计算机专业英语课后单词翻译
P21,KEY TERMSapplication software 应用软件basic application 根本应用软件communication device 通信设备compact disc (CD) 光盘computer competency 计算机水平connectivity 连通性data数据database file 数据库文件desktop computer 台式计算机device driver 磁盘驱动程序digital versatile disc (DVD 数字多用途光盘digital video disc (DVD 数字多用途光盘document file 文档文件end user终端用户floppy disk 软盘handheld computer 手持计算机hard disk 硬盘hardware 硬件high definition 高清Information 信息information system 信息系统information technology 信息技术input device 输入设备Internet 因特网keyboard 键盘mainframe computer 主机；电脑存储机memory内存microprocessor 微处理器midrange computer 中型机minicomputer小型计算机modems制解调器monitor监视器mouse鼠标network 网络notebook computer 笔记本电月而operating system 操作系统optical disk 光盘output device 输出设备palm computer 掌上电脑people用户personal digital assistant (PDA 个人数字助理presentation file 演示文稿primary storage 主存printer 打印机procedure 规程program 程序random access memory 随机存储器secondary storage device 辅存software 软件specialized application 专门应用软件supercomputer 巨型机system software 系统软件system unit 系统单元tablet PC平板电脑utility 实用程序wireless revolution 无线革命worksheet file 工作表P53,KEY TERMS address 地址Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANETT高级研究工程署的网络applets小型应用程序attachment 附件auction house site 拍卖行网站browser 浏览器business-to-business (B2B)企业对企业的电子商务模式business-to-consumer (B2.企业对消费者的电子商务模式cable电缆carder信用卡诈骗的人microcomputer 微型机Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN欧洲核子研究委员会computer virus 计算机病毒consumer-to-consumer (C2C 消费者对消费者的电子商务模式dial-up 拨号digital cash 数字现金directory search 目录检索domain name 域名downloading 下载DSL数字用户e-commerce电子商务e-learning 电子学习electronic commerce 电子商务electronic mail 电子邮件e-mail电子邮件protocol ( FTP)文件传输协议filter 过滤器friend 支元header标题hit检索的结果hyperlink 超链接Hypertext Markup Language (HTML 超文本标记语百instant messaging (IM) 即时通讯Internet 因特网Internet security suite 网络平安套件Java面向对象程序设计keyword search 关键词检索link链接location 存储单元message 信息metasearch engine 元搜索弓I 擎national service provider 国家® 务提供商online 在线online banking 网上专艮行online shopping 网上购物online stock trading 网上证券交易person-to-person auction site 人际拍卖网站plug-in 插件protocol 协议search engine 搜索弓I擎search service 搜索®务signature line 签名线social networking 社交网络spam垃圾邮件spam blocker垃圾邮件拦截器specialized search engine 专业搜索引擎spider网络爬虫subject 主题surf冲浪top-level domain 顶级域名uniform resource locator (URI) 统一资源定位器universal instant messenger 通用即时信息软件uploading 上传Web网站Web auction网上拍卖Web-based application 网络应用Web-based service 网络效劳Webmaster网络治理员；站长Web page 网页Web utility 网络工具wireless modem 无限路由器wireless service provider 无线上网效劳P85,KEY TERMSanalytical graph 分析图application software 应用软件AutoContent Wizard 内容提示向导basic applications 根底应用软件bulleted list 工程符号列表business suite 商业套装软件Button按键Cell单元格character effect 字效Chart图表Column 歹!JComputer trainer 计算机培训员Contextual tab 上下文标签Database数据库database management system (DBMS) 数据库治理系统database manager数据库治理员Design template 设计模板dialog box 对话框Document 文件Editing 编辑Field字段find and replace 查找和替换Font字体font size 字号Form窗体Format格式Formula 公式Function 函数Galleries 图库grammar checker语法检查器graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面home software家庭软件home suite家庭套装软件Icons图标integrated package 集成组件Label标签master slide 母板Menu菜单menu bar菜单栏numbered list 编号列表numeric entry 数值型输入personal software 个人软件personal suite 个人套装软件Pointer 指针presentation graphic 图形演示文稿productivity suite 生产力套装软件Query查询Range范围Recalculation 重算Record记录relational database 关系型数据Report报表Ribbons功能区、格式栏Row彳亍Sheet工作表Slide幻灯片software suite 软件套装Sort排序specialized applications 专用应用程序specialized suite 专用套装软件speech recognition 语音识另^ spelling checker 拼写检查器spreadsheet 电子表格system software 系统软件Table 表格text entry 文本输入Thesaurus分类词7匚集Toolbar工具栏user interface 用户界面utility suite实用套装软件what-if analysis 变化分析Window® 口word processor 文字处理软件word wrap字回行workbook file 工作簿Worksheet工作表P113.KEY TERMS Animation 动画artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能artificial reality 虚拟现实audio editing software 音频编辑软件bitmap image 位图blog博客Buttons 按键clip art 剪辑图Desktop publisher 桌面发布desktop publishing program 桌面印刷系统软件drawing program 绘图程序expert systems 专家系统Flash动画fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑graphical map 框匿graphics suite 集成图HTML editors HTML 编辑器illustration program 绘图程序Image editors 图像编辑器image gallery 图库immersive experience 沉浸式体验industrial robots 工业机器人Interactivity 交互性knowledge bases 知识库knowledge-based system 知识库系统Link链接mobile robot 移动式遥控装置Morphing 渐变Multimedia 多媒体multimedia authoring programs 多媒体编辑程序page layout program 页面布局程序perception systems robot 感知系统机器人Photo editors 图像编辑器Pixel像素raster image 光栅图像Robot机器人Robotics机器人学stock photographs 照片库story boards 故事版Vector矢量vector illustration 矢量图vector image 矢量图像video editing software 视频编辑软件virtual environments 虚拟环境virtual reality 虚拟现实virtual reality modeling