外文翻译

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毕设外文翻译是什么意思(两篇)

引言概述：在现代高等教育中，毕业设计（或称为毕业论文、学士论文等）是学生完成学业的重要环节。

而对于一些特定的专业，例如翻译专业，有时候还需要完成外文翻译这一项任务。

本文将探讨毕设外文翻译的意义和目的，以及为什么对翻译专业的学生而言这一任务极其重要。

正文内容：1.提高翻译能力和技巧外文翻译是一项对翻译专业学生而言十分重要的任务，通过进行外文翻译，学生们可以通过实践提高自己的翻译能力和技巧。

在这个过程中，他们可以学习如何处理不同类型的外文文本，熟悉不同领域的专业术语，并掌握一些常用的翻译技巧和策略。

2.扩展语言和文化知识毕设外文翻译要求学生们对翻译语言的相关知识和背景有一定的了解。

在进行翻译时，学生们需要遵循目标语言的语法规则，并确保所翻译的内容准确、清晰地传达源语言的意义。

通过这一过程，学生们可以进一步扩展自己的语言和文化知识，提高自己的跨文化沟通能力。

3.提供实践机会毕设外文翻译为学生们提供了一个实践的机会，让他们能够将在课堂上所学到的理论知识应用于实际操作中。

通过实践，学生们可以对所学知识的理解更加深入，同时也可以发现并解决实际翻译过程中的问题和挑战。

这对于学生们将来从事翻译工作时具备更好的实践能力和经验具有重要意义。

4.培养翻译专业素养毕设外文翻译要求学生们具备良好的翻译专业素养。

在进行翻译过程中，学生们需要保持专业的态度和责任心，严谨地对待每一个翻译任务。

他们需要学会如何进行翻译质量的评估和控制，以确保最终翻译稿的准确性和流畅性。

这一系列的要求和实践，可以帮助学生们培养出色的翻译专业素养。

5.提升自我学习和研究能力毕设外文翻译要求学生们进行广泛的文献阅读和研究，以便更好地理解所翻译的内容，并找到适当的翻译方法和策略。

在这个过程中，学生们需要培养自己的自主学习和研究能力，提高对学术和专业领域的敏感性，并能够独立思考和解决问题。

这将对学生们未来的学术研究和进一步的职业发展产生积极的影响。

总结：引言概述:毕业设计外文翻译（Thesis Translation）是指在毕业设计过程中，对相关外文文献进行翻译，并将其应用于研究中，以提供理论支持和参考。

外文翻译

Transformative green marketing:Impediments and opportunitiesMichael Jay Polonsky ⁎School of Management and Marketing,Deakin University,70Elgar Road,Burwood VIC 3125,Australiaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Accepted 22January 2011Available online 18February 2011Keywords:Green marketingMarketing and society Sustainability Systems thinkingTransformative marketingGreen marketing is not achieving its potential for improving the quality of life of consumers,while improving the natural ecosystem.The failure is the result of the inability of consumers,ﬁrms and governments to adopt systems thinking,in which macro-marketing perspectives are integrated into their respective micro-decisions,that is,the anthropocentric view of the natural world is disregarded.The paper discusses why the three groups above have had dif ﬁculties in embracing environmental issues,thus impeding real transformative green marketing from occurring.To address the dif ﬁculties three proposed actions need to be undertaken:(1)Marketers need to look for new ways of calculating and communicating value that integrates environmental value,thereby moving away from ﬁnancial measures which have no real environmental meaning.(2)Change the discourse regarding the environment,highlighting the importance of action and inaction,which needs to be based on increased education about the human –environment interface.(3)Marketing needs to refocus its emphasis on want satisfaction,shifting away from the acquisition of goods,thereby enhancing how marketers create value.Making these changes will allow marketers to operationalize transformative green marketing so the human condition and the natural system that humans operate within are both improved and bring about transformative green marketing.©2011Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionMarketing academics'and practitioners'interest in how environmental issues impact marketing activities continue to grow (Chamorro et al.,2009),but is certainly not new (Fisk,1974;Henion and Kinnear,1976).A range of marketing contexts examines the interface between the natural environment and;consumer behavior (i.e.,Diamantopoulos et al.,2003),marketing strategy (i.e.,Menon and Menon,1997),public policy initiatives (i.e.,Press and Arnould,2009)and macromarketing (i.e.,Kilbourne and Carlson,2008).Fisk (1974)suggests marketing is at least partly to blame for most of the world's environmental ills that often arise from consumption and over-consumption.Other authors suggest that marketing can assist in addressing environmental and other social problems (Sheth and Sisodia,2006).Unfortunately,much of the existing research fails to embed environmental issues as a core tenet of marketing thinking.Thus,marketing strategists often incorporate environmental considerations as an extra feature to be leveraged for competitive advantage (Ginsberg and Bloom,2004),rather than using the environment to shape strategy-improving market conditions and social welfare.Scholars de ﬁne green marketing using a range of terms (e.g.,green marketing,ecological marketing,environmental marketing,and even responsible marketing).These de ﬁnitions have a common focus on theexchange process (i.e.,choices and decisions),with a proviso that exchange considers and minimizes environmental harm (where all parities are assumed to be aware of all potential environmental harm).Whether or not these de ﬁnitions (and associated practices)seek to improve the quality of life of the world's citizens,or improve the natural environment,remains unclear.An effective de ﬁnition of green marketing,therefore,must integrate transformative change that creates value for individuals and society,as well as for the natural environment (i.e.,environmental restoration and improvement).Thus,transforma-tive green marketing is very different from a marketing perspective that focuses on not producing societal harm,as,at present,most marketers focus on meeting human needs rather than enhancing mankind's quality of life and improving the natural environment.Marketers and society rely on nature and natural resources;nature does not rely on humanity,even though society can negatively impact on it.Therefore,mankind (and,thus,marketing)and the natural environment are interdependent.While some might debate the extent of mankind's contribution to environmental problems,if the doomsayers are correct,failure to act in the medium term will result in the inability of the ecosystem to support present day consumption,potentially eliminating marketing as presently practiced (and possibly mankind).Therefore,it is surprising that the practice of marketing (and business strategy more generally)does not explicitly integrate and address environmental issues and how they impact society (Smart,2010).In the not-so-distant past,businesses were quick to respond to less signi ﬁcant marketing-related problems.For example,ﬁrms,consumers and governments reportedly spent hundreds of billions,if not trillions,of dollars dealing with theJournal of Business Research 64(2011)1311–1319⁎Tel.:+61392446968,+61392517083(International).E-mail address:Michael.Polonsky@.au.0148-2963/$–see front matter ©2011Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.01.016Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Business Researchmillennium bug,or Y2K problem,as programmers feared that at 12.01AM on January12000,computers would incorrectly believe the year was1900which would cause systems to crash.The process of greening marketing seems to be viewed with signiﬁcantly less urgency on the part of most consumers,organizations and governments,even though the potential costs of inaction are much more serious and pervasive(Smart,2010;Varey,2010).Whether or not the marketing discipline(both academics and practitioners)truly understands and embraces the profound signiﬁcance of environmental issues remains unclear.A number of marketing academics call for a change in thinking about marketing,in which transformative green marketing would be included. For example,early in the discipline's history Kotler and Levy(1969) suggested that there needs to be a broadening of the marketing concept. More recently,others are questioning whether marketing needs to be reformed(Sheth and Sisodia,2006).In the consumer behaviorﬁeld, there is growing chorus of transformative consumer researchers(TCR) calling for marketing to make a positive social impact(Mick et al., forthcoming).The integration of environmental issues into marketing would extend the TCR view.For example,the Journal of Public Policy and Marketing has a forthcoming special issue focusing on TCR,and the Journal of Macromarketing recently published a special issue on sustainability,examining how marketing can assist in addressing the environmental ills faced today(Kilbourne,2010).Transformative green marketing extends this perspective incorporating environmental issues into core marketing activity,in the same way mankind is part of the natural system and not separated from the natural environment(Fisk, 1974;Smart,2010).2.The core problem:micronization of environmental issuesThe natural environment is a complex,all-encompassing system that integrates the atmosphere(air),geosphere(land),hydrosphere(water) and biosphere(all living species)(Neace,1995).Marketers understand the importance of business systems and use systems and network thinking extensively to address exchange issues,particularly in the business-to-business context(e.g.,Håkansson et al.,2009).Marketers, however,frequently ignore such broader system approaches to understand or integrate the natural environment into strategy formulation.The consideration of marketing's impact on the natural environment is often classiﬁed as macro-marketing,that is,how micro-marketing impacts society,society's inﬂuence on the broader macro-system and how systems interact(Fisk,1982).Unfortunately,academics and practitioners sometimes perceive a disconnection exists between macro-marketing and micro-marketing,which lies at the core of green marketing's inability to become transformational.The traditional micro-formation of marketing(Sheth et al.,1988)cannot easily capture environmental issues because classical micro-economics suggests that consumers(or individuals more generally)seek to maximize their own welfare(Russell and Russell,2010).Potentially,the welfare of society and the natural world is excluded unless they are embedded in individuals'values,that is,people integrate environmental issues in their decision-making because the environment is important to them. As will be described below,this perspective assumes that mankind controls their environment,which is clearly not the case.The fact that sustainability and environmental issues are generally macro-focused is at the core of the dilemma that transformational green marketing faces(van Dam and Apeldoorn,1996).How do marketers and society encourage micro-focused individuals and organizations to integrate broader macro issues and systems into their individual thinking?One might argue that this disconnection is one of the reasons why governments are forced to regulate activities to prevent distortions in the market from being exploited(Harris and Carman,1984).The lack of a macro-focus may also be why social marketers need to encourage consumers to change their behavior to