3) the purpose that specific translation strategy or method wants to achieve (Tan, 2005). But skopos is a term referring to the purpose of the target text, namely, the communicative purpose. To make clear the purpose of the sender and receiver is of great importance, because it is the purpose that determines what the target text should be like.After the skopos rule is the coherence rule, or the intra-textual coherence. It states that the target text should achieve full coherence so as to enable the target audience toread the text easily and clearly. This rule indicates that the TT “must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receiver’s situation” (Reiss & Vermeer, 1984). In other words, the knowledge and circumstances of the target readers should be taken into consideration during the translation process, thus improving the readability and acceptability of the translation.The fidelity rule is also called “inter-textual coherence”, which states that there must be coherence between the target text and the source text (Reiss & Vermeer, 1984). That is to say, the translation should conform to its source text. The fidelity rule is somewhat similar to the principle of faithfulness in other translation theories, but the degree and form of faithfulness to the original text depend on the purpose of translation.Among the three rules, the skopos rule is the most predominant, followed by the coherence rule (intra-textual coherence), and the fidelity rule (inter-textual coherence) last. A great advantage of skopos theory is that it enables the source text to be translated in various ways according to the purpose of the target text and the translator (Munday, 2008). As Vermeer (2004:234) put it, the translator should consistently and consciously render the original text in terms of some principle concerning the target text, but the principle is not invariable, it changes with different skopos and cases.In this project, the translator’s purpose of translating the source text is to introduce the content of the source text to Chinese readers; therefore, the target text should be readable and acceptable to Chinese readers, which means the cultural and social background as well as the expression habits of readers should be valued. At the same time, the language style of the ST author and her description of the biographee should be conveyed to target readers accurately, so that they can appreciate the original writing style of the source text while obtaining a full understanding of the characters in the biography. In view of the above points, the translator adopted the skopos theory as the guiding principle of her translation process.3.2 Translation of Culture-loaded ExpressionsCulture and language are closely related. Language is the carrier of culture. In thecourse of cultural transmission, the cultures of different nationalities have left strong marks on their language expression, which also leads to difficulties in translation (Yang, 2011). As a biography literature in the west, the source text involves a large number of culture-loaded expressions, which refers to words, phrases and idioms that express the unique cultural connotation of a nation, making the text more literary and vivid. An idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words (Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary). Imbued