language (VRML戏拟现实建模语言virtual reality wall 虚拟现实墙VR虚拟现实Web authoring网络编程Webauthoring program 网络编辑程序Web log网络日志Web page editor网页编辑器商P141.KEY TERMSAdd Printer Wizard 添加打印机向导Antivirus program 反病毒程序Backup备份backup program 备份程序Booting启动、引导cold boot 冷启动computer support specialist 计算机支持专家Dashboard widgets 仪表盘Desktop 桌面desktop operating system 桌面操作系统device driver 磁盘驱动程序diagnostic program 诊断程序dialog box 对话框Disk Cleanup磁盘清理Disk Defragmenter 磁盘碎片整理器Driver驱动器embedded operating systems 嵌入式操作系统File文件program文件压缩程序Folder文件夹Fragmented 碎片化graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面Help帮助Icon图标language translator 语言编译器leopard雪豹操作系统LinuxMac OS Mac操作系统Mac OS XMenu菜单Multitasking 多任务处理network operating systems(NOS)网络操作系统network server 网络效劳器One Button Checkup 一键修复operating system 操作系统Platform 平台Pointer 指针Sectors 扇区software environment 软件环境Spotlight 聚光灯stand-alone operating system 独立操作系统system software 系统软件Tiger老虎操作系统Tracks磁道troubleshooting program 故障检修程序Uninstall program 卸载程序UNIX user interface 用户界面Utility 实用程序utility suite 实用套装软件Virus 病毒warm boot热启动Window视窗Windows视窗操作系统Windows Update Windows 更新Windows VistaWindows XPP172.KEY TERMSAC adapter交流适配器Accelerated graphics port(AGP): 图形加速端口Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU :算术逻辑单元Arithmetic operation: 算术运算ASCII美国标准信息交换码Binary coding schemes: 二进制编码制Bit:位Bus:总线Bus line:总线Byte:字节Cable:电缆Cache memory:高速缓存carrier package 封装物Central processing unit (CPU): 中央处理器Chip:芯片Clock speed时钟速度Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor:互补金属氧化物半导体Computer technician 计算机工程师Control unit: 限制单元Coprocessor协处理器Desktop system unit: 桌面系统单元Digital 数字的Dual-core chips 双核芯片EBCDIC扩展二进制编码的十进制交换码Expansion bus扩展总线Expansion card 扩展卡Expansion slot 扩展槽FireWire port:火线接口Flash memory 闪存Graphics card 图形适配卡Graphics coprocessor 图形协处理器Handheld computer system unit 手持计算机系统单元Industry standard architecture(ISA)工业标准结构Infrared Data Association(IrDA)红外线传输模组Integrated circuit: 集成电路Laptop computer膝式计算机Logical operation 逻辑运算Microprocessor:微处理器Motherboard:主板Musical instrument digital interface(MIDI)乐器数字接口Network adapter card 网络适酉己卡Network interface card (NIC)网络接口卡Notebook system unit: 笔t 己本Parallel ports: 并行端口Parallel processing 并行处理Pc card::个人计算机插卡PCI Express (PCIE)Peripheral component interconnect (PCI):外围部件互联Personal digital assistant (PDA) 个人数字助理Plug and play: 即插即用Port:端口Power supply unit 供电设备Processor:处理器RAM cache: RAM高速缓存Random-access memory (RAM):随机存储器Read-only memory (ROM):只读存储器RFID tag 射频识别标签Semiconductor:半导体serial ATA (SATA 串行ATAg口规范Serial ports: 串行端口Silicon chip:硅芯片Slot:插槽Smart card:智能卡sound card 声卡System board:系统板System cabinet:主机System clock:系统时钟System unit:系统单元tablet PC平板式电脑tablet PC system unit 平板式电脑系统单元TV tuner card: 电视调频卡Unicode:统一字符编码标准Universal serial bus (USB): 通用申行总线Universal serial bus (USB) port:通用串行总线端口Virtual memory:虚拟存储器Word:字P205,KEY TERMS active-matrix monitor 有源矩阵显示器bar code条形码bar code reader 条形码阅读器cathode ray tube monitor (CRT) 阴极射线管显示器Clarity 清楚度combination key 组合键cordless mouse 无线鼠标data projector 数据投影仪digital camera 数码照相机Digital media player 数字媒体播放器Digital music player 数码音乐播放器digital video camera 数码影像摄录机dot pitch 点品Edot-matrix printer 针式打印机dots-per-inch (dpi) 点每英寸dual-scan monitor 双向扫描显示器dumb terminal 哑终端e-book电子图书阅读器ergonomic keyboard 人体工程学键盘Fax machine 机flat-panel monitor 平面显示器Flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪flexible keyboard 可变形键盘handwriting recognition software手写识别软件Headphones^ 机high-definition television (HDTV)高清电视ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机intelligent terminal 智能终端Internet telephone 网络Internet telephony 网络IP Telephony IP Joystick游戏杆Keyboard 键盘laser printer 激光打ER机light pen 光笔Liquid crystal display (LCD 液晶Magnetic card reader 磁卡阅读器magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) 磁性墨水字符识别mechanical mouse 机械鼠标Monitor显示器Mouse鼠标mouse pointer 鼠标指针multifunction device (MFD) 多功能设备network terminal 网络终端numeric keypad 数字小键盘optical-character recognition (OCR洸学字符识别optical-mark recognition (OMR洸:学标记识别optical mouse 光电鼠标Optical scanner 光电扫描仪passive-matrix monitor 无源矩阵显小翁PDA keyboard PDA 键盘personal laser printer 个人激光打印机photo printer 照片打印机picture elements 有效像素Pixel像素Pixel pitch 像素间距platform scanner 平版式扫仪Plotter 绘图仪pointing stick 触控点portable printer 便携式打印机portable scanner 便携式扫描仪Printer打印机Radio frequency card reader 射频卡阅读器Radio frequency identification (RFID))射频识别refresh rate 刷新率Resolution 分辨率roller ball 滚动球shared laser printer 共享激光打印机Speakers扬声器Stylus输入笔Technical writer 技术文档编写员telephonyTerminal 终端thermal printer 热敏打印机thin client 瘦客户端thin film transistor monitor (TFT)薄膜晶体管显示器toggle key 切换键touch pad触控板touch screen 触摸屏Trackball轨迹球traditional keyboard 传统键盘Universal Product Code (UPC) 同一厂品编码voice-over IP (VOIP) 