create fewer negative personal impacts(Rothschild,1999),as short-term self-interest appears to outweigh the longer term beneﬁts.For example,the classic tragedy of the commons suggests that because no-one owns the shared communal space(i.e.,the commons)no individual has an incentive to protect the shared space.Thus,the aggregation of self-interested,individualist behavior destroys the value(i.e.,the shared space)for all(Libecap,2009).As a result,some regulation of individual behavior is needed so that the commons are available in perpetuity for all users.When considering environmental issues,the tragedy of the commons is a metaphor that can be translated to consumer behavior in markets,ﬁrms within countries,or even countries within regions, as in each case,the broader ecosystem is used by all but truly controlled by none.Are humans like the elephants in Africa?When unfettered by mankind,the elephants roamed the African plains with nature keeping their numbers in check.However,when they are artiﬁcially constrained on game reserves,culling is needed to ensure they do not eat themselves into starvation(van Aarde and Jackson, 2007).The barriers relating to transformational green marketing arise from this fundamental conﬂict between beneﬁts for the individual(person,ﬁrm,or nation)and beneﬁts for society,more broadly deﬁned as including the natural environment.The next section discusses how these economic actors'(i.e.,consumers,ﬁrms and governments)lack of a macro-focus lies at the heart of the green marketing dilemma.Then the article offers suggestions as to how marketers can possibly assist in using transformational green marketing to address the issue,and ends with some concluding remarks.3.Barriers associating with consumers,ﬁrms and governments3.1.Adopting transformative green marketingA network or stakeholder approach argues that within green marketing all economic actors are interconnected(Polonsky,1995), and the actors have the ability to facilitate or impede green marketing from becoming transformational.Marketers usually discuss the role of three main stakeholders–consumers,ﬁrms and governments–in enabling or regulating exchange processes(Fry and Polonsky,2004). The following three sub-sections seek to explain how existing(i.e., traditional)marketing perspectives inhibit the effective integration of the natural environment into marketing theory and processes,as well as identifying issues that need to be addressed for transformative green marketing to occur.3.2.ConsumersThe early green marketing research sought to better understand how to motivate consumers to behave in more responsible ways.Early authors initially placed an emphasis on motivating consumers to integrate environmental issues into their decision-making,for example, motivating people to recycle(Henion and Kinnear,1976).While macro-marketers suggested such changes in consumer orﬁrm behavior would lead to wider beneﬁts to society,micro-marketers focused on whether such environmental values could be leveraged to better target new segments of consumers(Ginsberg and Bloom,2004),thereby increasing loyalty(Shrum et al.,1995),reducing price sensitivity(D'Souza et al., 2007),or improving communication(Polonsky et al.,1997).Classical economic and consumer behavior theory suggests individuals make consumption decisions that maximize their own welfare.This,however,is done within a framework in which consumers usually think of themselves as the central actor in the exchange system. In such a view,the natural environment is a resource to facilitate this satisfaction(Varey,2010)rather than a stakeholder to whom consumers are responsible(Starik,1995).Such a human-centered1312M.J.Polonsky/Journal of Business Research64(2011)1311–1319perspective(i.e.,anthropocentric)possibly arises from the religious foundations of Western society:…Be fruitful,and multiply,and replenish the earth,and subdue it: and have dominion over theﬁsh of the sea,and over the fowl of the air,and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.(Genesis1:28,italics added)Seeing nature as subservient to human needs inhibits consumers from taking a systems view,as man(and woman)is only one part of the natural system and,clearly,not the focal actor.As a result,leading authors such as Kilbourne and his numerous co-authors(e.g.,Kilbourne et al.,2002;Kilbourne and Carlson,2008)highlight that the core problem with consumption is the anthropocentric value system underlying the Western dominant social paradigm(DSP).This view suggests that micro-changes to consumption will be doomed to fail(or at least have a signiﬁcant uphill battle)if the anthropocentric view within the DSP is not changed(Kilbourne and Polonsky,2005).Even if environmental concern could be integrated as a cornerstone of the consumer psyche,the problem may still not be solved.Consumers will act in an environmentally-responsible fashion only if they believe such actions are in their best interest.Of course,some consumer segments do already seek to act in a way that considers their impact on the natural environment.For example,increasing numbers of consumers exist who“have freely chosen a frugal,anti-consumer life-style that features low resource use and environmental impact,i.e.,they are voluntary simpliﬁers”(McDonald et al.,2006,p.515).Such consumers believe that value accrues to them from behaving responsibly.However,why this realization has arisen in some consumers and not others is unclear.The degree to which consumers believe environmental issues are or will become problematic,is possibly related to the disagreement regarding the causes,responses and timeframes in which remedial action must be taken.In the case of the Y2K bug,a clear deadline for the potential disaster existed–12:01AM on1January2000,and the potential disaster was prominently discussed in the business and popular media(Tewksbury et al.,2004).For environmental issues,no ﬁxed deadlines exist and there is no media promotion(or even discussion)of the impending environmental Armageddon.In most cases,consumers believe environmental problems are somewhere in the future and,thus,are not something to worry about today.Even when consumers agree that environmental problems exist,there is no guarantee appropriate responses will occur.For example,the scientiﬁc community generally agrees that society will run out of key natural resources in the foreseeable future,such as oil.This concept has been referred to as Peak Oil and will occur when world resources of oil decline below the level needed to meet world demand(Gardi,2009).However, this has not resulted in wholesale changes in today's consumer behavior, and,in fact,dwindling oil reserves are not an issue that receives wide publicity in the press or policy debates.Consumers generally have difﬁculty with integrating future outcomes and consequences in their decision-making.For example, the fact that millions of people continue to take up smoking is surprising given the unequivocal evidence that smoking is bad for one's health,but consumers simply discount the future health consequences(Rindﬂeisch and Crockett,1999).Unfortunately for environmental marketing, researchers have found that consumers discount future environmental problems more so than other types of risk(Hendrickx and Nicolaij, 2004).Can marketers assist in making environmental problems more current and urgent in consumers'minds,thus stimulating action and providing real transformative solutions?The tragedy of the commons where all members of a community are interconnected is another issue impacting individual behavior,as consumers frequently see systems thinking(i.e.,connections amongst activities)as a barrier to behavior–How does my individual behavior impact on the wider natural system which is all encompassing?On the ﬂip-side,a problem occurs when individuals ask–How can my individual behavior make a difference?The perceived inability to make a difference in terms of environmental problems was an early impediment to a range of environmental behaviors,including increasing recycling behavior(Scholder-Ellen et al.,1991).While attempts can be made to change the way people think about environmental issues or to enable less environmentally-harmful behavior to occur,more success might be achieved using market mechanisms that increase the pressure for individual action(i.e.,change).For example,Linderhof et al.(2001)ﬁnd that when the cost of home-based waste removal is calculated on volume or weight,people reduce their waste and increase their recycling behavior.Thus,forcing increases in prices through regulation might bring about desired outcomes better than getting consumers to identify that waste is an environmental problem.While this may or may not result in an increase in underlying environmental awareness and concern,raising consumer costs may bring about the same environmental beneﬁt(i.e.,reduced waste).Finally,one of the core tenets of consumer marketing is that marketers frequently promote ownership as a way to achieve satisfaction,but increased consumption often results in environmental problems.The perceived need to consume is further exacerbated in some sectors where technological advances mean products are considered obsolete in18months or less(e.g.,in the computer and mobile phone sectors).Marketing assumes that value is created in buyer–seller exchanges,but wanting satisfaction and the ownership of goods are not necessarily the same.Consumers can meet their needs in a variety of ways(i.e.,alternatives exist)or even modify the wants that they have,for instance by practicing voluntary simplicity(Craig-Lees and Hill,2002). Therefore,consumers do not necessarily have to own the want-satisfying goods to extract want-satisfying value.Research even suggests that one's quality of life(as measured by happiness)and increased consumption can impede sustainable development(Zidansek,2007).The increased economic importance given to the service sector is an example of how wants can be met without ownership.Opportunities exist to expand this sector beyond renting homes,furniture or appliances,to renting all types of value creation.The potential hindrance is that,in some cases,goods have an inherent value that can appreciate over time in addition to satisfying wants(i.e.,some items may become ‘rare’and collectable,and thus have value outside want