英美社会与文化论文

英美社会与文化论文
英美社会与文化论文

TITLE On the Formation and Classification of English Euphemisms

Contents

Abstract in Chinese (1)

Abstract in English (1)

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….

2. Literature Review………….……….…………………………….....….……

3. Formation of Euphemisms ……………. ….……….……….……….….

3.1 Omission………….……….…………………………….....….….….….

3.2 Adoption of acronyms or abbreviated words……….……….………. .….

3.3 Adoption of fuzzy words….……………….……….…………….…. .….

3.4 Substitution of synonyms………….……….………………………….….

3.5 Application of analogy………….……….…………………………….…

3.6 Adoption of foreign words………….……….……………………….….

3.7 Understatement………….……….…………………………….....…. .….

3.8 Circuitous statements. ………….……….……………………….….….

3.9 Metaphor ………….……….…………………………….....….….….….

3.10 Special sentence patterns to tone it mildly………….……….…………

4.Classification of Euphemisms………….……….…………………………

4.1 From the perspective of semantics………….……….…………………4.2 From the perspective of appearance frequency………….……….…….…

4.3 From the perspective of the scopes of practical use………….……….…

4.3.1 Euphemisms on death………….……….………………………….

4.3.2 Euphemisms on sex and pregnancy………….……….……………

4.3.3 Euphemisms on going to the toilet………….……….………………

4.3.4 Euphemisms on physical appearance. ………….……….…………

4.3.5 Euphemisms on professions………….……….………………….…2 2 2 2

2 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4

4 5 5 6 6 6

4.3.6 Euphemisms on poverty and joblessness……….……….…………

4.3.7 Euphemisms on crimes………….……….………………….………

4.3.8 Euphemisms on politics………….……….………………….………

4.3.9 Euphemisms on war………….……….……………………….……

4.3.10 Euphemisms on commerce………….……….……………….….

4.3.11 Euphemisms on addressing God and demon………….……….…

5. Conclusion............................................................................... Bibliography. (7)

7 8 8 8

9 9 10

Abstract

The use of euphemism is a prevailing language phenomenon in human communication. And the correct use of euphemism can avoid embarrassment and unpleasantness during interpersonal communication, which leads to the successful social intercourse. In our current society, euphemism is used in every field, so it is of importance in English learning and application that learning euphemism well. The essay introduced the function and the application of euphemism, basing on these, summarized the formation and classification of euphemisms from a new stand, aiming to facilitate the correct and flexible use of euphemism.

Key words: euphemism; formation and classification; correct use

内容摘要

委婉语的使用是人类交往过程中非常普遍的一种语言现象。正确的使用委婉语可以避免人际交往的尴尬或不快,从而达到成功交往的目的。当今社会,委婉语已在各个领域被广泛地使用,因此学好英语中的委婉语对于我们的英语学习和英语应用有着重要的现实意义。文章介绍了委婉语的功能和运用,在此基础上总结了委婉语的构成与分类。主旨在帮助英语学习者避免委婉语的错误运用,促进中外双方交流的顺利准确。

关键词:委婉语;构成与分类;正确运用

1. Introduction

Euphemism is origin ated from the Greek which means “good speech”. Today some western scholars even label it as “gilded speech” or the“cosmetic words”. Euphemisms can help eliminate rudeness and vulgarity and refine linguistic forms in interpersonal conversations, hence they are used extensively to facilitate the communications. English is abundant in euphemisms. English euphemisms are mild and indirect in tones, vivid and lively in effects. They have played an unsubstitutible role in daily interactions. This essay makes a brief probe into the formation and classification of euphemisms. Many experts (like Zola Stone) have elaborated on this topic from different perspectives, but their findings are either partial or incomplete. This thesis tries to give a complete classification of euphemisms from a new stand.

2. Literature Review

Generally speaking, many linguistics have made studies of the formation and classification of euphemism, but most of them made their studies from different stands, and their studies are all partly incomplete. For example, some study the classification from the forming principles (孙保国), while some from the aspect of everyday use(陈文乾). All these studies make the study of the classification so rich and splendid.

3. Formation of Euphemisms

Euphemisms can be achieved by a lot of means. This section will discuss in brief each type of methods.

3.1 Omission

By omitting some harsh words, we can make our words milder and gentler. For example, in public, we do not say “pregnant women”, instead, we are expected to say” She is expecting” or “She is in a delicate condition”..

