托福综合写作满分范文
一：网络故事书( web- storybook service ) readi ng
网络故事书的好处 1. 可以教小朋友读书 2. 经济实惠，家长不需要为孩子买书了 3. 可以代替父母陪伴孩子，为家长节省时间 lecture
反驳 1. 使用时不能和小朋友互动( ask question and get feedback ) 2. 网络上的故事都是过时的，要想读新故事还是要买书(不足) 3. 父母与孩子一起读书可以增进感情 例文： The speaker rebuts the readi ng's argume nt by poin ti ng out the in adequacy of the web-storybook services' in teractio n with childre n, the in complete ness of the data pool, and by un derm ining the assumptio n that sav ing pare nts' readi ng time is a ben efit. The_speaker_begi ns_by_stat in g_that_merely pronouncing the words and story for the children will_not_ provide_ adequate learning experiences. Despite_ the time saved and pronun ciati on utilities laid out i n the readi ng, the web services can only respond with "correct" or "not correct". The_lack_of feedback to children's questions will not create an effective learning process.
Then_the_ speaker_goes_ on_to_ argue_ that the current web-storybook services have a very limited collect ion of books, thus not bein g_able_to_save_pare nts_the cost of new books as_ the_ reading_states,_ because_ the_ parents_still have_to_ buy many books that the web services do not provide. Lastly, the_ speaker_ challenges_the_ validity of the_ assumption_of saving parents' time to read stories to childre n. The readi ng argues that savi ng the time is a ben efit for the parents, but_the_speaker_maintains_that __ the whole point of reading stories is far beyond reading stories alone. In contrast,_it_is_an_essential way of com muni cati ng and buildi ng relati on ship betwee n pare nts and childre n.
二：药品广告(drug advertisement ) 提出命题：药品广告所提供的信息都是客观全面的，且病人对药物了解得越多越好 1. 病人可以更多了解处方药的相关信息( information ) 2. 医生开药时，病人可以与广告上进行比较，有利于选药 3. 通过广告，病人可以了解到新药的发展，提醒医生 挑战命题：病人不需要对药物了解太多， 因为有时候了解得太多会对非专业的病人产生困扰， 而且广告所提供的信息也不完整全面 1. 广告通常只有宣传好处，对副作用( side effects )一笔带过，病人很难判断 2. 病人对药物的准确用法用量不了解，可能会用错 3. 广告只宣传新药，对旧药没有宣传，但是针对不同的病情，也许旧药更为合适 The speaker raises serious coun terargume nts aga inst the readi ng paragraphs by providi ng drastically differe nt evide nces regard ing the effects of the advertiseme nt, the impact of self-select ing medicati on, and the impact of trends in the pharmaceutical in dustry. Firstly, knowing more in formatio n from the ads will not n ecessarily_help_the_ patie nts make better- in formed decisi ons, as the read ing argues. On_ the contrary, __ patients, without professional training and knowledge, will_be_more_susceptible _______ to misun dersta nding in formati on. For example,_they_would focus only on the positive sides of a certain medicine while ignoring the serious side effects. In addition, if the_patients bear the responsibility of prescribing their own medication, they assume more responsibility to their own health. This_ makes doctors less liable for potential risks and undesirable consequences. Lastly, as for the new tren ds' ben efits to the patie nts, the speaker does not challenge the reading directly. _lnstead,_ he argues that the new medicine, which will count for most of the ads may not necessarily be the best medicine, even though the patie nts can inform their doctors about the new products.
