秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Hors es MuseumEmperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his giv en name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, C hu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s hist ory.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his lat er generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth e mperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of Ch ina’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the e mperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enf eoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized le gal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect ag ainst harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of t he state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole c ountry as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to pu sh his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be burie d alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the bury ing of Confucian scholars.”Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand c onvicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palace s built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he s ought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Empero r Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like ins ide could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-co tta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qi n Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanz hai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling sur vey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty b attle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This dis covery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housi ng the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with t he permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters wer e placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were cove red with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 piec es in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chari ots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of th e formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectiv ely, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses coul d be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Tra il diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldie rs, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled hors es could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual rese arch, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warrior s, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed i n the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20c m thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xian g Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong dete rmination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, th e tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probab ly they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. Th ey organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engravin g, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, s ticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone throu gh the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. Howe ver, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, bla ck and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, includi ng broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrow heads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more tha n ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This i ndicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing tech nique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were un earthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. Thes e single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canop y. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white backgr ound. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots a nd horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is o nly 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a prelimi nary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has inv olved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for t he textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot an d technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 piece s when excavated. After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.。
陕西西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词
陕西西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词陕西西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词范文作为一名导游，总不可避免地需要编写导游词，导游词是导游员进行实地口语导游的基础和前提。
我们该怎么去写导游词呢？以下是小编精心整理的陕西西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词范文，欢迎大家分享。
emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum and the terra-cotta otion the development of economy and culture. they had a great and deep influence upon china’s 2,000 year old feudal society.emperor qin shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. as a result, china’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. those events one palace to the other. often nobody kneb, were enclosed alive.emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum has not yet been excavated. what looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. however, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum was.。
陕西-秦始皇陵兵马俑英文导游词
陕西-秦始皇陵兵马俑英文导游词陕西-秦始皇陵兵马俑英文导游词陕西-秦始皇陵兵马俑英文导游词1：Hi, dear tourists, please come with me, you see this is the qin Terra Cotta Warriors, now scientists have unearthed three pits, although only three, but with a total area of nearly 20000 square meters! Equivalent to fifty basketball court, pit there are nearly eight thousand terracotta warriors, in these three pit, no. 1 pit is the largest, 230 meters long, north and south 62 meters wide, with a total area of 14260 square meters! The pit of the Terra Cotta Warriors is one of the most. There are about six thousand.Tourists, tell you, the Terra Cotta Warriors is not only large scale, and various types, the personality is bright, let me introduce!Terracotta warriors average about 1.8 meters tall and powerfully built, they wear down with uniform, wear hard armor and weapons in hand, ready to go, you've said don't go far?The general figurines is power! Burly, wearing a crown, wearing armor in brown, hand hold a sharp sword, head high head, chest, belly of battle-hardened a look will know that is! Actually the Terra Cotta Warriors type many, said also said not over. The Terra Cotta Warriors pit or PeiZangKeng qin shi huang Lin, 1974, a few archaeologists found in the east of the Terra Cotta Warriors pit, stir in China, shocked the world, is one of the 20th century's greatest archaeological discovery.And, finally remind you: don't throw GuaGuoPi, rubbish, plastic bags, the environmental pollution!陕西-秦始皇陵兵马俑英文导游词2：The passengers:Everybody is good! B: my name is lu, I'm go to the guide of qin Terra Cotta Warriors. I'm very honored to serve you, hope we have a nice day today.Now we're going to set off to the world-famous qin Terra Cotta Warriors.You see, this great historical sites show in front of our eyes! Our xi 'an lintong has three qin Terra Cotta Warriors pit, a total of 3 20000 square meters, nearly 50 basketball courts, a pit of the Terra Cotta Warriors to nearly eight thousand. In three pits at the pit is the largest, 230 meters long, north and south 62 meters wide, with a total area of 14260 square meters; The pit of the Terra Cotta Warriors, of course, also the most, there are more than six thousand! Above the no. 1 pit has a huge vaulted hall. Into the hall, standing on high bird's eye view, will see the Terra Cotta Warriors pit, line by line, the process is very neat, formed a huge army of rectangle like qin shihuang had command of an army of fighting, invincible.You look, the general burly, wearing a brown, wearing armor, sword in hand, with pride. Know it's the look on his poses battle-hardened, accountable.The average height of the warriors, 1. 8 meters, trim. They dressed in a shirt to wear armor, feet front end up the cock combat boots, and armed with weapons, ready to go.Look, the horse figurines in short armour, on foot mouth was wearing tight pants, boots right hand holding the REINS, left hand with bows and arrows, as if ready to mount a horse to kill.Now we use one hour to watch slowly. Please take good care of cultural relics, don't litter. Thank you for your cooperation.。
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词.
