浅谈身势语
浅谈小学英语中的身势语
浅谈小学英语中的身势语西庄镇高营小学杨丽娇【摘要】身势语教学对于每一门学科来说，都有着极其重要的作用。
尤其是对于小学英语的教学。
它可以使教师在课堂教学中更充分地表达自己，让课堂气氛变得活跃起来。
使学生更乐于学习，从而更好地掌握所学习的语言。
在小学英语教学中，教师准确、适当、自然协调地运用身势语，能帮助组织教学、达到增进师生感情、激活学生学习情绪、突出教学重点、提高教学效果等作用。
【关键词】身势语面部表情手势眼神动作身体距离一、引言身势语作为一种传递信息的工具，其产生和运用要比有声语言更早。
在有声语言产生以后，怎样在小学英语教学中有效地利用身势语，取得更好的教学效果呢？在新课程的改革中，小学英语教学提倡的是任务型教学法，更加强调教师的主导作用和学生的主体作用。
如果把一堂课比作一场游戏的话，作为教学主导者的教师便是这场游戏的导演。
教师在课堂上如能恰当地应用身势语，如面部表情、手势、眼神、动作、身体距离等手段，来吸引学生的注意力，调动启发学生的积极性，还可以使课堂教学更为生动活泼，印象深刻，达到增强记忆，提高效率的目的，有时甚至可以达到无声胜有声的效果。
我们都知道，课堂学习是学生学习英语的一个重要环节。
为了使学生们学好小学英语，教师需要通过各种方法来提高小学生们学习英语的兴趣。
提高小学生学习英语的兴趣有很多种方法，而身势语就是其中的一种。
身势语是人们进行交流的一个重要手段，在学校教育中，身势语在培养小学生的品质方面起着重要的作用。
因为，教师是受学生尊重的，而且不管教师说什么或做什么都可能会被学生所模仿。
总之，教师们的身势语能提高学生的欣赏力和品行。
如果学生们也能培养一种很好的身势语，这就能够使他们形成一种乐观和活跃的情绪,他们也一定能有更好的交际方式。
教师的身势语不仅能形成一种好的榜样还能缩短师生之间的距离而且能创造一种和谐的学习氛围。
事实上，教师友好的形象可以大大的鼓励学生学习的热情，同时理论而又抽象的知识需要生动的、易理解的身势语使其变得具体又明确。
浅谈非语言交际中的身势语
浅谈非语言交际中的身势语摘要“身势语”同语言一样,都是文化的一部分。
在不同文化中,身势语的意义并不完全相同。
各民族有不同的非语言交际方式.例如：不同的民族在谈话时,对双方保持多大距离才合适有不同的看法；谈话双方身体接触的次数多少因文化不同而各异；在目光接触这一方面也有许多规定：看不看对方,什么时候看,看多久,什么人可以看,什么人不可以看；在某些场合下,在中国和讲英语的国家无论微笑还是大笑,通常表示友好﹑赞同﹑满意﹑高兴﹑愉快,但是在某些场合,中国人的笑会引起西方人的反感；打手势时动作稍有不同,就会与原来的意图有所区别,对某种手势理解错了,也会引起意外的反应等等。
因此,要用外语进行有效的交际,在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势,动作,举止等所表示的意思。
而有些权威人士认为两者相互依存。
在大多数情况下这是对的。
在某些情况下,人体动作与所说的话不一致,口头说的与身势语表达的意思不一样。
这时要借助其他信息或从整个情况中猜测说话人的意思,从某种意义上说,一切身势语都要放在一定的情景下去理解；忽视了整个情景就会发生误解。
而通过中美身势语对比研究表明,两者有相似的地方,也有差异的地方,说明了解另一种语言中身势语的重要性。
可见,真正掌握两种语言的人在? 挥昧硪恢钟镅运祷笆币惨挥昧硪恢稚硎朴铩Ｕ庋拍艽锏礁玫慕患市Ч?/P>关键词:非语言交际身势语不同文化不同方式Body Language on Nonverbal CommunicationAbstract“Body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture. But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. For example: different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing; the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures; one could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look;when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at; smiles and laughte r usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment, and, this is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries, however, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners; gestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended, and, a wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions and so on. So in order to communicate effectively in a forEign language, one should&nb sp;know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language. Some authorities feel that the two are dependent on each other. This is certainly true in most situations. But it is also true that in certain situations body action contradicts what is bEIng said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what body language communicates. When this occurs, one must try to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation. In a sense, all body language should be interpreted ;within a given context; to ignore the overall situation could be misleading. A comparative study of Chinese and American body language shows a number of similarities and diversities of body language. It shows the importance of knowing the specific gestures that go with a language. Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body language at the same time he switches languages. This makes communication easier and better.Key words:nonverbal communication body language different culture different waysContents1. Introduction (1)2. The necessity and importance of learning body language on nonverbal communication (2)3. The concrete types and application of the body language (3)3.1 Types of body language (3)3.1.1 Distance between people conversing ...... 33.1.3 Eye contact (4)3.1.4 Smiles and laughter (6)3.1.5 Gestures (6)3.2 Application of the body language (6)3.2.1 Greetings (6)3.2.2 Signs of affection (8)3.2.3 Physical contact in life (8)3.3 A comparative study of Chinese and American body language……94. Conclusion (12)<!--。
浅谈身势语及应用
浅谈身势语及应用作者：李俊平来源：《文教资料》2010年第06期摘要: 身势语是交际行为中的非言语成分,与有声语言一样是我们交流思想、表达感情和传递信息不可或缺的重要手段。
正因为具有辅助、替代、调节、否定等功能,身势语在我们日常交际和生活中一直发挥着重要作用,在跨文化交际背景下,起着有声语言不可替代的作用,发挥着独特魅力。
本文主要对身势语的功能及其在日常生活中的应用进行分析。
