中英文数据库简介

两词相隔不超过n个词，词序不定 quick w/3 response 两词相隔不超过n个词，词序一定 quick pre/2 response
检索语言与技巧
作者检索
关键词：作者名先输入名（全称或缩写），后输入姓
r smith ； jianhua zhang 临近符可以用于作者检索
raymond W/3 smith 可检索到 Raymond Smith, Raymond J. Smith and Raymond J. authors字段与specific author字段
限定specific author字段检索词必须出现在同一作者名中
注册个人帐号，及时获取最新信息
提示功能需要注册使用（免费）
自动生成用户名
个性化主页
追踪您关注的主题？
追踪您关注的期刊？
及时了解所在领域的最新研究？
主题提示期刊提示
个人信息管理
•增加或删除提示 •个人帐户设置 • 更改密码
A=王立*S=浙江大学高分子科学
外文数据库：
数据库简介
Elsevier ScienceDirect HighWire ——部分免费注册 Wiley InterScience Springer Link link.springer.de EBSCO
数据库简介
数据库简介
中文数据库：
清华同方学术期刊网维谱全文数据库万方数据库
初级检索下载全文：
数据库简介
高级检索
专业检索（直接输入检索式检索）
例如：
用CNKI检索时，在《中国期刊全文数据库》中查询浙江大学高分子科学与工程系作者名为王立的文献。选择专业检索，应输入检索式：
查看最热门文章排行
查看ScienceDirect文章下载次数排行查看Scopus文章被引次数排行
查看SD上最热门的文章
Scopus: 分学科引用排行

英文数据库：
关于Elsevier
爱思唯尔－励德爱思唯尔集团科技和医学分部，全球最大的科学文献出版发行商。
我们的理念:通过提供信息的解决方案，提高全球范围内研究人员的效率，推动科学，技术和医学的发展.
全球应用最广泛的全文数据库
爱思唯尔旗下数据库产品

ScienceDirect是什么？
限定Authors字段，则意味着检索词出现在Authors字段中，但可能来自不同人的名字；限定Specific author字段，则意味着检索词必须出现在同一个人的名字中。
在authors/specific author字段检索J Smith
限定authors字段：检索词可能出现在两个作者名中
通配符 * 取代单词中的任意个（0,1,2…）字母如transplant* 可以检索到transplant, transplanted, transplanting…
通配符？
“” {} () 临近符 W/n PRE/n
取代单词中的1个字母如wom?n 可以检索到woman, women 宽松短语检索，标点符号、连字符、停用字等会被自动忽略 “heart-attack” 精确短语检索，所有符号都将被作为检索词进行严格匹配 {c++} 定义检测词顺序，例：(remote OR satellite) AND education
Elsevier公司的核心产品
2000多种期刊
全学科的全文数据库
24个学科
集世界领先的科技和医学信息之大成得到130多个国家1100万科研人员的认可
800多万篇全文
中国用量最高的外文数据库
在编文章
参考工具书手册
4000种电子图书
系列丛书
最早回溯至 1823年
ScienceDirect主页（）
•查看HTML格式全文 •进入文章详细信息页 •快速查看摘要 •下载PDF全文 •查看相关文章
文章详细信息页
需要限定文章类型？进行期刊检索
如何避免漏掉相关文献？如何提高检索结果的相关度？
检索语言与技巧
AND OR NOT
默认算符，要求多个检索词同时出现在文章中检索词中的任意一个或多个出现在文章中后面所跟的词不出现在文章中
访问权限
学科（全学科/分学科） 1995年至今 IP范围内访问
ScienceDirect 利用
Browse 按字顺/学科浏览期刊
根据需要进行选择 •全文权限 •资源类型
Search 查找与研究主题相关的文章
输入关键词
选择查询字段
选择学科和时间段
检索结果
在编文章
检索结果查看与处理
PubMed Central (PMC) ——free
数据库简介
BioMedNet Karger www.karger.ch Blackwell-synergy Ingenta/Uncover Proquest Kluwer OVID

合集下载

(完整版)数据库重要术语(中英文)