三：网络问卷( web based survey ) readi ng
网络问卷相对传统问卷的优势 1. 调查范围更广，所以调查结果就更为准确（逻辑错误: 保证效果好） 2. 发放，填写和收集问卷更加方便简单 3. 成本低 lecture 反驳网络问卷的优势 1. 所取得的调查结果不全面 （biased），因为不是所有人都会上网， 中老年人上网会比较少， 而年轻人上网比较多 2. 成本并不会低，因为一个好的网络问卷需要一个团队的大量工作 （提出新的证据：网络问 卷也需要成本和人力资源） 3. 大多数人对网络问卷都不严肃，会得到不正确的信息，容易混淆视听。 例文： The speaker questi ons the effective ness of web based surveys by providi ng evide nces con tradictory to the readi ng. Firstly, he ide ntified the read in g's logical flaw in assu ming that an in crease in the scope and qua ntity of the survey will automatically tran slate to greater precisi on of the surveys. However, if surveys aim to questi on people over 60 years old, how_ca n_ these old people con duct surveys on li ne since this group seldom surf the Internet? _ The web surveys are effective in reaching mainly the young generation. Thus the results cannot be exte nded to dem on strate the views of the whole populatio n. Secon dly, although the web-based surveys will lower paper cost, they will in evitably in cur new costs in web desig ning, flashy features, and other eleme nts, which will require more costly team work. This evidence_effectively_attacks_the __________ readi ng's argume nt that web surveys will certa inly reduce the cost of the survey. In the end, many web desig ners tend to overdo in the webpage and add fancy and flashy features. As a result, many people perceive the web-based surveys as not
托福TPO3综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO3×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO3×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman¡¯s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt. First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman inthe portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects¡¯ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency. Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error. Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood. For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt¡¯s paintings in the 1930s.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO3×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Professor Everything you just read about ¡°Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet¡± is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it¡¯s indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why. First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn¡¯t part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady. Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman¡¯s face. That¡¯s why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt. Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable. So the original paintingis actually painted on a single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of ¡°Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet¡± is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his ¡°Self-portrait with a Hat¡±.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO3×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡integrated writing sample answer (Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ) The lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet". The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the Professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over the original painting to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman. In addition, the assumption that light and shadow in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting, the woman worn a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus the presentation of light and shadow was indeed very realistic and accurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt¡¯s paintings. Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture. Actually, the wood panel was later enlarged to make it more grand and valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done it. Furthermore, the wood is of the same tree used in other Rembrandt paintings, like the "Self-Portrait with a Hat". All this information points to Rembrandt as the painter of the controversial painting.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO3×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡In terms of whether Rembrandt painted Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet, the reading and listening are contradictory to each other. First, the writer makes the point that the fur collar the woman is wearing is not consistent with her identity. However, the professor demonstrates a different idea that the fur collar was not part of the original painting and it was painted a hundred years after the painting was made. Second, contrary to the belief in the reading passage that light and shadow in the painting are inconsistent, the lecturer says that the woman was actually wearing a light colored cloth in the original painting, which reflects the light to illuminate the woman¡¯s face. Finally, the author states that Rembrandt should not have painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood. In contrast, the professor refutes that the original painting was enlarged to be more grand and valuable. In fact, it was painted on a single piece of wood from the same tree with another painting by Rembrandt. Sample2 The lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet". The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the Professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over。