关键词: 身势语功能非言语身势语的研究以美国心理学家Birdwhistell(1970)为代表,他首先创造了“身势语”的概念、他指出人的身体各部位运动肌之动作、器官等都可以表达和交流思想、感情和态度,而且这些机制往往起到言语所起不到的作用,正如学者们所认为的“身体即信息”。
身势语所涉及的领域包括手势语、姿势语、表情语和目光语等。
在日常生活中,我们通常用语言进行交际与沟通,语言交际虽重要,但无法孤立运行,始终伴随各种非言语交际的辅助,而在某些特殊场景下,语言可能成为交际的障碍,须借助于非言语才能有效地完成交际任务。
Birdwhistell曾对同一文化的人的语言行为和非言语行为做了一个量的估计,认为语言交际最多只占整个交际行为的30%;而心理学家Albert Mebrabian发现人的情绪只有7%来自语言符号,而55%来自人的面部表情,38%来自说话者的声音。
不难看出,身势语作为非语言交际的渠道之一,同样是我们交流思想、表达感情和传递信息不可或缺的重要手段。
一、身势语的功能身势语在交际中和语言融为一体,共同表达具体的内容。
它把无形的思想与心理,形象、直接地转化成动态的视觉形象,达到语言交际难以取得的效果。
对身势语功能的研究颇多,贾玉新在其著作《跨文化交际学》中指出,非言语的社会功能体现在四个方面:社会的关系标记、会话组织结构的标记、交际的语义或内容标记、交际者的感情标记。
孙传捷认为身势语的语用功能表现在以下几个方面:遵守交际的合作原则,情感的表露,心理活动的反映,双方交流的纽带,推导说话者的会话含意。
浅谈身势语在英语教学中的运用
【1】张承芬．教育心理学．济南：山东教育出版社．2001 .
【2】萧凤岐．现代英语惯用法实例辞典．IM 」．北京：北京理工大学出版社．1999 .
【3】张江林．言传“身”教一浅谈体态语在英语教学中的作用．英语周报2003
2.3 身势语能活跃课堂气氛，提高学生学习兴趣
身势语是教师用一些生动、逼真的表情和动作将枯燥的语言表达出来，因此活跃了课堂气氛，大大调动了学生的学习积极性。如我们在教课文Our classroom 时，可边做动作边谈：This is our classroom . （指着自己的教室）It‘s a nice big room . （双手一伸，眼睛四下望）The windows are big and the walls are white .（用手敲敲窗户和墙）There is a blackboard on the front wall （走到前面指指黑板）On the back wall
2 身势语言在英语教学中的作用21 身势语具有形象性．便于学生接受身势语能使抽象的东西具体化，使陌生的字母组加这个单词时，教师可先将单词写在黑板上，然后学火车启动、前进和鸣笛的声音；同时，还可用手向前划圈作车轮滚动状直到学生说出这个单词的汉语意思为止。在反复朗读几遍后，学生便很轻松很深刻地记住了这个单词。教授句子以及文章也同样如此。如：当教师先做运球动作，然后作单手肩上投篮动作，一边做一边说：" I Play basketball．”学生立刻便能领会这句话的意思。
【关键词】身势语；英语教学
一直以来，人们对语言的学习只强调口头语言和书面语言。然而，对于非语言（主要是身势语）交流的手段则不太重视．根据美国一项研究表明：在情感、态度交流方面，90 % 以上的信息是靠声调的高低和面部表情，即非语言来传递的．可见，身势语在语言教学和实际交际中有着重要地位。那么，如何在英语教学中有效地利用身势语取补更好的效学效果呢？教师在课堂上如能怡当地应用身势语，如面部表情、眼神、手势、动作，就可以使课堂教学更为生动活拨、印象深刻，达到增强记忆、提高效率的目的。
浅谈身势语--商务英语本科学位论文
中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目：浅谈身势语姓名：000000000班级、学号：000000000系(部) ：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师：0000000开题时间：2009-4-10完成时间：2009-11-82009 年11 月8 日目录课题浅谈身势语一、课题(论文)提纲二、内容摘要三、参考文献A Brief Discussion on Body Language0000000Abstract：Body language is an important part of nonverbal communication and it is connected with culture. In order to make successful exchange in cross-cultural communication, we should know the body language from different cultures. And we should realize that body language, like verbal communication and culture, also has many similarities all over the world. However, body language from different cultures has many differences because of different regions, races and cultural customs. And it is restricted by its culture and has different cultural connotations. That is to say, the same body language has different meanings in different cultures and has different social functions. This article devotes to a comparison and contrast of body language in different cultures in terms of eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions and touch. It aims to illustrate the differences and similarities of body language and put forward the principles of reducing barriers in communication so as to achieve efficient communication and to avoid misunderstanding.Key Words：Nonverbal Communication; Body Language; Cultural Differences and Similarities; PrinciplesIntroductionPeople can communicate with each other through not only verbal communication but also nonverbal communication and we learned.Moreover, the latter plays an essential role in human communication. Nonverbal communication is connected with cultures and it is the result of cultures. But many people pay great attention to the acceptance and correctness of the verbal communication and overlook the influence and cultural difference of nonverbal communication. Then the misunderstanding and cultural crash often occur in the cross-cultural communication. So in the process of communication, it is not a complete communication while ignoring the cultural differences of nonverbal communication. It is clear without body language we can’t finish our informational exchange. Body language, like verbal language can express emotions, exchange ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cultural differences of body language to achievee f f i c i e n t c o m m u n i c a t i o n.1. Definition and Functions of Nonverbal Communication1.1 Definition of Nonverbal Communication“Nonverbal communication is a process in which communicators use