1999年考研英语真题及解析
1999年考研英语真题精解精析1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
1999年试题题型与1998年相比，没有改变，继续沿用往年的考试题型，语法结构和词汇部分所考查的重点依旧保持不变。
命题长度上，增加了10道题目，计分没有变化；“短文写作”题量上没做任何改动，但计分增加了5分，这对考生来说既是机遇也是挑战。
如果准备充分、备考得法，就会轻松提高5分，反之，可能会丢掉这部分的分数。
总体难度方面，各部分都较1998年略有增加。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文是围绕安全生产这个话题的一篇论证性文章。
第一段是安全生产的基本介绍：它不是新事物，而是企业制定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。
第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。
第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
【英汉对照】Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies41low accident rates plan their safety programs,work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them42and active. When the work is well done,a43of accident-free operations is established44time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding.Others stress safe work practices by46 rules or regulations.47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker.But,there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety 48.The fewer the injury49,the better the workman's insurance rate.This may mean the difference between operating at50or at a loss.安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生41率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之保持42活力、发挥作用。
如果这项工作做得好，就会建立一个无事故的工作43氛围。
44在这种环境里，因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度。
成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大45不相同。
有些计划强调机械防护。
另一些强调通过46遵守规章制度来实施安全作业。
47还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投入。
但是，要获得最好的效果，每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想。
安全计划的价值不容置疑。
单从财政的角度来说，安全计划48花钱值得。
工伤49索赔的次数越少，工人的保险率也就越高。
这可能就决定着工厂的运营是50盈利还是亏损。
41.[A]at(在……点，刻)[B]in(在……里)[C]on(在……上)[D]with(和……一起)42.[A]alive(有活力的，有生气的)[B]vivid(栩栩如生的，生动的)[C]mobile(流动的)[D]diverse(各种各样的)43.[A]regulation(规则，条例)[B]climate(气候)[C]circumstance(情况，环境)[D]requirement（要求）44.[A]where(表地点)[B]how（表方式）[C]what（什么）[D]unless（除非）45.[A]alter（改变）[B]differ（不同）[C]shift（改变）[D]distinguish（区分，辨别）46.[A]constituting（组成，建立）[B]aggravating（加重，加剧）[C]observing（观察，遵守）[D]justifying（证明…是正确的）47.[A]Some(一些，某些)[B]Many(许多)[C]Even(甚至)[D]Still(仍然，依旧)48.[A]comes off(成功)[B]turns up(意外地发生)[C]pays off(赢利)[D]holds up(保持良好；停止)49.[A]claims(要求，索赔)[B]reports(报告)[C]declarations(宣布，申报)[D]proclamations(宣告，声明)50.[A]an advantage(优势)[B]a benefit(利益，好处)[C]an interest(利息，利益)[D]a profit(利润)【核心词汇】maximum['mæksiməm]n.最大值,极限，顶点a.最大的,最高的，顶点的（max+imum名词后缀）minimum['miniməm]n.最小值,最低限度，最小量a.最小的,最低的（mini+mum名词后缀）regulation[re^ju5leiFEn]n.规则,规章;调节,校准;调整,条例，法令；管理，规定（regulat+ion 名词后缀）【常用词组】appeal to v.呼吁,要求,上诉,有吸引力at a losloss s不知所措;亏本due to源于，归咎于place emphasis on强调,重视,着重于……【答案与详解】41.答案→D考点→介词辨析题解题技巧→本题空格处的介词和low accident rates搭配成介词短语，做后置定语修饰companies。
选项中只有at和with能与rate搭配。
[D]with意为“具有，带有”，用来表示附属于一个物品的某种显著的特点，如：a country with a long history（历史悠久的国家），在短文中意为“事故发生率低的公司”。
空格设置→此空格是考查介词短语做名词的后置定语的。
结合句意和介词的含义才能处理好该空格。
干扰项排除→根据上述分析，[B]和[C]首先就可以排除掉；[A]at a/the rate（of）意为“以…的速度”，如：She can read at the rate of100words a minute.（她一分钟能读100个单词），但我们不能说“低速度事故的（at low accident rates）公司”，因此排除at。
42.答案→A考点→形容词辨析题解题技巧→空格处的结构为keep（动词）them（宾语）_____（宾补）and active（宾补），其中them指代前面的safety programs，由于空格后是并列连词and，所以该空格所需的形容词应与active在语义上一致，并且可以修饰safety programs（安全计划）。
选项中[A]alive的常用义为“活着的，有活力的”，但它与keep搭配时意为“使继续有效、存在或进行”，如：The argument was kept alive by the politicians.（政治家们还在继续争论那件事）。
放入文中，keep safety programs alive从语法和意思上均符合文意。
整个句子的大意为：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力实施它们，并且不断使之发挥作用并保持活力。
空格设置→此空虽然是考查形容词的辨析，但是该句的结构也是另一个考查重点：keep sb.+宾语补足语。
干扰项排除→其他几个选项在意思上就无法和该句搭配顺畅，可轻松排除掉。
43.答案→B考点→上下文逻辑语义+名词辨析题解题技巧→解此题，首先要理解空格后的短语accident-free operations意为“无事故操作”，-free此处为一个常用的词缀，意为“无…的，免…的”，如：a duty-free shop(一家免税商店）；其次要理解条件从句When the work is well done的含义，根据上文，可知它指的是：当公司能够很好地制定安全计划并贯彻实施时。
考生还需注意这里条件从句实际上也反应出它和主句之间是因果关系，即：由于公司能够很好地…，无事故操作的“什么”就可以建立起来了。
根据逻辑判断，建立规章（regulation）和要求（requirement）都不是可能的结果。
空格设置→此空格设置的目的是考查对名词词组以及上下文逻辑语义的理解和掌握。
干扰项排除→其它两个选项中，climate可以表示“气氛，氛围”，如：a climate of unrest（不安的气氛），它在文中意为“建立一个无事故操作的工作氛围”。
干扰项是circumstance，它也可以表示“环境”，但一般用复数，如：The circumstances forced me to accept.（环境迫使我不得不同意）；当它做单数时，含义是“一个情况，一个特定事件”，如：Your arrival was a fortunate circumstance.（你的到来是的一件幸事）。
44.答案→A考点→关系代词和关系副词辨析题解题技巧→选项中惟一的连词是unless，但它表达的含义“除非…否则…”放入文中显然不符合逻辑。
那么接下来可以肯定空格连接的是一个从句。
所在句子可简化为a climate is established4time is kept at a minimum，显然后面的从句只可能修饰先行词climate，从结构上看这是个定语从句，空格处需要一个关系副词。
只有[A]where可以使句子结构合理，它相当于in which，在句中代替in the climate，引导定语从句。
从句的完整结构是time is kept at a minimum in the climate（工伤损失的时间在这种氛围里会被保持在最低的限度）。
考研英语黄皮书四篇阅读真题词汇汇总1999年卷
established 固定的，确定的
invisible