satisfaction). Other goods may continue to have,primarily,a functional value(e.g.,the newest plasma television)which is not necessarily maintained through ownership of the good.Consumers'preoccupation with goods rather than the underlying want-satisfaction means increased production is required to address consumers'desire to have ready access to want-satisfying goods that they may use infrequently(i.e.,a handyman might want to own all the tools he might ever need,rather than renting or collectively sharing those used infrequently).3.3.FirmsAt the most basic level,ﬁrms are collectives of individuals that,in many ways,suffer from the aggregation of individual problems at the corporate level.Taking a neoclassical economic perspective meansﬁrms have a responsibility to create value for the shareholders,although many argue that broader types of performance are also important(Hillman and Keim,2001).The core issue revolves around deﬁning the value of what is created.Marketing and management theorists propose that multi-dimensional measures of value can be developed,and this would include things such as the triple bottom line(TBL)that includes social and environmental value,in addition toﬁnancial value(Robins,2006).Unfortunately,aﬁrm'sﬁnancial performance is still the main focus. For example,research comparing the performance of traditional and responsibleﬁrms still uses traditionalﬁnancial measures,not multi-dimensional TBL-type measures(Johnson,2003).The focus,therefore,is on how to increase theﬁnancial bottom line,which explains why researchers are more interested in targeting green consumers and1313M.J.Polonsky/Journal of Business Research64(2011)1311–1319extracting more value from them,than focusing solely on the societal impact of marketing.In the alternative view,green marketing becomes transformational and contributes to consumers,society and the environment.Unfortunately,proﬁt,sales and otherﬁnancial/marketing measures have no relevance to the environment.Mother Nature does not have a checkbook,ﬁnancial balance sheet or a demand for traditional goods and,thus,unfortunately is not represented on corporate management boards nor is nature considered in most corporate decisions.The question of how to deﬁne corporate value in a meaningful way that integratesﬁrms'environmental impact is less frequently discussed in research.However,some academic areas such as social accounting seek to quantify the social value ofﬁrms(Knirsch and Székely,2005). But,again,these alternatives often revert to dollar assessments that may not capture the importance of environmental issues.Other areas,such as research into stakeholder theory,have partly begun to address these multi-faceted measures as well(Hillman and Keim,2001),but they too often fall back ontoﬁnancial measures of performance(Berman et al., 1999).Greening can be seen to createﬁnancial value in a number of ways,and extensive research examines how reducing harm can cut costs,reduce risk and,thus,increase the bottom line(Porter and Reinhardt,2007).Such approaches still use human-focused metrics to try and assign value to the environment(or,in reality,the costs of not looking after the environment).Marketing,as a change agent in the wider economic system,is not usually the focus of corporate or consumer activities.However, marketing innovations are bringing about signiﬁcant cultural changes (good and bad).For example,birth control advances change the dynamic between males and females in society,and the Internet is changing how information is created and communicated.Thus, embracing transformative environmental marketing can serve as an organizational stimulus for innovation,thereby improving value more widely,including citizens'quality of life.Although some of the problems identiﬁed earlier,such as a lack of perceived urgency,or the fact that not all environmental costs are assigned to producers,mean corporations are not pressured to address their negative environmental impacts.Shocks to the economic system can clearly have an impact on businesses.Take,for example,the rapid innovations to increase the fuel efﬁciency of automobiles.The innovations have resulted in lighter automobiles;more efﬁcient engines,alternative types of engines and fuels,systems to capture the pollution created,and even the development of alternative modes of transportation.Thus,someﬁrms within the transportation sector have been quick to exploit aspects of the environmental debate,although changing corporate direction needs to be a long-term strategy(Menon and Menon,1997).Unfortunately, the most recent turmoil in the US car market suggests that USﬁrms failed to embrace the impending environmental changes.Even when manufacturers have acted,they have not sought to redeﬁne personal travel and the need to travel,but rather they still focus on the individual automobile to address travel options(Kadirov and Varey,2010).Of course,some would argue thatﬁrms are making incremental attempts to redeﬁne the need for cars through video conferencing that allows people to meet without travel,and purchasing goods and services on the Internet,requiring fewer shopping trips.Increased public transportation alternatives also mean fewer cars are needed.Corporate and industry innovations can be more proactive and bring about environmental improvements.For example,the US-based Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design referred to as LEED building certiﬁcation(US Green Building Council,2010)is designed to produce buildings that have smaller environmental footprints and lower operating costs(Muse and Plaut,2008).While still more expensive to build,as its adoption increases,economies of scale will mean that costs will drop,further increasing the beneﬁts.All these actions are positive steps,ﬁrms still appear to be more focused on innovation and change that reduce costs,while complying with regulation or creating market value.Firms tend to be less focused on the environmental issues because of an underlying lack of value placed on responsible behavior,although examples exist of where these values are espoused(Hillman and Keim,2001).Given that businesses want to stay in business,they are more driven by economic forces than are their consumers.Unfortunately,without well-deﬁned performance measures that incorporate non-ﬁnancial beneﬁts to the environment, businesses will be unlikely to redeﬁne their activities,as such action would not create measurable value(even using theﬂawedﬁnancial measures available).In aﬁrm's quest for proﬁts,a potential problem can arise regarding the extent to which new products deliver substantive additional value to consumers,after taking into consideration the environmental impact associated with production,use and consumption.Marketers have long been criticized for producing goods that have built-in obsolescence (Guiltinan,2009)or trivial differentiation.This problem has been exacerbated by the decline in innovation cycles and rapid advancements in technology(Guiltinan,2009).For example,Moore's law suggests that computer capacity doubles every18months(Schaller,1997).While continuous product change can deliver incremental value to consumers,the question is at what environmental cost?Areﬁrms seeking to generate value through churn(i.e.,new purchases)or adding signiﬁcant consumer value?If the latter,ﬁrms might look at how products can be designed so they can be upgraded rather than replaced.Upgradable products would,in fact,deliver additional consumer value,as consumers would be able to extract additional value from existing investments rather than purchasing extra value by buying new products.Of course, consumers would need to value upgradability rather than owning the newest product.Marketers also tend not to think about the environmental costs of replacing goods.For example,why don't all retailers of mobile phones or computers automatically incorporate trade-ins through which they can then facilitate recycling or,at the very least,provide a reverse logistics system where extraction of the value from waste products can more easily occur?Someﬁrms seeking to recycle components of their products have found them to be a highly valuable income stream that also reduces the environmental costs associated with producing remanufac-tured components(McConocha and Speh,1993).In some countries, governments have imposed requirements onﬁrms to take back unused goods or packaging from the consumers(Livingstone and Sparks,1994). However,ﬁrms seem not to have knowledge about the full life-cycle environmental impacts of their actions.In some instances(i.e.,reverse logistics)managing the life-cycle could generate income streams and,in this area,the lack of corporate systems thinking about value and environmental impacts is highlighted(i.e.,failing to recognize the interdependence of mankind,production,consumption,and the environ-mental system).Theﬁnal corporate issue revolves around the question of growth. Businesses want to expand their markets and proﬁtability,but can growth occur in an environmentally sustainable fashion(van Marrewijk,2003)? This comes back to the very nature of the Western economic system. Investors want a reasonable return on their investments and,because of the competition amongstﬁrms for assets,those that increase their return attract more resources,and expectations for further growth are increased. Unfortunately,a value concept that is based onﬁnancial returns and discounts the natural environment will see the environment as a resource to exploit rather than a partner in existence.Just as service-dominant logic has emerged as a new perspective(Vargo and Lusch,2004),a need exists for an environmental dominant logic in which corporate and environmental values are intertwined.Unless the environment is given value,either as a resource or a cost to be minimized,the environment will continue to be under-considered in corporate decision-making.The impending introduction of regulated carbon abetment schemes will see this potential loophole partlyﬁlled because the environment(or rather pollution of the environment)will have a cost that must be addressed byﬁrms.However,such costs will not necessarily reﬂect the true value of the environment.Carbon pricing will stimulate innovation to reduce this cost,although,if carbon is1314M.J.Polonsky/Journal of Business Research64(2011)1311–1319。

