华中师范大学2006年博士生入学考试英语试卷
2006年英语真题+答案解析
河南省2019年普通高等学校选拔优秀专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试公共英语Part Ⅰ Word Formation (1×10 points)Directions:There are 10 incomplete statements in this part. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, and write the right answer in the brackets.1. She was engaged in an _______(argue)with Roberts about equal pay for men and women.2. These methods are _______(effect)in English teaching.3. The professor has a large _______(collect)of books.4. If you read the paper _______(care), I am sure you will pass the exam.5. The _______(excite)crowd rushed into the mayor’s office.6. I don’t think it wise to teach students of different _______(able) in the same class.7. The whole world looks upon the rapid _______(economy)development of our country as a great wonder.8. It is_______ (scientific)to think that science can solve all the problems for human beings.9. Many television viewers take him as their _______(favor) actor.10. After he finished the assignment, he found some _______(addition)exercises to do.Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and Structure (1×40 points)Directions:In this part there are 40 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and write the choice in the brackets.11. The departure time of the plane has been postponed, so we have nothing to do now but _____.A.waitB.to be waitingC.to waitD.waiting12. I couldn’t understand why he pretended _____ in the garden.A. not to see me C. to see me notB. not see me D. to see not me13. Only when we came back home, _____ that my watch was missing.A. did I find C. I had foundB. I found D. Had I found14. _____ more time, the scientists will be able to work out a good solution to the problem.A. GivenB.GivingC. To giveD. Be given15. Some of the apples were rotten before reaching the market and _____ away.A.could be thrown C. could throwB. had to be thrown D. had to throw16. _____ in Beijing for more than twenty years, he knows the city very well.A.LivingB. LivedC. Having livedD. To live17. Mr. Zhang, _____ came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father’s.A. WhichB.thatC. whoD.whom18. We plan to increase the output of the machine _____ 7.4 percent this year.A. AtB. inC.byD. with19. I don’t mind _____ out for a walk in such bad weather.A.goB.to goC. goingD. gone20. As a lawyer he spent a lot of time _____ investigations.A. Conducted C. conductB. to conduct D. conducting21. The new invention is to make our daily life easier, _____ it more difficult.A. not to make C. not makingB. not make D. do not make22. _____, the old man had a sharp ear for even the slightest sound.A.As he was blind C.Blind as he wasB. As blind as he was D. As he was just blind23. I _____ a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.A.should arrive C.could have arrivedB.would be arriving D. arrived24. The news _____ our football team had won the match excited all of us.A. WhatB. whichC. thatD. as25. Henry looked very much _____ when he was caught cheating in the exam.A. DiscouragedB. embarrassedC. disappointedD.pleased26. We are interested in the weather because it _____ us so directly.A.benefitsB. affectsC. guidesD. effects27. Janet, _____ was read by the teacher, is a top student in our class.A.the composition of hers C. her compositionB. the composition of whom D. whose composition28. Hardly had he entered the classroom _____ the bell rang.A. ThanB. thenC. whenD. so29. I would rather you _____ to the party with her.A.goB. wentC. will go D has gone30. His English was so poor that he found it difficult to make himself _____.A.understood C. be understoodB. Understand D. to understand31. The sun heats the earth, _____ makes it possible for plants to grow.A.thatB. whereC. whichD. what32. Little _____ that the police are about to arrest him.A. does he know C.he doesn’t knowB. he knows D. he didn’t know33. It’s high time we _____ something to stop road accidents.A.are doingB.didC. will doD.do34. This is the best novel _____ I have ever read.A. WhichB. whereC. thatD. what35. It’s necessary that the problem _____ in some way or other.A. is settled C.be settledB. has been settled D. was settled36. _____ you say, I am sure that the young man is innocent.A. Whatever C. HoweverB.Whoever D. Wherever37. Staying in a hotel costs _____ renting a room in an apartment for a week.A. twice as more as C. twice as much asB. as more twice as D. as much twice as38. John puts up his hand _____ the teacher asks a question.A. every timeB. in timeC.some timeD. at times39. When you are free this afternoon, please help me to have these letters _____.[A.to mail B. mail C. mailed D. mailing40. I wish you _____ here last night. All of us were waiting for your arrival.A.came C. comeB. had come D. will come41. By the time you arrive in London, we _____ in Europe for two weeks.A. shall stay C. have stayedB. will have stayed D. have been staying42. I didn’t see him at the meeting yesterday afternoon. He _____ it.A. mustn’t attend C. wouldn’t have attendedB. can’t have attended D. needn’t have attended43. I think there’s no comparison between the two cars, one _____ clearly far better than the other.A.beingB. wasC. having beenD. be44. Many of his novels are reported _____ into several foreign languages last year.A.to be translated C. being translatedB. to translate D.to have been translated45. Mary said it was _____ box for me to carry.A. a too heavy C.too heavy aB.too a heavy D. too heavy46. The children are required not to leave the building unless _____ to do so.A. being told C.be toldB.they will be told D. told47. I’ve never seen the young man _____ next to the director.A.sitsB. satC. sittingD. to sit48. We object _____ carrying out the plan.A. ForB. to beC. aboutD. to49. Shanghai has experienced such great changes that everyone can recognize that it is no longer_____.A.what it used to C. the same it used to beB. that it used to like D. what it used to be50. He bought a new mobile phone last Sunday, because his old one _____.A.had stolenB. had been stolenC.was stolenD. stolenPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (2×20 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D, you should decide the best choice.Passage 1Who takes care of the elderly in the United States today?The fact is that family members provide over 80% of the care that elderly people need.In most cases the elderly live in their own homes.A very small percentage of America’s elderly live in nursing homes.Samuel Preston, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania, studied how the American family is changing. He reported that by the time the average American couple reaches about 40 years of age, their parents are usually still alive. The statistics show the change in lifestyles and responsibilities of aging (老龄化)Americans.The average middle aged couple can look forward to caring for elderly parents sometime after their own children have grown up.Moreover, because people today live longer after an illness than people did years ago, family members must provide long term care. These facts also mean that after caregivers provide for their elderly parents, who will eventually die,they will be old and may require care too. When they do, their spouses(配偶)will probably take care of them because they have had fewer children than their parents did.Because Americans are living longer than ever, more social workers have begun to study ways of care giving to improve the care of the elderly. They have found that all caregivers share a common characteristic:They believe that they are the best people for the job. The social workershave also discovered three basic reasons why the caregivers take on the responsibility of caring for an elderly, dependent relative. Many caregivers believe they had an obligation(职责) to help their relatives. Some think that helping others makes them feel more useful.Others hope that by helping someone now, they will deserve care when they become old and dependent.51. Samuel Preston’s study shows that________.A. lifestyles and responsibilities of the elderly are not changingB. most American couples over 40 have no living parentsC. Middle aged Americans have to take care of their children and parents at the same timeD. elderly people may need care for a long time because they live longer after an illness52. Who will most probably take care of the middle aged Americans when they need care themselves?A. They themselves.B. Their close friends.C. Their children.D. Their husbands or wives.53. All caregivers believe that they can________.A. care for their elderly parents better than any other peopleB. keep closer to their old parents by this meansC. do much better if they have a job as social workersD. improve the care of the elderly with the help of the social workers54. Which of the following is NOT a reason why people look after their relatives?A. They feel they are of use to other people.B. They want to set an example to their children.C. They think it is their duty to help their relatives.D. They hope they deserve care when they need it.55. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Most old people live longer today after an illness than people did years ago.B. Many old people are put into nursing homes by their families, who do not visit themr egularly.C. Most elderly people are taken care of by their families, who assume the responsibility ford ifferent reasons.D. Most elderly people are satisfied with the better ways of care giving that social workershave come up with.Passage 2I once knew a young man, nineteen years of age, who lived with absolute outward (外表的) confidence and self possession for a number of years before I discovered that he could not read or write. His various methods of trick, which were also skills of self protection, were so skillful and so desperate(绝望) that neither I nor any of his other adult friends were aware of his entire helplessness in face of written words until we went to dinner one night at a local restaurant—and suddenly discovered that he could not read.Even here, it was not the first time we went out to eat, but something like the second or third, that Peter’s desperation shocked me. The first time, he was clever enough to cover the truth. He studied the menu for a moment, then looked up to the waitress and asked her if he could have “just a coke and a hamburger”. He told me later that he had done the same thing many times before and that he had learned to act as if he were examining the menu:“Then I ask for a coke and a hamburger…Sometimes they give me a hamburger on a plate with salad and potatoes…Then I ask the m for a roll and make my own hamburger.”As we began to go out to eat more frequently, Peter would ask to go to Howard Johnson’s. I soon discovered the reason for his choice: The photographs, attached in cellophane(玻璃纸) containers to each of the standard items on the menu, could help