the natural features of their bodies to deliver information and express specific meaning instinctively to the other communicator.”The study of nonverbal communication coversthree major parts: Proxernics, Kinesics or Body Language, and Paralanguage.Proxernics refers that people keep certain space with each other when they communicate and the meaning it suggests. For example, Arabians like to keep close while Englishmen like to keep a certain distance. It is funny to see they are in conversation. Arabians will come closer and closer but Englishmen will withdraw further and further. When they finish the conversation, they are far away from the place they stood. Kinesics is also called body language, which studies the meanings of the movement of all parts of body and it includes many nonverbal behavior such as eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions, touch and so on. We will discuss it in details later. Paralanguage refers to all kinds of sound signals made by mouth, which can express certain emotions and ideas.1.2 Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication, like verbal communication is also a part of culture and the carrier of a certain culture. The function of nonverbal communication in the whole communication can’t be overlooked. “In the daily communication, we can see people can’t communicate efficiently by verbal language alone. And nonverbal communication will express clear meanings in a certain context. And a certain nonverbal communication should be connected withverbal communication or the other nonverbal communication to provide correct information.”So in communicative activities, nonverbal communication also plays a great role. Of course, we should pay close attention to the functions of nonverbal communication. “In any case, when verbal communication conflicts with nonverbal communication, people are willing to accept the information nonverbal communication delivers. Because nonverbal communication sounds more natural, more instinctive and it is hard to pretend.”Obviously, we should make full use of nonverbal communication to achieve efficient communication. Now, we will discuss the functions of nonverbal communication.2. Classification of Body LanguageWe have discussed the importance of nonverbal communication. And we also know body language reflects a certain cultural background. On the one hand, in a certain tradition, body language is determined by its customs and traditions. Violating them will cause communicative disconnection and misunderstanding. On the other hand, the meanings of body language in a certain culture are developing and changing. With the development of technology, traffic and contact all over the world, the meanings of body language are renewing every day. In this essay, we intend to makea comparison and contrast of the similarities and differences on body language in order to avoid misunderstanding and make efficient communication.General sense, the study of body language began in 1950s. And during 1970s, the study of body language entered a fully developing period. From the late of 1970s to the early period of 1980s, body language contained more contents, and had a great influence on the other fields. And Doctor R. L. Bird Whitell is the representive of study of body language. His research indicated: eyebrows could change for 23 positions and people could make 250,000 different facial expressions. “And psychologist David Aberconbie also pointed out: ‘we speak with verbal organs but we talk with our body.’”Body language contains eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions, manners and behaviors and touch and so on. As the most important part of nonverbal communication, body language, like verbal language, has notable cultural features. Some parts of body language are innate, some are acquired and others are conscious. For example，a baby can cry when it is born. It can suck its fingers when it is hungry. When we are excited, our pupils will enlarge distinctively. Our eyebrows will move rapidly when we greet. And we will frown when we are unsatisfied. We are yawning when we feel sleepy. We cancontrol