1995考研英语一真题(含答案解析)
考研英语真题1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if onlySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personalitydeclare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasiv e—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,__.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of theirbusiness, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21 . From the passage we can infer that__.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information .[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a chi ld’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.[A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.[A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.[A] candidates’ sensitivity [B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit [D] surer values26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indee d, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.27. From the evolutionary point of view, __.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop29. From the last paragraph we know that__.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.[A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencingPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅣWriting (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion。
1995考研英语阅读真题
1995考研英语阅读真题1995考研英语阅读真题分析与解析1995年的考研英语阅读真题，考察了考生对于阅读理解和细节理解的能力。
本文将对这篇阅读真题进行分析和解析，帮助考生更好地理解文章内容和提高解题技巧。
文章内容回顾1995年的考研英语阅读真题中，文章的主题是关于心理学中的“情绪情感”和个体的“幸福感”之间的关系。
文章首先介绍了心理学家对情绪情感和幸福感进行的实证研究，然后引用了一些相关的实例和案例来支持他们的观点。
最后，文章结合了一些数据和统计数字，论述了幸福感的重要性以及其对个体的积极影响。
解析与讨论1. 核心思想：文章的核心思想是关于情绪情感和幸福感之间的关系。
根据文章的内容，可以得出结论：情绪情感对于个体的幸福感具有积极的影响。
2. 实证研究：文章提到了一些心理学家进行的实证研究。
这些研究包括问卷调查、实地观察和实验等方法。
通过这些实证研究，心理学家发现了情绪情感和幸福感之间的一些关联和规律。
3. 实例和案例：为了支持文章的观点，作者引用了一些实例和案例。
这些实例和案例描述了一些情绪情感和幸福感之间的具体联系，展示了幸福感对于个体生活的重要性。
4. 数据和统计数字：文章最后引用了一些数据和统计数字，用以证明幸福感的重要性。
这些数据和统计数字包括幸福感与个体健康、人际关系和工作表现之间的关系等。
解题技巧1. 关键词定位：阅读题目时，要注意关键词的定位和理解。
通过找到关键词，可以更准确地找到文章中与题目相关的信息。
2. 理解句子结构：文章中的句子结构可能较复杂，包含较长的修饰语和从句等。
考生需要注意理解句子结构，把握句子的主干和关键信息。
3. 细节理解：阅读题目时，要注重细节的理解和把握。
一些题目可能会要求考生找到文章中的具体细节，如实例、数据等。
4. 推理推断：阅读题目时，考生需要通过对文意的理解，进行推理和推断。
根据文章的论述和事实信息，可以推断出一些与题目相关的答案。
总结通过对1995年的考研英语阅读真题进行分析和解析，我们可以得到以下结论：这篇文章主要讨论了情绪情感与个体幸福感之间的关系，通过实证研究和案例分析，支持了情绪情感对幸福感的积极影响。
1995年考研英语阅读+翻译 横版
Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author’s opinion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providinginformation[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail”at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a processwould ________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says “a new way of being” (Line 2~3, Para. 3) heis referring to ________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT________.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsText 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word “it” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the factthat ________.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyText 4Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limitedcapacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencingSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks on books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill andwisdom with which it is always interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.KEY:51. [D] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [C] 55. [A] 56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [C] 61. [A] 62. [D] 63. [C] 64. [B] 65. [B] 66. [C] 67. [D] 68. [B] 69. [A] 70. [B]71. 把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案
研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案研究生考试是每年都有数以万计的大学毕业生所期待的考试，而其中最具挑战性的科目莫过于英语一。
考研英语一旨在考察考生的英语综合能力，包括阅读理解、翻译和写作等方面的素养。
为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将选取一道真题试题进行详细解析，并附上答案供参考。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the early 1960s, the term "data processing" referred to the use of punched cards and unit record equipment. Then the use of computers became more widespread, and data processing 26 consist of various stages. Today the stage we are entering is called "knowledge processing," and this use of data processing equipment 27 not even imagined 20 years ago.Knowledge processing means being able to deal directly with the development of sophisticated computer-based systems for use 28 users. At the 29 stage, knowledge can be 30 through structured programming, aided by 31 like COBOL and FORTRAN. But it also means being able to 32 sources of knowledge not necessarily 33 from structured programming. Many 34 are available today for acquiring knowledge from the 35 programmed sources and for 36 it into a more efficient and usable form.This 37 end of the knowledge processing stage will 38 the breakthrough to really effective computers.By 39 get a new type of systems design which 40 dependency on structured programming. 