him not to struggle with the shape of words at all. Howard Johnson’s, whether intentionally or not, had provided the perfect escape for the endangered pride of an adult who was illiterate(文盲).56. When he went to a restaurant, Peter would________.A. pretend that he could not read or writeB. pretend to be studying the menuC. be desperate for help from other peopleD. protect himself by playing a musical instrument57. The young man was not found to be illiterate until________.A. he dined out with his adult friends at Howard Johnson’sB. he could no longer come up with various ways of deceptionC. he had dinner with his friends at a certain local restaurant for the second or third timeD. he was not careful enough to be aware of his entire helplessness in face of written words58. What did the young man usually have at a restaurant?A. Standard items on the menu.B. A hamburger made by himself.C. Foods that other people ordered.D. A coke and a hamburger.59. The word “self pos session”（Para.1）probably means________.A. Self confidenceB. self consciousnessC. Self disciplineD. self devotion60. Why did the young man like to go to Howard Johnson’s?A. Howard Johnson’s provided a perfect escape when anything dangerous should happen.B. The menu at Howard Johnson’s gave a clear introduction of the food it served.C. The photographs attached to the main items on the menu helped conceal his illiteracy.D. He would feel at ease because eaters at Howard Johnson’s were all ad ult non readers.Passage 3After practising as a surgeon for several years, Dr.Ginoux decided to apply for membership in the American College of Surgeons(美国外科医生学会), a highly selective and distinguished(著名的) professional organization.As part of the application procedure(手续)，Dr.Ginoux was asked to prepare a list of all the operations performed in the previous even years. Slowly, as she worked on the long list, she began to feel uncertain. She began to question some of her decisions. Had she used the best technique in that case?Maybe, in this case, she should have given one more test before operating?On the other hand, maybe she should have...Would the doctors on the selection committee understand that, as the only trained surgeon in the area, she usually could not get advice from others and therefore, had to rely completely on her own judgment?For the first time, Dr.Ginoux felt lonely and isolated. The longer Dr.Ginoux worked on the application forms, the more depressed she became. As hope faded, she wondere d if a “country doctor”had a realistic chance of being accepted by the American College of Surgeons.61. Dr.Ginoux was working in________.A. a large cityB. the American College of SurgeonsC. an area far from any big cityD. a selective organization62. It was most probable that Dr.Ginoux was________.A. a member in that organizationB. a well trained surgeonC. a graduate from American College of SurgeonsD. a distinguished surgeon in America63. When she was filling the application forms, Dr.Ginoux began to be________.A. RealisticB. depressedC. PuzzledD. decisive64. The application forms must include________.A. the decision procedureB. the college achievementsC. the best techniqueD. a list of advice and judgments65. When filling the forms, Dr.Ginoux felt depressed because________.A. she didn’t perform enough operationsB. some operations were unsuccessfulC. she didn’t get advice from the selection committeeD. she was doubtful about her previous operationsPassage 4Are some people born clever and other born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience?Strangely enough, the answer to these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people is, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random from the population, it is likely that their degree of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depend on birth.Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in their intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degree of intelligence.66. If a child is born with low intelligence, he can________.A. not reach his intelligence in his lifeB. go beyond his intelligence limits in rich surroundingsC. still become a genius if he should be given special educationD. become a genius67. “If we take two unrelated people at random from the population”(Para.2)means if we________.A. choose two persons with different intelligenceB. choose two persons who are relativeC. take out two persons of close relationshipD. pick any two persons68. The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately shows________.A. the part that birth playsB. the importance of their positionsC. the role of environment on intelligenceD. the importance of their intelligence69. The writer is in favor of the view that man’s intelligence is given to him________.A. neither at birth nor through educationB. both at birth and through educationC. through educationD. at birth70. The best title of this passage can be________A. Effect of EducationB. Dependence on EnvironmentC. IntelligenceD. SurroundingsPart Ⅳ Cloze Test (1×20 points)Directions:In this part there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Earthquakes are something that most people fear. There are some places that have 71 or no earthquakes. Most places in the world, 72, have them regularly. Some places, 73 Iran and Guatemala have them frequently. Countries that have a lot of earthquakes are usually quite 74.The earthquake that the people most 75 about in the United States was the one happening in San Francisco in 1906. Over 500 people died 76 it. The strongest one in North America was in 1964. It happened in Alaska.Strong earthquakes are not always the ones that kill 77. In 1755, one of the strongest earthquakes ever 78 happened in Portugal. Around 20,000 people died.In 1923, a very powerful earthquake 79 the Tokyo-Yokohama area of Japan. A hundred and forty thousand people died. Most of them died in fires which 80 the earthquake.One of the 81 earthquakes ever was in China in 1976. It killed 82 people. The most destructive （破坏性的）earthquake ever reported was also in China. 400,000 people were killed or 83 in this quake, which happened in 1556.Earthquakes are 84 which people fear. Floods and tidal waves also cause people to be 85, as 86 like typhoons and cyclones（飓风）. Sometimes these things cause lots of deaths. In 1970, a cyclone and tidal wave killed over 200,000 in Pakistan.These kinds of things make people afraid and they are very dangerous. But they probably do not worry people 87 earthquakes do, especially in these modern times. The reason is 88 we often know they are coming, because we have some 89 . Some day we may be able to know an earthquake is coming. So far, however, there is no sure way to 90 an earthquake. When one comes, it is a surprise. People cannot prepare for it.71. A. Less B. much C. Few D. little72. A. therefore B. however C. for that reason D. likewise73. A. so far as B. as C. except for D. like74. A. mysterious B. portable C. Mountainous D. movable75. A. talking B. talks C. Talked D. talk76. A. in B. over C. Of D. for77. A. most B. the majority C. most the people D. the most people78. A. broken out B. exploded C. Recorded D. brought about79. A. hindered B. imposed C. Happened D. hit80. A. participated B. invested C. Followed D. pursued81. A. maximum B. worst C. Heaviest D. mature82. A. a large sum of B. a great deal of C. a large number of D. a large amount of83. A. damaged B. injured C. Harmed D. wrecked84. A. not only the acts of nature B. not only the nature of actsC. not only acts of the natureD. not the only acts of nature85. A. feared B. surprised C. Confused D. afraid86. A. the bad storm did B. do the bad storms C. the storms did badly D. the bad storms do87. A. as many as B. as much as C. so many as D. as more as88. A. because B. why C. That D. whether89. A. warnings B. clues C. Symbols D. evidences90. A. advocate B. proclaim C. put forward D. predictPart Ⅴ Translation (2×10 points)Section ADirections:There are 5 sentences in this section. Please translate them from Chinese into English.81.就是在这间小屋里，他们勤奋地工作着。
考研英语真题库：2006年考研英语真题及解析
考研英语真题库：2006年考研英语真题及解析
考研是一个极具选拔性和自学性的考试，在学习中必须具备良好的心态和策略，这是成功的保证。
英语卷面分为基础型题目(完型和翻译)和技巧性题目(阅读和作文)，英语基础好的学员大约花5-6个月时间，稍差的学员花6-8个月甚至更长的时间，每天保证英语学习时间为3-4小时能达到预期目标。
英语学习必须有连贯性，要合理安排时间。
前期把基础打好，中期进行专项训练，后期进行技巧培训。
2014考研英语备考方法：精读=理解+速度 2014考研英语备考方法：怎样对待一篇文章
2014考研英语备考方法：句子如何拆分?。
湖南师范大学考博英语真题2006答案解析
湖南师范大学考博英语真题2006答案解析PartⅠReading ComprehensionPassage 11.答案A解析：文章论述的是basic research 和applied research,即基础研究和应用研究。
应用研究就是将基础研究应用于实际的应用中，以创造更多的利益。
所以A中x-rays used in medicine researches 意为将X射线用于医学研究中，属于应用研究的范围。
而另外从第一段的第四行的understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell……… the scope is staggerin g.这一句话是在讲述basic research的范围，B、C、D均属于基础研究的范畴。
故A为答案。
2.答案A解析：从第一段的第四行的understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell………the scope is staggerin g中可知属于basic research 的研究很多，很混乱。
故A 中confusing令人困后的符合文意。
BCD选项的意思分别为令人惊讶的、高兴地、迷人的，均不符合文意。
故A 为答案3.答案C解析：由第二段的内容：which is far more concerned with applied aspects because these profits quickly可知答案为C4.答案C解析：从第二段中the funds the U.S. government allots to basic research currently amount to about seven percent of its overall research and development funds,可知美国政府花在基础研究的的经费很少，重心也不在基础研究上，故C为答案。
2006年考研英语真题
绝密★启用前2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（科目代码：201）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (lOpoints)The homeless make up a growmg percentage of America's population. _1_, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can't possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __ 4_ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing._5_everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates _6_ a nywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. _7_ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is_8_. One of the federal government's studies _9_ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to_lQ_ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a ___l1_ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day ___l1_ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to tum their lives 16 . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are 17 pr ograms th at ad dress th e ma ny ne eds of th e ho meless.18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College m Massachusetts, 19 it, "There has to be 20 of programs. What's needed is a package deal."1.[A] Indeed2.[A] stand3. [A] in4. [A] raise5. [A] Generally6. [A] cover7. [A] Now that8. [A] inflating9. [A] predicts10.[A] assist11.[A] Hence12.[A] lodging13. [A] searching14.[A] when15.[A] life16.[A] around17.[A] complex18.[A] So19.[A] puts20.