some body language and we can do some postures consciously.For example, if a public speaker is fiddling with a pencil or with his glasses all the time while he is talking, he is telling quite clearly that he is nervous. But some experienced speechmaker will pretend well and show confidence.3. Cultural Differences of Body LanguageDifferent believes are the causes of the differences of body language. According to the theories proposed by American anthologists Barnettt Pearce, Verrion Cronent, people’s behavior, the way of thinking and so on are affected by their believes. And every culture has its distinctive belief system. A normal action in this culture will be abnormal in another one. A positive behavior in one culture will be negative in another. People from eastern world advocate modesty, tolerance, mutual-support and responsibility for the group. But western people admire independence, self-respect, free development, and requiring individual space and so on.3.1 Eye LanguageSaying goes “The eyes are the window of the soul”. That is to say, we can read one’s mind through his/her eyes. Eye language can express complicated feelings and it is an important way to judge the intimacy of communicators. People from Englishspeaking countries have more eye contact when they are in conversation. In Juliets Faster’s book “Body Language”, there is a paragraph which can explain the problem. “Two strangers sit face to face in the dinning room in a train; they can introduce themselves to each other. When they are eating, they can talk anything else. They also can avoid eye contact and do not show interest in each other. A writer described this situation in an article “They look over the menu again and again, play with knives and look at their nails. It seems that they look at them for the first time. If their eyes meet, they will turn away immediately and look out of the window.”Americans pay great attention to the time and the way of eye contact. In common conversation, they will look at each other about one minute and then they will look away. If two Americans gaze at each other, which indicate they are intimate. In North America, the children there have learned to look at the other communicator directly. If they don’t, they are regarded lack of enthusiasm or confidence. They believe the saying “Never trust a person who can’t look you in the eyes.”Another example, Americans have a trip to a village and the local people stare at them. They are annoyed and think the local people are rude. In fact, it is normal in the village. They are just curious. “American social psychologist Michael Argyle found out:People who like each other have more eye-contact than people who dislike each other.”In communication, looking down frequently can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment. Looking away constantly may express dissatisfaction. Females are likely to communicate with more eye contact, especially among females. But too long eye contact will cause embarrassment. Most people feel uneasy and uncomfortable under the strong staring. When people always stare at us, we will feel we are threatened or suspect their sincerity. From what is mentioned above we can conclude that different cultural background has a great influence on body language. And eye language also reflects different cultures and believes. So we need to observe and compare and contrast carefully so as to improve cultural exchange and to blend well.3.2 GesturesSture means we communicate and express by the movement and manners of our hands and fingers.”