单词汇总(数据库专业一点的词汇其实主要就是每章后面review items的内容,在这里简单列一下,如果你实在没时间看书,至少这些单词要熟悉.)：1. 数据库系统：database system(DS),database management system(DBMS)2.数据库系统(DS),数据库治理系统(DBMS )3. 关系和关系数据库table= relation , column = attribute 属性,domain, atomic domain, row= tuple ,relational database, relation schema, relation instance, database schema, database instance;4.表=关系,列=属性属性,域,原子域,排二元组,关系型数据库,关系模式,关系实例,数据库模式,数据库实例；1. key 们：super key, candidate key, primary key, foreign key, referencing relation, referenced relation;2.超码,候选码,主码,外码,参照关系,被参照关系5.关系代数(relational algebra): selection, project, natural join, Cartesian product, set operations, union, intersect, set difference( except\minus), Rename, assignment, outer join, grouping, tuple relation calculus6.(关系代数)：选择,工程,自然连接,笛卡尔积,集合运算,集,交集,集合差(除负),重命名,分配,外连接,分组,元组关系演算7.sql组成：DDL ：数据库模式定义语言,关键字：createDML ：数据操纵语言,关键字：Insert > delete、updateDCL ：数据库限制语言,关键字：grant、removeDQL ：数据库查询语言,关键字：select8.3.SQL 语言：DDL , DML , DCL , QL , sql query structure, aggregate functions, nested subqueries, exists(as an operator), unique(as anoperator), scalar subquery, assertion, index(indices), catalogs, authorization, all privileges, granting, revoking , grant option, trigger, stored procedure, stored function4.SQL语言：DDL , DML , DCL , QL , SQL查询结构,聚合函数,嵌套子查询,存在(如运营商),独特的(如运营商),标量子查询,断言指数(指数),目录,授权,所有权限,授予,撤销,GRANT OPTION ,触发器,存储过程,存储函数9. 表结构相关：Integrity constraints, domain constraints, referential integrity constraints10.完整性约束,域名约束,参照完整性约束5.数据库设计(ER 模型)：Entity-Relationship data model, ER diagram, composite attribute, single-valued and multivalued attribute,derived attribute, binary relationship set, degree of relationship set, mapping cardinality, 1-1, 1-m, m-n relationship set (one to one, one to many, many to many), participation, partial or total participation, weak entity sets, discriminator attributes, specialization and generalization6.实体关系数据模型,ER图,复合属性,单值和多值属性,派生属性,二元关系集,关系集,映射基数的程度,1-1, 1-米,MN关系集合(一对一,一对多,多对多),参与局部或全部参与,弱实体集,分辨符属性,特化和概化11. 函数依赖理论：functional dependence, normalization, lossless join (or lossless) decomposition,First Normal Form (1NF), the third normal form (3NF), Boyce-codd normal form (BCNF), R satisfies F, F holds on R, Dependency preservation 保持依赖,Trivial, closure of a set of functional dependencies 函数依赖集的闭包,closure of a set of attributes 属性集闭包,Armstrong 's axioms Armstrong 公理,reflexivity rule 自反律,augmentation rule,增广率, transitivity 传递律,restriction of F to R i F 在Ri 上的限定,canonical cover 正那么覆盖, extraneous attributes 无关属性,decomposition algorithm 分解算法.7.函数依赖,标准化,无损连接〔或无损〕分解,第一范式〔1NF〕,第三范式〔3NF〕 BC范式〔BCNF〕, R满足F, F持有R,依赖保存,平凡,一组函数依赖封闭,一组属性,8. 事务：transition, ACID properties ACID特性,并发限制系统concurrency control system,故障恢复系统recovery system,事务状态transition state,活动的active,局部提交的partiallycommitted,失败的failed,中止的aborted,提交的committed,已结束的terminated,调度schedule,操作冲突conflict of operations, 冲突等价conflict equivalence,冲突可串彳f化conflictserializablity ,可串行化顺序serializablity order,联级回滚cascading rollback,封锁协议lockingprotocol ,共享〔S〕锁shared-mode lock 〔S-lock〕,排他〔X〕锁exclusive -mode lock 〔X-lock〕, 相容卜i compatibility,两阶段封锁协议2-phase locking protocol,意向锁intention lock,时间戳timestamp, 恢复机制recovery scheme,日志log, 基于日志的恢复log-based recovery, 延迟的修改deferredmodification,立即的修改immediate modification,检查点checkpoint.数据库系统DBS Database System数据库系统应用Database system applications文件处理系统file-processing system数据不一致性data inconsistency——致性约束consistency constraint数据抽象Data Abstraction实例instance模式schema物理模式physical schema逻辑模式logical schema物理数据独立性physical data independence数据方^型data model实体-联系模型entity-relationship model 〔E-R〕关系数据模型relational data model基于对象的数据模型object-based data model半结构化数据模型semistructured data model数据库语言database language数据定义语言data-definition language数据操纵语言data-manipulation language查询语言query language元数据metadata应用程序application program标准化normalization数据字典data dictionary存储治理器storage manager查询治理器query processor事务transaction原子性atomicity故障恢复failure recovery并发限制concurrency-control两层和三层数据库体系结构two-tier/three-tier数据才2掘data mining数据库治理员DBA database administrator表table关系relation元组tuple空值null value数据库模式database schema数据库实例database instance关系模式relation schema关系实例relation instance码keys超码super key候选码candidate key主码primary key外码foreign key参照关系referencing relation被参照关系referenced relation属性attribute域domain原子域atomic domain参照完整性约束referential integrity constraint模式图schema diagram查询语言query language过程化语言procedural language非过程化语言nonprocedural language关系运算operations on relations选择元组selection of tuples选择属性selection of attributes自然连接natural join笛卡尔积Cartesian product集合运算set operations关系代数relational algebraSQL 查询语言SQL query structureSelect 字句select clauseFrom 字句from clauseWhere 字句where clause自然连接运算natural join operationAs 字句as clauseOrder by 字句order by clause相关名称 (相关变量,元组变量) correlation name (correlation variable , tuple variable ) 集合运算set operationsUnionInterestExcept空值null values真值"unknown " truth “ unknown 〞聚集函数aggregate functionsavg, min, max, sum, countgroup byhaving嵌套子查询nested subqueries集合比拟set comparisons{ «,? 