[A] super v isionPart A Directions: [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain [B] for [C] with [D] toward [B] add [C] take [D] keep [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not[B] change [C] range [D] differ [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that [B] expanding [ C] increasing [D] extending [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss [B] But [C] Even [D] Only [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering [B] once [C] while [D] whereas [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance [B] over [C] on [D] up[B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordinationSection II Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference" characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the 19thcentury department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 'very well' after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21. The word "homogenizing" (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means[A] identifying.[B] associating.[C] assimilating.[D] monopolizing.22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.[A] are resistant to homogenization.[B] exert a great influence on American culture.[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.[D] constitute the majority of the population.24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned i n Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author's opinion, the absorption of immigrants into A merican s ociety is[A] rewarding.[B] successful.[C] fruitless.[D] harmful.Text2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry William Shakespeare -but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are thetownsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other s ights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theater adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don't see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford c ries p oor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC's contribution to the town's revenue.[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off s tage.[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism.27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers.[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.28. By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally" (Line 2, Paragraph 4), the authorimplies that[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects.[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.[C] the town is not really short of money.[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.[B] the company is financially ill-managed.[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise.30. From the text we can conclude that the author[A] is supportive of both sides.[B] favors the townsfolk's view.[C] takes a detached attitude.[D] is sympathetic to the RSC.Text3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators ( a nimals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some longfished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared.[C] large sea animals may face the same threat tod ay.[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones.32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount.[D] the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.33. By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, Paragraph 3), Dr. Wormmeans that[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly.[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded.[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.[D] the data collected so far are out of d ate.34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass.[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level.[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation.35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries'[A] management efficiency.[B] biomass level.[C] catch-size limits.[D] technological application.Text4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire' s fl owers of e vil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modem times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modem form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -to lure us to open our wallets -they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable."Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -what our economy depends on us forgetting -is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intendsto show that[A] poetry is not as expressive of j oy as painting or music.[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings.[C] poets today are less skeptical of h appiness.[D] artists have changed their focus of i nterest.37. The word "bummer" (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something[A] religious.[B] unpleasant.[C] entertaining.[D] commercial.38. In the author's opinion, advertising[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public.[C] replaces the church as a major source of i nformation.[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness.[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.[D] the anti-h ap py art flourishes when economy booms.40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modem society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.PartBDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card," which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, those activities became what he calls "electronic heroin."(41 )_____________ I n 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the "medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) _________ _The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning:"Enjoy the fun ... a nd always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling," intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his will." Well.(43) _________ _The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Me ntal Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.( 44) _____________ �Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) _________ _Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -you might say addicted to -revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior.And in what sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even,he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E] David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don't bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese, Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? ( 46) _I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic( in, ,Mr m [ij;) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -the average scientist, for one. ( 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. ( 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing ; living in "public and illustrious thoughts," as Emerson would say, is something else.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not si gn your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)PartB52. Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the photos briefly,2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3) give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)tE * fl -;(£ JMLI:1±: Beckham ( _ITT �&Mt) -� � fEl3}< aJL�.o。
2006年考研英语一真题【高清版】
高 most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of
residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
5 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates 6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 . One of the federal government’s studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part One Cloze1．however【解析】此处表示转折，因此用however“不过；然而”。
2．to【解析】动词refer与to搭配，表示“论及，谈到，提及，指的是”，符合题意。
3．perform【解析】此处的意思是执行一系列的任务，应该用动词perform“履行，执行，表演，演出”。
4．in【解析】in use表示“在使用中”，符合题意。
5．used【解析】此处表示被使用，应该用动词use的过去分词形式。
6．aspects【解析】此处的意思是几乎可预见的所有方面。
应该用名词aspect“方面；情况，状况”。
7．of【解析】此处的意思是现代化的台式机，应该用介词of。
8．worth of【解析】“金额+worth+of+某物”表示价值多少的某物。
9．only【解析】“not only…but also”是固定搭配，意思是“不仅……而且……”。
10．management【解析】此处的意思是小型企业所需要的自动化管理，因此应该用名词management。
Part Two Reading ComprehensionPassage One1．D【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。
这可从文中的“The over development...to the near destruction of our cities.”推知。
2．D【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。
这可从文中第二段的内容推知，即能源危机是我们目前需要面对的问题，为了解决这个问题，“long range planning is essential”。
3．B【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有B项为正确答案。
这可从文中的“There is a strong demand for…to devote themselves wholeheartedly”推知，即“Lack of devotion”正确。
2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖北卷)英语
2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分，满分150分.考试用时120分钟.第Ⅰ卷（三部分，共115分）注意事项：1．答题前，务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
答在试题卷上无效。
3．考试结束，监考人员将本试题卷和答题卡一并收回。
第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What kind of person is the man?A. He is friendly.B. He is honest.C. He is funny.2. What was said about the woman's sister?.A. She didn't go to schoolB. She had an accidentC. She was badly hurt.3. What is the man doing at the airport?A. Answering a passenger's question.B. Leaving for New York City.C. Waiting for his sister.4. What did the woman ask the man?A. Whether he could let her use his office.B. Whether he had to work on the weekend.C. Whether he could help her with her project5. What does the man mean?A His brother is coming to celebrate his birthday.B. His brother will give him a birthday present第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
2006考研英语(一)真题