3.2 Adoption of acronyms or abbreviated words.

For example we abbreviate water closet for “W.C”, body odor for “B.O” , cancer for “Big C”.

3.3 Adoption of fuzzy words.

When we talk about something unpleasant, many fuzzy words are used to express our thoughts in a vague way to avoid to be offensive. If an unwed girl becomes pregnant, her neighbors may talk in this way: “She has an accident.” Vagina or penis is more frequently referred to the "private part"

3.4 Substitution of synonyms

In order to praise someone and show our well meaning, we sue some synonymous words to substitute the original words. The synonyms usually are more positive than the replaced one. For instance, “economical” can be replaced by some other words, such as“ thrift”

3.5 Application of analogy.

This method is frequently seen people`jobs. are mentioned.

Street cleaner, is affectionately called “sanitation engineer” or “city beautician”; and the rat-catcher, affectionat ely referred as ” exterminating engineer”.

3.6 Adoption of foreign words.

The use of a foreign word to express the meaning is extensively found in actual practice, for example,” lingerie “(a French word.) is favored by most English-spoken people, rather t han “women`s inside clothes”.

3.7 Understatement.

For example, "steal" can be said as "take other's things without permission". The latter expression is favored by many people, especially the burglars. This method can help decrees the negative impressions.

3.8 Circuitous statements.

A teacher`s assessment on one student can be "he is sure to go far if he can use his resources fully", whose undertone is this student is too lazy. And to describe a cheating boy can be "he depends on others too much to do his work".

3.9 Metaphor

To "die" is described as "go to sleep forever"; the "pimple" is compared to "blossom"

3.10 Special sentence patterns to tone it mildly.

English euphemisms can be achieved by the use of syntactic means, especially in conjunctive moods. Other sentence patterns include:

"Could you please give me a cup of coffee?"

"I'd like some sugar." Respectively,

"I am afraid, I am not sure" and other phrases used in conjunction.

“What about going to the West Lake?”

All the ten methods above can help make your speech courteous and elegant.

4.classification of euphemisms.

Euphemisms can be classified into different types from different angles. This section chiefly touches upon three kinds of division.

4.1 From the perspective of semantics, euphemisms can be divided into three groups, ie, positive euphemisms, negative euphemisms and neutral euphemisms.

1) Positive euphemisms refer to the supplantation of humble words for agreeable or pleasant words. For example, when people talk about the cobbler we may most likely use the“shoe rebuilder” instead.

2) Negative euphemisms refer to the replacement of pejorative words for less offensive words. For example, people often do not say “a madhouse”, instead we tend to use “insane asylum” more frequently.

3) Neutral euphemisms refer to the substitution for a foreign word.

4.2 From the perspective of appearance frequency, euphemisms can be grouped as temporary euphemisms and general euphemisms.

1) Temporary euphemisms have a very limited circulation and time span , maybe just in a family or among a group of friends. For example one family happen to refer “euphemism” as the toilet, but the outsiders may totally feel at a loss about what they are talking about.

2) General euphemism refers to the fixed linguistic units during a certain period of time in a language community. As a rule, most of them can be traced in various dictionaries, such as "be expecting", "kicked the bucket", "disadvantaged citizen " and so on.

4.3 From the perspective of the scopes of practical use, euphemisms fall into ten groups.

4.3.1 Euphemisms on health

This kind o f Euphemisms originated from the early human civilization. To avoid the association of fear, helplessness and sorrow bounded with “death”, we often use euphemisms. as below:

4.3.2.Euphemisms on sex and pregnancy

4.3.3.Euphemisms on going to the toilet

4.3.4.Euphemisms on physical appearance.

4.3.

5.Euphemisms on professions

4.3.6.Euphemisms on poverty and joblessness.

4.3.7. Euphemisms on crimes

4.3.8.Euphemisms on politics

4.3.9. Euphemisms on war

4.3.10.Euphemisms on commerce .

4.3.11. Euphemisms on addressing God and demon

5.Conclusion

From the day they came into being, English euphemisms has been playing the role of social lubricator. Without them, the world will be full of conflicts and chaos. Since euphemisms play such an important role in language, it is a necessary for English learners have a good grasp of English euphemisms.

This paper mainly deals with the formation and classification of English euphemisms. Various methods have been used to form English euphemisms, including omission adoption of acronyms or abbreviated words, etc. The paper also tries to classify English euphemisms according to different criteria, and elaborates on it from the angle of practical use in details.