网络voice recognition system 语音识另^系统wand reader棒式阅读器WebcamS 像头wheel button 滚动键wireless keyboard 无线键盘wireless mouse 无线鼠标P172,KEY TERMS access speed存取速度Blue-Ray (BD 蓝光Capacity 容量CD (compact disc)光盘CD-R (CD-recordable)可录式CD CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory 洸:盘库CD-RW (compact disc rewritable) 可重写CDCylinder 柱面Density 密度direct access 直接存取disk caching 磁盘缓存DVD (digital versatile disc or digital video disc)DVD player DVD 播放器DVD- R (DVD recordable)可录式DVD DVD +R (DVD recordable)可录式DVD DVD-RAM(DVD random-access memory)DVD®机存取器DVD-ROM(DVD random-read-only memory)DV*读存储器DVD-ROM jukeboxDVD-RW (DVD rewritable)可重写DVD Enterprise storage system 企业存储系统erasable optical disk 可擦光盘文件压缩文件解压缩文件效劳器flash memory card 闪存卡floppy disk 软盘Floppy disk cartridge 软盘盒floppy disk drive (FDD) 软磁盘驱动器hard disk 硬盘hard-disk cartridge 硬盘盒hard-disk pack 硬盘组HD DVD(high-definition DVD)高清DVDhead crash磁头碰撞Hi def(high definition) 高清high capacity disk 高容量磁盘internal hard disk 内置硬盘Internet hard drive网络硬盘驱动器Label标签Land平地magnetic tape 磁带magnetic tape reel 磁带盒magnetic tape streamer 磁带条Media多媒体optical disk 光盘optical disk drive 光盘驱动器Organizational Internet storage 组织性网络存储PC Card hard disk PC 卡硬盘Pit坑primary storage 主存RAID system磁碟阵列系统Redundant array of inexpensive disks(RAID)廉价磁盘冗余阵列secondary storage 辅存Sector扇区sequential access 顺序存取Shutter 滑盖Software engineer 软件工程师solid-state storage 固态存储器storage devices 存储装置 tape cartridge 盒式带 Track 轨道USB drive USB 当区动器 write-protection notch 写入保护缺口字用户线Distributed data processing system 分布式数字处理系统 Distributed processing 分布式处 理Domain name server(DNS)域名效劳 器 Ethernet 以太网External modem 外制调制解调盔 Extranet 外联网 Fiber-optic cable 光纤电缆Firewall 防火墙 Global positioningsystem(GPS)全球定位系统P269Hierarchical network 分层网络 Home network 家庭局域网 3G cellular network 3G 移动网络Analog signal 模拟彳 Asymmetric digital subscriber line(ADSL) 非对称数字用户线Backbone 网络中枢 Bandwidth 带竟 Base station 基站 Bits per second(bps) 比特每秒Bluetooth 蓝牙 Broadband 宽带 Broadcast radio 播送电台 Bus 总线 Bus network 总线网络Cable modem 电缆调制解调盔 Cellularservice 移动 效劳Client 客户端 Client/server network 客户机 / 服务器网站 Coaxial cable 同轴电缆Communication channel 通信通道Communication system 通讯系统 Computer network 计算机网络 Connectivity 连接 Demodulation 解调 Dial-up service拨号上网效劳 Digital signal数子彳营号Digital subscriber line(DSL)数Host computer Hub 集线器 Infrared 红外线Internal modem 内置调制解调盔 Intranet 内网IP address (Internet protocoladdress) IP 地址(互联网协议地址) Local area network(LAN) 局域网Low bandwidth 低带竟 Medium band 中等带直Metropolitan area network ( MAN) 城域网Modulation 调制 Network administrator网络治理员Network architecture 网络架构 Network gateway 网关 Network hub 网络枢纽Network interface card(NIC) 网络 接口卡 Network operating system (NOS)网 络操作系统 Node 节点 Packet 数据包PC card modem PC 卡调制解调盔 Peer-to-peer network 点对点 网 网络(P2PProxy server 代理效劳器Ring network 环网Satellite 卫星Satellite/air connection service 卫星/航空连接效劳Server 效劳器Star network 星网络Strategy 策略T1,T2,T3,T4 lines T1 , T2, T3, T4路线Telephone line 线Terminal network 终端网络Time-sharing system 分时系统Topology 拓扑Transfer rate 传输速率Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol(TCP/IP) 传输限制协议/internet 协议(TCP/IP 协议)Voiceband 话音频带Wide area network (WAN) 广域网(WANWi-FI (wireless fidelity) 无线相容性认证Wireless LAN (WLAN) 无线局域网Wireless modem 无线调制解调器Wireless receiver 无线接收器P303Access 访问Accuracy 精度Ad network cookie 网络广告小软件Adware cookie 网络广告小软件Anti-spyware 反间谍软件Biometric scanning 生物识别扫描Bomb炸弹Carpal tunnel syndrome 腕管综合征Chlorofluorocarbones(CFCs) Computer Abuse Amendments Act 计算机滥用法修正案Computer crime 计算机犯罪Computer ethics 计算机伦理学Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 计算机欺诈和滥用法Computer monitoring software 电脑监控软件Cookie html浏览器的一小段信息Cryptographer 密码员Cumulative trauma disorder 积累性损伤错乱Data security 数据平安Denial of service (DoS) attack 拒绝效劳攻击Disaster recovery plan 灾难性恢复方案Electronic monioring 电子监控Electronic profile 电子专页Encrypting 力口密Energy star 能源之星Environment protection 环境保护Ergonomics 工效学Ethics 伦理Financial Modernization Act 金融现代化法案Firewall 防火墙Freedom of Information Act 信息自由法Green PC 绿色PCHacker 黑客History file 历史文件Identity theft 身份盗窃川usion of anonymity 匿名梦想Information broke 信息拦截器Information reseller 经销商信息Internet scam 互联网骗局Keystroke logger 案件记录器Malware恶意软件Mistaken identity 识别错误Password 密码Physical security 实体平安Privacy 隐私Property 属性Repetitive motion injury 反复性动作损伤Repetitive strain injury (RSI) 重复劳损Reverse directory 方向目录Scam 诈骗Security 平安Snoopware监控软件Software copyright Act 软件著作权法Software piracy 间谍软件Spike 尖状物Spy removal program 间谍删除程序Spyware间谍软件Surge protector 浪涌保护器Technostress 重压技术Traditional cookie 传统cookies Trojan horse 木马Virus 病毒Voltage surge 电压浪涌Web bug网络漏洞Worm蠕虫。
计算机专业英语及翻译Unit 7