border
divide
on the behalf of=on one’s behalf
radical
educational reform
explore
contradiction
go to the heart of
put in
n
v
n
a
v
v
a
n
n
rough
slip
let sth slip
light up
stove
burn down
黄皮书真题词汇
1999 年 text1
a 充满暴力的，危险的
v 滑、滑到
n 炉子
burn up 燃烧的更旺 burn away 继续燃烧，burn sth off 烧掉某物
warn
coming
disaster
lawsuit
点燃
使（人的脸等）放光彩
烧毁
v 警告（warn sb about 警告某人注意）
a 即将来临的
n 灾难
n 诉讼，控诉
v 补偿（近义词：make up）
n 陪审团
v 认为，持有……的观点
n 不幸、灾祸、灾难
愈来愈长的
警示标志
尽力、试图
n 高凳、折梯
n 披肩
跌落
州或联邦的规定
v 保卫、保护
v 伤害
v 输、失败、未赢得
web business
revolve around
tap
பைடு நூலகம்
prove to be
more than
business-to-business sales
考研英语历年翻译真题解析_1990-2007
英汉翻译高分攻略一.近年英译汉考题内容英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、科普等方面的一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材。
体裁多为议论文。
科学常识性的题材占了相当大的比重。
1990～2004年英译汉短文主题1990年：个性形成的教育(434词)；1991年:能源与农业（444词）1992年:智力评估的科学性（406词）1993年:科学研究方法（443词）1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系（308词）1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）1996年:科学发展的动力（331词）1997年:动物的权利（417词）1998年:宇宙起源（376词）1999年:史学研究方法（326词）2000年:科学家与政府（381词）2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）2002年:行为科学发展的困难（339词）2003年:人类学简介（371词）2004年:语言与思维（357词）平均值:短文词数:370词;要求翻译的词数:160词从英译汉试题内容分析，考生就应明确认识到，要想在英语考试中取得成功，必须在基本训练上狠下工夫。
首先要扩大知识面，提高自身文化素质。
考生如果熟悉试题内容，将有助于对短文的深入理解，增强信心，提高翻译水平。
考生应利用各种渠道，特别是通过大量浏览中、英文报纸杂志，扩大相关的知识面。
二.近年英译汉考题的特点从题型改革后、特别是1996年以后的试题分析，命题组更侧重考生综合运用语言的能力，题难度加大，趋向稳定。
考题要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上，把语法、词汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解，表面看上去画线的句子语法不很复杂，词汇似乎也不陌生，但翻译时很多考生觉得难以动笔，难度增大体现在:不能采用就词论词、就句子论句子的简单直译方法，而要求把词和句子放在篇章里去理解，还可强调英语习惯用法、语感和翻译技巧的掌握。
这样仅靠熟悉语法规则和孤立地背单词已远远不够了。
考研英语阅读理解思路透析和真题揭秘（44）
1999年Passage 5 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lager fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. " 70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__ [A] may not be as profitable as they are expected [B] can be measured in dollars and cents [C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern [D] are mostly underestimated by management [答案] A [解题思路] 本题对应于⽂章最后⼀段。
1999年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
但为君故系列
D. 无论是职业学校还是其他学校都强调的
5
Text 4
当一个苏格兰研究小组 3 个月前透露他们克隆了一只成年的羊并以此震惊 整个世界时，克林顿总统很快采取了行动。他声称反对用这种动物养殖技术克隆 人的同时，下令禁止将联邦政府的经费用于类似的试验——虽然并没有人提出 要进行这样的试验——并且要求以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•沙皮罗为首的一个 专家小组在 90 天内向白宫提交一个报告， 就针对克隆人所采取的政策提出建议。 这个名为全国生物论理学咨询委员会（NBAC）的小组一直在努力工作，将他们 的智慧写成文字， 在 5 月 17 日的一次会议上， 委员们通过了接近最后一稿的 “建 议” 。 NBAC 将要求克林顿长达 90 天的禁止联邦政府资金用于克隆人的禁令无限 期延长，可能最终使之成为法律。但 NBAC 成员们正在计划缩小建议的范围， 以避免对分子生物学的常规的研究造成限制，如克隆人类 DNA 和细胞。然而， 小组仍未对一个关键性的问题达成一致， 那就是是否建议法将私人资金用于克隆 人定为一种犯罪。 在 5 月 17 日的一次会议上所讨论的“建议”的前言初稿中，沙皮罗暗示专 家小组说： “用成人细胞克隆方法来制造一个婴儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的， 这已成为大家的共识。 ”沙皮罗解释说，道德上的疑惑主要来自对这种婴儿的健 康的忧虑。专家小组非正式地接受了几种总体上的结论，虽然有些细节仍未最后 决定。 NBAC 打算呼吁联邦政府继续禁止资助用人体细胞克隆人的做法。 由于目前 的法律已经禁止联邦经费用于制造胚胎供研究或有意威胁胚胎的生命，因此 NBAC 将在胚胎研究方面保持沉默。 NBAC 成员也表示他们将呼吁私人资助的研究人员和研究所不要用人体细 胞核转移技术去克隆人。 但他们在是否进一步采取立法行动禁止克隆人的问题上 有所分歧。沙皮罗和多数成员都赞成立法，但在一次电话采访中，他说这个问题 仍然“悬而未决” 。 23. 从第一段我们可以知道 A. 联邦基金已被用于一个克隆人的项目中 B. 白宫对这一克隆方面的消息反应强烈 C. NBAC 被授权控制克隆技术的滥用 D. 白宫已经得到专家组有关克隆问题的建议 24. 专家组能达成以下所有协议，除了 A. 联邦基金不得用于克隆人的禁令应该被制定成法律 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
1999年考研英语真题
1999年考研英语真题,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1999年考研英语真题Part ? Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the onethat best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corre sponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)1.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery just around the corner was untrue.A.would beB.to beC.wasD.being2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobileaccidents.A.seven more timesB.seven times moreC.over seven timesD.seven times3.It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changesplace in our everchanging world.A.takingB.to takeC.takeD.taken4.This is an exciting area of study, and one which new applications are being discovered almost daily.A.fromB.byC.inD.through5. can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. A.As B.What C.That D.It6.Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend such shortnotice.A.toB.inC.withD.on1,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题7.California has more light than it knows to do with but everything else is expensive. A.how B.what C.which D.where 8.The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children and get alongto spend most of their time together.A.so wellB.too wellC.well asD.well enough 9.