2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of English9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering14.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance16.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes20.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordinationSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C],or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1In spite of“endless talk of difference,”American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is“the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,and the casualness and absence of deference”characteristic of popular culture.People are absorbed into“a culture of consumption”launched by the19th-century department stores that offered“vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite”these were stores“anyone could enter,regardless of class or background.This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”The mass media,advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture,which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.Writing for the National Immigration Forum,Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration isneither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.In1998immigrants were9.8percent of the population;in1900,13.6percent.In the10years prior to1990,3.1immigrants arrived for every1,000residents; in the10years prior to1890,9.2for every1,000.Now,consider three indices of assimilation—language,home ownership and intermarriage.The1990Census revealed that“a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English‘well’or‘very well’after ten years of residence.”The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.“By the third generation,the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”Hence the description of America as a“graveyard”for languages.By1996foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before1970had a home ownership rate of75.6percent,higher than the69.8percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics“have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.”By the third generation,one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics,and41percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,yet“some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?Indeed.It is big enough to have a bit of everything.But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past,today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)most probably means________.[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing22.According to the author,the department stores of the19th century________.[A]played a role in the spread of popular culture[B]became intimate shops for common consumers[C]satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D]owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.________.[A]are resistant to homogenization[B]exert a great influence on American culture[C]are hardly a threat to the common culture[D]constitute the majority of the population24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph5?[A]To prove their popularity around the world.[B]To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C]To give examples of successful immigrants.[D]To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author’s opinion,the absorption of immigrants into American society is_______.[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless[D]harmfulText2Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC),which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come,not to see the plays,but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage,Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny totheir revenue.They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors,them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare,who earns their living,was himself an actor(with a beard)and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate.The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don’t usually see the plays,and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.However,the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing.It is the playgoers,the RSC contends,who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.Stratford cries poor traditionally.Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to beadding a new wing or cocktail lounge.Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.Anyway,the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a st year its1,431seats were94per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.)The reason,of course,is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.They come entirely for the plays,not the sights.They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean,pointed,dedicated faces,wearing jeans and sandals,eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the20seats and80standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at10:30a.m.26.From the first two paragraphs,we learn that________.[A]the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B]the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C]the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D]the townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that________.[A]the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B]the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C]the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D]the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying“Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Line2,Paragraph4),the author implies that______.[A]Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B]Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C]the town is not really short of money[D]the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29.According to the townsfolk,the RSC deserves no subsidy because________.[A]ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B]the company is financially ill-managed[C]the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D]the theatre attendance is on the rise30.From the text we can conclude that the author________.[A]is supportive of both sides[B]favors the townsfolk’s view[C]takes a detached attitude[D]is sympathetic to the RSCText3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world,something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct.Smaller species survived.The large,slow-growing animals were easy game,and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass(the amount of living biological matter)of fish species in particular parts of the ocean,but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature,the biomass of large predators(animals that kill and eat other animals)in a new fishery is reduced on average by80%within15years of the start of exploitation.In some long-fished areas,it has halved again since then.Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar,which were not available50years ago.That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught,so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.In the early days,too,longlines would have been more saturated with fish.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught,since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them,leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore,in the early days of longline fishing,a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem,because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline,which future management efforts must take into account.They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists,that of the “shifting baseline”.The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomassof a target species is about50%of its original levels.Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do business.31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.[A]large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment[B]small species survived as large animals disappeared[C]large sea animals may face the same threat today[D]slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32.We can infer from Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm’s paper that________.[A]the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by90%[B]there are only half as many fisheries as there were15years ago[C]the catch sizes in new fisheries are only20%of the original amount[D]the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33.By saying“these figures are conservative”(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Worm means that________.[A]fishing technology has improved rapidly[B]then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C]the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D]the data collected so far are out of date34.Dr.Myers and other researchers hold that________.[A]people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B]fisheries should keep their yields below50%of the biomass[C]the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D]people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’________.[A]management efficiency[B]biomass level[C]catch-size limits[D]technological applicationText4Many things make people think artists are weird.But the weirdest may be this:artists’only job is to explore emotions,and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so.The earliest forms of art,like painting and music,are those best suited for expressing joy.But somewhere from the19th century onward,more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless,phony or,worst of all,boring,as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery.But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war,disaster and the massacre of innocents.The reason,in fact,may be just the opposite:there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all,what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising.The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery.They worked until exhausted,lived with few protections and died young.In the West,before mass communication and literacy,the most powerful mass medium was the church,which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.Given all this,they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial,and forever happy.Fast-food eaters,news anchors,text messengers,all smiling,smiling,smiling.Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes.And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.“Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex,before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment.Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness,we need art to tell us,as religion once did,Memento mori:remember that you will die,that everything ends,and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette,yet,somehow,a breath of fresh air.36.By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire,the author intends to show that________.[A]poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B]art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C]poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D]artists have changed their focus of interest37.The word“bummer”(Line5,paragraph5)most probably means something________.[A]religious[B]unpleasant[C]entertaining[D]commercial38.In the author’s opinion,advertising________.[A]emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B]is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C]replace the church as a major source of information[D]creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes________.[A]happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B]the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C]misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D]the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40.Which of the following is true of the text?[A]Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B]Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C]People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D]Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps.There are two extra choices,which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville,Ind.,home of David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino(a place where gambling games are played).During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning$35,000a year,lost approximately$175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for$20worth of gambling.He visited the casino,lost the$20and left.On his second visit he lost$800.The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a“Fun Card”,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables thecasino to track the user’s gambling activities.For Williams,these activities become what he calls“electronic heroin”.