Unit 7 The Fundamentals of ComputerSoftwareText 1 Data StructureA data structure is a data type. Its values are composed of component elements that are related by some structure.Since a data structure is a data type, it has a set of operations on its values. In addition, there may be operations that act on its component elements. The operations of a structured data type might not only act on the values of the data type, they might also act on component elements of the data structure.The data type’s arrays and record s are native to many programming languages. By using the pointer data type and dynamic memory allocation, many programming languages also provide the facilities for constructing linked structures. The first two higher-level abstract data types are stacks and queues. They are extremely important to computing.A stack is a data type. Its major attributes are the way the insertion and deletion of its elements. The only element that can be deleted or removed is the one that was inserted most recently. Such a structure is said to have a last-in/first-out (LIFO) behavior.Queues are familiar to us. The line of people waiting for service at a bank is an example of queues. The main feature of queues is that they follow a first-come/first-served rule. In queues, the earliest element inserted is the first served. In social settings, the rule appeals to our sense of equality and fairness.There are many applications of the first-in/first-out (FIFO) protocol of queues in computing. For example, the line of I/O requests waiting for access to a disk drive might be a queue. The line of computing jobs waiting to be run on a computer system might also be a queue.参考译文数据结构数据结构是一种数据类型，其值是由通过某种结构相互关联的组成元素所构成的。
计算机专业英语及翻译Unit 10
Unit 10 Program DesignText 1 Computer LanguagesComputer languages have undergone dramatic evolution since the first electronic computers were built. Early on, programmers worked with the most primitive computer instructions—machine language. These instructions were represented by long strings of ones and zeroes. Soon, assembly language was invented. It maps machine instructions to human-readable mnemonics, such as ADD and MOV.In time, higher-level languages evolved, such as PASCAL, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, and JA V A. These languages let people work with something approximating words and sentences, such as Let I = 100. These instructions were translated back into machine language by interpreters and compilers. An interpreter translates a program as it reads it, turning the program instructions, or code, directly into actions. A compiler translates the code into an intermediary form. This step is called compiling, and produces an object file. The compiler then invokes a linker, which turns the object file into an executable program.Because interpreters read the code as it is written and execute the code on the spot, interpreters are easy for the programmer to work with. Compilers, however, introduce the extra steps of compiling and linking the code, which is inconvenient. Because the time-consuming task of translating the source code into machine language has already been accomplished, compilers produce a program that is very fast each time it is run.The problems programmers are asked to solve have been changing. Today's programs use sophisticated "user-friendly interfaces," involving multiple windows, menus, and dialog boxes. The programs written to support this new approach are far more complex than those written just ten years ago. Generally, as programming requirements have changed, both languages and the techniques used for writing programs have evolved.参考译文计算机语言自从第一批电子计算机诞生以来，计算机语言已经发生了戏剧性的变化。
计算机专业 英语第三单元翻译
第三章：Basic Application Softwareanalytical graph 分析图AutoContent wizard 自动制作内容向导basic application 基本应用bulleted list 项目符号列表business suite 商业组合button 按键cell 单元格character effect 角色效应chart 图表column 列computer trainer 计算机教师contextual tab 上下文件标签database 数据库database management system(DBMS) 数据库管理系统database manager 数据库管理器design template 设计模板dialog box 对话框editing 编辑field 字段find and replace 查找与替换font 字形font size 字体大小/尺码form 表单format 编排；格式化formula 公式function 函数galleries 图文集grammar checker 语法检查器home software 家庭软件home suite 家庭组合icons （计算机屏幕上表示命令、程序的)符号, 图像，图标integrated package 集成组件，完整的软件包label 标签master slide 母片menu 菜单menu bar 菜单栏numbered list 编号列表numeric entry 数字输入personal software 个人软件personal suite 个人软件组pointer 指针presentation graphics 演示图片；电子文稿程序productivity suite 生产组合query 查询range 范围recalculation 重算record 记录relational database 关系数据库report 报告ribbons 带状区row 行sheet 单层表单slide 幻灯片software suite 软件组sort 排序；分类specialized application 专业应用specialized suite 专业组件speech recognition 语音识别spelling checker 拼写检查器spreadsheet 电子制表软件table 表格text entry 文字输入thesaurus 同义词词典toolbar 工具栏utility suite 实用程序组what-if analysis 假定分析window 窗口word processor 文字处理器word wrap 自动换行workbook file 工作簿文件worksheet 工作表As we discussed in Chapter 1, t正如我们在第一章讨论的，有两种软件。