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about compliments to his political leaders.A.payingB.having paidC.to payD.to have paid 10.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital informationthan in traditional media.A.existB.existsC.existingD.to existSection B(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)Section CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the onethat best completes the sentence.Make your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the Corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)21.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to further research and furtherthinking about a particular topic.A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate22.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must alsosatisfy a number of important practical .A.obligationsB.regulationsC.observationsD.considerations23.Life insurance is financial protection for dependents againstloss the breadwinners death.A.at the cost ofB.on the verge ofC.as a result ofD.for the sakeof24.In education there should be a good among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.A.distributionB.balancebinationD.assignment25.The American dream is most during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.A.plausibleB.patrioticC.primitiveD.partial2,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题26.Poverty is not in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certainareas, it is more visible there.A.rareB.temporaryC.prevalentD.segmental27.People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in populatedareas.A.denselyB.intenselyC.abundantlyD.highly28.As a way of the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later. A.picking up B.coping with C.passing out D.getting across 29.Tom's mother tried hard to persuade him tofrom his intention to invest his savings in stock market.A.pull outB.give upC.draw inD.back down30.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ，willbecome progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A.interferenceB.interruptionC.interventionD.interaction31.These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the of higheredu-cation from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s.A.branchB.categoryC.domainD.scope32.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the in the financial system will drag down the economy.A.shallownessB.shakinessC.scantinessD.stiffness33.Crisis would be the right term to describe the in many animal species.A.minimizationB.restrictionC.descentD.decline34.The city is an important railroad and industrial and convention center.A.conjunctionworkC.junctionD.link35.Prof.White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to myself of every chance toimprove my English.A.assurermC.availD.notify36.Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give offa gas that disease resistancein neighboring plants.A.contractsB.activatesC.maintainsD.prescribes3,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题37.Corporations and labor unions have great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.A.conferredB.grantedC.flungD.submitted38.The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was from onenew moon to the next.A.measuredB.reckonedC.judgedD.assessed39.The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was to the issueat hand.A.irrationalB.unreasonableC.invalidD.irrelevant40.Fuel scarcities ane price increases automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks. A.persuaded B.prompted C.imposed D.enlightened Part ? Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the correspondingletter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)Industrial safety does not just panies 41 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active.When thework is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established 44 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding.Others stress safe work practices by 46rules or regulations. 47 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker.But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety 48 .The fewer the injury 49 , the better the workmans insurance rate.This may meanthe difference between operating at50or at a loss.41.A.at B.in C.on D.with 42.A.alive B.vivid C.mobile D.diverse43.A.regulation B.climate C.circumstance D.requirement 44.A.where B.howC.whatD.unless 45.A.alter B.differ C.shift D.distinguish4,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题46.A.constituting B.aggravating C.observing D.justifying47.A.Some B.Many C.Even D.Stilles off B.turns up C.pays off D.holds up49.A.claims B.reports C.declarations D.proclamations50.A.an advantage B.a benefit C.an interest D.a profitPart ? Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passage below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A , B , C and D .Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of thequestions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1It's a rough world out there.Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers'misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing everlongerwarning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off.The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy“does not enable user to fly”.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, forexample—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect themanufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning.As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sportsin Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,”says Nimmons.The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury.At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, andacademics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating thatcompanies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.“Important informat ion can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ”says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines.If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection5,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题against legal liability.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?,A, Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.,B, Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.,C, Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.,D, Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to .,A, satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products,B, become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products ,C, make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability,D, feel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern53.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that .,A, some injury claims were no longer supported by law,B, helmets were not designed to prevent injuries,C, product labels would eventually be discarded,D, some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be .,A,biased ,B,indifferent ,C,puzzling ,D,objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market.More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another.Such business-to-business sales make sensebecause business people typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, ”says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research.Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing.Until recently, Internet marketing acti vities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites.In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements tosubscribers'computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web panies such as VirtualVineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales,6,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题product offerings, or other events.But push technology has earnedthe contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades.That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business .,A, has been striving to expand its market,B, intended to follow a fanciful fashion,C, tried but in vain to control the market,D, has been booming for one year or so56.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that .,A, the technology is popular with many Web users,B, businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions ,C, there is a radical change in strategy,D, it is accessible limitedly to established partners57.In the view of Net purists, .,A, there should be no marketing messages in online culture,B, money making should be given priority to on the Web,C, the Web should be able to function as the television set,D, there should be no online commercial information withoutrequests58.We learn from the last paragraph that .,A, pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce ,B, interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers,C, leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago ,D, setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students'career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroomfor broader reasons of radical educational reform.Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction —which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.7,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.Rather,we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case;before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education.With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be putereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook.Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computeredadvocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-devel-oped skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple.It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs.If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story.Basic computer skills take —at the very longest — a couple of months to learn.In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to thehost of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is .,A, far-reaching,B, dubiously oriented,C, self-contradictory,D, radically reformatory60.The belief that education is indispensable to all children .,A, is indicative of a pessimism in disguise,B, came into being along with the arrival of computers,C, is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates,D, originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professionaltraining is .,A, dependent upon the starting age of candidates,B, worth trying in various social sections8,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题,C, of little practical value,D, attractive to every kind of professional62.According to the author, basic computer skills should be .,A, included as an auxiliary course in school,B, highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications,C, mastered through a lifelong course,D, equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly.Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to doso — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)— has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine inmolecular biology.The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child.The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child.Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer.But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning.Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air”.63.We can learn from the first paragraph that .,A, federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans9,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题,B, the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning,C, NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique,D, the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning64.The panel agreed on all of the following except that .,A, the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law ,B, the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control,C, it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning,D, it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because .,A, embryo research is just a current development of cloning,B, the health of the child is not the main concern of embryoresearch,C, an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research,D, the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .,A, some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely,B, a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time,C, privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal,D, the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments itprepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch theexperiments.Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall.But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon andplanets.What kept them in place?Why didn't they fall out of the sky?The fact that theapple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answerdthe question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an applefalling up into the tree?Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything.He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable.Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.If you don't have unpredictablethings, you don't have research.Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method”a substitute for imaginative thought.I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about theadvisability of continuing a certain experiment.The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are stillinconclusive.”