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词The Terracotta Army (Chinese: 兵马俑; Pinyin: Bīng MǎYǒng; literally "military servants") or Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses is a collection of 8,099 life-size terra cotta figures of warriors and horses located in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (秦始皇陵; Qín Shǐ Huáng Líng). The figures were discovered in 1974 near Xi'an, Shaanxi province,The terracotta figures were buried with the first Emperor of Qin (Qin Shi Huang) in 210-209 BC. Consequently, they are also sometimes referred to as "Qin's Army."The Terracotta Army of China was discovered in March 1974 by local farmers drilling a well to the east of Mount Li. Mount Li is the name of the man-made necropolis and tomb of the First Emperor of Qin; Qin Shi Huang. Construction of this mausoleum began in 246 B.C. and is believed to have taken 700,000 workers and craftsmen 36 years to complete. Qin Shi Huang was interred inside the tomb complex upon his death in 210 B.C. According to the Grand Historian Sima Qian, The First Emperor was buried alongside great amounts of treasure and objects of craftsmanship, as well as a scale replica of the universe complete with gemmed ceilings representing the cosmos, and flowing mercury. representing the great earthly bodies of water. Recent scientific work at the site has shown high levels of mercury in the soil of Mount Li, tentatively indicating an accurate description of the site’s contents by Sima Qian.The tomb of Qin Shi Huang is near an earthen pyramid 76 meters tall and nearly 350 meters square. The tomb presently remains unopened. There are plans to seal-off the area around the tomb with a special tent-type structure to prevent corrosion from exposure to outside air. However, there is at present only one company in the world that makes these tents, and their largest model will not cover the site as needed.Qin Shi Huang’s necropolis complex was constructed to serve as an imperial compound or palace. It is comprised of several offices, halls and other structures and is surrounded by a wall with gateway entrances. The remains of the craftsmen working in the tomb may also be found within its confines, as it is believed they were sealed inside alive to keep them from divulging any secrets about its riches or entrance. It was only fitting, therefore, to have this compound protected by the massive terra cotta army interred nearby.Xi'an, once the capital of eleven Chinese dynasties, is famous throughout the world for life-sized terra-cotta warriors and horses. They have won fame as one of the greatest archaeological finds of this century. Back in 1974, while digging a well to fight drought, some farmers from Lintong county, about thirty kilometers east of Xi'an, unearthed some brown pottery fragments, which led to the great discovery of the executed terra-cotta legions as an exterior section of the mausoleum, of Qin Shi Huang or First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty (255-210B. C.)Details of Qin Shi Huang's tomb can be traced in The Historical Records (compiled by Sima Qian) and legends about it have been widespread. However, for technical reasons, the major part of the tomb remains unexcavated today with its mound still standing 76 meters high against the slopes of Mt. Lishan and facing the Huishui River.After 20 years of careful excavation three underground vaults officially opened to the public in 1979, 1989, and 1994 respectively, displaying thousands of terra-cotta warriors, horses and chariots, all arranged in battle formations.Vault 1, built with earth and timber, measures 210 meters long, 60 meters wide and 4.6 to 6.5 meters high. In this area of 12, 600 square meters, six thousand life-sized warriors and horses of terra-cotta were found in rectangular battle formation. The troops were of a fairly uniform height of 1.8 meters. They wear helmets and armor and carry real bows and arrows, swords, lances, javelins and crossbows in their hands. Each chariot, made of wood, is drawn by a team of four horses, 1. 5 meters in height. Three rows of infantrymen make up the vanguard of the formation, and these are followed by the main body of the army, 38 rows of troops. There are also flank columns and rearguards. The array breathes the power of Qin Shi Huang's army.Vault 2 is approximately one half vault I in size, housing nearly a thousand pottery warriors. Compared with Vault 1, these warriors are of a larger variety and arranged in more complex battle array. Unlike Vault 1, the war chariots and infantrymen are arranged separately in four square formations which are linked to one another in a polygon. Again, however, the warriors carry real weapons. The projecting part of the polygon consists of archers, either standing or kneeling, with crossbows or handbows and quivers and so appears to be the vanguard of the phalanx.The archers are followed by a unit of cavalrymen to the left and one of chariots to the right, forming the two wings of the phalanx. Infantrymen and war chariots bring up the rear. Each chariot drawn by four horses has1l driver and two assistants, one on either side. The charioteers are armored and carry spears, swords and crossbows, Indicating that they could engage in long-range battles, short-range fighting and hand-to-hand combat. All the cavalrymen carry crossbows, a sign that shooting on horseback was a common practice in the army at that time. From among the chariots a robust and unusually tall figure at 1. 