(41)________.In1997he lost$21,000to one slot machine in two days.In March1997he lost$72,186.He sometimes played two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boat docked at5a.m.,then went back aboard when the casino opened at9a.m.Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March1998a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem.The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a“cease admissions”letter.Noting the“medical/psychological”nature of problem gambling behavior,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has24signs warning:“Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head,not over it.”Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.Nevertheless,Williams’s suit charges that the casino,knowing he was“helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to“lure”him to“engage in conduct against his will.”Well.(43)________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says“pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44)________.Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)________.Forty-four states have lotteries,29have casinos,and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in1995,competition for gamblers’dollars has become intense.The Oct.28issue of Newsweek reported that2 million gamblers patronize1,800virtual casinos every week.With$3.5billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.Section III WritingPart A51.DirectionsYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area.Write a letter to the department concerned,asking them to help find a candidate.You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter with no less than100words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1.describe the photos briefly,2.interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,and3.give your point of view.You should write160-200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)。
2006年北京大学考博英语真题
2006年北京大学考博英语真题Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose thecorrect answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET. Section A: Conversations (5%)Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversationscarefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, youwill be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.1. Which is NOT the purpose of Mr. Lewis’ visit?A. To see friends.B. To give concerts.C. To vacation.D. To give private lessons.2. What kind of cello did Mr. Lewis use when he was eight?A. A full-sized cello.B. A half-sized cello.C. A two-thirds-sized cello.D. It is not mentioned.3. What is true about Mr. Lewis’ cello?A. He always takes it with him.B. It was made by his uncle.C. He borrowed it from his uncle.D. He got a seat free for his cello.Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.4. What is the main purpose of the research?A. To make preparations for a new publication.B. To learn how couples spend their weekends.C. To know how housework is shared.D. To investigate what people do at the weekend.5. What does the man do on Fridays?A. He goes to exercise classes.B. He goes sailing.C. He goes to the cinema.D. He stays at home.6. On which day does the couple always go out?A. Friday.B. Saturday.C. Sunday.D. Any weekday.7. Which personal detail does the man give?A. Surname.B. First name.C. Address.D. Age.Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation,you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.8. What conclusion can we draw about Mike before he went to the camping school?A. He was eager to do the course.B. He had done outdoor activities.C. He enjoyed life in the open.D. He was reluctant and timid.9. Mike participated in all the following activities EXCEPT _________.A. hiking.B. canoeingC. swimmingD. camping10. Which of the following words is most appropriate to describe Mike after the camping school?A. Independent.B. Strong.C. Determined.D. Persistent.Section B: Talks (50)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.11. What happened on January 27th, 1967?A. Three men were injured during a fire.B. One man died during the fire accident.C. A fire started inside a spaceship.D. A spaceship was launched.12. What happened in 1981?A. The space program was suspended,B. Five men were injured during an accident,C. The accident occurred before the rehearsal.D. No accident happened that year.13. What does the talk say about accidents?A. Accidents are unavoidable.B. Accidents can be avoided.C. Human beings are always careless.D. There should be more precautions.Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.14. BBC’s weather forecast is a program.A. seldom watchedB. little knownC. newD. popular15. Weather observations come from all the following sources EXCEPT _________A. computersB. satellitesC. the groundD. radar16. What does the talk say about BBC's forecasters?A. They read from script.B. They are professional.C. They use a map for presentation.D. They care about their clothes.17. What does the talk say about British television viewers?A. They remember what they saw on weather forecasts.B. They like talking about weather instead of watching.C. They pay more attention to the style of the presenters.D. They watch and remember what is necessary.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions,Now listen to the talk.18. Which is NOT showing an increase this year?A. Number of tourists,B. Holiday travelers.C. Shopping.D. Dining and entertaining.19. What does the talk say about this year's business travelers?A. There are fewer business travelers.B. There are more business travelers.C. The number remains the same as last year's.D. It is not mentioned in the talk.20. Which is the largest single visitor expenditure?A. Hotel accommodation.B. Meals.C. Shopping.D. Entertainment.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: in this section you are going to hear a report on the strong link between sleep and fatal accident. Some words are taken out and you are expected to fillin the missing words as you listen. The report will be read TWICE and you will have one minute to check your work. Then put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). Now listen to the report.Inadequate rest means a weaker (C1) system, laying the body open to a whole (C2) of illnesses. On the average a man needs seven hours of sleep a day and a woman seven and a (C3) hours. Six hours of (C4)_________sleep is better than ten hours of (C5)____________ and turning, however. People who sleep less than six hours a night are (C6)____________ for an early death.Some people (C7)__________________that they can get by with little sleep when necessary. But experts think these people are (C8) themselves.Between sleep (C9) and fatal accidents there is an obvious (CI0)___________. People who get (C11) _____ sleep or poor quality sleep have a higher risk of (C12)____________ on the road. They are more likely to fall asleep at the (C13)______________ and kill people or get killed. Professional drivers and (C14) workers are most likely to take the (C15) .The performance at work also (CI6) _____________because of sleep deprivationThe pressures of work deprive people of sleep. To make it up, they try to (C17)___________ catnaps. But experts are a little (C18)_______________about the benefits of catnapping. They tell us that the catnap can never be a (C19)_____________for proper sleep. For victims of (C20) , catnapping in the day is the worst thing they can possibly do.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21. The nuclear family a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to22. Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that elderly Americans are _________by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended23. In addition to bettering group and individual performance, cooperation ________ the quality of interpersonal relationship.A. ascendsB. compelsC. enhancesD. prefers24. In the past 50 years, there _________ a great increase in the amount of research _______ on the human brain.A. was...didB. has been.., to be doneC. was.., doingD. has been...done25. “I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like ________.”“We told you not to eat at a restaurant. You'd better _________ at home when you are not in the shape.”A. to throw up... to eatB. throwing up... eatingC. to throw up.. eatD. throwing up.. eat26. Parents have to show due concerns to their children's creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably __________ their enthusiasm and aspirations.A. hold backB. hold toC. hold downD. hold over27. According to psychoanalysis, a person's attention is attracted ________ by the intensity of different signals ________ by their context, significance, and information content.A. not less than asB. as...just asC. so much...asD. not so much as28. They moved to Portland in 1998 and lived in a big house, to the south.A. the windows of which openedB. the windows of it openedC. its windows openedD. the windows of which opening29. The lady who has ________ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to be a distant relation of his.A. put him upB. put him outC. put him onD. put himin30. Bystanders, , ________as they walked past lines of ambulances.A. bloody and covered with dust, looking dazedB. bloodied and covered with dust, looked dazedC. bloody and covered with dust, looked dazedD. bloodied and covered With dust, looking dazed31. Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insisted yesterday, as the US ________ closed for an apparent security review.A. ConsulationB. ConstitutionC. ConsulateD. Consular32. American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game _________ the legendary O’Neal, who _________ the “Great Wall” at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los Angeles Lakers.A. in head of, ran onB. in head of, ran intoC. ahead of, ran ontoD. ahead of, ran into33. Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in __________ computers.A. abstractB. obsoleteC. obstinateD. obese34. She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house. “I actually think there's something about the _________ of paper that feels morecomforting,” she said.A. tangibilityB. tanglednessC. tangentD. tantalization35. “They said what we always knew,”said an administration source, _________________.A. he asked not to be namedB. who asked not to be namedC. who asked not be namedD. who asked not named36. In Germany, the industrial giants DaimlerChrysler and Siemens recently ________their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A. muscledB. movedC. mushedD. muted37. He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has left the country ________.A. energizedB. enervatedC. nervedD.enacted38. The more people hear his demented rants, the more they see that he is a terrorist __________.A. who is pure and simpleB. being pure and simpleC. pure and simpleD. as pure and simple39. This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and to a rapid and terrible ________ in the character of the population.A. determinationB. deteriorationC. desolationD. desperation40._______ a declining birth rate, there will bean over-supply of 27;000 primary school places by 2010, _________ leaving 35 schools idle.A. Coupled with, equals toB. Coupling with, equivalent toC. Coupled with, equivalent toD. Coupling with, equals toPart Three: Reading Comprehension .I. Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions.For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices: in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneThe HeroMy mother’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany, Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German: Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first worldwar broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin: In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged: him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language :newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted, When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had had any training, but who had nevertheless all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their flags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the: crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station. It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted, “It’s the armistice. The war is over.” For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.41. Where was the narrator's family when this story took place?A. In Germany.B. In Hungary.C. In the United States.D. In New York42. His grandfather ___________.A. could not speak and read English well enoughB. knew nine languages equally wellC. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to GermanD. loved German best because it made him think of home43. His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because ________.A. it was war time and Germans were their enemyB. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-GermanC. it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD. nobody else read newspapers in German during the war time44. The narrator’s mother wanted her brother to go to fight in the war, because _________.A. like everybody else at the war time, she was very patrioticB. she hated the war and the Germans very muchC. all her friends had relatives in War and she wanted to be like themD. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage TwoWaking Up from the American DreamThere has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of “WaI-Martization”of America, which refers to the attempt of America's giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as hiring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they’re costly in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontractors and temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India.The result has been an erosion of one of America's most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their lifetimes. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middle class as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decried schools' inadequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.45. The American dream in this passage mainly refers to ________.A. there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB. Americans can always move up the pay ladderC. American young people can have access to college, even they are poorD. the labor force is not trapped in 10w-wage and dead, end jobs46. Wal-Mart strategy, according to this passage, is to ________.A. hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB. outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home and abroadC. hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD. dismantle the career ladder and stop people's mobility upward47. Which of the following statements is NOTTRUE?A. WaI-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.B. Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S..C. More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.D. Although people know how to restore American mobility, it's difficult to change the present situation.Passage ThreeSeniors and the CityTens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioning their own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city. They are looking for what most older people want: a home with no stairs and low crime rates. And they are willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings, young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants. Spying an opportunity, major real-estate developers have broken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburban retirees. These seniors are already changing the face of big cities. One developer, Fran McCarthy asks: “Who ever thought that suburban flight would be round trip?”The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream. While some cities, especially those with few cultural offerings, have seen an exodus of seniors, urban planners say others have become retirees magnets. Between 1999 and 2000, the population of 64-to 75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose 17 percent. Austin, New Orleans, and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well. There may be hidden health benefits to city living. A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging-,social isolation. In the next six years, downtowns are expected to grow even grayer. For affluent retirees, city life is an increasingly popular option.48. Retired seniors are moving back into the city because__________.A. they find there are too many, crimes in the suburbsB. unlike the flats in the city, their country house have stairs to climbC. they are no longer :interested in playing' golfD. in the city, they have more social and cultural life against loneliness49. From the passage we can infer that __________.A. the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of construction with senior retireesB. “a life in the downtown city is expensive; and most of those retirees who moved back into the city are very well-offC. with more older people living in the city, the city will become gray and less beautifulD. very soon the American suburban areas will-face their low population crisis50. Fran McCarthy’s question means: nobody ever thought that __________.A. people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move backB. suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take round tripC. suburban flight years ago would go in. circlesD. senior people's moving back into the city would take place all over the United StatesII. Directions: Read the following, passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts, Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says.The researchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine the patient's emotional state just before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results with a control group of uninjured people.(52) Despite widespread belief in “road rage,” anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents.(53) Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries - those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or traffic accidents – also showed strong associations with anger.(54) The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for-men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.(55) Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury,” said the study’s lead author.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Last year French drivers killed (56) ______ than 5,000 people on the roads for the first time in decades~ Credit goes largely (57) ______ the 1,000 automated radar cameras planted on the nation's highways since 2003, which experts reckon (58) _______ 3,000 lives last year. Success, of course breeds success: the government plans to install 500 (59) _______ radar devices this year.So it goes with surveillance these days. Europeans used to Io0k at the security cameras posted in British cities, subways and buses (60) _______ the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe. But last year's London bombing, in which video cameras (61) _______ a key role in identifying the perpetrators, have helped spur a sea change, A month (62) the London attacks, half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecomsto store all e-mail, Internet and phone data for “anti-terror” (63)_________. In a British poll, 73 percent of respondents said they were (64) ________to give up some civil liberty to improve (65) _________.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begtm beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in, their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (67) (Scarcely) had (they) eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country. (67) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters, scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.(68) But anything is missing from many applications: a class ranking, once a major component in admissions decisions.In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (69) thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information, concluding it could harm the chances of their very better, but not best, students.(70) Canny college officials, in turn, have found a tactical way to response.(71) Usinp, broad data that high schools often provide, like a distribution of grade averages for entire senior class, they essentially recreate an applicant's class rank.(72) The process has left them exasperating.(73) “If we’re looking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that they are among the best in their school, with a rank we don’t necessarily know that,” said Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financial aid at Swarthmore College.(74) Admissions directors say strategy can backfire. When high schools do not provide enough general information to recreate the class rank calculation, (75) many admissions directors say they have little choice and to do something virtually no one wants them to do: give more weight to scores on the SAT and other standardized exams.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic givenbelow.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Recently, a newspaper carried an article entitled: “We Should No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics”. The article argued that some artists and film stars are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people in the People's Congress or the People's Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced, to do so. What do you think?。