托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文文本： As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories. One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries. A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were usedto store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose. A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures. 托福TPO5综合写作听力原文文本： Professor: Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be many fireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families, so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize; unsupported by evidence. It many sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at PuebloAlto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not sued up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies. 托福TPO5综合写作满分范文： The author of the reading passage proposes three theories as likelyexplanations of the primary function of Chaco Canyon houses, grant structures built in the I2th century. The lecturer, however, points to the inaccuracies in each of these theories. The lecturer argues that the modest number of fireplaces in these structures is in contradiction with the huge size of these houses, indicating that these structures could not have been used for Residential purposes. The Reading, however, draws comparisons between the Chaco houses and other similar large Residential structures in support of the "Residential" theory. The second theory, that the houses were used for food storage, is also rejected by the lecturer. He explains that a place that had been used for storing maize would have many traces of scattered Maize, which is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. This proves that the "food storage theory" is unlikely. Finally, regarding the third theory, the "ceremony theory", the lecturer contends that the presence of broken pots close to the great houses does not offer sufficient proof that this was a place for ceremonial activities. He argues that there are other materials such as pieces of construction trash found along with the broken pots, which suggest that these pots were probably not used for ceremonial purposes but instead were discarded by construction workers upon completion of the great houses. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文文本： Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship. 托福TPO50综合写作听力原文文本： A trip to mars would definitely be challenging but scientists have proposed solutions to the problems the reading selection discusses. First of all, food, water and oxygen. Well astronauts can use hydroponics. Hydroponics is a technique for growing plants with their roots in water rather than in soil. It requires relatively little space. Using hydroponics, the astronauts should be able to cultivate food crops in the spacecraft. In addition, the hydroponic will grow plants with recycle waste water and release it as clean water vapor, which can be collected as drinking water. And of course, all plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. So thanks to hydroponics the astronauts will also have fresh air to breathe. Second, the effects of zero gravity. Over the last few decades, we have launched several space stations orbiting the earth. And a number of astronauts have spent many months on them in a zero gravity environment. These astronauts have learned to useseveral techniques to safely manage the effects of zero gravity. For example, regular exercise prevents the decrease in muscle mass. Likewise, taking vitamins and minerals like calcium slows down the decrease in astronauts’ bone density. Third, solar radiation. Astronauts traveling to Mars will be exposed to some solar radiation but this radiation will not be at dangerous levels all the time. The sun only releases dangerous amounts of radiation occasionally, during periods when it is particularly active. In order to avoid this threat, the spacecraft could be equipped with special instruments that monitor solar radiation and with a small shelter that shield against radiation but doesn’t add much weight to the ship. Most of the time, the astronauts will go about their normal business in unshielded areas of the spacecraft. But when their instruments detect increased radiation, they could stay in the small shielded area until the danger has passed. 托福TPO50综合写作满分范文： Both the reading and listening are arguing over a question whether it is possible to send human being to Mars. The reading lists out three problems to a successful carrying out. However, the listening offers three solutions to these questions. First, the reading raises the question that it takes too long to send people to Mars, approximately two years and no spacecraft could take that many loads of food, water and life essentials. Instead, the listening says this is not a real problem since the astronauts could use hydroponics to grow crop plants in water and food will not be an obstacle. Also, they could grow plants with recycle waste water and reuse it as clean water vapor, which could be drunk. Plus, since all plants do photosynthesis, the astronauts could breathe fresh air released by them. Second, the reading asserts that living in a zero-gravity environment would exert a negative effect on one’s health. Nevertheless, the professor says that the astronauts have learned to use several techniques to make up for the health issue. They will do regular exercise to prevent muscle mass from decreasing and take vitamins and minerals to slow down problem with their bone density. In another word, they’ve figured out how to cope with the potential health problem. Third, the reading claims that radiation emitted by the sun would be dangerous to astronauts. This time professor subtly rejects by pointing out that a third solution has come out. The spaceship would be equipped with a special instrument to monitor the radiation. What’s more, the device could also shield against the radiation. When astronauts meet the period of a large amount of radiation, they could hide behind the shielded areas and come out when the danger has passed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文文本： Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public. The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity. More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers. Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterestedin carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones. 托福TPO13综合写作听力原文文本： Professor：Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that's not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientificexperts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren't for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren't that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn't it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don't have all the scientific data we'd like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered? 托福TPO13综合写作满分范文： The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved with the booming business of commercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences. The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading that private collectors will keep their fossil collection away from the public, leading the public to lose interests in fossils. She contends that the commercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition. The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museums from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price, so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils. Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading.The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort they have made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO24综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO24综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO24综合写作阅读原文文本： Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix. First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex. Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells. Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue. 托福TPO24综合写作听力原文文本： As much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn't necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probablyhave a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn't come from the T. rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone. 托福TPO24综合写作满分范文： The reading passage points out three evidences that indicate the existence of actually tissue in dinosaur fossil. However, the professor doubts the accuracy of these evidences. In fact, he offers some alternative explanations for the substances found in the fossil. First and foremost, he challenges the existence of blood vessels. Instead, he points out that bacteria may occupy the hollows inside the bones. Therefore, it is highly possible that the soft substance in the branching channels of the bone is the moist residue of bacteria, rather than blood vessels of the dinosaur. Moreover, the professor casts doubt about the red substance in sphere, which according to the reading passage is the remain of red blood cells. In fact, the professor claims that this red substance was also found in some other animals, which lived in the same place but had no red blood vessels at all. The professor argues that the sphere can be pieces of red minerals. Additionally, the professor doubts the existence of collagen in the fossil. On the contrary to the reading passage, he points out that the earliest collagen that has ever found is in fossils 100000 ago. It is unlikely for collagen to last for more than 70 million years. As a result, the professor suggests that the collagen may come from recent sources, such as the skin of researchers who handed the fossil. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO24综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO36综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO36综合写作阅读原文综合写作阅读原文++听力原文听力原文++满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO36综合写作阅读原文文本：Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States. Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field. Over the last few decades,a method of reducing hail, called "cloud seeding," has been tried. In cloud seeding,the chemical silver iodide is sprayed on storm clouds from an airplane. This makes the clouds produce harmless rain or snow instead of hail. Several pieces of evidencesuggest that cloud seeding has been effective in protecting crops from hail.Laboratory experiments Experiments in the laboratory support the idea that cloud seeding is effective. Hail usually forms water vapor that is close to the freezing point However, when experimenters added silver iodide to cold water vapor in the laboratory, they often observed light snow forming instead of hail pellets. Evidencefrom Asia There is evidence about the effectiveness of cloud seeding from several countries around the world. In some Asian countries, for example, cloud seeding hasbeen successfully used to control precipitation in urban areas. These positive results suggest that cloud seeding should also be effective in protecting fields andfarms in the United States. Local studies A few local studies also support the valueof cloud seeding. One study conducted in a farming region in the central United States,for example, directly monitored crop damage due to hail. The study found that in an area where cloud seeding was used there was reduced hail damage compared to previousyears.