“Without gestures, our world will be static and colorless. We may literally roll up our sleeves when talking about cleaning up the room and run to meet the person we are eager to see. It seems natural to clench our fist or perhaps even pound to the lectern to let every one realize the importance of our message when trying to communicate a strong feeling, which emphasize our words.”In our daily life, every onemakes gestures, but many gestures have distinct regional and cultural features. “Don’t assume that every one in the world understands one gesture in the same way.”For example，Americans often touch their temples to express somebody’s cleverness. But this action means there is something wrong with one’s mind or one is stupid to Chinese. Chinese are often surprised to see Americans lay their hands on their necks when they are full. Because it is an suicide action to Chinese, who used to express fullness by patting their stomachs. And another example, People from English-speaking countries turn around their rings constantly to show nervousness or uneasiness. Now people from Taiwan and Hong Kong also have this gesture. But if people in the mainland of China act like this, they will be regarded they are showing off richness. It is clear to see the same gesture with different meanings in different cultures, and people from different cultures will express same meaning by different gestures. So it is necessary for us to know the cultural difference to avoid misunderstanding.3.3 Postures“Posture is a matter of how people sit, walk, stand and move.”What kind of posture people use also can reflect the cultural differences between east and west. “Hewes pointed out culturemostly determined what kind of postures people use and the meaning and emotion they suggested.”According to Chinese tradition, people who are sitting have right to take charge of others: Monarch sits and officer stands; father sits and son stands; leader sits and employee stands and so on. So the younger give the old a seat to show respect. But in America and Britain, people who are in charge of others have tendency to stand. They will make use of the height of space to indicate the high status. People who have high status choose to sit when they are conversing with you, which mean they want to create harmonious and equal atmosphere and lessen space. So adults will bend down when they are talking to children. “Froyd once said “No one can really keep secret. If he does not talk and keep silent, he will talk with his fingers. In a whole, part of his body will sell him out.”In fact, this statement refers that people’s postures, attitude and other body language can deliver more hidden information. People may control their facial expressions successfully and appear calm. But they do not realize that his nervousness and eagerness have let out from his body language. Their feet may be stamping on the floor. Madness is the emotion that may let out from our feet and legs.When we are quarrelling with others, our feet will be nervous and trembling unconsciously. And females will make some teasingpostures with their legs. And postures can also reflect people’s attitude towards their communicators. The research indicated: males communicate with the person they don’t like, whether they are relaxed or nervous determined by whether their communicators are threatening or not. In this experiment, females will express dislike with very relaxing postures. Postures will be the clue of the internal relationship of a group. For example,For example, In interpersonal communication, good manners show great respect to the other people. For example, having an interview for job-hunting, we should behave well. “And we can conclude something from people’s posture. When we listen to people, we believe they are more energetic, confident and competent if they stand erect. On the other hand, when we see a person slouching over a lectern or standing lazily, we make a negative interpretation. We say the person is not very interested in what they are discussing.”3.4 TouchTouch refers to the way people exchange information by touching one’s body. The most common touch behavior is hands shaking and hugs. Chinese belong to low-contractual cultures.In China, people greet with each other with head nodding, smile, hand shaking and so on.Even good friends just hold handsfor a short time or hammer softly on the other friend’s shoulder. As for hand shaking, people in North America shake hands when they greet with each other. As children, they have learnt to hold other people’s hands tightly. East Asian people often shake hands slightly; because they think tight hand shaking means challenge. Nowadays, hand shaking has become a custom to show