95 meters has been unearthed. His armor is interlinked and overlapped with finer metal pieces than that of the common soldiers, and he is believed to be a high-ranking commander of the 1egion.Vault 3 is a modest building more resembling a gallery. It has 69 pottery warriors with defensive weapons and a wooden chariot pulled by four magnificent horses. The structure of the gallery and the line-up of the soldiers suggest that this was likely the headquarters of the troops of Vault 1 and 2.However, the commander is missing. Many archaeologists believe that since the underground army represents the emperor's garrison under his direct command, no marshal was necessary. Altogether ten thousand pieces of actual weaponry have been unearthed from the three vaults, including arrow-heads, swords, spears and halberds. Two long-handled swords dug out recently are still sharp and gleaming despite their burial for more than two thousand years. Some bronze arrow-heads from Vault 2 are 41 cm in length and 100 grams in weight. They are the biggest bronze weapons excavated in China. Important to the study of Qin technology was the discovery of bronze arrow-heads and swords treated with a preservative that has prevented erosion for 22 centuries. Chemical analysis revealed the sword to have been cast of an alloy of copper, tin and various other elements, including nickel, magnesium, and cobalt. The arrow-heads which contain 7.71 percent lead are considered by archaeologists to be the world's most poisonous.Experts expect future discoveries to unearth even more amazing art treasures. But they warn that itmay require the efforts of one or two generations to recover the entire tomb complex of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.The three vaults are well preserved in three modern constructions, each with an arched dome and a corridor along the side of the vault so that visitors may overlook the restored figures of warriors, horses and chariots in their original formations. Vault 2 is equipped with devices for regulating temperature, lighting and air humidity.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses MuseumEmperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive. Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, theNational Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made ofalloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.【杨贵妃雕塑与生平—华清宫】各位游客，现在我们来到了华清池的大门。
陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：秦兵马俑英文导游词
陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：秦兵马俑英文导游词第一篇：陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：秦兵马俑英文导游词陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：秦兵马俑英文导游词Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses MuseumEmperor Qin Shihuang(259-210B.C.)had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name.He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22.By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, an d established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor.He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system.Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system.He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures.To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built.All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture.They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history andculture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field.As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy.Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive.Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain.These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other.Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated.What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened.However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum.In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey.The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum.This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad.In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council.The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters.It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively.The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks.Thick rafters were placed onto the walls(but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth.The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east.In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces.They are supposed to be the van of the formation.Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long.They are probably the main body of the formation.There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards.They are probably the flanks and the rear.There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed.The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten.But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc.left clear impressions on the earth bed.The copper parts of the chariots still remain.Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long.According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor.The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses,one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation.Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits.The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick.In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken.Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army.All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest.They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions.Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy.They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on.The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted.As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours.However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new.They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads.These weapons were exquisitely made.Some oftheme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals.Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years.This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum.These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy.The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall.The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background.They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful.Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection.The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology.For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation.According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling.The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot andtechnological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated.After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983.No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.The museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses Ladies and gentlemen, good morning, Today, we are going to visit the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses.This museum is located at the foot of mountain Li Shan, about 35 kilometers east of X i’an.First, I will give you a brief introduction about the master of this underground army---the First Qin Emperor, Yingzheng.He came to the throne at the age of 13 and seized the power at the age of 22.By 221BC, he had annexed all the six independent states and established the first centralized autocratic feudal empire in the long history of China.After the unification of the whole country, he styled himself the First Emperor and standardized the coinage, weights and measures, the legal codes, the written scripts and so on.He also ordered the linkage of the original Great Wall.All these exerted an everlasting influence on the long feudal history of China.But the First Qin Emperor was very ambitious.As soon as he came to the throne, he ordered that a magnificent mausoleum should be built for him.It took 37 years to complete this great project.Actually, the site of those terracotta warriors and horses we now see is just a small part of his mausoleum.Ok, everyone, now we are standing at the front gate of the Eighth Wonder of the world---the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses.As one of the top ten places of historical interest in China, it was also listed as a world heritage site.So next, let’s go to uncover the veil of thismiraculous work.In March 1974,when several farmers were sinking a well about 1.5km east of the First Qin Emperor’s Maosolem, they came upon many fragments of the terracotta figures.The results of archaeological excavation showed that is two more pits were discovered respectively.They were then named pit1，pit2, and pit3 by the order of discovery.The new discovery stirred up a sensation all over the world.In order to provide the historical artifacts with adequate protection, a musem was set up on the site of Pit 1 in 1975 upon the approval of the state council.Pit 1,covers an area of 16,300 square meters, is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.The terra cotta armies in pit 1 were arranged in battle formation.In the front of this formation, there are 210warriors in 3 lines facing forward.Armed with bows and arrows, they constitute the so-called vanguard.Meanwhile, there is one row of warriors on each of the borders of this pit, facing outward---they are the flanks and the rear guard.Holding long-distance shooting weapons, they took up the job of defending the whole army.Then, this way please.We may find ten partition walls which divided this pit into 11 corridors.The warriors standing inside them with horse-drawn chariots represent the principal military force of this battle formation.According to the density, there are over 6000 terracotta warriors and horses, and most of them are infantrymen.Ok, Here now we arrived at Pit 2.we can see that Pit 2 is still under cover, that’s because we want to preserve them.Pit 2 consists of 4 different mixed military forces in four arrays, they are infantrymen, cavalrymen, archers and charioteers.And pit 2 also include many chariots and horses.They can be divided to act independently, capable of attacking, and defending with a quick response.As you see, those worriors, theirfeet, legs, bodies, necks, hands and heads, all with different faces, were all made separately and joined together.we may find they are all vivid and true to life.And also as we can see, here are some actual weapons unearthed in those pits.The most attractive one is a bronze sword.Although it was buried over thousands of years, it is still very sharp.It can cat through 20 pieces of paper put together.Now we come to pit 3.Pit 3 covers an area of about 520 square meters.There are only 68 warriors and 4 clay horses.The warriors were arranged opposite to each other in two rows, and only one kind of weapon called “SHU” had been discovered.This kind of weapon has no blade, and is believed to be used by the guards of honor.We have found many animal bones in the north side, and it is supposed to be “Prayer Hall”, and “Commander’s office” is on the south side.This suggests pit 3 is the headquarters directing the whole underground army.Then we have arrived at the exhibition hall of Bronze Chariots and Horses.In 1980, two sets of large painted bronze chariots and horses were found.They broke into thousands of pieces when we found them and after 8 years’ careful restoration;they were rebuilt and open to the public.The first one was named “High Chariot” and the second one was called “Security Chariot”.They were the eariliest and most exquisitely and intricately made bronze valuables,and also the largest bronze wares discovered in the history of world archaeology.It provides extremlyvaluable material and data for the research of the metallurgical technique and technological modeling og the Qin Dynasty.So now we will finish our journey in the museum today, I believe that you must be very astonished at this world wonder.So it’s your time,you can work around and take some pictures.thank you for listening.第二篇：陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：华山英文导游词陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：华山英文导游词Hua Shan is the highest of China’s five sacred mountains.It is 120 kilometers east of Xian.It has five peaks that resemble the petals of a flower.The highest peak is 2180 meters(7085 feet).We had had discussions about going to Hua Shan with some graduate students from Computer Science.That didn’t work out due to changes in schedules on both sides.Also, they were planning to do the climb at night to be able to reach the peak at sunrise.That did not appeal to us.We wanted to spend a night on the mountain.Fran’s department arranged a trip for us, making reservations at the simple hotel on the North Peak.They sent two graduate students to accompany us, though they had not been to Hua Shan before.We met them at 8:00 on Saturday morning and took a taxi to the train station.There we asked around and located a mini-bus.The bus made a couple of stops.One was to see a presentation about the traditional medicines grown on the mountain and a chance to buy some of them.It probably would have been interesting if we understood Chinese.Our guides gave us the general outline about what was said.The other stop was a quick lunch stop.There are two approaches to Hua Shan.