托福TPO36综合写作听力原文文本：It’s not clear that cloud seeding is all that effective and there are reasons It’s not clear that cloud seeding is all that effective and there are reasons to question each of the arguments you just read. First, it may be true that under laboratory conditions silver iodide creates snow instead of hail. However, in real life, silver iodide can actually prevent any precipitation at all from forming in the cloud, snow, rain or hail. This is a bad thing. Because if you seed all the cloudsin areas where it doesn’t rain very often, you ran the risk of causing a drought. In this case the crops simply get damaged for a different reason: lack of water.Second,it's not clear that positive result of cloud seeding in Asia can be repeated in the United States. The reason is that cloud seeding in Asia was tried in urban areas, in cities. And cities tend to have a high level of air pollution, from car, factory,etc. Surprisingly, pollution particles can create favorable conditions for cloud seeding because they interact with clouds and seeding chemicals. Such favorable conditions for cloud seeding may not occur in an unpolluted area. This means that the cloud seeding method that works in polluted cities may not work in unpolluted farming regions in the United States.Third, the local study mentioned in the passageisn’t very convincing either. That’s because the study found that hail damagedecreased not just in the area where the cloud seeding actually took place, but also in many of the neighboring areas to the east, south and north of the area. So the fact that the whole region was experiencing a reduce number of hail storms that particular year makes it more likely that this was a result of natural variation in local weather, and has nothing to do with cloud seeding.托福TPO36综合写作满分范文：The Theauthor discussed that although hail makes crops suffer a lot, there has always been a method called cloud seeding which can protect crops from this disaster. He listed three facts supporting this approach. However, the speaker holds acontradictory view that all these three ways are not reliable. First, the writer proposes that laboratory experiments has already proved that cloud seeding iseffective in eliminating hail. But the professor points out that although the hail can be turned into rain and snow in experimental movement, but it is also possible that hail, snow and rain can be all prevented by cloud seeding. Consequently, it willcause drought. Crops will still be damaged as a result of lack of water. The writer’sfirst argument is refuted. Second, the passage indicates that cloud seeding has an Asia evidence. To render this disproof, the lecturer reveals that this successful application in Asia probably will not get a similar outcome in America. High air pollution offers favorable conditions for cloud seeding process because thosepolluted air can interact with cloud and seeding chemicals. So this method which canbe used in cities area may not be effective in unpolluted farming area. The second idea in the passage is also retorted. Third, the essay says that local studies in central United States also attain a satisfying result. Nevertheless, the speaker rebuts this idea. He thinks it unconvincing because hail damage in whole America notonly decreases just in central of America, but also in the east, south and north partof country. So it is hard to say cloud seeding is the exact factor causes all those good things. Natural variation and local weather can also contribute to theelimination of hail disaster. This overturns the writer’s concept. (294 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO36综合写作阅读原文综合写作阅读原文++听力原文听力原文++满分范文，希望对你有所帮助帮助!!。
托福TPO18综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡In the 1950s Torreya taxifoha, a type of evergreen tree once very common in the state of Florida, started to die out. No one is sure exactly what caused the decline, but chances are good that if nothing is done, Torreya will soon become extinct. Experts are considering three ways to address the decline of Torreya. The first option is to reestablish Torreya in the same location in which it thrived for thousands of years. Torreya used to be found in abundance in the northern part of Florida, which has a specific microclimate. A microclimate exists when weather conditions inside a relatively small area differ from the region of which that area is a part. Northern Florida's microclimate is very favorable to Torreya's growth. This microclimate is wetter and cooler than the surrounding region's relatively dry, warm climate. Scientists have been working to plant Torreya seeds in the coolest, dampest areas of the microclimate. The second option is to move Torreya to an entirely different location, far from its Florida microclimate. Torreya seeds and saplings have been successfully planted and grown in forests further north, where the temperature is significantly cooler. Some scientists believe that Torreya probably thrived in areas much further north in the distant past, so by relocating it now, in a process known as assisted migration, humans would simply be helping Torreya return to an environment that is more suited to its survival. The third option is to preserve Torreya in research centers. Seeds and saplings can be moved from the wild and preserved in a closely monitored environment where it will be easier for scientists both to protect the species and conduct research on Torreya. This research can then be used to ensure the continued survival of the species.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡You've just read about three ways to save Torreya taxifolia. Unfortunately, none of these three options provides a satisfactory solution.About the first solution-reestablishing Torreya in the same location-that's unlikely to be successful, because of what's happening to the coolest dampest areas within torreya's micro-climate. These areas are being strongly affected by changes in the climate of the larger region. This could be because global warming has contributed to an increase in overall temperatures in the region or because wetlands throughout Florida have been drained. Either way, many areas across the region are becoming drier, so it's unlikely that Torreya would have the conditions it needs to survive anywhere within its original Florida micro-climate.Now about the second solution, relocating Torreya far from where