“We know that, ”the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going10,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题on? What do you think we might expect?”The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has becomethe victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “oddballs”among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that .,A, inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments,B, science advances when fruitful researches are conducted,C, scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research,D, unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68.The author asserts that scientists .,A, shouldnt replace “scientific method”with imaginative thought,B, shouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable things,C, should write more concise reports for technical journals,D, should be confident about their research findings69.It seems that some young scientists .,A, have a keen interest in prediction,B, often speculate on the future,C, think highly of creative thinking,D, stick to “scientific method”70.The author implies that the results of scientific research .,A, may not be as profitable as they are expected,B, can be measured in dollars and cents,C, rely on conformity to a standard pattern,D, are mostly underestimated by management11,红宝书版,1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ? EnglishChinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation must be writtenclearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)(71)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.Inthis search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitionersalways know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.(72)Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather。
历年考研英语阅读长难句解析
历年考研英语阅读疑难长句解析An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom / on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. (1999年真题)【分析】句子主干是由divides...and...(使……对立)搭配连接而成。
两个those后面的分词短语作定语修饰those。
句子主干为：An invisible border divides those and those.【翻译】一种看不到的鸿沟，把那些主张为了学生有更好的职业前景而把电脑引入课堂的人和那些主张为了获得彻底教育革新更广泛理由而把电脑引入课堂的人的观点对立起来。
Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction——indeed, contradiction——Which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign / to put computers in the classroom.(1999年真题)【分析】句子主干为：Very few writers have explored this distinction. “on the subject”介词短语作状语修饰“very few writers”,“which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom”是定语从句修饰“this distinction”的。
张剑1986-1999年考研英语试题解析 打印版
1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Close Test一、文章结构分析本文记叙了一位女士一次购物的经历。
第一段总述文中主人公Annie每周三下午都进城购物。
二至四段具体讲述了她某一次的购物经历。
二、试题具体分析1. ［A］so这么，那么［B］more更多［C］else其他的，别的［D］another另外一个本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配+副词用法。
［快速解题］空格所在部分For an hour or 1 是句子的时间状语，考生要判断选项中哪个副词代入能符合这一结构并使文意通顺。
…or so 是固定搭配，用在数字之后，表示“…左右，…上下”，for an hour or so指“一个小时左右”，说明了时间，符合文意。
因此选［A］so。
［篇章分析］文章第①句总说，交待人物（Annie）、时间（每周三下午）、地点（城镇）、活动内容（购物）。
②③具体讲述活动内容：首先购买所需物品（②句），然后到家具店“橱窗购物”（③句）。
句间通过On Wednesday afternoons—For an hour or so—And then—another hour 时间链条，in the market—up and down between the stalls—（leave the market）for the streets—furniture shop地点链条实现衔接。
［空格设置］此处考查so用作副词的一个惯用语…or so，表示约指，例句：There were 20 people or so there.那儿差不多有20个人。
［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用的副词。
else用于疑问句或nothing，something，everybody等之后，如：What else did he say?他还说了些什么？or else意为“要不然，否则”，是连词词组，引导句子，如：Hurry up or else you’ll be late.快点，否则你就要迟到了。
考研英语一历年翻译真题及答案
考研英语一历年翻译真题：（2016-1994）（此资料由小七i整理，请不要外传，仅用于考研学习借鉴，如有错误地方，请自行参考其他资料。
）【每年的题目单独编译成页是为了便于打印后直接在上面进行书写】翻译主题分析：1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系 1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）1996年:科学发展的动力（331词） 1997年:动物的权利（417词）1998年:宇宙起源（376词） 1999年:史学研究方法（326词）2000年:科学家与政府（381词） 2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）2002年:行为科学发展的困难 2003年:人类学简介（371词）2004年:语言与思维（357词） 2005年：电视媒体2006年：美国的知识分子 2007年：法学研究的意义2008年：达尔文的思想观点 2009年：正规教育的地位2010年：经济与生态 2011年：能动意识的作用2012年：普遍性真理 2013年：人类状况2014年：贝多芬的一生 2015年：历史学方面2016年：心理健康46） We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy， it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend， a broken bone. 47） Our mental health doesn't go anywhere； like the sun behind a cloud， it can be temporarily hidden from view， but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.48） Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles， with kindness if they are in pain， and with unconditional love no matter who they are.49） Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives， it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.50） As