二 ,〉〉,?=}{some , all}existsuniquelateral 字句lateral clausewith 字句with clause标量子查询scalar subquery数据库彳修改database modification删除deletion插入insertion更新updating参照完整性referential integrity参照完整T约束referential Hntegrity constraint 或子集依赖subset dependency 可延迟的deferrable断言assertion连接类型join types内连接和夕卜连接inner and outer join左外连接、右外连接和全外连接left、right and full outer joinNatural连接条件、using连接条件和on连接条件natural using and so on 视图定义view definition物化视图materialized views视图更新view update事务transactions提交commit work回滚roll back work原子事务atomic transaction完整性约束integrity constraints域约束domain constraints唯——性约束unique constraintCheck 字句check clause参照完整性referential integrity级联删除cascading delete级联更新cascading updates断言assertions日期和时间类型date and time types默认值default values索弓I index大对象large object用户定义类型user-defined types域domains目录catalogs模式schemas授权authorization权卜M privileges选择select插入insert更新update所有权限all privileges授予权卜M granting of privileges收回权卜M revoking of privileges授予权限的权限privileges to privilegesGrant option角色roles视图授权authorization on views执行授权execute authorization调用者权限invoker privileges行级授权row-level authorizationJDBCODBC预备语句prepared statements 访问元数据accessing metadata SQL 注入SQL injection 嵌入式SQL embedded SQL 游标cursors 可更新的游标updatable cursors 动态SQL dynamic SQL SQL 函数SQL functions 存储过程stored procedures 过程化结构procedural constructs夕卜部语言例程external language routines触发器triggerBefore 和after 触发器before and after triggers过渡变量和过渡表transition variables and tables递归查询recursive queries单调查询monotonic queries排名函数ranking functionsRankDense rankPartition by分窗windowing联机分析处理〔OLAP 〕 online analytical processing多维数据multidimensional data度量属性measure attributes维属性dimension attributes转轴pivoting数据立方体data cube切片和切块slicing and dicing上卷和下钻rollup and drill down交叉表cross-tabulation第七章实体-联系数据模型Entity-relationship data model实体和实体集entity and entity set属性attribute域domain简单和复合属T生simple and composite attributes单值和多值属T生single-valued and multivalued attributes空值null value派生属性derived attribute超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key联系和联系集relationship and relationship set二元联系集binary relationship set联系集的度degree of relationship set描述性属性descriptive attributes超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key角色role自环联系集recursive relationship setE-R 图E-R diagram映射基数mapping cardinality——对——联系one-to-one relationship——对多联系one-to-many relationship多对——联系many-to-one relationship多对多联系many-to-many relationship参与participation全部参与total participation局部参与partial participation弱实体集和强实体集weak entity sets and strong entity sets分辨符属性discriminator attributes标识联系identifying relationship特化和概化specialization and generalization超类和子类superclass and subclass属性继承attribute inheritance单和多继承single and multiple inheritance条件定义的和用户定义的成员资格condition-defined and userdefined membership 不相交概化和重叠概化disjoint and overlapping generalization全部概化和局部概化total and partial generalization聚集aggregationUMLUML 类图UML class diagram第八章E-R 模型和标准化E-R model and normalization分解decomposition函数依赖functional dependencies无损分解lossless decomposition原子域atomic domains第一范式(1NF) first normal form(1NF)合法关系legal relations超码super keyR 满足 F R satisfies FF在R上成立 F holds on RBoyce-Codd 范式BCNF Boyce-Codd normal form(BCNF)保持依赖dependency preservation第三范式(3NF) third normal form(3NF)平凡的函数依赖thivial functional dependencies函数依赖集的闭包closure of a set of functional dependenciesArmstrong 公理Armstrong s axioms属性集闭包closure of attribute setsF 在Ri 上的限定restriction of F to Ri正贝 1 覆盖canonical cover无关属T生extraneous attributesBCNF 分解算法BCNF decomposition algorithm3NF 分解算法3NF decomposition algorithm多值依赖multivalued dependencies第四范式(4NF) fourth normal form(4NF)多值依赖的限定restriction of a multivalued independency投影-连接范式(PJNF) project-join normal form(PJNF)域-码范式(DKNF ) domain-key normal form(DKNF)泛关系universal relation唯一角色假设unique-role assumption 去标准化denormalization。