it currently grows, well, let's look at what happened when humans helped another tree, the black locust tree, move north to a new environment. When they did this, the black locust tree spread so quickly that it killed off many plants and trees in the new environment, and some of these plants and trees were themselves already in dangerof becoming extinct. So assisted migration can have unpredicted outcomes for the new environment.Third, research centers are probably not a solution either. That's because the population of Torreya trees that can be kept in the centers will probably not be able to resist diseases. For a population of trees to survive a disease, it needs to be relatively large and it needs to be genetically diverse. Tree populations in the wild usually satisfy those criteria but research centers would simply not have enough capacity to keep a large and diverse population of Torreya trees, so trees in such centers will not be capable of surviving diseases in the long term.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡The professor in the lecture totally disagrees with the three solutions mentioned in the reading passage. In fact, she believes that these solutions won¡¯t lead to satisfactory consequences at all. Firstly, the professor mentions that help the Torreya reestablish in its original habitat is unlikely to success. She claims that the coolest and dampest area of the microclimate is strongly influenced by many worldwide climate effects such as the global warming, thus it is impossible for Torreya to thrive again in the same place. This strongly opposes the first method in the reading passage. Secondly, the professor claims that moving Torreya to a totally different location is also unrealistic. She takes Black Locus as an example. Black Locus thrives quickly after entering a new habitat and endangers many scarce species. The professor points out the disastrous consequence and opposes the second method raised in the reading passage. Last but not least, the professor claims that keeping Terroya in research center won¡¯t be a good method either. Trees preserved in the center cannot resist diseases in the long run. The professor again opposes the last method in the reading passage.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡In the passage the author describes three ways to address the decline of Torreya. However, the professor doubts the passage by stating that none of the three ways will work. T o begin with, the professor points out that the first option mentioned in the passage, reestablishing Torreya, will not succeed. Why? Because many areas within Florida¡¯s microclimate region are turning drier for either global warming, or the disappearing wetlands. Consequently, this region fails to meet the condition Torreya needs to survive. Additionally, the professor claims that the second option, relocating Torreya, will definitely result in vain. To illustrate this argument the example of another tree, which was moved to a new environment and then quickly spread to kill off other plant species, including some already endangered ones, is introduced. F inally, the professor argues against the third option in the reading, preserving Torreya in research centers. The population of Torreya, she explains, has to be genetically diverse in order to resist diseases. Nevertheless, research centers, different from the wild, are not capable of maintaining such a size. For all the above analysis, the solutions in the reading lose their values.。
新托福写作范文(热门4篇)
新托福写作范文第1篇Task：It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?.托福写作模板范文参考：We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who stated” The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein's counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in one's learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most important source of knowledge.First, let us consider the knowledge needed to undertake a profession-for example, that of a physician. Knowledge gained from books provides the foundation of a doctor's training: study in a medical school begins with a near-overload of reading on anatomy, physiology and maladies both rare and common. However, during this time the medical student is also learning through experience, beginning with dissecting cadavers from almost the first day of medical school. Then, the aspiring physician must complete four years of residency, consisting of actual supervised experience at a hospital in which he or she now must put into practice all of the knowledge he or she has edge of dealing with patients, prescribing medication, and the joy and sadness of saving and losing patients; in other words, it is through experience that these residents finally learn what it means to be a doctor.What about knowledge other than professional expertise-for example, knowledge about another culture? In this realm as well, both books and real-life experience enrich and edify us. For example, Paris is perhaps the most talked-about and written-about city in the world. We could read Hemingway's A Moveable Feast, in which he describes the excitement and intellectual spirit-as well as the restaurants and plentiful red wine-of Paris in the 1920's. Or, we could travel to Paris and eat at bistros, walk across the Pont Neuf and look at the river Seine, visit the Louvre museum, and have adventures of our own. Clearly, most people would have attained more lasting and vivid knowledge by visiting Paris on their own rather than reading about it secondhand.In summary, experience, rather than books, is more central to our quest for learning, especially with regard to professional expertise. With regard to learning about another culture, experience is also irreplaceable. Yet not everyone in the world will have the health or financial resources to carry out a trip to Paris. But many people have access to a local library where they can borrow A Moveable Feast and, at no cost, read Hemingway's vibrant descriptions of Paris. We cannot forget the complementary and unique knowledge afforded by books, but experience is the most precious source of knowledge.