41 than being designed in terms of procedures or tasks, these new generation systems will be 42 in terms of the knowledge required to use them. Once built, a knowledge-based systems is 43 to its user, it helps him by testing and updating his knowledge, and in the 44 learning from him.Though the idea of 45 a system to learn and assume expertness has been around for quite a while, some of the 46 features are only now becoming 47.Note: For questions 26-35, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, choose the one that best completes the sentence. For questions 36-45, complete the sentence with the information given in the passage. For questions 46-50, mark the correct letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet.26. A) had B) would C) could D) should27. A) is B) was C) had been D) has been28. A) at B) for C) with D) to29. A) beginning B) early C) current D) final30. A) transmitted B) achieved C) delivered D) developed31. A) symbols B) marks C) codes D) figures32. A) gain B) seek C) add D) link33. A) created B) structured C) required D) derived34. A) technologies B) approaches C) systems D) channels35. A) accurately B) roughly C) barely D) greatly36. A) turning B) converting C) translating D) transforming37. A) long B) last C) latest D) latter38. A) bring B) take C) make D) lead39. A) combining B) joining C) promoting D) exploiting40. A) advances B) reduces C) eliminates D) depends41. A) Rather B) Instead C) Other D) Besides42. A) designed B) aimed C) based D) defined43. A) helpful B) available C) essential D) relevant44. A) meantime B) process C) result D) course45. A) allowing B) demanding C) preparing D) enabling46. According to the passage, the new generation of computer-based systems will be characterized by their ____.47. Knowledge-processing systems can be used to ____.48. In the future, a knowledge-based system can ____.49. The idea of learning systems to gain expertness is ____.50. The passage mainly discusses ____.答案及解析：26. 选C) could数据处理逐渐地包括各个阶段，因此这里可以用“可能是”。
1995年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文
1995年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文Text 1花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的，它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立起稳固的国内市场，并使得以有竞争力的价格提供出口成为可能。
通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。
通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对付失业的一项有效措施。
它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出20%。
也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。
除了有27个国会法案来监控广告内容外，常做广告者也不敢促销与其广告上的许诺不相符的产品。
他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。
但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。
如果你看见一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。
广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。
有一点我觉得应该在此提及。
最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告不重信息而重煽情。
他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。
当然广告总是试图以情相劝。
如果广告内容仅局限于信息——这一点本身也难以做到，如果不是不可能的话，因为即使选择一件衬衫颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。
但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。
Text 2看待成长有两种基本态度：一种视其为结果，一种视其为过程。
人们通常视个人成长为易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。
工人得到提升，学生成绩进步，外国人学会一门新语言——所有这些都是人们取得反映出其努力的可测量的成果之例证。
对比之下，测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。
因为从定义来看，它只是一个旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。
过程并非道路本身，而是当遭遇新经历和意想不到的坎坷时人们所持的态度和情感，他们的谨慎或勇气。
考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷95(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷95(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)Around half of all teenagers in the UK are putting themselves at risk of food poisoning because they don’t wash their hands before eating or after visiting the toilet, a new survey indicates. To coincide with National Food Safety Week, researchers from the Food and Drink Federation(FDF)conducted a survey of over 500 people aged between 11 and 19 about their hygiene and eating habits. Their survey revealed that 57 per cent of teenagers admitted to not always washing their hands after visiting the toilet or before lunch at school. Of these, over two-thirds ate lunch, such as sandwiches or a burger, with their hands. Furthermore, 40 per cent of those who do wash their hands do not always use soap. And 75 per cent said they dry their hands on their clothes when in a hurry—damp hands spread around 1,000 times more germs than dry ones. Excuses that teenagers gave for not washing their hands ranged from not having enough time(24 percent)to dirty and unhygienic facilities(26 percent)and forgetfulness(22 percent). Food safety expert Hugh Pennington, Professor of Microbiology at Aberdeen University, said, “The best news about food safety is that one doesn’t have to be a rocket scientist to do it properly. The bad news is that even a simple and obvious thing like hand washing—which protects incredibly well—is seen by many people as good health theory, but not actually put into practice.”Martin Paterson, deputy director general of the FDF, said that teens’hygiene habits before eating were a recipe for disaster, adding that although most know how food poisoning could occur, the majority do not take simple precautions to prevent it. “Of course teenagers don’t want to be nannied,” he said, “but with up to 5.5 million cases of food poisoning a year, we clearly need to keep plugging away with simple food hygiene messages in fun and imaginative ways, to remind people of all ages how they can continue to enjoy their food safely.”1．According to the survey, over two-thirds of all teenagers in the UK______.A．eat sandwiches for lunchB．don’t always use soap when washing their handsC．eat lunch with their handsD．don’t always wash their hands after visiting the toilet or before lunch at school正确答案：C解析：属事实细节题。
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1995年part3