hospitality and friendliness in many countries. But the way of hand shaking is a little different.For example, the French will shake hands with his host when they come into and leave the host’s house. But Germans only shake hands only with their host when they come into the house. Some Africans will make a sound by fingers after hand-shaking to show freedom. And Chinese shake hands for a short time and loose and then they stand away from each other. But Chinese shake hands tightly and keep closer to express politeness and respect.3.5 Facial Expressions“The face has been called an ‘organ of emotion’because we constantly read facial expressions to understand what others are feeling. The face provides vital clues to our own feelings and those of the people around us. Of all the nonverbal channels, the face is the most important broadcaster of emotions.”“There was once adumb show called “eating chicken”at the spring festival party. The actor, Wang Jinyu, performed the whole process of eating chicken by his facial expressions and gestures without saying a single word, which gained a lot of applause.”If he can not convey his true feeling and exaggerated postures of eating chicken, the performance would be a failure.For example, Journalists deliver information to the pubic mainly from what he interviewed from interviewees. So the interviewees’cooperation determines the success of the report. So experienced journalists will use facial expressions such as smile, head nodding to show they are interested so as to make the witnesses relax and feel easy and cooperate with the journalist actively and voluntantly.When we have guests at home, we will smile to show welcome. But American Indians will cry to express welcome. Smiles will not only represent happiness and friendliness but also indicate apology and understanding. For instance, we stamped other’s feet on the bus because of a sudden brake; we will smile to the person. It means to say “Sorry”, “Very Sorry”. When colliding with a stranger, we will smile to show we have no hostility. The smile on the face of waiters or waitress means they welcome us. But sometimes,western people will feel disgusted about Chinese’s smile. For example,4. The Similarities of Body Language and Their Causes4.1 The Similarities of Body LanguageWe have discussed different cultural meanings of body language and its cause. Though different cultures result in different body languages, they also have common features. For example, master of comedy, Chapling was very popular with people all over the world because of his humorous behavior in the silent films during 1920s and 1930s. Now, let’s go on the similarities of body language.“Charles Darwin mentioned in his book ‘Emotional Expression of Human and Animals’. This book discussed whether the same expressions and postures suggested the same meaning both for human and animals.”And he asked people all around the world and collected their possible replies. Surprisingly, the answers were almost same, especially on facial expressions. Heading nodding often means agreement or greeting in most countries. And shaking one’s head often means disagreement or “No”. Applauding means appreciation or agreement and so on.4.2 The Causes Resulting in the Similarities of Body Language.“We can analyze the reason why different cultures have the same meaning on body language from psychology, linguistics, anthropology, culturology, semilogy, philosophy and so on. From anthropology, body language is the symbols and a tool of human communication. Human beings have the same ancestor, which determines the similarities of body language.”Nowadays, with the development of the world, people from different cultures communicate more and more often. We have more chance to exchange culture and economy. The expert, Mcluhan compare the world to “global village”to describe the world, which means the world becoming smaller and smaller because of more and more communication. On the one hand, people from east world have accepted the body language from west world, such as thumbing a ride, shrugging, “OK”gesture, “V”gesture and so on. On the other hand, with rapid