新托福写作范文第2篇Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people saythat computers have made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion? Use specificreasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作满分作文范文：Some universities require students to choose a variety of subjects; others only require students tospecialize in one subject. I deem the first one as the premier choice. Among countless factors,there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.The main reason for my propensity that students should take classes in many subjects is that theycan make full use of the abundant resources that a university has to offer. A university has plentyof educational and research resources. It is a very good idea to make full use of these valuableassets while studying in the university. The best way to achieve this is to take a variety of subjectsas much as possible. Through learning these courses, a student can get access to knowledge andresources in different areas. On the contrary, if a student only specializes in one subject, he willnot have a chance to get access to other resources offered by the university.Another reason can be seen by every person is that by choosing many subjects students can broaden their knowledge and make a solid foundation for their future concentrated study. Whatever the student will concentrate on in his senior years in college, it is necessary that hechoose a wide range of subjects to build the knowledge foundation. Take the field of BusinessManagement for example, the student has to acquire knowledge in writing, accounting, economicsand human resource management before he can successfully start his major concentration argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because studentscan be more adaptable in their future career if they choose a variety of subjects during theiruniversity study. It is obvious that the development of modern society requires people with inter-disciplinary and comprehensive knowledge. If a student chooses a variety of subjects in hisuniversity study, and gained a breath and width of knowledge, he will be more adaptable to therequirement of the society, and be able to easily adjust to many kinds of jobs. This will benefit hisfuture career.In a word, taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that studentsshould take classes in many subjects in a university.新托福写作范文第3篇满分托福综合写作范文In 1990, new rules and guidelines were adopted in the United Kingdom that has changed the whole field of Archaeology in that country. The new guidelines improved the situation in all there areas discussed in the passage.First, the new guidelines state that before any construction project can start, the construction site has to be examined by archaeologists to see whether the site is of archaeological interest or value. If the site is of archaeological interest, the next step is for the builders, archaeologists and local government officials to get together and make a plan for preserving the archaeological artifacts, either by building around them or by excavating and documenting them properly before the construction is allowed to proceed.Second, an important part of the new guidelines is a rule that any archaeological work done on the construction site will be paid for by the construction company not by the government.The construction company has to pay for the initial examination of the site, and then for all the work carried out under the preservation plan. This is a whole new source of financial support. The funding from construction companies has allowed researchers to study a far greater range of archaeological sites than they could in the past.Last, the new guidelines provide a lot of paid work for archaeologists, work that didn’t exist before. Expert archaeologists are now hired at all stages of the process to examine the site for archaeological value, then to help draw up the preservation plan to do the research in a professional scientific manner and finally to process the date and write reports and articles. The increased job and career opportunities in Archaeology have increased the number of professional archaeologists in Britain, which is now the highest it’s ever been.新托福写作范文第4篇Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to travel is in a group ledby a tour guide. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作满分作文范文：There are a lot of views whether the best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide. Differentpeople has different viewpoint. In my opinion, a group led by a tour guide is the best way totravel. The argument for this view goes as follows:In the first place, there are many advantages when people travel in a group. First, people will notfeel boring in a long trip. People can talk, laugh and make joking like a big family. Second, thegroup will help you a lot when you have any emergency. The people in the group could help youfigure out the awkward situation that will be unimaginable when you travel alone. Third, with thegroup discount, such as the discount for airplane ticket, the hotel, and the admission ticket,travelers can save a lot of money when they use the group discount.In the second place, there are many advantages too when people travel led by a tour guide. Thetour guide will arrange all the details about the trip in advance. The traveler need not worry aboutwhere to find the hotel, where to rent the car, and how to find the direction. It will make the trip a little bit easy. Another advantage is that led by a tour guide will save much time than travelingalone. With the professional knowledge, tour guide will make the smartest schedule. I wouldnever forget that one of my friend, a city tour guide in the Shanghai, China, said that she can leadtraveler to visit the whole city by one day which people should spend two or three days to finishit.In conclusion, there are many advantages when people travels in a group led by a tour guide, suchas save money, save time, do not feel boring, and is easy to take care of. Therefore, I stronglyagree that the best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.。