外文文献怎么翻译

外文文献的翻译方法和技巧在科学研究领域，阅读和理解外文文献是非常重要的，因为这些文献包含了世界各地研究者的最新成果和观点。

然而，由于语言障碍，许多人可能觉得翻译外文文献是一项困难的任务。

本文将介绍一些有效的翻译方法和技巧，帮助读者更好地理解和翻译外文文献。

选择合适的翻译工具在翻译外文文献时，选择合适的工具是非常重要的。

一些常见的翻译工具包括在线翻译网站和翻译App。

这些工具可以帮助读者快速翻译文献，但需要注意的是，这些工具可能存在一定的翻译误差，因此在使用时要注意核对翻译结果。

保持原文的风格和语气在翻译外文文献时，要尽可能保持原文的风格和语气。

这样可以更好地传达原作者的意图和思想。

在翻译过程中，读者可以使用词典等工具帮助理解原文中的专业术语和文化背景，以确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。

注意语法和语法结构另一个翻译外文文献的重要方面是注意语法和语法结构。

外文文献往往使用复杂的句子结构和语法规则，因此在翻译时要保持句子的逻辑和结构。

正确理解原文中的句子结构和语法规则，可以帮助读者更好地翻译文献并消除歧义。

查找背景知识和参考资料翻译外文文献时，有时可能会遇到一些专业术语和概念，读者不熟悉。

在这种情况下，建议读者查找相关背景知识和参考资料，帮助理解原文中的内容。

这样不仅可以提高翻译的准确性，还可以扩展读者的知识面。

结语总的来说，翻译外文文献是一项需要一定技巧和耐心的工作。

通过选择合适的翻译工具、保持原文的风格和语气、注意语法和语法结构、查找背景知识和参考资料，读者可以更好地理解和翻译外文文献。

希望本文介绍的方法和技巧对读者有所帮助。

外文翻译英文原文

Executive SummaryExtracted fromNIST NCSTAR 1-4 (Draft)Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center DisasterActive Fire Protection Systems (Draft)E XECUTIVE S UMMARYIn the event of a fire in a building, the safety of occupants and first responders and the protection of property is accomplished through a combination of passive and active means. A passive fire protection system is one which is an integral part of the building layout and materials of construction, such as partitions to confine the fire, a stairway to assist rapid evacuation, or spray-on fire proofing to increase the fire resistance of a load-bearing steel structure. Active fire protection systems are designed to come into play only when a fire is present and require activation through a combination of sensors or mechanical means. The active fire protection systems in World Trade Center (WTC) 1, 2, and 7 consisted of fire sensors and alarms, notification systems, sprinklers, water supplies, and smoke management systems. Active and passive fire protection systems work together to control the spread of the fire and maintain the integrity of the structure; however, the fire department is always relied upon to fully extinguish the fire and rescue occupants who may be immobilized.The automatic fire sprinkler systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 were the first line of defense. Water stored in the building from public sources or pumped from fire apparatus was supplied through dedicated piping to the area of the fire. Also present in the buildings were hoses, preconnected to a water supply through standpipes located in the stairwells and other utility shafts. The standpipes provided hose connections at each floor for The Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY). In addition, standpipe preconnected hoses were installed for trained occupants to manually suppress fires.The heart of the fire detection system was the automatic fire alarm and emergency notification system. Occupants in the building depended on this system to detect fires and provide information for emergency evacuation. Capabilities were also designed for the ventilation system to operate in a way to purge smoke produced by fires from the building. Smoke purge was intended to be used for post-fire clean-up but could be used during a fire event at the discretion of the FDNY.This report includes an examination of the design and installation of the active fire protection systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 and a description of the normal operation of fully functional systems and their potential effect on controlling the fires on September 11, 2001. The applicable building and fire codes and standards, as well as the history of fires in these buildings, are also documented.FIRESPRIOR TO SEPTEMBER 11, 2001E.1 SIGNIFICANTSignificant fires in WTC 1, 2, and 7 prior to September 11, 2001, were of interest to the investigation, particularly those that activated multiple sprinklers or where hoses were used to suppress the fires. Because the records of fire events in the buildings maintained by The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) were destroyed in the fire and collapse of WTC 1, information available for study was limited to that from FDNY fire and investigation reports.A major fire occurring in WTC 1 in 1975, prior to the installation of sprinklers, and the bombing of the WTC towers in 1993 were the most significant incidents in the history of these buildings. In addition,47 other fires were identified that were substantial enough to activate a sprinkler or require hoses to suppress the fire. Sixteen fire incidents exercised multiple sprinklers or multiple standpipe connectedExecutive Summary Draft for Public Comment hoses (with or without the activation of at least one sprinkler). Thirty-one fires involved the use of one standpipe hose or one standpipe hose and discharge of one sprinkler. Only three fires were identified to have occurred in WTC 7 prior to 2001. The FDNY fire reports and fire investigation records obtained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) indicate that in areas protected by automatic sprinklers, no fire activated more than three sprinklers.AND PRECONNECTED HOSE SYSTEMS E.2 SPRINKLERS,STANDPIPES,The evaluation of the sprinklers, standpipes, and preconnected hose systems was performed by subject experts at Hughes Associates, Inc., under contract to NIST. The project documented the design, installation, and operation of the fire suppression systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7; evaluated the consistency of the sprinkler and standpipe systems installations with best engineering practices; described the New York City (NYC) water supply system and evaluated the sprinkler system water supply; and estimated suppression system performance when challenged with design fire scenarios assumed in standard engineering practice as well as with a fire scenario similar to that which occurred on September 11, 2001. Major features of the fire suppression systems are documented based on a review of the available information. In addition to describing in detail the sprinkler, standpipe, and preconnected hose systems, special fire suppression systems are briefly discussed. System features documented include riser systems, zone arrangements, water tanks, pumps, fire department connections, control valves, and hose rack arrangements. Additionally, documentation of the sprinkler, standpipe, and preconnected hose system installations was examined for consistency with the applicable installation standards and state-of-the-art engineering practices at the time of system installation.A description of the NYC water supply, including sizes, locations, and directions of water mains surrounding the WTC complex and distribution system within the buildings is provided to adequately evaluate the primary source of water for the automatic sprinkler and hose systems. Adequacy of the sprinkler system water supply was based on a detailed review of the available documentation. Flow capacity and duration of water supplies to the installed sprinkler systems were estimated using industry-accepted software. Hydraulic calculations were performed with variations in primary and secondary water supplies, the number of sprinklers flowing, and floor level elevations. The results from the calculations were used to evaluate the expected sprinkler system performance.Multiple fire scenarios were analyzed in order to more fully understand the potential impact of the suppression systems to provide the flow of water required to control typical office fires within high-rise buildings. The analysis included single fires on different floors in the towers and in WTC 7 with various combinations of sprinklers activated and with primary and secondary water supplies. Additionally, hydraulic calculations based on simultaneous fires on up to a total of nine floors were performed. Estimates of suppression system performance in WTC 1, 2, and 7 on September 11, 2001, were also made.The following list summarizes the findings of the suppression and water supply study:•Except for specific areas that were exempted from required sprinkler coverage, sprinklers were installed throughout WTC 1, 2, and 7 on September 11, 2001.Draft for Public Comment Executive Summary •According to the documentation examined, the fire suppression systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 were installed, for the most part, in a manner consistent with state-of-the-art practices inexistence at the time of their installation. The installations as documented, with severalminor exceptions, would satisfy current best practices.•Storage tanks, along with direct connections to the NYC water distribution system, supplied water for WTC 1 and WTC 2, and for floors 21 through 47 of WTC 7. Fire suppressionsystems for floors 1 through 20 in WTC 7 were supplied directly through the NYC waterdistribution system and an automatic fire pump, with no secondary supply.•The installation of the supply piping from the storage tanks on the 110th floor in WTC 1 and WTC 2 resulted in restricted flow capacity to several floors. The flow capacity was sufficientto supply the suppression systems, but the installation was not consistent with currentengineering best practices.•The suppression systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 required manual initiation of the electrical fire pumps in order to provide supplemental water. An automatic supplemental water supply hasbeen required by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 14 for some time andrepresents best practice. Due to extensive damage to the sprinkler and standpipe systems inWTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001, it is doubtful that automatic pumps would havemade any difference in performance.•The supply risers for automatic sprinkler systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 were configured to provide redundant capabilities. However, the sprinkler floor level controls were installedwith one connection to the sprinkler water riser. This represented a single point of failurelocation for the water supply to the sprinklers on that floor.•The water flow capacities of the sprinkler systems installed in WTC 1, 2, and 7 were designed to provide densities considerably greater than typically provided for high-rise officebuildings. Based on hydraulic calculations, it was estimated that the sprinkler systems couldhave controlled a typical fire at a coverage area up to two to three times the specific designarea of 1,500 ft2. However, a coverage area of 4,500 ft2 constitutes less than 15 percent ofthe area of a single floor.•The standpipe and preconnected hose systems were consistent with the applicable requirements in the Building Code of New York City (BCNYC). They were not consistentwith the flow rates and durations specified by NFPA 13.•The loading berth and fuel oil pump rooms in WTC 7 were protected by dry-pipe sprinkler systems. The first floor room containing the 6,000 gal fuel oil tank was protected by anInergen clean agent fire suppression system.