with rich cultural connotations, idioms have the characteristics of simplicity and vividness. For example, “let the cat out of the bag” is an idiom meaning “tell a secret by mistake”. Many studies have shown that the formation and development of idioms is closely related to cultural traditions, social environment and customs (Jia & Guan, 1996). Therefore, in the process of translating English idioms, due to insufficient understanding, translation errors often occur. To this end, when an idiom is translated, it should be combined with a specific context. Only by considering the local language and culture can we accurately express the original meaning of the sentence. When it comes to translating words and phrases with a cultural background, the translator should first grasp a full understanding of the background, and then appropriately supplement the translation with cultural background knowledge that Chinese readers may not know, so that the target readers can better accept it. Since the fundamental purpose of the translation is to present the accurate information of the source text in a way acceptable to Chinese target readers, the translator tended to apply the strategy of domestication to produce an easy-to-read target translation. But for some important or common cultural information, the translator tried to preserve the original form for the purpose of introducing foreign culture to target readers.3.2.1 Literal Translation with AnnotationLiteral translation, or word-for-word translation,means to keep the content and the form of the original text in the translation, especially the metaphor, image, and national flavor of the original text, when the target language conditions permit (Guo,2004). Literal translation is a basic approach used in translation since it can retain both the form and content of the original to the maximum.(1) ST: Mounseer Nongtongpaw is a comic-verse story about the blunders of an insular and absurdly thick John Bull when he travels to France during the brief peace of 1802–3. Addressing the French in English, he takes their ‘je n’entends pas’ to be information about a grandee called Nongtongpaw.TT:《约翰牛巴黎之旅的发现》以打油诗的形式，讲述了在1802年至1803年短暂的和平时期，一个孤陋寡闻、口音浓重的约翰牛（指典型的英国人）在法国旅行时所犯的一些愚蠢的错误。
《2024年《隐秘的爱》(节选)日译汉翻译实践报告》范文
《《隐秘的爱》（节选）日译汉翻译实践报告》篇一《隐秘的爱》——日译汉翻译实践报告一、引言随着中日文化交流的深入，日译汉翻译实践的重要性日益凸显。
本报告以《隐秘的爱》为例，探讨翻译过程中的策略与方法，旨在提高翻译实践的准确性和可读性。
本报告首先介绍了翻译任务背景、目的和意义，并概括了研究问题、研究方法和结构安排。
二、原作概述《隐秘的爱》是一部以日本社会为背景的小说，主要讲述了主人公之间复杂的情感纠葛。
本小说具有独特的叙事风格和细腻的情感表达，语言质朴自然，富有感染力。
在翻译过程中，需充分理解原作背景和情感表达，力求将原作风格和情感传达给读者。
三、翻译过程与方法在翻译过程中，首先进行了充分的准备工作，包括查阅相关资料、了解日本文化背景等。
在翻译过程中，主要采用了直译与意译相结合的方法，力求在保持原作风格的基础上，使译文更加符合中文表达习惯。
同时，针对不同内容，采用了不同的翻译策略，如增译法、减译法等。
四、翻译难点与解决策略在翻译过程中，遇到了一些难点和挑战。
例如，如何准确理解并传达原作中的文化内涵、情感表达等。
针对这些问题，我们采取了以下解决策略：1. 深入了解日本文化背景，以便更好地理解原作中的文化内涵。
2. 针对情感表达部分，采用意译法，结合中文表达习惯进行翻译。
3. 针对语言差异部分，通过对比中日文句法结构，采用合适的句式进行翻译。
4. 在处理难点时，积极与团队成员进行交流和讨论，共同探讨最佳解决方案。
五、案例分析本部分选取了《隐秘的爱》中的几个典型案例进行分析。
通过对比原作与译文，探讨了翻译过程中的策略与方法。
例如，在处理情感表达时，采用了意译法结合中文修辞手法进行翻译；在处理文化内涵时，结合背景资料进行了准确解读与传达等。
通过这些案例分析，展示了翻译实践中的经验与教训。
六、结论与建议通过《隐秘的爱》的翻译实践，我们积累了一定的经验并深刻体会到了中日文化交流的重要性。
在未来的日译汉翻译实践中，我们建议：1. 继续加强中日文化背景的学习与了解，以便更好地理解原作并传达情感与文化内涵。
读弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《一间自己的屋子》
2013.06引言弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（1882-194 1）被认为是英国现代文学史上最重要的女性作家、西方女权运动和女性主义思潮的先驱，《一间自己的屋子》是其代表作之一，它出自1928年伍尔夫到剑桥大学所作的两次演讲。