[Chinese proverb: “There is one road and only one road to Hua Shan,” meaning that sometimes the hard way is the only way.] The west entrance involves 10 kilometers of walking on a road before you start climbing.We went with the east entrance, where the bus brings you to the base of a cable car that goes up to the 1500 meter North Peak.Our plan was to walk up to the North Peak, then climb to the four other peaks the next day and take the cable car down.We started the climb in the early afternoon.The path consists of stone steps with rough chain link handrails in thenarrowest areas(we wore our bicycling gloves for hand protection).Physically, it is more like climbing the steps of a skyscraper than trails at home.However, the temperature was about 95 degrees and there was not much shade.We brought lots of water, including some bottles that we froze and some Gatorade that we got at the fancy department store in downtown Xian.There are plenty of refreshment stands along the way where you can buy bottled water, the Chinese equivalent of Gatorade, and other drinks or snacks at a premium price.We reached the North Peak before 4:00 PM and rested at the hotel.Our room was basic, but comfortable and clean enough.Because water is scarce on the mountain, there were neither showers nor sinks available for washing.In that sense the experience felt like camping, but we were sleeping in a big tent!After dinner at the hotel restaurant, we spent some time talking with our guides.We were a bit surprised to find that they both think of Japan negatively, but like the U.S.It seems that Japan’s WWII behavior in China has not been forgotten, and is emphasized in school.We saw a beautiful sunset and watched the sky become resplendent with thousands of stars, including the Milky Way galaxy.This was the clearest sky that we have seen in China.The fresh air at Hua Shan is a treat!Our guides had both been planning to get up at 4:00 AM to watch the sunrise.Fran and I made sleep a priority.We did happen to wake up a bit before sunrise(our room faced east)and went outside to watch the sky become rosy.Ironically, our guides missed the sunrise because they had stayed up late watching the European soccer championships on the television in their room The plan for the day was to climb the other four peaks, but we reserved the right to shorten the route.The first part was a steepclimb to Middle Peak.After the low North Peak, all the others are at roughly 2000 meters.There were crowds on the way to Middle Peak –mostly Chinese hikers but we did see a few other wai guo(foreigners)as well.We visited two Taoist temples en route to Middle Peak.Each one had an altar with incense and offerings of fruit.The friendly monks invited us to say a prayer or to send blessings to loved ones.Fran accepted their invitation.At the first temple, she lit incense sticks and knelt on a cushion in front of the altar saying a silent prayer for our safe journey to the various summits of Hua Shan(the prayer was answered).At the second temple, she knelt on a cushion in front of the altar and sent silent blessings to several friends who are experiencing challenging situations in their lives at present.After each blessing, she leaned forward and the monk struck a drum.After Middle Peak, the crowds got much thinner.The next was East Peak, which had a steep ladder climbing rock.Fran was dubious about this ascent, but realized that the ladder wasn’t so bad and went for it.That was a good decision because we were then able to do a loop and the trails got almost empty at this point.After skirting the top of a cliff with a steep dropoff on both sides, we had a pleasant walk to South Peak and West Peak.There was even a small amount of dirt trail!The summit of South Peak was the highest point on Hua Shan, so of course we asked another hiker to take a photo of our guides and us.The views from the tops of each peak were beautiful.Hua Shan and the surrounding mountains are very rugged and remind us somewhat of hiking in the southwestern United States or the Sierras.We took a route that eventually brought us to the main line returning down from Middle to North Peak.We were happy to have ascended each of the five peaks(petals)of Flower Mountain.By cable car(the longest in Asia),it was just 7 minutes down to the park entrance.We caught a shuttle bus into town, then transferred to a bus for Xian.Our guides told us that we had walked up and down a total of 4000 stairs!We were glad that we did not have this information when we started.For three days after returning home, our sore leg muscles instructed us to take the elevator to our fifth floor apartment rather than climbing the stairs.第三篇：陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：华清池英文导游词陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：华清池英文导游词Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of Xi’an.Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction of the Li Palace on the spot.In the Qin dynasty a pool was built with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang(the Lishan Hot Spring).The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and renamed the Li Palace(the Resort Palace).In the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin(Emperor Tai Zong)ordered to construct the Hot Spring Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around Lishan Mountain in the year of 747.It was known as the Huaqing Palace.It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location on the hot springs.Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high.It is covered with pines and cypresses, looking very much like a like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance.So it has the name of the Lishan Mountain(Li means a black horse).The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter days.When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and everything in sight was white.However, they came into thaw immediately in front of the hall.It owed a great deal to the luke warm vapour rising out ofthe hot spring.This is the Frost Drifting Hall that greets us today.Close by the Frost Drifting Hall lies the Nine Dragon Pool.According to legend, the Central Shaanxi Plain was once stricken by a severe drought in the very remote past.Thus, by the order of the Jade Emperor(the Supreme Deity of Heaven), an old dragon came at the head of eight young ones, and made rain here.Yet when the disaster was just abating, they lowered their guard so much that it became serious again.In a fit of anger, the Jade Emperor kept the young dragons under the Jade Cause Way(玉堤), with the Morning Glow Pavilion and the Sunset Pavilion built at both ends of it respectively, to make the young dragons spout cleat water all day long to meet the needs of local irrigation.Besides, he had the old dragon confined to the bottom of the Roaring Dragon Waterside Pavilion situated at the upper end of the Jade