development of East Asia and Southeast Asia, the body language from east world has a great influence on that of the west world. In the communication of east and west people, many westerners have learned Chinese customs and etiquettes.ConclusionWe have discussed the differences and similarities on body language and principles of reducing barriers in communicationabove. Being a branch of the means of nonverbal communication, body language can help us solve a lot of problems we meet. The study of body language makes us understand others very well and behave in proper ways without making too many mistakes. It is difficult to master body language because of its complexity, but we can improve our communicative abilities if we try to the utmost of our efforts to learn what we should know and follow the principles mentioned above. What we should do is to remember how people from different cultures act and to keep an understanding and tolerant attitude towards the differences. Only when we make a clear understanding on body language, can we use body language of English speaking countries to make an efficient communication and avoid misunderstanding.References:[1]徐小丹.跨文化交际中的非言语交际.黑龙江社会科学，2004（2）[2]管延祥.非语言交际与大学英语教学.经济师，2004（2）[3]李树刚.非语言交际在英语课堂教学中的运用及其文化差异.琼州大学学报，2004（3）[4]张建青.浅谈身势语.山东师范大学外国语学院学报（基础英语教育），2004，6（2）[5]喻硕丰.浅谈身势语在跨文化交际中的作用.沈阳教育学院学报，2005，7（1）[6]黄红霞.身势语中的文化差异.武汉交通科技大学学报，2000，13（2）[7]范杏丽.不同文化背景下非语言交际对比.华中理工，2000，14（2）。
浅谈身势语在中学英语课堂教学中的作用
一
中，也要不时地环视所有学生，看 一看 学生的表情 ，是否理解 了 教师所讲 的内容 。 如果发现学生时不时无 目的地 盯着天花板或 窗 户 ，目 光呆滞 ， 那表 明他们心猿意 马； 低语 暗议 ，则表明他们 发 现破 绽或老师讲错 了；眼里进发欢乐 的闪光 ，表 明茅塞顿开 。可 见，学生眼神里大有文章 。教师可 以从学生的表情及变化中 ，辨 析学生听讲 的状况并看 出 自己的教学效果 。 ４ ． 站位足 巨 离 人际间的距离 也有信息意义 ， 也 是一种无 声的身势 语言 。 课 堂教学中，教 师在课堂所处 的位置不 同，与学生 的远近不一 ，会 给学生不同的心理感觉 ，产 生不 同的效应 。有研究表 明，当教 师 站在距学生 ２ ． ３ ． ５米 的地方 ，就会产生一种控制效应 ，如果某个 学生不注意听讲或出现行 为不当的时候 ，对待这种行为 ，只要 教 师表露出开始向这个学 生走 去的意向， 就会使这个学 生不 当的行 为迅速的改变。可 见，讲究距离在课堂上 的应和 ，可 收到较好 的
身势语教学文档
浅谈跨文化交际中身势语的含义及应用世德中学林晓萍一、引言在人类信息交流过程中，不外乎有两种方式：言语交际和非言语交际。
非言语交际是比言语交际更简单、更有力的沟通工具，但又是相当容易让人误解的沟通方法。
身势语作为非言语交际中一个关键因素，在沟通中起着口头语言无法替代的作用。
语言学习者学习语言的根本目的是为了能够与不同文化、国家的人沟通、交流。
不同国家之间存在着文化差异，为了使交际活动顺利有效地进行，认识和了解身势语在不同文化中的含义及在教学中的运用是每一个语言学习者的必修课。
身势语丰富多彩，蕴含的信息量大，一个人眼神、表情、手势、距离等都能传达多种信息。
在教学中运用身势语应适当，不宜过多或者过少，身势语的运用给英语课堂增添乐趣，激发学生兴趣，拉近教师与学生之间的距离。
二、身势语的概述2.1身势语的概念身势语也称体态语形体语。
指的是传递交际信息的表情动作。
身势语的概念是由美国心理学家Birdwhistell首先提出，他指出人的身体各部位的运动肌的动作，器官都可以表达和交流信息、感情、态度——“身体即信息。
”像舞台上的舞者，通过自己优美的舞姿配合上面部表情，他们不需要言语表达，也能把所要诠释的主题思想很好地传递给观众，并取得演出的成功。
身势语是指“由人体发出的具有表情达意功能得一套图像性符号，包括人的面部表情，身体姿势、肢体动作和身体位置的变化”。
周国光（1997）2.2身势语的特点身势语作为非言语交际的重要手段之一，在人们相互沟通的过程中与言语交际如影相随、密不可分。
总的来说，身势语具有普遍性、多义性、反义性、约定性和真实性。
有些身势语是人类所共有的，先天的，也是无意识或下意识的，如人往往喜则笑，悲则泣；羞则脸红等。
有些身势语则是后天习得的。
身势语普遍存在于许多国家，不同民族有着许多相同的面部表情和身体动作，但某一身势语在不同国家有着不同含义，如伸出大拇指，在美国表示搭便车，而在撒丁却表示下流的意思。
浅谈身势语在英语教学中的运用
大 众 文 艺177更快，能够体验到学习的快乐、成功的喜悦，并不断激发学生进一步深入学习的动力，产生良性循环，为学生终身锻炼和学习习惯的养成打下良好的基础。
广大一线教师在教学实践中的探索将不断促进课堂教学效果的提高。
参考文献[1]张绍程,牛乾元,温庆荣,等.《健美操》[M].北京体育大学出版社,1994[2]郑丽冰,李芳.《对艺术体操专修生乐感培养的模式研究》[J].武汉体育学院学报,1997(4):34-37[3]李国岳.《中国健美操技术状况的分析》[J ].广州体院学报.2001,(2):88-91.[4]陈更昌.《对健美操教学培养大学生艺术表现力的研究》[J].东华理工学院学报(社科版),2005,24(3):286.[5]姜淑华.《浅谈健美操对学生审美能力的培养》[J].哈尔滨体育学报,2000,(2):57-59.[6]李 鸿.《新形势下体育教育专业健美操课的现状与对策研究》[J].北京体育大学学报,2005(4):531-532.[7]张维霞.《试析体育教学中学生自我效能的培养》[J].体育学刊, 1998, (4): 93-94.[8]张孟红.《高师体育教育专业健美操课程评价方法的改革实验》[J].成都体育学院学报,2006(6):105-106.[9]代 毅.《师范大学女生体育教学运动处方的实验研究》[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2004(3):448-449.[10]马奇伟.《体育心理学》[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1997: 4-48, 168-169.[11]赫秋菊.《普通高校学生健美操学习策略的研究》[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2008(1):78-80.[12]素文.《对培养健美操运动员表现力方法的研究》[J].河北体育学报,1999,(1).[13]孙庆祝,孙晋海,钟嘉奎.《研究生创新能力培养和建立多维系统教学模式的研究》[G].第六届全国体育科学大会论文摘要汇编,2000:433.人际间的交流是通过两种形式进行的,一是言语行为,二是非言语行为。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
浅谈身势语所谓的身势语，就是指那些包括空间距离、目光注视、身体接触、姿态动作、面部表情等在内的非语言的身体信号。
空间距离当人们进行交际的时候，交际双方在空间所处位置的距离具有重要的意义，它不仅告诉我们交际双方的关系、心理状态，而且也反映出民族和文化特点。
心理学家发现，任何一个人需要在自己的周围有一个自己能够把握的自我空间，这个空间的大小会因不同的文化背景、环境、行业、不同个性等而不同。
不同的民族在谈话时，对双方保持多大距离有不同的看法。
根据霍尔博士(美国人类学家)研究，欧美人生活中有四种距离表示不同情况：(1) 亲密接触 (intimate distance 0-45 cm) 交谈双方关系密切，身体的距离从直接接触到相距约 45 厘米之间，这种距离适于双方关系最为密切的场合，比如说夫妻及情人之间。