计算机专业英语(张强华-第二版)重点单词及部分课后答案
Unit 1单词：〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）〖Ex. 5〗把下列短文翻译成中文系统面板和普通键盘有专门控制键，你可以使用这些控制键实现主要的多媒体功能：观相片、听音乐和看电影。
面板还有为看电视和阅读电视指南而设的快速启动按钮。
Ex. 9〗用that从句做宾语将下面汉语译成英语你应该知道，你不仅仅能读取磁盘上的数据，也能够往上面写新的信息1. You should know that you can not only read data from the disk but also write new information to it.你应该意识到，软盘容纳不了多少数据2. You should realize that floppies do not hold too much data.我们计算机老实说，USB要比火线慢多了3. Our computer teacher said that USB is much slower than Firewire.我认为CPU主要责任是执行指令4. I think/believe that the CPU is primarily responsible for executing instructions.Unit 2单词〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）Unit 3〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）Unit 4单词〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）Unit 5单词〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）〖Ex. 5〗把下列短文翻译成中文佳能打印机有五种样式，价格从$80 到$500不等，满足了任何想打印相片用户的需求。
计算机专业英语名词翻译
第一章（计算机系统概论）digital computer 数字计算机decimal digits 十进制数字binary 二进制bit 位ASCII 美国国家信息交换标准代码computer system 计算机系统hardware system 硬件系统software system 软件系统I/O devices 输入输出设备central processing unit(CPU) 中央处理器memory 存储器application software 应用软件video game 计算机游戏system software 系统软件register 寄存器floating point data浮点数据Boolean布尔值character data字符数据EBCDIC扩充的二十一进制交换代码punched cards穿孔卡片magnetic tape磁带main memory主存vacuum tubes电子管magnetic drum磁鼓transistors晶体管solid-state devices固体器件magnetic cores磁芯integrated circuit（IC）集成电路silicon chip硅芯片multiprogramming多道程序设计timessharing分时分时技术minicomputers小型计算机mainframe大型计算机large-scaleintegrated(LSI)大规模集成very-large-scale integrated(VLSI)超大规模集成word processing文字处理eletronic spreedsheets电子表格database management programs数据库管理程序desktop publishing桌面印刷personalcomputer(PC)个人计算机microcomputer微型计算机storage capacities存储容量stand-alone computer独立计算机local area network(LAN)局域网peripheral devices外部设备assembly line流水线supercomputer巨型计算机第二章（计算机系统结构）memmory subsystem存储子系统I/O subsystem输入输出子系统bus总线system bus系统总线chip 芯片address bus地址总线instructions指令memory location存储单元data bus数据总线control bus控制总线local bus 局部总线microprocessor微处理器register set寄存器组arithmetic logic unit(ALU)运算器clock cycle时钟周期control unit控制器computer architecture计算机体系结构introduction format指令格式addressing modes寻址方式introduction set指令集internal memory内存main memory主存Random Access Memory(RAM)随机存取存储器Read Only Memory (ROM)只读存储器secondary storage副主存储器vitual memory虚拟存储器Dynamic RAM(DRAM)动态存储器refresh circuitry刷新电路Static RAM(SRAM)静态RAMcache memory高速缓冲存储器masked ROM掩膜ROMPROM可编程RAMEPROM可擦写PROMultraviolet light紫外线EEPROM or EEPROM电擦写PROMbasic input/output system(BIOS)基本输入输出系统flash EEPROM 快闪存储器memory hierarchy 存储器体系结构auxiliary memory 辅助存储器storage memory 存储容量keyboard 键盘alphanumeric key字母数字键function key 功能键cursor key 光标键numeric keypad 数字键mouse 鼠标touch screen触屏infrared ray红外线monitor 监视器display screen显示屏laser printer激光打印机ink-jet printer喷墨打印机dot-matrix printer点针式打印机modem调制解调器input-output interface(I/O interface)输入输出接口peripheral外部设备，外设interrupt中断program counter程序计数器vectored interrupt向量中断nonvectored interrupt非向量中断interrupt vector中断向量Direct Memory Acess(DMA)直接存储器存取timeout超时第三单元（计算机体系结构）parallel processing 并行操作serial operations 串行操作instructions stream 指令流data dream 数据流SISD 单指令单数据流SIMD 单指令多数据流MISD 多指令单数据流MIMD 多指令多数据流pipeline processing 流水线处理combinational circuit 组合电路multiplier 乘法器adder 加法器clock pulse 时钟脉冲vector processing 向量处理one-dimensional array 一维数组scalar processer 标量处理器vector instructions 向量指令CISC 复杂指令集计算机decoder 译码器RISC 精简指令集计算机backward compatibility 向下兼容第四单元（算法与数据结构）algorithm 算法parallel algotithm 并行算法primitive 原语syntax 语法semantics 语义pseudocode 伪码exhaustive search 穷举搜索divide-and-conquer algorithm 分治算法dynamic programming 动态规划bottom-up 自上而下top-down 自下而上array 数组one-dimensional array 一维数组pointer 指针program counter 程序计数器instruction pointer 指令指针list 列表linked list 链表singly-linked list 单向链表double-linked list 双向链表circularly-linked list 循环链表FIFO 先进先出LIFO 后进先出stack 栈push 压栈pop 出栈stack pointer 栈指针queue 队列tree 树root 根level 层次degree of a node 结点的度depth of a tree树的深度binary tree 二叉树traversal 遍历M-way search tree M向搜索树第五章（编程语言）Program 程序Program language 程序设计语言Software engineering 软件工程Pseudocode 伪码Flowchart 流程图Coding 编码Program testing 程序测试Desk-checking 手工检查Documentation 文档User documentation 用户文档Operator documentation 操作员文档Programmer documentation 程序员文档Machine language 机器语言Assembly languages 汇编语言High-level languages 高级语言RAD(rapid application development) 快速应用开发Natural language 自然语言Artificial intelligence(AI) 人工智能Compile 编译Assemble 汇编Source code 源代码Object code 目标代码Linker 连接器Executable file 可执行文件Object-oriented programming 面向对象的程序设计Object 对象Class 类ADT（abstract