英文全文数据库

* ？
W/n PRE/n
“ ” { } ( )
精确短语检索，所有符号都将被作为检索词进行严格匹配 {c++} 定义检测词顺序，例：(remote OR satellite) AND education
SDOL其他检索技巧
拼写方式
当英式与美式拼写方式不同时，可使用任何一种形式检索例：behaviour 与behavior; psychoanalyse 与psychoanalyze
检索结果
IEEE Xplore检索说明
1.内容涉及电机工程、电子电气、计算机、通信、应用物理、核能等学科领域。是我校机电学院、电控学院、应用数理学院常用的数据库。 2.可下载期刊文章、会议论文、IEEE标准全文.
标准状态 Active____现行标准； Withdraw____作废的标准(完全作废)
第二章数据库检索
英Hale Waihona Puke 期刊全文数据库主要内容1. 英文全文数据库的概况 2. 英文全文数据库的检索——以SDOL为例 3. 作业
中英文期刊全文数据库的差异
1. 运作模式的差别使中文期刊全文数据库的文献与纸质期刊发行有一定时差，而英文期刊全文数据库没有时差，甚至可以下载先于纸质刊物发行的文章，online first, Articles in Press等 2. 中文期刊数据库一般能查到国内几乎全部的学术刊物，而英文期刊全文数据库往往是自己出版社、学会协会的刊物。 3. 一般英文全文数据库的个性化服务优于中文全文数据库，提供 RSS,Alert等服务。
Drafts____草拟的标准； Archived____存档的标准(有新版本，但不完全作废）
IEEE Xplore检索说明——高级检索

中英文文献数据库集锦

11、 Nature
12、 Nucleic Acids Research /
13、 Plant Cell http://www.plantcell
14、 Plant Physiology
University of Pretoria : Electronic Theses and Dissertations
http://upetd.up.ac.za/
10、 Kluwer
荷兰Kluwer Academic Publisher是具有国际性声誉的学术出版商，它出版的图书、期刊一向品质较高，备受专家和学者的信赖和赞誉。Kluwer Online是Kluwer出版的750余种期刊的网络版，专门基于互联网提供Kluwer电子期刊的查询、阅览服务。
德国著名出版社Springer提供的数据库，包括该出版社出版的430余种期刊的全文。
18、UMI /pqdweb
商业数据库
三、关于生命科学的出版物
1、美国科学杂志中文版：
2、遗传：
8、 Idealibrary
世界著名全文数据库，与Elsvier 等出版社有合作,今年年底将于SCIENCEDIRECT合并
9、 Ingenta/Uncover
是Ingenta公司的一个主要产品，是一个全球性学术研究的大型网关。它致力于学术研究性文章的网上检索和传递，目前收集有25，000种出版物的摘要和4，500种出版物全文。140个出版商在上提供了他们的文章全文。
Williams Obstetrics - 22nd Ed. (2005)
还有一些免费外文文献网站。
/cgi/collection/MDG?page=77