•The fifth floor generator room was not equipped with a sprinkler system, consistent with the BCNYC. No information was found that indicated that the generator/fuel day-tankenclosures elsewhere in WTC 7 were protected by a fire suppression system.Executive Summary Draft for Public Comment •Primary and backup power were provided in all three buildings, but the absence of remote redundancy of the power lines to emergency fire pumps could have affected the operability ofthe sprinkler and standpipe systems once power was lost.•Due to the magnitude of the initial fires and the likely aircraft impact-induced damage sustained to the suppression systems infrastructures in WTC 1 and WTC 2, it is notunexpected that the suppression systems present in these buildings failed to control the fireson September 11, 2001.E.3 FIRE ALARM SYSTEMSThe evaluation of the fire alarm systems, a review of applicable codes and standards, documentation of the normal operation of fully functional fire alarm systems, and their potential performance in WTC 1, 2, and 7 on September 11, 2001, were performed by subject experts at Rolf Jensen and Associates, Inc., under contract to NIST.Major features of the fire alarm systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 are described based on a review of the available documentation. Details on the fire command station, fire alarm system functions, fire alarm system installation criteria, control panel configurations, fire alarm devices, and firefighter telephone system are provided. Additionally, the staff emergency response plan that provided direction for emergency response is outlined. The responsibilities of the fire safety director, deputy fire directors, assistant fire safety coordinator, and floor wardens are described.For WTC 1 and WTC 2, performance on September 1, 2001, was documented based on brief images of illuminated status lamps on the system’s control panels, which were filmed during the event, and through interviews with people who were in the buildings at the time. The performance of the WTC 7 fire alarm system was assessed on the basis of the printout of the fire alarm system’s remote monitoring system.The following is a summary of findings based upon the review of the building designs and analysis of the various fire alarm systems:•Because the WTC 1 and WTC 2 fire alarm system required manual activation to notify building occupants, the alarm signal was delayed until 12 min after impact in WTC 1.•The telephone circuits and the notification appliance circuits were not required to have the same performance requirements as the signaling line circuits.•Attempts were made to use the firefighter telephone systems in WTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001; however the system was not functioning.•Although the fire alarm systems in WTC 1 and WTC 2 used multiple communication path risers, the systems experienced performance degradation, especially in WTC 1 where all firealarm notification and communication functions appear to have been lost above the floors ofimpact.Draft for Public Comment Executive Summary •The fire alarm system installed in WTC 7 sent to the monitoring company only one signal indicating a fire condition in the building on September 11, 2001. This signal did not containany specific information about the location of the fire within the building.E.4 SMOKEMANAGEMENTSubject experts at Hughes Associates, Inc., under contract to NIST, evaluated the design and installation of the smoke management systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7, reviewed applicable codes and standards, and documented the normal operation of the fully functional smoke management systems and their potential effect on smoke conditions in WTC 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001.The review of building codes and standards determined those that were applicable to WTC 1, 2, and 7. Specifically, the versions of BCNYC that applied and the local laws that were enacted which pertain to smoke management are presented. This review was used as a basis for documenting building designs and evaluating system performance. Descriptions are provided of the basic architecture of each building as it pertains to the establishment of smoke control zones, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) components and layout relevant to smoke management, and sequences of operation of smoke management systems (i.e., activation of fans and positioning of dampers to control airflow during smoke control operations).Smoke management system performance of WTC 1 and WTC 2 was evaluated based on the understanding of the systems developed during the design reviews. Analysis was performed using industry-accepted software to analyze the interaction between the building and the HVAC systems to determine the extent to which building pressures could be maintained in order to control or prevent the spread of smoke from a zone of fire origin to the rest of the building. The ability of the documented smoke management system to perform under typical design fire scenarios was analyzed along with the ability of the – assumed to be fully functional – system to perform given the damage sustained and the extreme fire/smoke conditions that developed as a result of aircraft impacts on the building.In order to more fully understand the potential impact of smoke management systems within high-rise buildings, multiple smoke management strategies, design fire scenarios, building configurations and weather conditions were analyzed. In total, a set of 180 simulations were performed, and results were evaluated.The following are findings from the evaluation of the smoke management systems:•The smoke management systems in WTC 1 and WTC 2 were not initiated onSeptember 11, 2001.•Had the smoke purge sequence been initiated in WTC 1 or WTC 2, it is unlikely the system would have functioned as designed, due to damage caused by aircraft impacts.•WTC 1 and WTC 2 were not required by the 1968 BCNYC, as amended by Local Law 5 and Local Law 86, to have active smoke and heat venting and/or stair pressurization because theycontained automatic sprinklers throughout.Executive Summary Draft for Public Comment •Even if fully operational, none of the potential smoke management systems evaluated would have prevented smoke spread given the damage caused by aircraft impact.•During the events occurring on September 11, 2001, stair pressurization would have been ineffective in improving conditions for occupants trying to exit the building.•Installation of combination fire/smoke dampers in HVAC ductwork, which was not required in WTC 1 or WTC 2, may have acted to slow the development of hazardous conditions on theuppermost floors of the building, but would likely not have had a significant effect on theability of occupants to egress the building due to the impassibility of the exit stairways.。

物联网中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译Internet of Things1.the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of "material"Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1. Receiver have the appropriate information;2. Have a data transmission path;3. Have a certain storage capabilities;4. To have the CPU;5．To have the operating system;6. Have specialized applications;7. Have a data transmitter;8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.3. "Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors, mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks .Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.5．changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the "Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6．BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "Technology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International TelecommunicationUnion released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S. business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet"strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment, and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world."Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention.The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensoris the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7．PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventional thinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In theera of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature. 8．Agency1, institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: "objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.9．ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design andresearch and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10．key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1) RFID;(2) sensor network;(3) The M2M;(4) integration of the two.11.TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the datacollection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one ofthe dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology, or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymericintegrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government, public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care, personal health, floriculture, water monitoring, food traceability, enemy detection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot something; clothes will "tell" washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field, for example, a logistics company, application of Things truck, when loading overweight, the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining , the severity of goods with how to tell you; when handling staff unloading a cargo packaging may be shouting "throw you hurt me", or "My dear, you do not get too barbaric, you can?"; when the driver and others gossip, trucks will pretend boss's voice roaring "stupid, the grid!Internet of things to make full use of a new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among, specifically, is embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water systems, dams, oil and gas pipelines, etc.kinds of objects, and then "Internet of Things" with the existing Internet to integrate and realize the integration of human society and the physical system, which in this integrated network, there is the ability to super-powerful central computer cluster, integrated network staff implementation of real-time management and control of the machinery, equipment and infrastructure, on this basis, the human can be more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to achieve the status of the "wisdom", to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve human the relationship between the natural.。