中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One Cloze (15 points)Directions: Fill each of the blanks in the passage with one suitable word.Generally, a computer is any device that can perform numerical calculations. Currently, (1) ______, the term usually refers (2) ______ an electronic device that can (3) ______ a series of tasks according to a set of instructions.In 1953 there were only about 100 computers (4) ______ use in the world. Today hundreds of millions of computers are (5) ______ in homes, schools, businesses, government offices, and universities for almost every conceivable (6) Modern desktop (7) ______ computers, or PCs, are many times more powerful than the huge, million dollar (8) ______ computers of the 1960s and 1970s. Most PCs can perform from 400 million to several billion operations per second. These computers are used not (9) ______ for household management and personal entertainment, but also for most or the automate (10) ______ require by small business. The fastest desktop computers are called workstations, and they are generally used for scientific, engineering, or advanced business application.Part Two Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth's resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near destruction of our cities. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis.Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss of morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a way in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves wholeheartedly.This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity.To grasp it we need a widespread understanding of nature if the crisis confronting us—and the world—is a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no by-product of the ambitions of the oil producing countries, no environmentalists' mere fears, no by-product of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed life style. This new life style can flow directly from science and technology, but its acceptance depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world's children and future generation.1．Which condition does the author feel has nearly destroyed our cities?A．Lack of financial planning.B．The breakup of the family.C．Natural disasters in many regions.D．The excessive growth of motors.2．The author in the second paragraph states what we need in our present situation is ______.A．a continuation of our present serious stateB．worldwide resources exploitation and energy useC．a movement forward to a new norm to planet research workD．a state where long-range planning is essential to us3．According to the author, what is one example of our loss of morality?A．Disregard for law.B．Lack of devotion.C．Lack of cooperation.D．Exploitation of resources.4．By comparing past problems with present ones, the author draws attention to theA．significance of this crisisB．inadequacy of governmentsC．similarity of the past to the presentD．hopelessness of the situation5．According to the last paragraph, what contribution does the author feel people mustnow make?A．Search for new energy sources.B．Outlaw motor transportation.C．Accept a new life style.D．Adopt a new form of government.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:With human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbiting telescopes' data hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nuclear warfare that would damage life and eliminate on a planet wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe. With eclipse and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA, Europe, and the USSR planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological arguing, and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth.Today's astronomy students not only seek an up-to-date summary of astronomical facts, they ask, as people have asked for ages, about our basic relations to the rest of the universe. They may study astronomy partly to seek points of contact between science and other human endeavors: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even the arts and religion.Science fiction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today's students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places—not abstract concepts. Today's students are citizens of a more real, vaster cosmos than conceptualized by students of a decade ago.In designing this edition, the editors and I have tried to respond to these developments. Rather than jumping at the start into murky waters of cosmology, I have begun with the viewpoint of ancient people on Earth and worked outside across the universe. This method of organization automatically (if loosely) reflects the order of humanity's discoveries about astronomy and provides a unifying theme of increasing distance and scale.6．This passage is most probably taken from ______.A．an article of popular scienceB．the introduction of a book of astronomyC．a lecture given by the author to astronomy studentsD．the preface of a piece of science fiction7．The author's purpose in presenting the first paragraph is ______.A．to explain the background and new features of today's astronomyB．to discuss in detail the most recent achievements in space researchC．to introduce some newly established space stationsD．to illustrate that the world today is different in many aspects from that of a generations ago8．The author thinks that the growing interest in space exploration among people on Earth will probably lead to ______.A．all people having chances of traveling in spaceB．the realization of permanent settlement on other planetsC．more disturbance not only on Earth but also in outer spaceD．orders, harmony and peace on our planet Earth9．The author believes that today's astronomy students ______.A．are much brighter than students of a generation agoB．no longer care about astronomical factsC．are better informed about the unseen worlds of spaceD．may learn more about man and his research in various fields through the study of astronomy10．The word “murky” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means ______.A．dark or cloudy, hazyB．deep and blueC．dishonorableD．dark and unpleasantPassage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:The subject of my study is women who are initiating social change in a small region in Texas. The women are Mexican Americans who are, or were, migrant agricultural workers. There is more than one kind of innovation at work in the region, of course, but I have chosen to focus on three related patterns of family behavior.The pattern Ⅰlife style represents how migrant farm workers of all nationalities lived in the past and how many continue to live. I treat this pattern as a baseline with which to compare the changes represented by pattern Ⅱand Ⅲ. Families in pattern Ⅰwork and travel in extended kin units, with the eldest male occupying the position of authority. Families are large: eight or nine children are not unusual, and all members are economic contributors in this strategy of family migration. Families in pattern Ⅱ manifest some differences in behavior while still maintaining aspects of pattern Ⅰ. They continue to migrate but on a reduced scale, often modifying their schedules of migration to allow children to finish the school year. Parents in this pattern often find temporary local jobs as checkers to make up for lost farming income. Pattern Ⅱ families usually have fewer children than do pattern Ⅰ families.The greatest amount of change from pattern Ⅰ, however, is in pattern Ⅲ families, who no longer migrate at all. Both parents work full time in the area and have an average of three children. Children attend school for the entire year. In pattern Ⅲ, the women in particular create new roles for themselves for which no local models exist. They work full time and children study in fixed school. They also assume a greater responsibility in family decisions than do women in the otherpatterns. Although these women are in the minority among residents of the region, they serve as role models for others, causing moderate changes to spread in their communities. These women enjoyed their work and the companionship of fellow women workers. The steady, relatively high income allowed their families to stop migrating. And, as the benefits to these women became increasingly apparent, they and their families became even more willing to consider changes in their lives that they would not have considered before.11．Which of the following titles best reflects the main focus of the passage?A．A Survey of Three Mexican American Families at Work in Texas.B．Innovative Career Women：Effects on Family Unity.C．Changes in the life styles of Migrant Mexican American Families.D．Farming of Family: The Unavoidable Choice for Migrant Farm Workers.12．According to the passage, which of the following statements is mentioned as a life style in pattern Ⅰ ?A．Families are often small with few children.B．Women stay at home to take care of children.C．Children in such families often modify their schooling schedules according to their migration.D．All family members should support family migration economically.13．It can be seen from the passage that pattern Ⅱ children ______.A．can be allowed to finish their school year by modifying migration schedulesB．study in fixed schoolC．do not migrate any moreD．usually have seven or eight or more brothers or sisters14．According to the passage, women in pattern Ⅲ families ______.A．still can not earn a reliable and high incomeB．continue to work solely to meet the urgent needs of their familyC．do not like working with other womenD．can serve as models of behavior for others in the region15．The author's attitude towards the three patterns of behavior mentioned in the passage is best described as one of ______.A．great admirationB．unbiased objectivityC．dissatisfactionD．