数据库中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译Database Management SystemsA database (sometimes spelled data base) is also called an electronic database , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data.Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystemthat stores and retrieves data in files;(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data;(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems;Managers: who require more up-to-data information to make effective decisionCustomers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data.Hierarchical ModelThe first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are commonly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational ModelA major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table asits data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combination of records. A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure to perform the database manipulation.Network ModelThe network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one parent record. This approach combines records with links, which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record. With the network approach, a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records. The network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other database models. Today , such performance characteristics are only important in high-volume ,high-speed transaction processing such as automatic teller machine networks or airline reservation system.Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific. If a new application is developed ,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult. For example, suppose a new pension application is developed .The data are the same, but a new database must be created.Object ModelThe newest approach to database management uses an object model , in which records are represented by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks.The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application .This can create problems because there is no simple , uniform query language such as SQL . The object model is relatively new, and only a few examples of object-oriented database exist. It has attracted attention because developers who choose an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model. Distributed DatabaseSimilarly , a distributed database is one in which different parts of the database reside on physically separated computers . One goal of distributed databases is the access of informationwithout regard to where the data might be stored. Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated , the communication and networking concepts come into play .Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger computer. This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers and resolves the problems of incompatible data formats. Ideally, it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information, with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer.A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on what is called a mainframe-entire model , in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave. There are some advantages to this approach . With databases under centralized control , many of the problems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved . But today’s personal computers, departmental computers, and distributed processing require computers and their applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis. In a database, the client/server model provides the framework for distributing databases.One way to take advantage of many connected computers running database applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are independent of one anther. A client is an end user or computer program that requests resources across a network. A server is a computer running software that fulfills those requests across a network . When the resources are data in a database ,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network. A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server. This is useful ,for example ,if the files are large and require fast access .In such cases, a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the files around on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it .A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found.Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world. Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example, is used in computer-aided engineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation.Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data should exist at the location where they are being used . Departmental computers within a large corporation ,for example, should have data reside locally , yet those data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data . DBMS software will protect the security and integrity of the database , and the distributed database will appear to its users as no different from the non-distributed database .In this information age, the data server has become the heart of a company. This one piece of software controls the rhythm of most organizations and is used to pump information lifeblood through the arteries of the network. Because of the critical nature of this application, the data server is also the one of the most popular targets for hackers. If a hacker owns this application, he can cause the company's "heart" to suffer a fatal arrest.Ironically, although most users are now aware of hackers, they still do not realize how susceptible their database servers are to hack attacks. Thus, this article presents a description of the primary methods of attacking database servers (also known as SQL servers) and shows you how to protect yourself from these attacks.You should note this information is not new. Many technical white papers go into great detail about how to perform SQL attacks, and numerous vulnerabilities have been posted to security lists that describe exactly how certain database applications can be exploited. This article was written for the curious non-SQL experts who do not care to know the details, and as a review to those who do use SQL regularly.What Is a SQL Server?A database application is a program that provides clients with access to data. There are many variations of this type of application, ranging from the expensive enterprise-level Microsoft SQL Server to the free and open source mySQL. Regardless of the flavor, most database server applications have several things in common.First, database applications use the same general programming language known as SQL, or Structured Query Language. This language, also known as a fourth-level language due to its simplistic syntax, is at the core of how a client communicates its requests to the server. Using SQL in its simplest form, a programmer can select, add, update, and delete information in a database. However, SQL can also be used to create and design entire databases, perform various functions on the returned information, and even execute other programs.To illustrate how SQL can be used, the following is an example of a simple standard SQL query and a more powerful SQL query:Simple: "Select * from dbFurniture.tblChair"This returns all information in the table tblChair from the database dbFurniture.Complex: "EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'dir c:\'"This short SQL command returns to the client the list of files and folders under the c:\ directory of the SQL server. Note that this example uses an extended stored procedure that is exclusive to MS SQL Server.The second function that database server applications share is that they all require some form of authenticated connection between client and host. Although the SQL language is fairly easy to use, at least in its basic form, any client that wants to perform queries must first provide some form of credentials that will authorize the client; the client also must define the format of the request and response.This connection is defined by several attributes, depending on the relative location of the client and what operating systems are in use. We could spend a whole article discussing various technologies such as DSN connections, DSN-less connections, RDO, ADO, and more, but these subjects are outside the scope of this article. If you want to learn more about them, a little Google'ing will provide you with more than enough information. However, the following is a list of the more common items included in a connection request.Database sourceRequest typeDatabaseUser IDPasswordBefore any connection can be made, the client must define what type of database server it is connecting to. This is handled by a software component that provides the client with the instructions needed to create the request in the correct format. In addition to the type of database, the request type can be used to further define how the client's request will be handled by the server. Next comes the database name and finally the authentication information.All the connection information is important, but by far the weakest link is the authentication information—or lack thereof. In a properly managed server, each database has its own users with specifically designated permissions that control what type of activity they can perform. For example, a user account would be set up as read only for applications that need to only access information. Another account should be used for inserts or updates, and maybe even a third account would be used for deletes.This type of account control ensures that any compromised account is limited in functionality. Unfortunately, many database programs are set up with null or easy passwords, which leads to successful hack attacks.译文数据库管理系统介绍数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。