论文外文翻译指导日志

论文外文翻译指导日志
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。

征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。

外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。

如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。

译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。

主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。

一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。

忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。

通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。

毕业论文的外文翻译是什么

毕业论文的外文翻译是什么在如今全球化的时代，毕业论文的外文翻译变得越来越重要。

由于不同学术领域与研究主题在全球范围内的广泛交流，外文文献往往成为毕业论文写作的重要参考资源。

毕业论文的外文翻译不仅能够扩充研究数据来源，还能加深理解并对比国内外研究现状以提升研究质量。

本文将探讨毕业论文的外文翻译的定义、目的以及相关注意事项。

外文翻译的定义和目的毕业论文的外文翻译是指将英语、法语、德语、俄语或其他外文献的内容翻译成中文的过程。

它的目的是使学术研究者能够更好地理解和应用外文文献，以支撑他们的研究工作。

通过对外文献的翻译，学术界可以顺利进行国际交流与合作，拓宽知识视野。

研究者也能为毕业论文提供全球范围内的最新研究成果，提高论文的学术水平。

注意事项在进行毕业论文的外文翻译时，以下几个注意事项应牢记于心：1.准确性和可信性：翻译的准确性和可信性是首要关注的问题。

翻译者必须确保所翻译的内容与原文的意思保持一致，并尽量使用准确和专业的词汇。

对于生僻词汇或特定领域的术语，可以借助专业工具或咨询相关领域的专家以确保翻译的准确性。

2.语言风格的调整：毕业论文的外文翻译需要根据中文写作的习惯和规范进行语言风格的调整。

例如，外文中可能使用了复杂的句子结构或文化隐喻，翻译时应尽量使用简明清晰的中文表达，以确保读者能够准确理解研究内容。

3.文化背景的融入：语言与文化密不可分。

在外文翻译过程中，翻译者需要了解原文所处的文化背景，并适当融入到翻译中。

这样才能确保翻译的内容在目标文化中具有更好的可读性和可理解性。

4.保护原文作者的权益：毕业论文的外文翻译要尊重并保护原文作者的权益。

在翻译时，应注明原文出处，以遵守学术诚信规范，并尽量避免篡改、删减或误解原文的意思。

如果有需要，可以适度加入个人的理解或注释，但必须清晰标注为个人观点。

5.翻译工具的利用：在进行毕业论文的外文翻译时，可以利用翻译工具辅助翻译。

然而，机器翻译并不能完全取代人工翻译的重要性。

外文文献翻译方法与技巧

外文文献翻译方法与技巧
翻译外文文献可以为学术研究提供重要的支持，以下是一些翻译方法和技巧：
精读原文
在翻译外文文献之前，先要精读原文并理解文本内容和结构，这可以帮助翻译者确定文本的主题和重点。

同时，熟悉文本的语言风格和词汇也非常重要，可以帮助翻译者更好地理解并翻译文本。

注重语言风格
不同的外文文献可能有着不同的语言风格和表达方式，翻译者应该注重语言风格的翻译，尽可能地保持原文的表达方式和文化背景，同时也要注意译文的可读性。

注意文化差异
在翻译外文文献时，注意文化差异也是非常重要的。

不同的国家和地区有着不同的文化背景和惯，翻译者应该根据文本的背景和主题灵活运用词汇、表达方式和文化隐喻等，让译文更符合文化差异和读者的惯。

使用辅助工具
在翻译外文文献时，辅助工具可以帮助翻译者提高翻译效率和准确率。

例如，使用翻译软件可以帮助翻译者快速翻译大量文本，但需要注意软件翻译的准确性和语言风格是否符合需求。

查看参考文献
在翻译外文文献时，参考文献可以为翻译者提供重要的帮助。

翻译者可以查看相关的研究文献和资料，了解行业和学术领域的相关术语和表达方式，提高翻译的准确性和专业性。

总之，翻译外文文献需要翻译者具有良好的语言能力和专业知识，同时秉承着精读原文、注重语言风格、注意文化差异、使用辅
助工具和查看参考文献的翻译方法和技巧，才能提高翻译质量和效率。