此书的出版在当时一鸣惊人，直至今天，它仍是伍尔夫所有著作中最具知名度的一篇，被后世的女权主义者们公认为女权主义运动的宣言。
一.伍尔夫与《一间自己的屋子》弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫说：“如果生命有一个基地，它就是记忆。
”[1]那些已经远逝了的往事，甚至为伍尔夫的生命定下了一个基调，构成了她生命的底色，它们与伍尔夫的一生相互交织，至死方休。
她于1882年出生于英国伦敦肯辛顿，那是一个文学世家，谨守着维多利亚传统。
她是莱斯利·斯蒂芬爵士与裘丽亚·达克沃斯所生的第三个孩子，第二个女儿。
父亲是一个著名的传记作家，有一个大的图书馆，优越的家学孕育了伍尔夫的文学天赋。
但维多利亚时代，女性无权接受正统教育。
父亲直至临终，也不忘查账，经常为她和姐姐文尼莎超出的花费而动辄大怒。
父母去世后，她的异父兄长乔治·达克沃斯接替了父亲对她们姐妹的经济压迫，甚至逼她们到上流社交场推销自己以谋婚姻之路。
她和姐姐后来靠继承的的一点财产才摆脱了乔治，开始了她们自己的生活。
为贴补日常花费，伍尔夫开始为报刊撰稿。
此后，姑妈留给她为数不少的遗产，为她的创作之路打下物质基础，至此获得了更多的自由。
鉴于此，在《一间自己的屋子》中，她写道：“某天晚上我得到拥有这笔遗产的消息和国会通过妇女有选举权差不多。
”[2]在此，叙述者“我”的立场与伍尔夫的态度不谋而合。
因此在第一章开始，她就告诉读者，“尽我所能地，我只能贡献给你们一点意见，关于一件很小的事———一个女人如果要想写小说一定要有钱，还要有一间自己的屋子”。
[2]二.被排挤的女性自我鉴于女性在社会上的卑微地位，作者提出了这一观点，即女人写作一定要有钱和属于自己的屋子。
伍尔夫全集上译译者序
伍尔夫全集上译译者序（最新版）目录1.伍尔夫其人及其作品2.伍尔夫全集上译的意义3.伍尔夫全集上译的内容介绍4.对伍尔夫作品的评价和影响正文伍尔夫，全名弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫，是英国现代主义文学的代表人物之一。
她的作品以其独特的意识流写作手法和女性主义立场而闻名于世，为现代文学的发展做出了重要贡献。
在我国，伍尔夫的作品一直受到高度关注和研究，为了让更多的读者了解和接触到伍尔夫的作品，译者们精心翻译了伍尔夫的全集，并推出了“伍尔夫全集上译”这一重要项目。
伍尔夫全集上译的意义深远。
首先，这个项目的推出，让读者可以更全面、系统地了解伍尔夫的文学创作，有利于对伍尔夫及其作品的研究。
其次，伍尔夫全集上译对于推动中英文化交流，促进两国人民的友谊也具有积极的意义。
通过翻译伍尔夫的作品，可以让更多的中国读者了解英国文学，感受英国文化的魅力，增进两国人民之间的了解和友谊。
伍尔夫全集上译的内容非常丰富，包括伍尔夫的小说、散文、评论以及书信等各个方面的作品。
其中，小说作品如《一间自己的屋子》、《达洛卫夫人》等，以其独特的意识流写作手法和女性主义立场，展示了女性在社会中的地位和命运，为女性发声，呼吁社会关注女性问题。
散文和评论作品，如《普通读者》等，展示了伍尔夫的文学观和审美观，为读者提供了深入了解伍尔夫其人及其作品的视角。
而书信作品，则可以让读者更真实地了解伍尔夫的生活和内心世界。
伍尔夫的作品对后世影响深远。
她的意识流写作手法为现代文学的发展开辟了新的道路，她的女性主义立场为女性文学的发展提供了重要的理论支撑。
同时，伍尔夫的作品也对我国的文学创作产生了深远的影响，如张爱玲、苏青等作家，都曾受到伍尔夫的影响，并在自己的创作中借鉴了伍尔夫的写作手法。
《《我挚爱的世界》(1-4章)英汉翻译实践报告》范文
《《我挚爱的世界》（1-4章）英汉翻译实践报告》篇一我挚爱的世界：英汉翻译实践报告第一章：引言本报告将探讨一个重要主题——《我挚爱的世界》。
该作品是一份涵盖多个层面、丰富多彩的英文翻译实践材料，主要通过对其中所涉及的文学风格、语言特色、文化背景等方面进行深度解读，进而探索其英汉翻译的过程和技巧。
该作品表达了对世界和生活的热爱，反映了作者对人生哲理的深刻理解。
本报告旨在通过分析翻译实践中的具体案例，总结出有效的翻译方法和策略，为今后的翻译工作提供参考。
第二章：原文分析《我挚爱的世界》是一部以散文形式呈现的作品，其内容丰富多样，包括对自然景观、人文历史、亲情友情的细腻描写，以及人生感悟和心灵思考等。
该作品的英文原作在语言运用上既有简单的句式和日常用词，又有深邃的文学词汇和句型结构，展现出了丰富而多变的语言特点。
因此，翻译该作品不仅需要对内容的深刻理解，还需注重语言的准确性和流畅性。
第三章：翻译过程及方法在翻译过程中，我们首先对原文进行了仔细的阅读和理解，深入挖掘作者的思想和情感。
然后，我们根据不同的内容特点，采用了不同的翻译方法和技巧。
例如，在处理自然景观和人文历史等描述性内容时，我们注重语言的优美和生动，力求传达出原文的意境和氛围；在处理人生感悟和心灵思考等深层次内容时，我们则更加注重语言的简洁明了和准确性，力求传达出原文的深层含义。
此外，我们还针对不同词汇的翻译进行了反复的推敲和尝试。
对于一些专业性或具有特定文化内涵的词汇，我们查阅了大量相关资料和文献，力求找到最准确的翻译。
对于一些具有象征意义或比喻性的表达方式，我们则结合上下文进行理解，并尝试用类似的表达方式在中文中传达出其含义。
第四章：案例分析接下来，我们将结合具体案例来进一步分析《我挚爱的世界》的翻译方法和技巧。
例如，在翻译“I love the world with all its flaws”这一句时，我们将其译为“我深爱着这个有缺陷的世界”，准确传达了原文的含义。
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《弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫日记第四卷》翻译项目报告本文为翻译项目报告,所选翻译原文为《弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫日记第四卷》(The Diary Of Virginia Woolf, Volume Ⅳ:1931-1935)中1932年的日记内容,由英国霍加斯出版社于1982年出版。
作为伍尔夫研究的权威文献之一,《弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫日记》反映了她对自身文学主张的贯彻,它不单是艺术创作素材的日常积累,也成为伍尔夫写作练习的实验场所。
本次翻译项目不仅旨在将这份文献引入汉语世界,也希望帮助对意识流文学有兴趣的汉语读者进一步了解伍尔夫其人及其鲜明的语言风格。
鉴于作者意识流小说代表作家的身份,这部非文学题材作品充分体现了意识流语体的特点：词义模糊、句式结构松散、语法残缺、语义不连贯等等。
因此,在本次项目的翻译过程中,各种意识流表现技巧(如自由联想、内心分析、时空跳跃和蒙太奇等)的处理成为难点；为了尽力保留原文的意识流语言特色,本项目选择德国功能派人物赖斯的文本类型论分析处理原文,同时结合信息
型文本和表情型文本的翻译技巧,以“异化”为主要翻译策略。
考虑到汉语的表达习惯和读者的接受度,译者利用增词法、引申法、句子成分转译法等作出适当调整,保证译文一定程度的流畅感与可读性。
通过此次翻译实践译者深切体会到,认真的译前准备工作对于原文和作者的特点分析大有裨益,是翻译过程能够顺利推进的前提；而在实践中,为了实现译文的预期功能,译者应当将理论指导结合实际情况对翻译策略与技巧作出灵活调整。
项目中仍有一些尚未妥善解决的翻译问题,最为突出的是文学性内容的多义性问题,如何在翻译过程中减少原文语言意蕴与美感的流失还是有待探索的问题。