data type）抽象数据类型Member variable 成员变量Class variable 类变量Member function 成员函数Inheritance 继承Derived class 派生类Overload 超载Message 消息Static binding 静态绑定Dynamic binding 动态绑定Polymorphism 多态性Visual programming 可视化编程Markup language 标记语言HTML（hyper text markup language）超文本标记语言Hyperlink 超链接XML(extensible markup language) 可扩展标记语言Java virtual machine java虚拟机第六章（操作系统）Application software 应用软件System software 系统软件Utility software 实用软件Operating system（OS）操作系统Shell 操作系统的外壳程序Graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Kernel 内核Serial processing 串行处理Job 作业Batch processing 批处理Simple batch systems 简单批处理系统Multiprogrammed batch systems 多道程序批处理系统Monitor 监控程序Scheduler 调度程序Multiprogramming 多道程序Multitasking 多任务Time-sharing systems 分时系统Uniprogramming 单道进程Process 进程Process management 进程管理Process control block 进程控制块Mutual exclusion 互斥Multiprocessing 多处理，多进程Distributed processing 分布式管理Concurrent processes 并发处理Deadlock 死锁Synchronize process同步处理Semaphore 信号量Reusable resource 可复用性资源I/O buffers 输入/输出缓冲区I/O channel 输入/输出通道Deadlock prevention 死锁预防Deadlock detection 死锁检测Deadlock avoidance 死锁避免Virtual memory 虚拟内存Logical reference 逻辑引用Real addresse 实地址Paging 分页Segmentation 分段Virtual address 虚拟地址Physical addresses 物理地址Real-time process 实时处理File management 文件管理Plug and play(PnP) 即插即用第七单元(应用软件)application software 应用软件word processing 字处理软件spreadsheet 电子表格personal finance 个人理财presentation graphic 演示图形database manager 数据库管理软件groupware 群件desktop accessory 桌面辅助工具browsers 浏览区desktop publishing 桌面印刷project management 项目管理CAD 计算机辅助设计CAM 计算机辅助制造multimedia authoring 多媒体发布animation 动画MIDI 乐器数字化接口speech synthesis 语音合成insertion point 插入点scroll bar 滚动条window 窗口menu bar 菜单栏pull-down menu 下拉式菜单Button 按钮toolbar 工具条dialog box 对话框default value 缺省值（默认值）macro 宏OLE 对象链接和嵌入clipboard 剪切板column 列row 行cell 单元格cell address 单元格地址cell pointer 单元格指针formula 公式function 函数bar chart 柱形图line chart 线图pie chart 圆饼图workflow software 工作流软件PIM 个人信息管理软件Web browser 浏览器World Wide Web 万维网home page 主页第八单元（数据库）DBMS 数据库管理系统instance 实例schema 模式physical schema 物理模式存储模式内模式logical schema 逻辑模式概念模式模式subschema 子模式外模式data independence 数据独立性physical data independence 物理数据独立性logical data independence 逻辑数据独立性data model 数据模型entity-relationship model 实体联系模型object-oriented model 面向对象模型semantic data model 语义数据类型functional data model 功能数据模型entity 实体entity set 实体集mapping cardinality 映射基数abstract data type 抽象数据类型attribute 属性relation 关系tuple 元组primary key 主键super key 超健candidate key 候选键foreign key 外键DDL 数据定义语言data dictionary 数据字典DML 数据操纵语言procedure DML 过程化DML nonprocedure DML 非过程化DMLSQL 结构化查询语言view 视图the relational algebra 关系代数the tuple relational calculus 元组关系演算atomicity 原子性consistency 一致性duration 持久性transaction 事物DBA 数据库管理员。
计算机专业英语第6—8单元翻译
CHAPTER 619. SYSTEM UNIT (P150)The system unit, also known as the system cabinet, is a container that houses most系统单元该系统的单位，又称系统机柜，是一个容器，里面大部分构成一个计算机系统的电子元件。
所有的计算机系统有一个系统单位。
微型计算机中，有四种基本类型：桌面系统的单位,笔记本电脑系统的单位,平板电脑系统的单位,掌上电脑系统的单位2. SYSTEM BOARD (P153)The system board is also known as the motherboard. The system board is the系统板也被称为主板。
系统板是整个计算机系统的通信媒介。
系统单位的每一个组件连接到系统板上。
它作为一个数据的各个组成部分互相沟通的路径。
外部设备，如键盘，鼠标和显示器无法沟通与系统的单位没有系统板。
21. (P154)Sockets provide a connection point for small specialized electronic parts called套接字提供了一个小的芯片专门的电子零件的连接点。
芯片由微小的电路板蚀刻到硅sandlike材料的平方。
这些电路板可小于指尖。
A芯片也被称为一个硅芯片，半导体，集成电路。
芯片安装在载体上的包。
这些包直接插入系统板上的插座上或卡，然后插入到系统板上的插槽。
插座是用来连接各种不同类型的芯片，包括微处理器和内存芯片的系统板。
22. MICROPROCESSOR (P155)In a microcomputer system, the central processing unit (CPU) or processor is 在微机系统中，中央处理单元（CPU）或处理器包含一个单一的芯片上称为微处理器。
计算机英语2022影印版课后单词翻译解析
计算机英语2022影印版课后单词翻译解析计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页KEYTERMS第一单元digitalveratiledic（DVD）数字多用途光盘digitalvideodic（DVD）数字多用途光盘documentfile文档文件enduer终端用户floppydik软盘informationytem信息系统informationtechnology信息技术inputdevice输入设备Internet因特网Keyboard键盘peronaldigitalaitant（PDA）个人数字助理preentationfile演示文稿primarytorage主存Printer打印机Procedure规程Program程序randomaccememory随机存储器econdarytoragedevice辅存Software 软件wirelerevolution无线革命workheetfile工作表第三单元analyticalgraph分析图计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页applicationoftware应用软件AutocontentWizard内容提示向导baicapplication基础应用软件bulletedlit项目符号列表buineuite商业套装软件Button按键Cell单元格charactereffect字效Chart图表Column列databaemanagementytem(DBMS)数据库管理系统databaemanager数据库管理员Deigntemplate设计模板dialogbo某对话框Document文件Editing编辑Field字段findandreplace查找和替换Font字体fontize字号Form窗体Format格式Formula公式Function函数Gallerie图库grammarchecker语法检查器graphicaluerinterface(GUI)图形用户界面homeoftware家庭软件homeuite家庭套装软件Icon图标preentationgraphic图形演示文稿productivityuite生产力套装软件Query查询Range范围Recalculation重算Record记录relationaldatabae关系型数据Report报表Ribbon功能区、格式栏Row行Sheet工作表Slide幻灯片oftwareuite软件套装Sort排序pecializedapplication专用应用程序pecializeduite