Causeway, and obliged him to exercise control over the young.The Nine-Bend Corridor west of the Nine Dragon Pool leads directly to the Marble Boat, which resembles a dragon boat on the water surface.In the Marble Boat lies the Nine Dragon Tang(the Nine Dragon Hot Spring where Emperor Xuan Zong used to take baths).At the head of his court ladies and hundreds of his officials, he would come to the Huanqing Palace to spend his winter days in October of the Lunar calendar and return to Chang’an City as the year drew to its close.The Nine Dragon Hot Spring was originally built with crystal jade, whose surface was decorated with the carvings of fish, dragons, birds and flowers.In it twin lotus flowers also carved with white jade could be seen as well.The spring water welled from the break of an earthen jar, and spouted up to the lotus flowers.Hence the name Lotus Flower Tang(the Lotus Flower Hot Spring).The Gui Fei Bathing Pool was where Yang Gui Fei, Emperor Xuan Zong’sfavorite lady, used to take bath.It was originally built with white jade, and in its center a blooming flower spouted water like a spring.The pool looked very much like a Chinese flowering crabapple;Hence its name the Chinese Flowering Crabapple Hot Spring or the Lotus Hot dy Yang used to make a stay in this pavilion to see sights or to air her hair after a bath.Therefore, it was named the Hair Airing Pavilion.Whether the sun was rising or setting, the pavilion was aglow with sunshine;hence the name the Flying Roseate Pavilion.Southwest of the Gui Fei Bathing Pool stands a brick-built pavilion.On its head three big Chinese characters “Xi Jia Lou”(Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion)are inscribed according to the model of the most celebrated according to the model of the most celebrated Chinese calligrapher, Yu You Ren, here is the source of the spring water.At this spa there are four hot springs.They have an hourly flow of 112 tons, and a constant temperature of 43°C.The spring water contains lime, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and other minerals, which makes it suitable for bathing and considerable treatment of quite a few diseases such as dermatosis, rheumatism, arthritis and muscular pain.The Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion marks the first source of the spring water, which was discovered some 3,000 years ago, roughly in the Western Zhou Dynasty.Its water flow averages 25 tons per hour.Take up the steps east of the source of hot springs, you will gradually see the Five-Room Pavilion where Chiang Kaishek made a temporary stay during the Xi’an Incident.The Xi’an Incident took place on December 12, 1936, and it is also known as the Double Twelfth Incident.After the Incident of September 18, 1936, the Japanese imperialists seized the three provinces northeast of China, and intensified their invasion of North China.This was the verymoment vital to the Chinese nation.Yet Chiang Kaichek persisted doggedly in carrying out his reactionary policy “domestic tranquility is a must for the resistance against Japanese invades,” and commanded the Northeast Army and Northwest Army, respectively headed by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region.Inspired by our Party’s policy “let us stop the internal war and unit to resist the Japanese a ggressors,” those two generals made to Chiang Kaishek the proposal of forming a united front with the Communist Party for the resistance.Not only did he reject the proposal, but flew to Xi’an to scheme the “suppression of the Communist Party.” And the slau ghter of the patriotic youth.Out of patriotism, Zhang and Yang started the famous Xi’an Incident.Very early on the morning of December 12, 1936 the Incident was impending.Zhang Xueliang, together with Yang Hucheng ordered a squad of bodyguards to surround the Huaqing Pool.They fought a fierce battle there, and wiped out Chiang’s bodyguards in one vigorous effort.The sound of firing came to Chiang Kaishek, and he was so terrified that he crept out of the window with his nightgown and slippers only.What’s more, he hurt his spinal bone, and lost one of his slippers while crossing over the back wall.He staggered up Lishan Mountain, and hid himself behind a stone in the crevice halfway on it.Those brave soldiers began to search the mountain immediately when they rushed into the Five-Room Pavilion to find that Chiang’s hat and clothes were still there and that his quilt remained warm.In the end they found Chiang Kaishek, and thus escorted him to Xi’an.In order to avoid a civil war and try t establish a national united front for the resistance against Japan, Mao Zedong on behalf of the C.C.P.C.insisted on a peaceful settlementof the Incident.Therefore, a delegation headed by Zhou Enlai was sent to Xi’an.Zhou Enlai and his suite did a large amount of work there, took everything possible into consideration, and ultimately forced Chiang Kaishek to accept the proposal by his two generals.On December 25, Chiang was freed, and flew back to Nanjing.The Xi’an Incident was so peacefully settled.The peaceful settlement of the Incident put an end to the internal war which had lasted for ten years, and accelerated the formation and development of the national united front for the anti-Japanese drive.Moreover, it showed that the co-operative relationships between the Communist and Nationalists arrived at a new stage.It marked a great turning point in modern Chinese history.In the year of 1946 the KMT government had a “National Rejuvenation Pavilion” built near the crevice where Chiang Kaishek had hidden himself in the Incident.It was also called “Vital Energy Pavilion”.After the national liberation it was renamed “Catching Chiang Pavilion”.Close by the pavilion stands a wooden board which carries a brief introduction to the Xi’an Incident.Iron chains and rings in the crevices east o f the pavilion, by which visitors can climb up to take a look at Chiang Kaishek’s shelter.Up the winding path east of the Five-Room-Pavilion you will catch sight of a bridge-like construction.It shines regularly with a myriad of evening sun rays both in summer and autumn, and looks very much like rainbow.So it has the name of the Hovering Rainbow Bridge.Located on the Xixiu Ridge(the West Embroidery Ridge)of the Lishan Mountain, the remains of the beacon tower of the Western Zhou Dynasty seem easy to identify.The beacon tower was mostly built at the top of the mountain to give border alarm in ancient times.It was constantly under special control.Once the enemies were pressing on。