you will come to see， knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46） This movement， driven by powerful and diverse motivations， built a nation out of a wilderness and， by its nature， shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47） The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas， customs， and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 48） But， the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America， the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another， and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw， new continent caused significant changes.49） The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after thefifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.50） The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia in the south. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.49) Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.47) While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.49) Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.47) But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.46)He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.49) Crea ting a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.64) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived.73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.73） During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.71） But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.73） Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.74） If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.75） Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71） Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.72） Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.74） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.75） When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.72 ）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 73） This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.74） However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world more fascinating and delightful aspects.75） New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.1995年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.73） Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74） In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.75） For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1994年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72）“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”73） Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 74） Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.75） Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving for。
考研英语完型填空真题分析、答题技巧及词性分析讲解精华版
一. 完型填空的特点以及测试要点A、特点1、首段首句不出题(240-300字)(每隔4-15个出一个空，是这样么?)事实上不是的，有种特别难的题目，虽然两个空格之间存在…距离‟，但是逻辑关系上面却是…紧密相连‟的，这相当于就变成了两个…挨在一起‟的空格，成为了最难的题目。
例如：2、完型填空所写答案是最佳答案，而不是最正确答案(为什么?)其实这也就是考研…难度‟的体现，有时候会出现语法、句意上面都对的几个选项，那么这个时候就应该选择最佳的答案，而不仅仅是…正确‟的答案。
这个要求，在考研完型题目之前的…direction‟里面说的清清楚楚…3、普遍联系的观点解完型填空的每个题。
(鸟笼思想，一个空的正确有时取决其它空…)4、体裁：(议论文，说明文为主，很少有记叙文)(94年语言、睡眠、维生素，98年的临时工、工业革命发展…)5、完美性①有一个明确的主题②有鲜明的态度③文章全是总分结构B、测试要点1、阅读能力①对文章整体把握和理解②上下段、上下句之间的逻辑关系③句子的内部结构(复杂句多)2、英语知识运用能力(正式名称)1)结构识别――语法能力(19%)2)固定习语、搭配――介词(14%)3)词义辨析及使用(67%)比较常见的几种逻辑关系：并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same…as递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, indeed因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such)…that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of其他：列举关系:first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—on the other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others举例关系:such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word二. 如何准备完型填空a) 突破词汇关，尤其是常考词组，容易混淆的词。
考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译certain
考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译1.certain['sə:tən]a. 某,某一，某些；(of)一定的，确信的，可靠的［真题例句］The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.参考译文：这一理论似乎也解释了某些外观、品牌或社区的突然和意外流行。
(2010考研英语阅读text3)2. ascertain['æsɚ'ten]vt. 查明，确定，弄清3. certainly['sə:tənli]ad.一定，必定，无疑；当然，行［真题例句］You can certainly use my dictionary.参考译文：你当然可以用我的字典了。
（2015考研英语翻译）4. certainty['sə:tənti]n.必然，肯定；必然的事［真题例句］Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.参考译文：诚然，如果每个州都设立自己的法令，必然导致管理混乱，人们对这种情形的忧虑是有道理的。
（2012考研英语阅读text2）5. certify ['sə:tifai]vt.证明，证实；发证书（或执照）给【同义词】attest；testify6. certificate[sə'tifikeit]n.证（明）书，执照［真题例句］After a “cooling off”period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request.参考译文：在经过7天的冷静思考期后，病人方可签署一份申请证明。