毕业论文的外文翻译要求

毕业论文的外文翻译要求毕业论文是学生完成学业的重要标志，而其中的外文翻译部分更是为了提供更全面的学术支持和国际交流。

为了确保翻译的准确性和专业性，我们有一些明确的要求和规定。

一、译稿准确性要求1.1 语义准确：译稿应准确地传达原文的含义，翻译词语和句子应与原文相对应，确保不出现歧义或误解。

1.2 文法准确：译稿应符合外语语法规范，句子结构要清晰连贯，语法错误应予避免。

1.3 词汇准确：译稿应使用准确的词汇，能够准确表达原文中的专业术语和概念。

1.4 表达准确：译稿应能充分表达原文作者的意图和观点，不改变原意，不添加任何无关信息。

二、格式要求2.1 页面设置：译稿与正文部分应保持一致，包括页边距、字体、字号和行间距等方面。

2.2 段落格式：译稿应采用适当的段落划分，确保内容结构清晰，段落之间应有明显的过渡关系。

2.3 标点符号：译稿中的标点符号应准确无误，与原文保持一致。

2.4 图表翻译：如原文中包含图表、图片等内容，应准确翻译并清晰插入，保持与原文的对应关系。

三、语言风格要求3.1 学术性语言：译稿应以学术性的语言进行表达，避免使用口语或俚语词汇。

3.2 表达简明：译稿应尽量使用简明扼要的语言，避免冗长和啰嗦的表达。

3.3 文体恰当：译稿应根据原文的文体特点，保持与之一致的语言风格，如正式、客观等。

3.4 遵循学科要求：根据不同学科的要求，译稿应遵循相应的学科规范和术语。

四、参考文献要求4.1 引用准确：如译稿中涉及引用原文中的内容，应准确标注出处，遵循学术引用规范。

4.2 参考文献著录：如译稿中有参考文献部分，应按照规范的著录格式进行排版，确保引用的准确性。

4.3 翻译标注：如译稿中对参考文献进行翻译或添加注释，应将其清晰标注，以区分原文与译文。

总结：毕业论文的外文翻译要求是多方面的，从译稿准确性、格式要求、语言风格要求到参考文献要求，都需要学生严格遵循。

合理的格式和清晰的语言表达是展示学术水平和专业素养的重要方面，而译稿的准确性更是毕业论文的基石。

外文翻译原文

Applications of magnesium alloys1 the automotive industryWith the rapid development of science and technology, modern automobile manufacturing material composition changed, the proportion of dense material, low density materials have dramatically increases.In the 1990s, the car from the lightweight, environment-friendly materials to the development trend of the increasingly clear direction, aluminum, magnesium alloys are materials become more widely used.According to the calculation, car every hundred kilometres 100kg, reduced quality can save petrol 0.3 L, every 10% lower quality of the car, he can reduce automobile emissions of 10%.And the related car lightweight technology into the 21st century automobile development frontier and hot.Auto lightweight aims to increase automobile fuel economy and improve the safety car.One of the important ways to lightweight is required in order to ensure the intensity and rigidity of lightweight materials selection, magnesium alloy under is the most ideal lightest metal structure material, thus become automobile reduce weight to improve its energy conservation and environmental protection material of choice.At present, the application of magnesium in the bus is: every car between changes in 17kg 0.5 ~, average 3kg/car is about.This number may be in the future is increasing rapidly, magnesium alloy will become the main components of the car.In the U.S., many automobile parts using magnesium alloy casting production, in some models for magnesium consumption is big 4 / 26.3-5.8 kg.The famous auto companies such as general motors and ford, Chrysler, in the past ten years has been committed to the new magnesium alloys and steering clutch, intake, and lighting grippers automotive components etc, development and application effect is very obvious.German vw created the world's economy, one of the car body 1L car than aluminum alloys using space frame, in addition to its 13kg light body shell, gearbox shell, pump seat is made with magnesium alloy frame, etc.Audi car company first launch magnesium alloy die casting instrument. The use of AudiA62.8 Audimultitronic stepless/manual transmission using magnesium alloy enclosure, one-piece total weight than Tiptronic 27kg light.Currently V olkswagen (VW) Passat, AudiA2, A4 and magnesium consumption reached A6 14kg/Taiwan. Japan's Toyota first create magnesium alloy wheels of automobiles, CAM cover parts.Toyota automobile steering with airbag, after using AM60B quality magnesium alloy die-casting, quality of steel products than in the past, stock respectively, and reduced by 15% and 45% steering system vibration.But with the Australian industry ministry mitsubishi, develop deluxe engine. Magnesium applications in automotive industry in China. Shanghai, faw, no.2, changan auto company in research and development and application of magnesium in auto field play an important role.Magnesium in the car, has the following advantages:1) used to be the lightest metal magnesium metal: the proportion of aluminum, zinc 2/3 of less than 1/4, steel or iron 1/4, containing 30% for the glass fiber and magnesium, polycarbonate composite proportion of no more than 10% of it. Thus the use of magnesium alloys can effectively reduce automobile quality.2) than high strength: experiments showed that the intensity of magnesium alloy and stainless steel than than high. So don't reduce parts under the condition of magnesium alloy castings and strength than aluminum casting about 25% weight.3)thermal conductivity：Although the thermal conductivity aluminum alloys, but less than steel double than plastic materials, 10 times higher. Therefore magnesium alloys are widely used in casting automobile wheel, can effectively, provide brake friction heat out braking stability.4) easy machining：Magnesium is very easy, machining, without the cooling liquid lubricant, under the condition of high load processing, can get clean processing.5) to vibration and impact absorption performance is good:The vibration energy absorption of magnesium alloys using ability, in the drive and transmission components can reduce vibration. At the same time, in the steering wheel and seat in the car using magnesium alloy after collision can absorb the impact energy is very good.6) fight depression and other properties: magnesium metal distortion ability, compared to the impact of less than other metals.7) good welding and casting of magnesium alloys melting performance: the latent heat and heat capacity and low alloy melt, than less energy and curing speed, low viscosity, dynamics, casting mould filling better than aluminum alloy die-casting production cycle is short, easily forming thin-walled structure. The affinity with iron and magnesium, quenching iron capacity is low, service mode, mould easily than aluminium alloy high 2.3 times.8) easy recycling: magnesium recovery can be directly melting, casting and then reduce its mechanical properties.Compared with other metal alloys, low melting point, heat fuses in small, renewable energy is consumed during the new materials consumed energy of 4%. In addition, the electromagnetic shielding alloys, good appearance. Magnesium is the most potential auto structural materials, the 21st century will be a magnesium applications with the rapid development of The Times, the significant weight loss of energy saving effect, reproducible and can be recycled and dimension stability of casting and aseismic characteristics, automobile industry of the world.2 communication electronics industryElectronic information industry due to the development of the market for digital electronic communication, and highly integrated products, light and recycling of increasing demands. When the window is more and more big, the function, the more hours more volume of mobile phone housing demand higher intensity, magnesium, and replace plastic under-voltage senior texture. For power is more and more big, the thickness of the thinner notebook computer, fever is a big problem.And the cooling performance, magnesium good soon become this kind of product selection of material shell. For example, thin cast magnesium alloys have excellent performance and its die-casting wall thickness of 0.8-1.5 mm, and maintain the strength, stiffness and impact resistance. Therefore, in the parenchyma, lightweight, impact resistance, electromagnetic shielding, cooling and environmental protection requirement, magnesium became the best choice of the manufacturer. In recent years, the electronicinformation industry of magnesium consumption increase sharply, it has become the global magnesium consumption of another important factor.At present, in the areas of 3C magnesium applications are almost cast magnesium alloys. Magnesium die-cast by AZ (Mg - A1 - Zn) series, this series has good comprehensive mechanical properties, casting properties and corrosion resistance, the highest yield strength, is the most widely used in die casting Mg, one of the most widely used 3C products of AZ91D for. Japan's first will die for 3C product, early in 1991-1995, IBM Japanese companies after years of effort, successfully in seven kinds of notebook computers used on magnesium alloy die-casting shell. This method is the most mature and 3C product in the most widely used methods.3 weapons and equipmentQuality is the impact weapons achieve rapid reaction ability of the battlefield, so, one of the main factors of modern high-tech war for weapon and equipment quality index proposed extremely stringent requirements. Developed countries all expensive, lightweight materials and structure of research of advanced manufacturing technology, in order to reduce weapons, improve the quality of weapon equipment, increase flexibility with elastic and field support system, improve the weapons and dosage of survival and combat soldiers battlefield.Low density of magnesium alloys are the lightest, metal structure material, it has the strength, stiffness and fatigue strength is high, high damping suspension performance, can withstand the tremendous impact load and electric conductivity and thermal conductivity, magnetic shielding, machining and forming technology, excellent polishing performance, easy to recycle and so on a series of advantages, is the ideal weapon lightweight materials.In recent years, the United States and western military power has begun to magnesium.Alloy material used to weapons equipment and related platforms, developing very rapidly. Magnesium alloy material within a period of time in the future, there may be more than aluminum alloy material, become the weapon equipment in one of the most widely used metal structural materials.In the weapon equipment, the applications of magnesium alloys mainly confined in aviation, ing magnesium alloy production of aerospace, main components: aircraft parts, plane wall panels, rigging, gasoline and fuel oil system components, partition, fuselage rack, plane truss, ribs, long CangTi every box, fighter aircraft cockpit cabin, pilot seat, operating system and bearings, aircraft landing rocker outside, the wheel hub, rim, aircraft motor shell, pump shell, instrument shell of castings, high air-sealed members and various accessories, organized the wing aircraft engine parts, rib, casting, centrifuge magazine, front after reducer, supporting shell and magazine cover, the shell after the helicopter engine speed reducer, computer magazine, magazine before the jet engine turbine compressor magazine, supporting shell, magazine, centrifuge cartridge into the qi, hydraulic device shell, Satellites and space probe, satellite Angle, bracket, bushings, beams and t-tube stent, fittings, and satellite antenna structure, space station frames on the pieces.In recent years, except in the military and civil aircraft and aircraft engine on the magnesium alloy material, abroad, in other applications of weapons are increasing. In the light, America has been used in portable firearm stents will magnesium, solo withcommunications equipment.U.S. manufacturing Racegun (strong propellant, advanced combat with handguns) trigger parts using magnesium alloys, quality, reduce rf time reduced by 45%, American ideal solo OICW combat system (comprehensive) shell adopts magnesium, quality components GMBH &co 6.37 8.17 from below, Hanter Firearms LNC M39M1 pistol with magnesium alloy QiangJi parts. Russia's production POSP6 x 12 guns with zoom lens shell adopts magnesium alloys, observations of magnesium alloy by Germany, the bottom, pistols gunstocks sub-machine gun, France WK50 type anti-tank QiangLiuDan application of magnesium alloys, an all-missile quality 800g only.In the gun and ammunition, Germany AMX magnesium alloy by the CN105F1-30 XianTang type of gun tube sheath, British 120mmBATL6Wombat recoilless antitank guns used alloys, greatly reduced, and the quality of the M8-0.5 the rifle, total quality 308kg before, Israel has played for times caliber shelling magnesium missile shell, either.In a chariot, American land raider buggies AAA V WE43A magnesium alloy by dynamic transmission gears, case. W274A1 type magnesium alloy by military jeep body and bridge shell, significantly reducing the quality, good flexibility and YueYeXing, four soldiers can lift it, some modifications are mounted cannon, became the most without recoil pocket of self-propelled guns.。

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通过修改冲压模具来提高汽车表面质量
Se-Ho Kim
汽车工业学院,机械工程师,大邱大学,Jillyang Gyeongsan,Gyeongbuk,712-714、
韩国