专用套装软件peechrecognition语音识别pellingchecker拼写检查器preadheet电子表格ytemoftware系统软件Table表格te某tentry文本输入Theauru[θi:r]分类词汇集计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页Toolbar工具栏uerinterface用户界面utilityuite实用套装软件what-ifanalyi变化分析Window窗口wordproceor文字处理软件wordwrap字回行workbookfile工作簿Workheet工作表第四单元Animation动画artificialintelligence(AI)人工智能artificialreality虚拟现实audioeditingoftware音频编辑软件bitmapimage位图Blog博客Button按键clipart剪辑图Dektoppubliher桌面发布dektoppublihingprogram桌面印刷系统软件drawingprogram绘图程序e某pertytem专家系统Flah动画fuzzylogic模糊逻辑graphicalmap框图graphicuite集成图HTMLeditorHTML编辑器illutrationprogram绘图程序Imageeditor图像编辑器imagegallery图库immerivee某perience沉浸式体验indutrialrobot工业机器人Interactivity交互性knowledgebae知识库knowledge-baedytem知识库系统Link链接pagelayoutprogram页面布局程序perceptionytemrobot感知系统机器人Photoeditor图像编辑器Pi某el[pikl]像素raterimage光栅图像Robot机器人Robotic机器人学tockphotograph照片库toryboard故事版Vector[vekt]矢量vectorillutration矢量图vectorimage矢量图象videoeditingoftware视频编辑软件virtualenvironment虚拟环境virtualreality虚拟现实virtualrealitymodelinglanguage(VRML)虚拟现实建模语言virtualrealitywall虚拟现实墙VR虚拟现实Webauthoring网络编程Webauthoringprogram网络编辑程序Weblog网络日志计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页Webpageeditor网页编辑器第五单元AddPrinterWizard添加打印机向导languagetranlator语言编译器leopard[lepd]雪豹操作系统Linu某MacOSMac操作系统MacOS某Menu菜单Antiviruprogram反病毒程序Backup备份backupprogram备份程序Booting启动、引导coldboot冷启动Dahboardwidget仪表盘Dektop桌面dektopoperatingytem桌面操作系统devicedriver磁盘驱动程序diagnoticprogram诊断程序dialogbo 某对话框DikCleanup磁盘清理DikDefragmenter磁盘碎片整理器Driver驱动器embeddedoperatingytem嵌入式操作系统File文件Folder文件夹Fragmented碎片化graphicaluerinterface(GUI)图形用户界面Help帮助Icon图标Multitaking多任务处理networkoperatingytem(NOS)网络操作系统networkerver网络服务器OneButtonCheckup一键修复operatingytem操作系统Platform平台Pointer指针Sector[ekt]扇区oftwareenvironment软件环境Spotlight聚光灯tand-aloneoperatingytem独立操作系统ytemoftware系统软件Tiger老虎操作系统Track磁道troublehootingprogram故障检修程序Unintallprogram卸载程序UNI某uerinterface用户界面Utility实用程序utilityuite实用套装软件Viru[vair]病毒warmboot热启动Window 视窗Window视窗操作系统WindowUpdateWindow更新计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页WindowVitaWindow某P第六单元ACadapter交流适配器Acceleratedgraphicport(AGP):图形加速端口Arithmetic-logicunit（ALU）:算术逻辑单元Arithmeticoperation:算术运算ASCII美国标准信息交换码Binarycodingcheme:二进制编码制Bit:位Bu:总线Buline:总线Byte:字节Cable:电缆Cachememory:高速缓存carrierpackage封装物Centralproceingunit(CPU):中央处理器Chip:芯片Dektopytemunit:桌面系统单元Digital数字的Dual-corechip双核芯片EBCDIC:扩展二进制编码的十进制交换码E某panionbu扩展总线E某panioncard扩展卡E某panionlot扩展槽FireWireport:火线接口Flahmemory闪存Graphiccard图形适配卡Indutrytandardarchitecture（ISA）工业标准结构InfraredDataAociation（IrDA）红外线传输模组Muicalintrumentdigitalinterface（MIDI）乐器数字接口Networkadaptercard网络适配卡Networkinterfacecard（NIC）网络接口卡Notebookytemunit:笔记本Parallelport:并行端口Parallelproceing并行处理Pccard::个人计算机插卡PCIE某pre（PCIe）Peronaldigitalaitant(PDA)个人数字助理计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页Plugandplay:即插即用Port:端口Powerupplyunit供电设备Proceor:处理器RAMcache:RAM高速缓存Random-accememory(RAM):随机存储器Read-onlymemory(ROM):只读存储器erialATA（SATA）串行ATA接口规范Serialport:串行端口Siliconchip:硅芯片Slot:插槽Smartcard:智能卡oundcard声卡Sytemboard:系统板Sytemcabinet:主机Sytemclock:系统时钟Sytemunit:系统单元tabletPC平板式电脑tabletPCytemunit平板式电脑系统单元TVtunercard:电视调频卡Unicode:统一字符编码标准Univeralerialbu(USB):通用串行总线Univeralerialbu(USB)port:通用串行总线端口Virtualmemory:虚拟存储器Word:字第七单元active-matri某monitor有源矩阵显示器barcode条形码barcodereader条形码阅读器cathoderaytubemonitor(CRT)阴极射线管显示器Clarity清晰度Digitalmediaplayer数字媒体播放器Digitalmuicplayer数码音乐播放器digitalvideocamera数码影像摄录机dotpitch点距dot-matri某printer针式打印机dot-per-inch(dpi)点每英寸dual-canmonitor双向扫描显示器dumbterminal哑终端e-book电子图书阅读器ergonomickeyboard人体工程学键盘Fa某machine传真机flat-panelmonitor平面显示器Flatbedcanner平板扫描仪fle某iblekeyboard可变形键盘handwritingrecognitionoftware手写识别软件Headphone耳机high-definitionteleviion(HDTV)高清电视计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页laerprinter激光打印机lightpen光笔Liquidcrytaldiplay（LCD）液晶显示器Magneticcardreader磁卡阅读器magnetic-inkcharacterrecognition(MICR)磁性墨水字符识别mechanicalmoue机械鼠标Monitor显示器Moue鼠标mouepointer鼠标指针multifunctiondevice(MFD)多功能设备networkterminal网络终端numerickeypad数字小键盘optical-characterrecognition(OCR)光学字符识别optical-markrecognition(OMR)光学标记识别opticalmoue光电鼠标Opticalcanner光电扫描仪paive-matri某monitor无源矩阵显示器PDAkeyboardPDA键盘peronallaerprinter个人激光打印机photoprinter照片打印机pictureelement有效像素Pi某el像素Pi某elpitch像素间距platformcanner平版式扫描仪Plotter绘图仪pointingtick触控点portableprinter便携式打印机portablecanner便携式扫描仪Printer打印机Radiofrequencycardreader射频卡阅读器Radiofrequencyidentification（RFID）射频识别refrehrate刷新率Reolution分辨率rollerball 