(2) 私人距离 (personal distance 45-120 cm) 朋友、熟人或亲戚之间往来一般以这个距离为宜。
(3) 礼貌距离 (social distance 120-360 cm) 用于处理非个人事物的场合中，如进行一般社交活动，或在办公，办理事情时。
(4) 一般距离 (public distance 360-750 cm) 适用于非正式的聚会，如在公共场所听演出等。
从这四种分法可以看出，人类在不同的活动范围中因关系的亲密程度而有着或保持不同的距离。
不同民族与文化构成人们之间不同的空间区域，多数讲英语的人在交谈时不喜欢离得太近，总要保持一定的距离。
西班牙人和阿拉伯人交谈会凑得很近，而对俄罗斯人来说意大利人交谈是过于靠近，拉美人交谈时几乎贴身。
更有趣的是英国人与意大利人交谈时，意大利人不停的“进攻”，英国人不断的“撤退”。
实际上他们交谈时都只不过是要占据对自己适当的，习惯的实际距离。
西方文化注重个个隐私，东方人“私”的概念薄弱。
在电梯，巴士或火车上，素不相识人的拥挤在一起，东方人可以容忍身体与身体接触的那种挤，西方人无法容忍。
在对个人空间的要求方面，中国人、日本人以至大多数亚洲人要比西方人小的多。
这是因为不同的文化习俗的缘故，西方人看中宽松的氛围，崇尚个人自由和个人权利，而东方人的传统文化根深蒂固。
空间的观念是立体的，不仅包括领域的大小距离，包含领域的高度。
“拉开距离”具有保持身份的威严的功能，而保持空间领域的高度又是支配权利的一种方式。
法庭、教堂、礼堂、会议厅的布置都十分注重利用空间距离来发挥这一功能，以表现优越感与从属关系。
在中国，长辈和领导面朝南坐，在西方则坐在椭圆桌子头的位置，等等，不一而足。
这些都说明不同文化背景的人对空间的运用和安排都有着各自的模式，从而构成无数文化差异，让空间的使用具有了更为丰富的文化功能。
目光注视在人际交往过程中，与交往对象保持目光接触是十分必要的。
近代西班牙哲学奥塔加在《人与众人》一书中说：“每一次注释都说出了注视者的心路历程。
”中国古代成语有“画龙点睛”之说，人类男女之间有眉目传情之举。
从莎士比亚的“仿佛他眼睛里锁藏着整个灵魂”，到音乐摇滚的“不要说，你的眼睛已经告诉了我”，都说明目光注视在人际交往中的重要功能。
“眼睛是透露人的内心世界的最有效的途径，人的一切情绪、情感、和态度的变化，都可从眼睛里显示出来。
几乎所有的人与人之间的活动能够和感情交流都依靠过眼光，某些文化所特有传播实践也体现在目光接触的运用之中。
两个阿拉伯人在一起交流时会用非常热情的目光凝视对方，因为他们认为双目是个人存在的钥匙。
如果从美国文化角度来看，这种目光是不适用于两个男人之间的，这种长时间凝视常常是同性恋的亚文化群使用的非语言代码的一部分。
有教养的英国男子认为直接凝视与之交往的人的眼睛是一种绅士风度，而瑞典人在交谈中用目光相互打量的次数多于英国人。
法国人则特别欣赏一种鉴赏似的注视，这种眼光看人是就传达了一种非语言信号：虽然我不认识你，但我从内心底欣赏你的美，所以法国男子在公共场合对妇女士的凝视是人们公认的一种文化准则。
日本人与人交谈时的目光一般落在对方的颈部，而对方的脸部和双眼要在自己眼帘的外缘，他们认为眼对眼是一种失礼的行为。
中国人则对紧盯着自己看的目光感到不自在，甚至惶惑不安，原因是“羞耻感"文化的影响，“非礼勿视”。
而在西方这个世界文化的大熔炉里，人人都锻炼得眼界开阔喜欢大大方方地表白自己，敢于毫不遮掩地宣泄情感，她们往往会因为异性受到自己的吸引力而感到受宠，但不若惊。
目光的礼节、各种凝视行为及目光在交际中的功能反映出不同的文化背景及不同的民族文化心理，其含义复杂，规定繁多，需要我们认真观察，仔细比较，从而促进各民族间文化的交流与融合。
身体接触正像语言和姿势可以传递人们的情感信息一样，身体与他人的接触在交际中也无时无刻不在传递信息。
婴儿在母亲怀里被摇着拍着，等到爱抚后不仅能保持心理平静，还能刺激协调运动器官──小脑，促使其发育，国外学者称之为接触教育(touch education)。
人类学家把文化大致分为两大类：接触文化(touch c ulture)与非接触文化(nontouch culture)，阿拉伯人，南欧和西欧人、犹太人及拉丁语系的人属于第一类，美国人、北欧人及东方人属于第二类。
从孩提时代到成人期，不同的文化交给我们不同的接触方式，哪些部位该接触，哪些不该接触。
这里着重谈谈被当作一种社会习惯来进行的利益方面的身体接触中的不同文化内涵。
(一)握手据某些专家的考证，握手是石器时代穴居人留下的一种遗俗。
陌生人相遇，如彼此并无恶意，就放下手中狩猎用的棍棒或石块，让对方摸摸掌心。
在人类进化过程中，这些手势逐步演变成两手相握的形势。
手掌的张开表示向对方敞开自己的势力范围，而手掌的接触则表示合二为一。
今天，在许多国家，握手已经成为一种常用的表示亲热和友好的礼节。
但各国握手的习惯不大一样。
法国人做客走进房间或别离时都要与主人握手：而德国人只在进门时握一次手；有些非洲人在握手之后会将手指弄出轻轻的响声，以表示自由；在美国，男人之间的握手是很用力的，这可能源于印第安人的角力竞赛。
中国人一边讲“你好”一边握手，对此没有什么忌讳；俄罗斯人则不允许两人隔着一道门或跨着门槛握手，以为这样做是不吉利的。
在西方，参加竞选的政客会用右手，握住对方的右手，再用左手搭在互相握住的手背上，试图让接受者感到他的热情真挚与诚实可靠，故被称为“政治家的握手”。
有一位驻外人员叙述了这么一段经历：在巴基斯坦时，有一次请学生到使馆看中文电影。
一位刚结婚的学生把妻子也带来了。
老师见到后，主动与学生妻子握手，并且握的很紧，以示热烈欢迎。
第二天上课时，学生满脸怒气，拒绝回答该老师的提问。
课后，另一个学生告诉老师说，这位学生认为老师主动逼他妻子握手，太失礼。
原来按照巴基斯坦礼俗，男子对陌生女子不能主动握手，老师说出了自己的本意是表示客气与友好后，才算消除了误会。
可见握手的概念常因文化的不同而不同。
在人类交际活动中，眼睛的信息传递是微妙的，而握手发出的信号却是直截了当的。
如果握肩膀和握胳膊时，实际上是进入了接受者的密切区域，只有在感情极为密切与融洽的人之间才受欢迎。
在异性之间，如果女方不主动伸出手来，男性是不能去握她的手的。
如果伸左手与人相握，则是无礼的表现。
握手的文化是如此丰富多彩，我们必须深入研究，严加区分，以避免文化冲撞和误会。
(二)拥抱与亲吻不同的文化背景产生不同的礼貌和礼仪，其含义是约定俗成的。
在西方许多发达国家，两个女生见面时拥抱在一起是常见现象，夫妻久别重逢时拥抱亲吻也非常自然；但阿拉伯人、俄国人、法国人、东欧人、地中海沿岸和有些拉丁美洲国家的人，两个男人之间也会拥抱及亲吻双额。
阿拉伯人甚至不停地嗅着对方身上散发出的气息，对他们来说，好的气味能令人精神为之一爽。
缅甸人、蒙西人和分布在挪威、瑞典、芬兰等国的拉普人会嗅着彼此的面颊表示问候。
而在东亚及英语国家，男人之间一般只是握手表示欢迎，很少拥抱或亲吻对方。
在许多欧美人看来，政治家的亲吻是“虚假”的代名词。
拥抱亲吻的这些差异充分反映不同文化的特色和浓厚的社会文化意义，也是不同民族文化之间深层的差异在身势语这个表层上的具体表现。
(三)其他接触如前所述，有的民族崇尚接触文化，而有的民族则信奉非接触文化，不同的文化确定了它自己关于接触的定义。
出于宗教的崇拜和信仰，佛教徒认为活佛给他们施行的摸顶礼是崇高而神圣的；而在泰国，头部可是千万不能摸的，触及头部简直就是一种罪过；此外，泰国僧侣在向上行走时特别忌讳被女性触及，认为这样就会使他的苦苦修炼前功尽弃。
中国人喜爱一个小孩时会亲切地抚摸她的头部或搂搂抱抱，而对美国的孩子这样做就会引起孩子妈妈的反感，尽管她知道这种动作并无恶意，但在他的文化中，这样做被人认为是无礼的表现。
在穆斯林国家，人们把关于触摸的知识看作其文化整体的一部分，他们用右手进食或做愉快的事，用左手去触摸别人则是一种社交的侮辱，因为左手是大小便时用的。
在中国传统文化中，“面子”重于一切。
脸对女性来说无异于命根子。
如果触摸一个中国姑娘的脸，那可是犯了大忌。
可见触摸在身体不同部位的运用也要因地域及文化之不同而异。
如果不加区别地统统采取亲密性接触，或是统统推行非接触文化，这个世界就会乱成一团了。
姿态动作有专家提出，人能发出多达50万个不同的身体信号，只用“千姿百态”作比喻已显得苍白无力，任何想将它们分门别类的企图也只能令人失望。
所以我们只能从传递交际信息的常见姿势中诠释一些行为代码与文化含义。
手势在各国有不同的表达意义，不同的文化背景赋予了手势不同的交际功能。
中国人竖起拇指表示“好”，伸出小指表示“差”或“坏”，这反映了一种“尊卑有等”、“长幼有序”的文化心态；美国人将拇指朝上表示要求搭便车，将拇指朝下则表示“坏”；而日本人伸出小指却表示“情人”。
在美国，人们用挥手来表示再见；而在南美，人们见到这种动作时不但不会离去，反而会向你跑过来。
在美国，用拇指和食指捏成一个圈，其余三个指头分开向上伸直，则表示“OK”一词；在日本，这种手势则表示钱；在阿拉伯人中，这种动作常常伴以咬紧牙关，一起表示深恶痛绝。
用手指在太阳穴旁边转圈，中国人表示动脑筋，美国人和巴西人则表示发疯。
俄国人把手指放在喉咙上表示吃饱了；日本人用此动作表示被“炒了鱿鱼"。
美国人、日本人抿着嘴吃东西才算得体，而印第安人却以张口大嚼为礼貌。
假如一位美国人无意中把筷子直直的插进饭碗内，再把饭送给中国人吃时，中国人心里就可能会大为不快。
因为按照中国的风俗，供死人时才把筷子插进饭碗里。
美国人用手指着太阳穴表示手枪自杀，反映的是美国私人拥有枪支不足为奇的社会文化背景。
日本人用手戳向肚子表示剖腹自杀，反映了日本传统文化中的武道精神。
在新几内亚，将手架在脖子上表示自杀；在中国，这种手势表示被人砍头，是古代刑法取去“首级”的遗风。