西安兵马俑英文导游词
西安兵马俑英文导游词西安兵马俑英文导游词范文作为一名默默奉献的导游，常常要根据讲解需要编写导游词，导游词一般是根据实际的.游览景观、遵照一定的游览路线、模拟游览活动而创作的。
那么一遍条理清晰的导游词应该怎么写呢？下面是小编收集整理的西安兵马俑英文导游词范文，欢迎大家分享。
Emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum and the terra-cotta warriors and horses museumIn the year 221 b.c., when he unified the whole country, ying zheng styled himself emperor. he named himself shihuang di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. since then, the supreme feudal rulers of china’s dynasties had continued to call themselves huang di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, emperor qin shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. he standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. to protect against harassment by the hun aristocrats. emperor qin shihuang ordered the great wall be built. all these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. they had a great and deep influence upon china’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor qin shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudalautoc racy in the ideological field. as a result, china’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of confucian schola rs.”Emperor qin shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the guanzhong plain. these palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum has not yet been excavated. what looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. however, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum was.。
兵马俑英文导游词3篇
兵马俑英文导游词3篇兵马俑英文导游词范文1：Ha! Hi, I'm happy "tour" of the tour guide. Today, I take you to xi 'an east 30 kilometers. In February 1974, the local farmers in the east of emperor qinshihuang 1.5 zone () at the foot of the mount li qin Terra Cotta Warriors.In that year, the emperor after he began to reign, and he began to build cemetery, hosted by prime minister lisi planning and design, general ZhangHan supervisors, build time for 38 years, engineering of vast, magnificent verve, the successive feudal rulers luxury lights of precedent. At that time, the qing dynasty a total population of about 20 million, and built ling labor was more than 720000. Xiu ling home soil, from 2000 meters south of this cemetery three between liu village to the county quarry department, there are 5 ~ 25 meters high multistage loess cliff. Fix cemetery used a large amount of stone from nutrient-laden hebei usagi nakayama, asan, depends on human to lintong, engineering is very difficult. Predictably large quantities, usagi nakayama, the corpse and under strict asan side shows the cruelty of the whole project. It is also known as one of "the eight wonders of the world"!Qin Terra Cotta Warriors is divided into three pits, with a total area of 000 square meters. The Terra Cotta Warriors are robust, forms and more thoughtful! Figures are divided into general figurines, the side horse figurines, kneeling position figurines, figurines of cavalry, terracottawarriors... Among them, the no. 1 pit is the largest, 230 meters long, north and south 62 meters wide, about five meters deep. About 500, the warriors six chariots, driving, horse 24, and bronze sword, wugou, spears and arrows, crossbows, machine, copper halberd combat with weapons of bronze and iron, etc. They all facial expression, ' ', and action each are not identical: some thoughtfully, as if considering how to cooperate, defeat the enemy; Have a deep breath, as if in thought, as the people of qin, must help the emperor beat all places; Some look in the distance, seemed to be missing loved ones far away... Said so much warrior figures, the said the horse figurines: TaoMa ears erect, some mouths scream, some still shut up. All these of the qinshihuang terracotta warriors and touching artistic charm. If you hold your breath gaze of looking at it, you will find it muscle fullness, realistic than a real horse!。
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词范文Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses MuseumEmperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schoolsburned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a resul t, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museumwas formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after thebreed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology ofmanufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.。
秦始皇陵兵马俑英文介绍阅读
秦始皇陵兵马俑英文介绍阅读秦始皇兵马俑，被誉为“世界第八大奇迹”，是中国古代辉煌文明的一张金字名片。
下面店铺为大家带来中国旅游景点秦始皇陵兵马俑英文介绍，欢迎大家阅读!秦始皇陵兵马俑英文介绍篇一Emperor Qin's mausoleum is the largest of ancientChina, situated at the northern foot of Mt Li, LintongCounty, some 30m east of Xi'an city,秦始皇的陵墓是古代中国最大的,位于北部的临潼县骊山脚下,西安以东约30 m处,facing Weishui River in the north，close to the touristresort Huaqing Pool in the west.面朝在北面的渭河,接近西面的华清池旅游胜地。
The huge and amazing satellite pit of terra-cotta warriors is 1 500m east of themausoleum,discovered in March of 1974,by a group of farmers drilling a well against thedraught.巨大的、令人惊叹的兵马俑卫星坑在陵墓以1 500米处，1974年3月由一群钻井抗旱的农民发现。
Archaeologist the unearthed the treasure of Qin dynasty hidden for over 2 000 years.考古学家发掘了在地下隐藏2 000年的宝藏，The pit is truly an underground military museum largest worldwide.坑确实是世界最大的地下军事博物馆。
Its design is rational and unique with a weight wall every 3m,dividing the 5m deep pit intolanes of warriors neatly arrayed.其设计是理性的和独特的，每3米有重墙,把5米深坑里整齐排列的战士划分开。
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词范本
本文为Word 版本，下载可任意编辑第 1 页 共 1 页 秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词范本The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, theshortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong andhave different facial e*pressions. Probably they were sculptedby craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. Theyorganically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-reliefand linear engraving, and utilized the si* traditional folkcrafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can ’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green,powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found brokeninto 1,555 pieces when e*cavated. After two-and-half years ’careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists andvarious specialists, they were formally e*hibited in the museumon October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are ondisplay from 1988.。
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词.