indifferencePassage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable, whether you are a book lover or merely go there to buy a book as a present. You may even have entered the shop just to find shelter from a sudden shower. Whatever the reason, you can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings. The desire to pick up a book with an attractive dust jacket is irresistible, although this method of selection ought not to be followed, as you might end up with a rather dull book. You soon become engrossed in some book or other, and usually it is only much later that you realize you have spent too much time there and must dash off to keep some forgotten appointment—without buying a book, of course.This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a bookshop. There are not many places where it is possible to do this. A music shop is very much like a bookshop. You can wander round such places to your heart's content. If it is a good shop, n o assistant will approach you with the inevitable greeting, “Can I help you,sir?” You needn't buy anything you don't want. In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have finished browsing. Then, and only then, are his services necessary. Of course, you may want to find out where a particular section is, but when he has led you there, the assistant should retire prudently and look as if he is not interested in selling a single book.You have to be careful not to be attracted by the variety of books in a bookshop. It is very easy to enter the shop looking for a book on, say, ancient coins and to come out carrying a copy of the latest best selling novel and perhaps a book about brass rubbing something which had only vaguely interested you up till then. This volume on the subject, however, happened to be so well illustrated and the part of the text you read proved so interesting that you just had to buy it. This sort of thing can be very dangerous. Apart from running up a hug account, you can waste a great deal of time wandering from section to section. Booksellers must be both long suffering and indulgent.16．You may spend too much time in a bookshop because ______.A．the dust jackets are very attractiveB．you start reading one of the booksC．it is raining outsideD．you have to make sure you can't buy a dull book as a present17．According to the second paragraph, in a good bookshop ______.A．nobody takes any notice of youB．the assistant greets you in a friendly wayC．you may feel satisfiedD．you can hear beautiful music18．An assistant in a bookshop should come up to help you ______.A．as soon as you have entered a shopB．just before you finish browsingC．only when you have finished browsingD．when he leads you to a particular section19．According to the passage, it's very possible to enter a bookshop and buy ______.A．a book on ancient coinsB．a best-selling novel on brass-rubbingC．a book that clearly interests youD．a book that unexpectedly interests you20．This passage is mainly concerned with ______.A．some advice on entering a bookshopB．how to select books in a bookshopC．assistants' service in a bookshopD．attractions of books in a bookshopPassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:By the 1980s, according to international but admittedly inconsistent definitions of literacy, about seven out of ten adults in the world were considered literate. The increase in literacy from ancient times to the present bas been a story of unbroken progress. The ability of people within a given society to read and write has been influenced by a number of factors, including economic well-being, the availability of material to read, the amount of education available, and the basic matter of the usefulness of reading.Of these factors, usefulness has probably been the most decisive. In ancient societies,as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and to produce. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy.During the early Middle Ages, with the general breakdown of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literacy became largely confined to the church. But in the late Middle Ages, in the period of the Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world: usefulness.With the invention of the printing press and inexpensive paper late in the 15th century there was for the first time a great availability of reading material for more people. Religious reformers were among the first to utilize the situation, quickly getting translations of the Bible and booklets into the hands of many people.The broadened religious enlightenment that resulted was followed in later centuries by a political one. Political theorists who favored doctrines promoting the natural rights of man called for an attack upon illiteracy. Political revolutions in some country helped inaugurate an era in which all classes were called upon to become informed on public policy for their own welfare. Against this political background there emerged the movement for universal popular education. Literacy came to be understood as a means whereby the individual could benefit and advance, and gradually whole societies began to acknowledge that universal literacy among their citizens was an avenue to greater economic well-being.21．From the first paragraph we know ______.A．it is fairly easy to determine literacyB．there is no illiteracy in a rich familyC．history sees an even progress towards literacyD．in history literacy suffers ups and downs22．According to the passage, the major driving force behind the progress toward more literacy is ______.A．the amount of educationB．the availability of reading materialsC．the economic developmentD．the necessity to read23．It can be inferred from this passage that ______.A．people's ability to read and write is decided by multi-factorsB．in ancient Greece and Rome people had a low level of literacyC．literacy became confined to the church in the late Middle AgesD．political reformers first made translations of the Bible available to many people24．Late in the 15th century, it was ______ that greatly expand literacy.A．the religious reformsB．the translation and popularization of the BibleC．the availability of printing technology ana cheap paperD．the renovations of the teaching methods25．The last paragraph is mainly about ______.A．the religious movements that promoted the literacy of the publicB．the new progress towards literacy initiated by democratic societyC．modern political movement towards a more democratic societyD．political movements at the end of the Middle Ages fighting illiteracyPassage SixShort Answer Question:A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on the project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers: The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other did. In 1869they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.Questions:1．How many years did the constructions of the transcontinental railroad take?2．What did the major problem with American's railroad system in the mid 19th lie in?3．The building of the first transcontinental system brought about ______.4．What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?5．What would a suitable title for this passage be?Part Four Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best competes the sentence.1．He won by ______, because his opponent refused to play.A．defect B．default C．deficit D．refusal2．It ______ me to see him in such a bad health. He was such an energetic and strong young man only several months ago.A．depressed B．upset C．harmed D．grieved3．The waste pipe is blocked; try ______ it out with hot water, or just call the plumber to do it.A．blushing B．crushing C．brushing D．flushing4．Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who ______ turns out to be of high IO.A．eventually B．automatically C．decidedly D．inversely5．She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice me when I came in the room.A．suffocated B．dipped C．immersed D．submerged6．As a lawyer ______ for his good judgment and eloquence, he is often invited to those Brand banquets and meetsthose distinguished people from all circles.A．notorious B．notable C．nasty D．notified7．The ______ of electrical energy into thermal energy is a process that is easily carried out at 100% efficiency.A．conversion B．convention C．conversation D．version8．He hammered a ______ into the wall and hung a small picture from it.A．tack B．clip C．tablet D．chart9．They had to face up to innumerable ______ before they achieved their goal.A．slashes B．setbacks C．shutters D．slacks10．In many societies, the person who fails to ______ to conventional behavior is likely to be avoided by others.A．concede B．conform C．confine D．confer11．The snow ______ my plan to visit my aunt in the countryside.A．confused B．bewildered C．conversed D．hampered12．If You ______ someone, you feel great admiration and love for them.A．advocate B．adjoin C．adore D．addict13．The train came to a/an ______ stop, making many passengers fall off their seats.A．hasty B．incidental C．swift D．abrupt14．The reporters gathered around him and interviewed him, but he ______ their quests.A．dodged B．convert C．distracted D．distorted15．It is often difficult to ______ between a mere exaggeration and a deliberately.A．disguise B．cultivate C．originate D．discriminate16．He gave me his ______ that the job will be finished on time.A．acceptance B．diffidence C．assurance D．insurance17．Many stockholders got very nervous when the price went down and sold their stocks at once, while ______ investors held their stock until prices rose again.A．shabby B．restless C．shrewd D．naive18．You needn't worry about your lunch. At the party there will be food and drink in ______.A．number B．abundance C．quantity D．quality19．A/an ______ is a person who is not present at a crime but who helps another in doing something criminal.A．assessor B．access C．acquaintance D．accessory20．It is a ______ that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people.A．conflict B．premise C．ambivalence D．paradox21．Everyone has a legal ______ to provide the tax office with details of their earnings.A．refinement B．constriction C．obligation D．impulsion22．It goes without saying that people who refuse to ______ with the law will be punished.A．conceal B．consent C．abide D．comply23．The manager's promise of a bonus acted as a(n) ______ to greater effort.A．inducement B．incentive C．fascination D．inspiration24．It's a(n) ______ that our team will win the game this time, for we have confidence as well as the ability.A．confirmation B．affirmation C．assessment D．certainty25．The story ______ as the movie goes on and the audience were deeply immersed in it.A．disclosed B．extended C．released D．unfolded26．This diploma is important, which ______ that you have completed high school.A．amplifies B．certifies C．clarifies D．magnifies27．A group of scholars from several countries were holding a ______ on new trend of literature.A．fort B．foam C．forum D．summit28．Some birds ______ when they look for animals to kill on the ground.A．hosed B．rolled C．hover D．revolve29．Despite warnings from his parents and teacher, Stevenson is ______ to computer games.A．activated B．adhered C．addicted D．appealed30．When she entered the room, the smell of her perfume immediately ______ the room.A．distributed B．penetrated C．pervaded D．perishedPart Five Translation (20 points)Directions：Translate the following passage into Chinese.Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator car enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distance and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890s, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six month of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the 1870s, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920s and 1930s.Directions: Translate the following passage into English.企业家之所以成为企业家，靠的是开创事业的强烈欲望，这种欲望同画家和作家的创作欲望并无二致。