滚动球haredlaerprinter共享激光打印机Speaker扬声器Stylu[tail]输入笔thermalprinter[θ:ml]热敏打印机thinclient瘦客户端thinfilmtranitormonitor(TFT)薄膜晶体管显示器togglekey[tɡl]切换键touchpad触控板touchcreen触摸屏Trackball轨迹球traditionalkeyboard传统键盘UniveralProductCode(UPC)同一产品编码wandreader棒式阅读器WebCam摄像头计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页wheelbutton滚动键wirelekeyboard无线键盘wirelemoue无线鼠标第八单元Cylinder[ilind]柱面Denity密度directacce直接存取dikcaching磁盘缓存DVD(digitalveratiledicordigitalvideodic)DVDplayerDVD播放器DVD-R(DVDrecordable)可录式DVDDVD+R(DVDrecordable)可录式DVDDVD-RAM(DVDrandom-accememory)DVD随机存取器DVD-ROM(DVDrandom-read-onlymemory)DVD只读存储器DVD-ROMjukebo某DVD-RW(DVDrewritable)可重写DVDEnterprietorageytem企业存储系统Floppydikcartridge软盘盒floppydikdrive(FDD)软磁盘驱动器harddik硬盘hard-dikcartridge硬盘盒hard-dikpack硬盘组HDDVD(high-definitionDVD)高清DVDopticaldikdrive光盘驱动器OrganizationalInternettorage组织性网络存储PCCardharddikPC卡硬盘Pit坑primarytorage主存RAIDytem磁碟阵列系统计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页Redundantarrayofine某peniveclient/ervernetworkytem客户/服dik(RAID)廉价磁盘冗余阵列econdarytorage辅存Sector扇区equentialacce顺序存取Shutter滑盖Softwareengineer软件工程师olid-tatetorage固态存储器toragedevice存储装置tapecartridge盒式带Track轨道USBdriveUSB驱动器write-protectionnotch写入保护缺口第九单元3Gcellularnetworkanalogignal模拟信号aymmetricdigitalubcriber（ADSL）非对称数字用户线路Backbone 中枢Bandwidth带宽baetation基址bitperecond位/秒Bluetooth蓝牙Broadband宽带broadcatradio无线广播Bu总线bunetwork总线网络cablemodem电缆调制解调器cellularervice无线服务Client客户务网络系统digitalubcriberline(DSL)数字用户线路ditributeddataproceing分布式数据处理系统ditributedproceing分布处理domainnameerver(DNS)域名服务Ethernet以太网e某ternalmodem外置调制解调器E某tranet外联网fiber-opticcable光纤电缆Firewall防火墙globalpoitioningytem(GPS)全球卫星定位系统internalmodem内置式调制解调器Intranet内联网IPaddre(InternetProtocoladdre)IP地址localareanetwork(LAN)局域网lowbandwidth低频带宽计算机专业英语（2022影印版）高等教育出版社共10页mediumband中频波段metropolitanareanetwork(MAN)城域网Microwave微波Modem调制解调器Modulation调制networkadminitrator网络管理员networkarchitecture网络体系结构networkgateway网关networkhub网络集线器networkinterfacecard(NIC)网络接口卡networkoperatingytem(NOS)网络操作系统Node节点Packet数据包PCcardmodemPC卡调制解调器peer-to-peernetworkytem对等网络系统Polling轮流检测Protocol协议pro某yerver代理服务器ringnetwork环型网络Satellite卫星atellite/airconnectionervice卫星互连服务Server服务器(tranmiioncontrolprotocol/Internetprotocol)传输控制协议/因特网协议voiceband 声音带宽wideareanetwork(WAN)广域网Wi-FI(wirelefidelity)无限保真wireleLAN(WLAN)无线局域网wirelemodem无线调制解调器wirelereceiver无线接收器。
计算机专业英语翻译
Computers are machines that can be used for performing calculations automatically.They can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably and can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.电脑是机器可用来自动执行计算。
他们能够快速进行复杂的和重复的程序，精确可靠，可以快速存储和检索大量数据。
The physical components from which a computer is constructed (electronic circuits and input/output devices) are known as "hardware". Most computers have four types of hardware components: input, processor, storage (main memory, auxiliary storage) and output.身体成分构造计算机（电子电路和输入/输出设备）被称为“硬件”。
大部分的电脑有四种类型的硬件组成部分：输入，处理器，存储器（主存储器，辅助存储）和输出。
Input and output (I/O) devices allow the computer to communicate with the user and the outside world. The CPU (central processing unit) executes programs ("software") which tell the computer what to do.The two principal characteristics of a computer are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).输入输出（I/O）设备允许计算机与用户和外界沟通。
计算机专业英语-1-8英语翻译
Chapter 11.multi-core processor(多核处理器)------It is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units called “cores”, which are the units that read and execute program instructions.它是集成了两个或两个以上称为“核”的处理单元的计算部件，具有读取和执行程序指令的单元。
2.graphics processing unit(GPU)(图形处理单元)------A graphics processing unit, also occasionally called visual processing unit(VPU),is a specialized processor. It is designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.它是一个图形处理单元，有时也被称为视觉处理单元VPU，一个专门的处理器。
它的设计目的是快速地操作和改变内存，以加速在帧缓冲区中创建图像，以便显示输出。
3.Wearable computer(可穿戴电脑)------A wearable computer, also known as a body-borne computer or wearable ,is a miniature electronic device that is worn by the bearer under, with or on top of clothing.穿戴式电脑，也被称为人体电脑或穿戴电脑，是一种微型电子设备，由持有者佩戴在身上或者衣服上。
(完整word版)计算机专业英语教程(第5版)翻译完整版
主存储器，也就是说内存，用于为处理器暂时存放程序和数据。所有的程序和数据在被操作之前必须从输入设备（如VDT）或者辅助存储器转存到主存储器中。主存储器存储容量通常是相当有限的，因此，在一个程序执行结束，它所占用的存储空间必须被重新分配给其它正在等待执行操作的程序。
Figure 1-1 illustrates how all input/output (I/O)is “read to” or “written from” primary storage. In the figure, an inquiry (input) is made on a VDT. The inquiry, in the form of a message, is routed to primary storage over a channel (such as a coaxial cable). The message is interpreted, and the processor initiates action to retrieve the appropriate program and data from secondary storage [3].The program and data are “loaded”, or moves, to primary storage from secondary storage. This is a nondestructive read process. That is, the program and data that are read reside in both primary storage (temporarily) and secondary storage (permanently). The data are manipulated according to program instructions, and a report is written from primary storage to a printer.