常见英文数据库介绍

常见英文数据库介绍AACM Digital Library收录了美国计算机协会（Association for Computing Machinery）的各种电子期刊、会议录、快报等文献AGRICOLA 农业参考文献数据库，涉及美国农业和生命科学等领域，提供了1970年至今的重要农业信息。

American Chemical Society美国化学学会全文期刊数据库American Mathematics Society 美国数学学会数据库，世界上最权威的数学学术团体，数据库内容涉及数学及数学在统计学、工程学、物理学、经济学、生物学、运筹学、计算机科学中的应用等American Physical Society (APS) 美国物理学会数据库，为用户提供期刊的在线阅读。

Annual Reviews为全世界的科学团体服务，提供由著名科学家撰写的评论。

Annual Reviews分生物医学、物理学和社会科学三个主题，共出版29种期刊。

ASCE The American Society of Civil Engineers美国土木工程师协会数据库ASME Technical Journal 美国机械工程师学会数据库。

美国机械工程师学会,主持着世界上最大的技术出版之一，制定各种工业和制造业行业标准。

由于工程领域各学科间交叉性不断增长，ASME出版物也相应提供了跨学科前沿科技的资讯。

BBeilstein/Gmelin crossfire以电子方式提供包含可供检索的化学结构和化学反应、相关的化学和物理性质，以及详细的药理学和生态学数据在内的最全面的信息资源。

BIOSIS Previews世界上最大的关于生命科学的文摘索引数据库。

Blackwell 英国Blackwell(英文文献期刊)()Blackwell出版公司是世界上最大的期刊出版商之一(总部设在英国伦敦的牛津)，以出版国际性期刊为主，包含很多非英美地区出版的英文期刊。

常用英文数据库

19
三、检索实例 1、访问Web of Science数据库检索论文，检索“中国科技大学”“侯建国”院士在Science Citation Index (SCI)中收录文章的情况。登陆：进入ISI Web of Knowledge平台；选择Web of Science数据库，如图所示。
29
3、Browse（期刊浏览）主要提供期刊目次页的浏览功能。进入“Browse” 界面后，系统调出所有期刊表。从列表中选择所要浏览的期刊, 点击View按钮,就会看到所选期刊的目次页。从期刊列表中查找所要的期刊,可以通过右侧的滚动条上下拉动和利用菜单中的“Find”进行指定期刊检索两种方式。
20
检索页面
21
2、检索结果及输出点击检索共得到了152篇检索结果。
22
我们可以选择先做Mark标记所有相关文章，再选择打印输出的方式。
23
第二节 Scifinder Scholar数据库
24
一、数据库简介美国《化学文摘》(Chemical Abstracts，简称CA)由美国化学学会化学文摘服务社（CAS ：Chemical Abstracts Service）创办并编辑出版，是享有世界声誉的一种化学化工专业性文摘期刊。CA创刊于1907年，其总部设在美国俄亥俄州的哥伦布城。
10
2 检索 2.1 检索技术
2.2 检索方法

Web of Science分一般检索（Search）、被引参考文献检索（CITED REFERENCE SEARCH）、高级检索（Advanced Search ）、化学结构检索（structure search）四种检索方式。点击“Web of Science”，可以选择检索方式和数据库。