摘要
：本文阐述的是利用一个前端模块（FEM）使汽车制造的母体上的成员体

的冲压模具设计变更为高强度钢板，以提高产品表面质量。在抽签试验阶段可以
观察到产品由一个小的缺陷而造成的裂纹。有限元分析是针对整体几何的容纳范
围要包含复杂的形状体。重点分析的是接触时处于工具和空白纸之间在检查过程
中存在的金属流动的现象。模拟结果表明，初步的设计是利用多余的金属和不规
则工具的接触进行试验，得出最后结论。本文提出三种工具修改的指导方案。首
先是增加压边力，二是在近临界区域压料面添加粘结剂，以增加吸引力，三是修
改工具形状如压花工具,以便吸收多余的金属。采用改进的模拟结果设计充分表
明，所提出方法可消除部分表面缺陷，保证了改善表面质量。

关键词
：表面质量；工具设计改造；前端模块(FEM)载体

1、引言
汽车工业不断作出了努力开发外观质量好、表面质量以及耐受性高,性能优
越,碰撞安全性等产品。最近，高强度如TRIP和 DP钢已获得使用验收，汽车车
身部件和构件形状变得更复杂，因为要满足两个汽车相互冲突的要求：一是重量
减少了燃油经济性和改进耐撞性评估。如有起皱缺陷及在外观表面裂纹是在制造
故障指示过程中产生。二是对冲压件规定了严格的标准，为了部分厂商本着对身
体负责的模具设计和观点成形性使加盖产品质量得到了提高[1-3]。
前端模块(FEM)是一种模块化装配，它由缓冲器梁、头灯、散热器,承运人等
组成。它的作用在于控制前纵梁和挡泥板停机坪前端成员的连接。有限元法上的
一个成员由注塑冲压后，是为了使板材联合支架。对于插入注塑成型，形状精度
必须严格执行在整个领域。造成这一个局部劣势的可能性非常高,因为在总长度
几乎一样产品在车宽和肩膀部分有一个非常小的比例，如长度半径。

在本文中，进行设计修改出冲压模具成员的过程中，基于仿真的方法，以提
高表面质量。该分析通过开展商业软件LS- DYNA3D[4]。仿真与最初的设计揭
示的变形机制和小皱纹的原因在小面积开发。然后，以工艺参数为准则，提出了
修改按三种方式的有限元分析：空白夹持力，绘制珠和工具的形状。有限元分析
证实，外形设计和修改工具可以提高最终产品的表面质量
2、有限元分析,得出初步设计

2.1 有限元分析条件
有限元载体的成员与表面上的问题在该成员在侧壁产生冲压缺陷表现在图
A和B
，这种表面缺陷一直没有消除，不管在试模阶段，还是在工具的制作过程。
其长度，高度和最小半径分别为1400，330和1.5毫米。在有限元载体上的成
员是由一群五个阶段形成的空白，包括平面绘画过程，切边，冲孔，翻边和重燃
操作。分析只考虑了第一次试验阶段，因为表面缺陷在第一阶段产生，并保持在
最终产品中。图 3表示的是工具有限元模型和空白的冲压工艺分析。由于非常
高的长度肩径比，分析需要两个工具的要素和空白很多。有限元网系统包括空白
和17862点、17514元素的工具，同时还有52113点和34750元素。

图一、上成员的前端模块载体

图2、边墙表面的劣势在喷漆后(A)和(B)
图3、工具和有限元模型的毛坯进行的分析冲压工艺

图4、比较变形形状的冲压工艺(1)分析的结果(2)试验的结果
分析中使用的材料镀锌钢板SGARC350流变应力表示为¯¯σ= 639(ε+ 0.01)
兆帕和0.255的兰克福德值是1.6，假设的板料正常各向异性。这最初的厚度的
空白0.6mmand库仑摩擦系数在接触界面为0.15。在最初的设计中， 400千牛
施加压边力和R-型自适应网格系统是采用了接触的准确描述方式, 因为该元素
的大小是采用空白大于肩的模具半径。进行分析过程分两个阶段：第一是注入粘
结剂过程，第二个是冲压成型过程

2.2、通过分析结果的初步设计
有限元仿真使用明确的" 555 "集成电路在分析条件下部分阐述了2.1。仿真
结果表明，接触病态形式的条件在于改善工具使表面的缺陷得到最初的设计。在
图四中变形形状进行了比较实验。图5给出了表面缺陷，通过冲压工艺中产生仿
真结果，预测了变形趋势。

小起皱可以被解释为不规则接触在冲压过程中的结果。图6代表接触条件之
间的空白和工具时，冲头行程为73.5毫米。正如图所示，不空白接触的冲头在
上表面均匀初始阶段的形成过程。由于绘图比例是非常大，在上表面接触的地方
不发生，而另一侧有一个缓坡，使间接触冲头产生误差。这种非均匀接触条件和
制约力不足产生多余的金属在侧壁形成。表面缺陷仍然来自空白冲压最后阶段没
有充分拉直在冲压过程中，尽管过剩金属被拉长的拉力在最后不产生作用。由于
工具的过程参数不符合光滑的金属接触，按照最初的设计要求修改工具工艺参
数，可以提高均匀接触和金属流动。

图5、在最终的产品中有限元分析来检验表面缺陷

图6、在设计初期，工具735毫米坯料的横截面
3、仿真工具修改
先前的部分可解释为现象学的原因变形机制分析，在有限的初步设计元素分
析的结果，表面缺陷的发展是由于存在金属流动的不规则接触状态。在这个分析
过程中，提出了三种设计方法是为了消除表面质量缺陷：(1)增加抱合力(2)增加
双牵伸珠 (3)修改工具的形状。有限元分析用于改进设计准则从而改善设计方案

3.1、改造的压边力
压边力从400增加到550千牛为了减少局部起皱。如图所示7（a）中，皱
纹不消除，撕裂的可能性产生在最初设计阶段。结果显示这难以控制撕裂产生的
阶段，虽然压边力力可以控制皱纹在法兰金属流动的区域。
3.2、安装双牵伸珠
第二次修改方案为在附加了粘结剂的缺陷表面安装牵伸珠。图7中（b）代
表形状变形在修改后的设计与侧壁，这表明空白起皱的趋势是明显减少，表面缺
陷在消失，因为增加抑制力量可引起伸珠拉直侧壁多余的金属。

图7、变形形状的改良设计（1）增加空白夹持力（2）增加双牵伸珠（3）压花
图8、形状工具在侧壁吸收压花多余的金属

图9 、在C中初步设计七十三点五毫米冲程的截面
3.3、工装的修改
在第三个修改方案中，冲头形状和模具进行修改，吸收多余的金属，这在发
达国家已经研究。由于最初的设计不作空白面接触的工具，该工具形状需要进行
修改，以便该空白保持与模具表面接触。图8显示在侧壁表面形状工具可以吸收
多余的金属。图7（C）代表的空白变形形状在侧壁设计中修改，这表明表面缺
陷被改善。图 9描绘了横截面形状的空白，并在七十三点五毫米冲程的位置沿
C
进行工具改进设计。这个数字表明，改进设计可以充分吸收多余的金属和引起
缺陷的消除。
图10、用于测量表面几何信息劣势：（一）点和方向;（二）测量方法
图、11 在距离冲面最近的表面的修改设计
从性质上讲为了评估起皱倾向，沿着弯曲的地方来计算通过节点上的空白冲
面距离， P点坐标显示在Q图，C节点在图10所示。通过分析两者之间的接
触距离的偏差值，作为一个冲面表面缺陷的量化指标。图11通过比较接触距离，
来与最初的冲面修改设计，这表明波动的倾向明显降低，而没有一个完善的产品
可避免缺陷。
4、结论
一个方案的设计修改和工具的有限元分析法，提出了改善表面质量可通过消
除有限元分析的表面缺陷。显式弹塑性有限元分析可发现在进行最初设计中缺陷
的原因的形成过程。分析结果表明，空白和工具不规则接触过多引起在该缺陷侧
壁和金属成型区的形成过程。一个方案的设计变更，可以降低一定的起皱。在设
计变更中进行有限元分析，分析结果证实，修改后的设计保证了更均匀变形的空
白并减少失败的可能性比初始设计更加完善。

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