动词的语态

• This kind of radio doesn’t sell well. • The shop opens at 8. • 注意，主动表被动强调的是主语的特 征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成 的影响。 • The door won’t lock.(指门本身有毛 病) • The door won’t be locked.（指不会 有人来锁门）
过去时
was/were+told
将来时
shall/will+be told
过去将来 should/would be told 时
2、被动句的否定句和疑问句
1）否定句：都是在be动词的后面加not，但如果 be动词前有助动词或情态动词，则其否定句是在 助动词或情态动词的后面加not。如： Rome was not built in a day. The new railway hasn’t been built yet. 2)疑问句：把be动词、助动词或情态动词放在句首， 而疑问词加一般疑问句就构成了被动语态的特殊疑 问句。如： ——Was his bike stolen two years ago? ——Yes, it was/No, it wasn’t. ——What language is spoken in Canada? ——English and French.
6. 在商务书信中书信起草人是以公司名义时 Your letter has been received. Your complaint is being looked into.
六、几种不同形式的被动语态 1、双宾语结构：把直接宾语或间接宾语 变为主语，另一个不变。如： My brother gave me a chemistry book. →I was given a chemistry book. A chemistry book was given to me by my brother.
We must take good care of the young trees. →The young trees must be taken good care of （by us）.
2、被动语态改主动语态的方法：
被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主 语（或按题意要求确定主语），按照这个主语的人 称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态 改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不 带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，此时要把被动语 态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的 宾语。如：
动词的语态
一、语态的分类
二、被动语态的构成
三、语态转换
四、不能用于被动语态的情况
五、被动语态的用法 六、几种不同形式的被动语态
七、主动语态表示被动意义
一、动词的语态包括主动语态和 被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行 者，被动语态表示主语是动作的 承受者。 主动句：Peter cleaned the meeting room every day. 被动句：The meeting room was cleaned every day (by Peter).
七、主动语态表示被动意义
1.某些动词的主动形式表示被动含义 英语中有很多动词如act, break, catch, cut, clean, drive, draw,let, lock,
open,sell,read, write, wash, wear等，当它 们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其 主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外，像 owe，beat，cook,bake, print, build, make 等，有时可以用主动形式表示被动含义。如：
三、语态转换
1、方法： 1）注意的三个方面：a，将主动语 态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；b将 主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+该 谓语动词的过去分词”结构；c，将 主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的 宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可 省略）。
2）含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为 被动语态时有两种情况：a，把间接宾语改 为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位； b，把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，此时， 间接宾语前要加介词to或for。如： He gave the boy an apple. →The boy was given an apple. (或An apple was given to the boy.)
• b，当动词不定式在名词后面作定语， 不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定 式的主动形式表示被动含义。 • I have a lot of work to do today. • He has three children to look after. • 注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被 动形式，其含义有所区别。如： • I have some clothes to be washed.(衣 服不是自己洗)
二、被动语态的构成
现在时 am/is/are+told
一般式
进行式
完成式
1、被动语态的肯定句构成：be+及物动词的 过去分词(以tell为例)
am/is/are has/have+been +being told told was/wer had been told e+being told shall/will+ have been told should/would +have been told
3. 某些及物动词可作不及物动词用， 特别是后加副词（如well，easily等） 时。主动语态有被动含义这类动词常 见的有sell，write，wear，wash， cook，open，close，lock，read， record等。如： His new novel is selling well. The cloth washes well.
2）. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主 动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动 词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不 定式的被动形式。 The picture book is well worth reading. =The picture book is very worthy to be read.
4. feel, look, appear,sound,taste, smell等由实义动词演变而来的系 动词，后接形容词作表语，不可 用于被动语态。如： Tell me if you feel cold. You’re looking very unhappy— what’s the matter? The soup tastes wonderful. Those roses smell beautiful.
4)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一 般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语 在被动语态中作主语补足语。如： He cut his hair short.(short为宾语补足语) →His hair was cut short.（short为主语补足 语）
5)短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语 态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。 如：
3）某些动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含 义 a，当nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语， 而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语 时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动 含义。 Japanese is not difficult to learn. The water is unfit to drink. The piece of music is pleasant to hear. This book is easy to read.
四、不能用于被动语态的情况
1、某些表示静态的既无动作（表示状态而不 是动作，而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动 词），如have，fit，cost，last等不能用于被动 语态 They have a nice car. My shoes don’t fit me. How much does it cost? Our holiday lasts 10 days. 2、动词leave，enter，join不可用于被动语态 The car left the road and hit a tree.
3. 虽然可以说出动作执行者但行动承受者是 谈话中心或特别需要强调。 My watch has been repaired At last , an agreement was arrived at. 4. 在文章标题、广告、新闻等中（常用省略 动词be的被动语态） Girls wanted. Road blocked. 5. 当动作的执行者不是人时 We are all shocked by the news of his sudden death. The house was washed away by the storm.
History is made by the people. →The people make history.
The children were watched to sing that morning（by them）. They watched the children sing that morning.
2. 宾语补足语的结构：变宾语为主语，宾补不动。
→She was seen reΒιβλιοθήκη ding a book of …….
3. 在hear（see, look at, feel, listen to, watch）和make, have, let 作谓语动 词的主动语态中，动词不定式不带to， 但在被动语态句子中要带to。如： We often hear him sing this song in the next room. →He is often heard to sing this song in the next room.