托福TPO37综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO37综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO37综合写作阅读原文文本： One of the threats to endangered sea turtle species is the use of nets by commercial shrimp-fishing boats. When turtles get accidentally caught in the nets, they cannot rise to the surface of the ocean to breathe, and they die. Some people suggest that this problem can be solved through an invention called a turtle excluder device (TED) that is incorporated into the nets. A TED provides a passage through which the turtles can escape. However, TEDs have been criticized for several reasons. First, some shrimpers (shrimp fishers) argue that turtles get trapped only rarely: it is estimated that on average, one shrimp boat accidentally catches about one turtle every month. On the other hand, using TEDs costs the shrimpers some of their catch. Every time the shrimpers cast the nets, a certain percentage of shrimp manage to escape through the turtle passages. The shrimpers complain that the cost of losing shrimp on a daily basis is too high in comparison with the small chance of saving one turtle. Second, there are alternative methods of protecting sea turtles that may be more effective than TEDs. One method that can be used is shortening the time limit that shrimp boats are allowed to keep their nets underwater. When the time limit is reached, the nets have to be pulled up to the surface, allowing any turtles caught in the net to get air and also giving shrimpers the opportunity to release the turtles from the nets. Third, TEDs are not effective for larger species of endangered sea turtles. Some species like loggerhead and leatherback turtles can grow to be quite large and cannot fit through the escape passage that standard TEDs provide. Such turtles cannot escape from the nets even if the nets are equipped with TEDs. 托福TPO37综合写作听力原文文本： Many experts believed that turtle excluder devices, also known as TEDs, are a very good way to protect engendered turtles, and that they should be a vital part of the equipment on any shrimp boat. Here are their responses to the criticisms that you just read about. First, it's true that catching a turtle is a rare thing for any one boat; however, there are, for example, thousands of shrimp boats operating off the southern coast of the United States. Collectively these shrimpers accidentally catch thousands of turtles every year. And these are endangered sea turtles whose population is already too small, so harming several thousand every year is a big problem. So when considering the impact of TEDs, don't think in terms of an individual shrimper losing a few shrimp, but rather in terms of how the sea turtle population as a whole is effected by the shrimp industry as a whole.Second, implementing time limits to ensure that turtles are brought up in air in time, that sounds like a good idea, but only in theory. The problem is that the time limits are almost impossible to enforce. There are thousands of shrimp boats far out the sea, and government patrol boats cannot nearly monitor the time limits all these boats use. The use of TEDs iseasier to enforce. All that required is checking the shrimp boats before they leave port and making sure their nets have TEDs.Third, it’s true that TEDs can be too small for some very large species of turtle, but in the area where they are needed, it's not a problem to create TEDs that are somewhat larger. The design of TED can be modified easily without affecting the way that it functions. So once large TEDs begin to be produced, this will no longer be a problem. 托福TPO37综合写作满分范文： The passage talks about a solution named Turtle Escape Devices in order to save endangered turtles which are accidentally trapped in shrimper and die without enough air. The writer criticized this kind of method in three aspects. But the speaker reckons that TEDs are still and effective way to protect turtles and rebuts the writer’s ideas. First, the author proposes that it is rare for turtles to be caught by a shrimper. However, the lecturer pointed out that there are thousands of shrimpers wandering on the sea. If one shrimper killed one turtle in one year, there can be thousands of turtles die in a year. In addition, turtles have already been endangered animals and their population is small now. So the accident catch by shrimpers can still cause serious problem on them. Second, the passage says shrimpers can shorten the time to keep the turtle in traps alive. The speaker rebuts that this idea is just in theory, because it will be difficult for the government to supervise all those shrimper ships which are dispersedly located on the vast sea. So the second approach put forward by the writer is proved hard to enforce. Third, the author demonstrates that current TEDs are too small for some large turtle species to escape. The speaker retorts this notion and proposes that it is easy for us to modify the design of TEDs. Larger TEDs can be used in areas where big turtles live. Therefore, the writer’s last idea is proved unconvincing. (250 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO37综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO9综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: a fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.