数据库管理系统中英文对照

数据库管理系统的介绍Raghu Ramakrishnan数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。

数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储，检索，修改和删除。

数据库可以存储在磁盘，磁带，光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。

数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。

字段是数据存取的基本单位。

数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。

通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。

所有数据库（最简单的除外）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。

处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。

DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。

（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）。

DBMS可组织，处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。

该功能使决策者能搜索，探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。

这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。

简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。

DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加，删除，维护，更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。

在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势；1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。

2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单，发票和账号的当前信息。

英文数据库介绍及使用

• 美国科学信息出版公司出版发行、基于网络服务的文献信息检索系统 • 剑桥科学文摘（CSA）有多个主题领域，每个主题下对应多个数据库。主题范围为：航空航天科学；农业科学；水生生物科学；生物学及医学；计算机技术；工程；地球与环境科学；材料科学；市场研究；社会科学。检索结果为文献的题录文摘信息。
英数据库： OCLC CSA EI PQDD • 专业性数据库银盘（Webspirs） INSPEC
综合性数据库-OCLC
• OCLC（Online Computer Library Center），即图书馆联机计算机中心，是世界上最大的提供文献信息服务的机构之一。创建于1967年，据 2000 2000年底统计，用户已有82个国家和地区的 82
外文文献检索实习要求：
• 根据需要选用一种数据库进行检索，注明选用的数据库名称，检索词（须使用两个或两个以上检索词进行逻辑组配），及检索结果。 • 摘抄一条检索结果。
世界三大农业文献数据库：
CABI 国际农业和生物技术文摘：由国际农业和国际农业和生物技术文摘：生物科学中心CABI编辑，收录编辑，生物科学中心编辑收录120多个国家和多个国家和地区用70多种文字发表的农多种文字发表的农、地区用多种文字发表的农、林、生命科学文以文摘为主。献。以文摘为主。 AGRICOLA 美国农业文献索引：主要收录美国美国农业文献索引：农业图书馆编辑的书目型数据库（题录），），主农业图书馆编辑的书目型数据库（题录），主要收录美国和北美地区，要收录美国和北美地区，以及其它国家的各种类型的文献，以题录为主。类型的文献，以题录为主 AGRIS 国际农业文献索引：由FAO生产，收录国际农业文献索引：生产，生产 135个国家和地区的个国家和地区的146个AGRIS中心农业文献个国家和地区的个中心农业文献发展中国家为主），题录和文摘。），题录和文摘（发展中国家为主），题录和文摘。

外文数据库简介

外文数据库简介1、Springer 数据库德国施普林格(Springer-Verlag)是世界上著名的科技出版集团。

2004年底，Springer与Kluwer Academic Publisher合并；现在，SpringerLink数据库提供包括原Springer和原Kluwer出版的全文期刊、图书、科技丛书和参考书的在线服务。

SpringerLink的数字资源有：全文电子期刊1，500余种；图书和科技丛书（包括Lecture Notes in Computer Science——LNCS）13，000种以上；超过200万条期刊文章的回溯记录；最新期刊论文出版印刷前的在线浏览。

覆盖的学科范围包括：化学、计算机科学、经济学、工程学、环境科学、地理学、法学、生命科学、数学、医学以及物理学和天文学等。

可提供全文检索服务。

2、EBSCO数据库ASP（Academic Source Premier综合学术资源集成全文数据库）是目前世界上收录全文期刊最多的数据库之一，包括：生物，化学，工程学，物理学，科技，电子通讯传播，政治，教育，艺术，文学，语言学，医药学，哲学等。

其中，与海运水产科学相关的全文期刊超过 120 种，著名的生物文摘数据库Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS) 可以通过EBSCO 的 ASP 数据库找到其中 545 种期刊提供全文，著名的化学文摘数据库 Chemical Abstracts 可以通过 EBSCO 的 ASP 数据库找到其中 250 种期刊提供全文。

BSP（Business Source Premier商业资源集成全文数据库）是目前商业经济类资料最完整的数据库之一，收录超过 3,100 种全球商业相关活动刊物之索引及摘要，2,300 多种为全文期刊，最早可回溯至 1965 年；其中更包括 1,100 多种专家评审全文期刊，其中有260种为EBSCO独家拥有之全球知名期刊，为现今涵盖内容最丰富之商管财经全文电子数据库。