Part ThreeIn such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information.Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.9. The word "it" （line 3, para. 2）most probably refers to__.（A）the lack of stable communities（B）the breakdown of informal information channels（C）the increased mobility of families（D）the growing number of people moving from place to place10. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.（A）they have to learn new things consciously（B）they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information（C）they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily（D）they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.11 . From the passage we can infer that__.（A）electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages（B）it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era（C）people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences（D）events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites12. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.（A）it is necessary to obtain as much（B）people should make the best use of the information（C）we should realize the importance of accumulating information .（D）it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyUnit 2（1995）Part 3重点词汇：subconsciously（下意识地）←sub下+conscious有意识的+ly。
1999年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
1999年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading ComprehensionSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 【B1】low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 【B2】and active. When the work is well done, a 【B3】of accident free operations is established 【B4】time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 【B5】greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 【B6】rules or regulations. 【B7】others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maxi mum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety 【B8】. The fewer the injury 【B9】, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 【B10】or at a loss.1．【B1】A．atB．inC．onD．with正确答案：D解析：本题考查对介词用法的掌握。
1995年英语一阅读解析
1995年英语一阅读解析1995年英语一阅读部分主要包括四篇文章，分别是《儿童的游戏》、《音乐与语言》、《亚当斯先生的故事》和《孤独的美国人》。
下面我将从多个角度全面解析这四篇文章。
首先，我们来看《儿童的游戏》。
这篇文章主要描述了儿童在游戏中的表现和特点。
从多角度来看，作者通过描写儿童的游戏行为、游戏中的互动和创造力等方面，展现了儿童游戏的重要性和价值。
此外，文章还提到了儿童游戏对于他们的成长和发展的积极影响，以及游戏对于培养儿童社交能力和创造力的重要性。
接下来是《音乐与语言》。
这篇文章主要探讨了音乐与语言之间的关系。
从多个角度来看，作者通过比较音乐和语言的共同点和相互作用，阐述了音乐和语言对于人类交流和表达的重要性。
文章还提到了音乐对于人的情感和心理状态的影响，以及音乐在教育和治疗方面的应用。
第三篇文章是《亚当斯先生的故事》。
这篇文章是一篇短篇小说，通过讲述亚当斯先生的故事，展现了一个人在面对困境时的勇气和坚持。
从多个角度来看，这篇文章可以引发对于生活意义和人生价值的思考。
同时，通过描写亚当斯先生的经历和心路历程，作者也传递了一种积极向上的人生态度和对于困难的克服能力的探讨。
最后一篇是《孤独的美国人》。
这篇文章主要描述了一个外国人在美国的孤独和困惑。
从多个角度来看，这篇文章涉及到了文化差异、身份认同和社交隔阂等问题。
作者通过描写主人公的经历和内心独白，展现了一个外国人在陌生环境中适应和融入的困难，同时也反映了现代社会中人与人之间的隔阂和沟通问题。
综上所述，1995年英语一阅读部分的四篇文章从不同的角度探讨了儿童游戏、音乐与语言、个人成长和困境等主题。
通过深入解析这些文章，我们可以获得对于这些主题的全面理解，并从多个角度思考和探讨相关问题。
1995年考研英语阅读解析
1995年考研英语阅读解析In 1995, the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) were a pivotal moment for many aspiring scholars in the United States. The English section of the GRE, in particular, was known for its rigorous reading comprehension component, which tested the candidates' ability to understand complex texts and answer questions based on them.The 1995 GRE English reading section featured a variety of passages that covered diverse topics, from scientific research to literary analysis. These passages were often drawn from academic journals, newspapers, and other sources that were considered to be of high intellectual merit. The questions that followed these passages were designed to assess the test-takers' comprehension, inference, andcritical thinking skills.One common type of question in the 1995 GRE English reading section was the main idea question. These questions required test-takers to identify the central theme or argument of a passage. To answer such questions correctly, candidates needed to have a thorough understanding of the passage and be able to distinguish between the main points and supporting details.Another type of question that appeared frequently was inference questions. These required test-takers to make logical deductions based on the information presented in thepassage. Inference questions tested the ability to read between the lines and understand the implications of the author's statements.Vocabulary questions were also a part of the 1995 GRE English reading section. These questions tested the candidates' knowledge of advanced vocabulary and theirability to understand the meaning of words in context. To excel in this area, test-takers needed to have a robust vocabulary and be able to quickly discern the meaning of unfamiliar words based on the context in which they appeared.Lastly, the reading section included questions that tested the ability to analyze the structure of a text. These questions might ask about the author's purpose, the organization of the passage, or the effectiveness of certain rhetorical devices. Answering these questions correctly required a deep understanding of the text and the ability to analyze it critically.In summary, the 1995 GRE English reading section was a comprehensive test of a candidate's ability to read and understand complex texts. It required a combination of strong vocabulary, critical thinking, and analytical skills. Those who performed well in this section demonstrated their readiness for the demands of graduate-level academic work.。
95年研究生考试英语阅读真题分篇 text-4
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题T ext 4Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family infl uence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society。