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词The Terracotta Army (Chinese: 兵马俑; Pinyin: Bīng MǎYǒng;literally "military servants") or Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses is a collection of 8,099 life-size terra cotta figures of warriors and horses located in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (秦始皇陵; Qín Shǐ Huáng Líng). The figures were discovered in 1974 near Xi'an, Shaanxi province,The terracotta figures were buried with the first Emperor of Qin (Qin Shi Huang) in 210-209 BC. Consequently, they are also sometimes referred to as "Qin's Army."The Terracotta Army of China was discovered in March 1974 by local farmers drilling a well to the east of Mount Li. Mount Li is the name of the man-made necropolis and tomb of the First Emperor of Qin; Qin Shi Huang. Construction of this mausoleum began in 246 B.C. and is believed to have taken 700,000 workers and craftsmen 36 years to complete. Qin Shi Huang was interred inside the tomb complex upon his death in 210 B.C. According to the Grand Historian Sima Qian, The First Emperor was buried alongside great amounts of treasure and objects of craftsmanship, as well as a scale replica of the universe complete with gemmed ceilings representing the cosmos, and flowing mercury. representing the great earthly bodies of water. Recent scientific work at the site has shown high levels of mercury in the soil of Mount Li, tentatively indicating an accurate description of the site’s contents by Sima Qian.The tomb of Qin Shi Huang is near an earthen pyramid 76 meters tall and nearly 350 meters square. The tomb presently remains unopened. There are plans to seal-off the area around the tomb with a special tent-type structure to prevent corrosion from exposure to outside air. However, there is at present only one company in the world that makes these tents, and their largest model will not cover the site as needed.Qin Shi Huang’s necropolis complex was constructed to serve as an imperial compound or palace. It is comprised of several offices, halls and other structures and is surrounded by a wall with gateway entrances. The remains of the craftsmen working in the tomb may also be found within its confines, as it is believed they were sealed inside alive to keep them from divulging any secrets about its riches or entrance. It was only fitting, therefore, to have this compound protected by the massive terra cotta army interred nearby.Xi'an, once the capital of eleven Chinese dynasties, is famous throughout the world for life-sized terra-cotta warriors and horses. They have won fame as one of the greatest archaeological finds of this century. Back in 1974, while digging a well to fight drought, some farmers from Lintong county, about thirty kilometers east of Xi'an, unearthed some brown pottery fragments, which led to the great discovery of the executed terra-cotta legions as an exterior section of the mausoleum, of Qin Shi Huang or First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty (255-210B. C.)Details of Qin Shi Huang's tomb can be traced in The Historical Records (compiled by Sima Qian) and legends about it have been widespread. However, for technical reasons, the major part of the tomb remains unexcavated today with its mound still standing 76 meters high against the slopes of Mt. Lishan and facing the Huishui River.After 20 years of careful excavation three underground vaults officially opened to the public in 1979, 1989, and 1994 respectively, displaying thousands of terra-cotta warriors, horses and chariots, all arranged in battle formations.V ault 1, built with earth and timber, measures 210 meters long, 60 meters wide and 4.6 to 6.5 meters high. In this area of 12, 600 square meters, six thousand life-sized warriors and horses of terra-cotta were found in rectangular battle formation. The troops were of a fairly uniform height of 1.8 meters. They wear helmets and armor and carry real bows and arrows, swords, lances, javelins and crossbows in their hands. Each chariot, made of wood, is drawn by a team of four horses, 1. 5 meters in height. Three rows of infantrymen make up the vanguard of the formation, and these are followed by the main body of the army, 38 rows of troops. There are also flank columns and rearguards. The array breathes the power of Qin Shi Huang's army.V ault 2 is approximately one half vault I in size, housing nearly a thousand pottery warriors. Compared with V ault 1, these warriors are of a larger variety and arranged in more complex battle array. Unlike V ault 1, the war chariots and infantrymen are arranged separately in four square formations which are linked to one another in a polygon. Again, however, the warriors carry real weapons. The projecting part of the polygon consists of archers, either standing or kneeling, with crossbows or handbows and quivers and so appears to be the vanguard of the phalanx.The archers are followed by a unit of cavalrymen to the left and one of chariots to the right, forming the two wings of the phalanx. Infantrymen and war chariots bring up the rear. Each chariot drawn by four horses has1l driver and two assistants, one on either side. The charioteers are armored and carry spears, swords and crossbows, Indicating that they could engage in long-range battles, short-range fighting and hand-to-hand combat. All the cavalrymen carry crossbows, a sign that shooting on horseback was a common practice in the army at that time. From among the chariots a robust and unusually tall figure at 1. 95 meters has been unearthed. His armor is interlinked and overlapped with finer metal pieces than that of the common soldiers, and he is believed to be a high-ranking commander of the 1egion.V ault 3 is a modest building more resembling a gallery. It has 69 pottery warriors with defensive weapons and a wooden chariot pulled by four magnificent horses. The structure of the gallery and the line-up of the soldiers suggest that this was likely the headquarters of the troops of V ault 1 and 2.However, the commander is missing. Many archaeologists believe that since the underground army represents the emperor's garrison under his direct command, no marshal was necessary. Altogether ten thousand pieces of actual weaponry have been unearthed from the three vaults, including arrow-heads, swords, spears and halberds. Two long-handled swords dug out recently are still sharp and gleaming despite their burial for more than two thousand years. Some bronze arrow-heads from V ault 2 are 41 cm in length and 100 grams in weight. They are the biggest bronze weapons excavated in China. Important to the study of Qin technology was the discovery of bronze arrow-heads and swords treated with a preservative that has prevented erosion for 22 centuries. Chemical analysis revealed the sword to have been cast of an alloy of copper, tin and various other elements, including nickel, magnesium, and cobalt. The arrow-heads which contain 7.71 percent lead are considered by archaeologists to be the world's most poisonous.Experts expect future discoveries to unearth even more amazing art treasures. But they warn that itmay require the efforts of one or two generations to recover the entire tomb complex of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.The three vaults are well preserved in three modern constructions, each with an arched dome and a corridor along the side of the vault so that visitors may overlook the restored figures of warriors, horses and chariots in their original formations. V ault 2 is equipped with devices for regulating temperature, lighting and air humidity.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses MuseumEmperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Y ing as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Y an, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Y ing Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive. Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Y anzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, theNational Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Y u, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made ofalloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.【杨贵妃雕塑与生平—华清宫】各位游客，现在我们来到了华清池的大门。