With the interaction with Western world is be becoming more and more frequent, euphemism as a cultural phenomena can not be ignored and needs further study.

Bibliography

[1] Oxford Advanced Learne r’s English-Chinese Dictionary [z]. Extended fourth edition. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2002.p491

[2]Anonymity The Linguistic Requirement of Using Euphemisms of English and Chinese 中国期刊网

[3] Zola Stone Probe into English Rhetoric -----Euphemism 山下英语角网

[4] Donglin Feng Euphemism-----a mirror of Social Life Tianjin University of Commerce.

[5]孙保国英语委婉语的分类及使用原则开封教育学院外语系中国期刊网

[6]孙艳英语委婉语小议郑州航空工业管理学院中国期刊网

[7]王芳浅谈英语中的委婉语合肥工业大学人文经济学院中国期刊网

[8]孙丹. 英语委婉语解析[J]. 太原城市职业技术学院学报, 2003, 3.p154

[9]陈文乾. 英语委婉语的成因、构成方式及适用范围[J]. 经济与社会发展

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一个同济女大学生的求职忠告

一个同济女大学生的求职忠告

擅长的事情-读书。现在想起来,当时太不了解自己。呵呵。我们寝室4个女生,两个决定考研并且每天早出晚归,整天也见不到人。我决定效仿她们,每天大包小包的拎着啃书。不喜欢终究是不喜欢,2个月以后,我在镜子面前看到一个憔悴的自己,想起我这些日子以来的生活状态,究竟是为了什么?我不是一个聪明的小孩,我没有本领过目不忘,我又没有自己想象的那么勤奋,我怕这怕那,天哪,忽然觉得,自己一无是处。。。 2004年9月,我很没志气放弃了考研。 两个字,怕苦。 2004年9月,我在51job上填了我完整的信息,等待工作的降临。 2004年9月中旬,我的第一份实习经验开始了。。。 2004年9月中旬,一个很甜美的声音从我的手机传来,约我在徐家汇美罗城面试。我无比激动地。。真的是我比激动地。。。去借了正装,提早了半个多小时到。到了以后我才发现,是一家人寿保险公司。那个面试我的经理居然是同济毕业的,有些人就是有这种魅力,寥寥几句话,

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同济大学电子与信息工程学院实验报告 实验课程名称:计算机通信网络 任课教师: 实验项目名称:跨交换机实现VLAN 实验项目名称:静态路由 实验项目名称: OSPF单区域 姓名: 学号: 姓名: 学号: 姓名: 学号: 实验地点:

实验名称:跨交换机实现VLAN 【实验名称】 跨交换机实现VLAN。 【实验目的】 理解跨交换机之间VLAN的特点。 【背景描述】 假设某企业有两个主要部门:销售部和技术部,其中销售部门的个人计算机系统分散连接,他们之间需要相互进行通信,但为了数据安全起见,销售部和技术部需要进行相互隔离,现要在交换机上做适当配置来实现这一目标。 【技术原理】 Tag Vlan是基于交换机端口的另外一种类型,主要用于实现跨交换机的相同VLAN内主机之间可以直接访问,同时对于不同VLAN的主机进行隔离。Tag Vlan遵循了IEEE802.1q 协议的标准。在利用配置了Tag Vlan的接口进行数据传输时,需要在数据帧内添加4个字节的802.1q标签信息,用于标识该数据帧属于哪个VLAN,以便于对端交换机接收到数据帧后进行准确的过滤。 【实现功能】 使在同一VLAN里的计算机系统能跨交换机进行相互通信,而在不同VLAN里的计算机系统不能进行相互通信。 【实验设备】 S2126G(两台)、主机(3台)、直连线(4条) 【实验拓扑】 【实验步骤】 步骤1:在交换机SwitchA上创建Vlan 10,并将0/5端口划分到Vlan 10中。 SwitchA # configure terminal !进入全局配置模式。 SwitchA(config)# vlan 10 !创建Vlan 10。 SwitchA(config-vlan)# name sales !将Vlan 10命名为sales。 SwitchA(config-vlan)#exit SwitchA(config)#interface fastethernet 0/5 !进入接口配置模式。 SwitchA(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 !将0/5端口划分到Vlan 10。 验证测试:验证已创建了Vlan 10,并将0/5端口已划分到Vlan 10中。

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