☆艺术品国际流转法律规制研究

论文编号：15180301XXXX 学校代码： 10276 学 号： 12109XXXX

East China University of Political Science and Law 硕士学位论文 MASTER‛S THESIS

论文题目： 艺术品国际流转法律规制研究

姓 名 XXX 学 科、专 业 国际法（全日制） 研 究 方 向 国际经济法 指 导 教 师 XXX教授 论文提交日期 2015年3月20日 艺术品国际流转法律规制研究 （摘要）

专 业：国际法 研究方向：国际经济法 作者姓名：XXX 指导教师：XXX教授

当前国际艺术品投资市场蓬勃发展，中国流失海外珍贵艺术品处于回流热潮中，艺术品国际流转量日益增加， 对艺术品国际流转法律规制进行实务性研究的需求逐渐显现。本文通过比较分析法、实证分析法对美国、英国两大艺术品市场国，意大利、希腊、西班牙三大艺术品来源国，以及国际法中对艺术品国际流转方面的法律规制进行研究，探讨国内及法律规制对艺术品国际流转的限制措施，分析这些法律规制产生的原因，探讨其中的缺陷，并提出完善建议。 首先，定义了本文的研究对象“艺术品”的范畴，根据各国及国际社会为了限制艺术品外流、为了促进艺术品流通、为了保护艺术品的存在状态这些不同目的而采用的不同界定，确立本文研究的艺术品是古董、文物等一部分受到国内、国际法律限制流通的物品。 其次，本文分析了各国及国际社会制定艺术品国际流转法律规制的考量因素，从文化民族主义和文化国际主义的对立主张中寻找根源，最终认为是国际社会的全球性利益、国家利益、艺术品所有人或艺术家本身的私人利益、艺术品本身固有的利益以及市场利益五大利益点才是各国及国际社会在艺术品国际流转中持有立场的归结所在。并且，如何遏制艺术品盗窃、艺术品走私、艺术品非法交易这三大影响艺术品市场健康发展的毒瘤也是各国和国际社会在制定艺术品国际流转法律规制时必然要考虑的方面。 再次，本文对当前艺术品主要市场国和艺术品主要来源国的国内法律规制，国际法中包括多边协定和双边协定中的法律规制，以及中国对于艺术品进出口的法律规制进行比较研究，发现当前艺术品国际流转法律规制中主要存在两大方面的缺陷：一是国际公约的作用在规范艺术品国际流转中的作用不明显。因为国际公约没有溯及力，不能适用于公约生效以前已经被非法流转的艺术品；国际公约的约束范围只限于其缔约国，但不少的艺术品主要市场国并没有加入公约接受公约的规制；国际公约在制定过程中因为各国存在严重分歧使得某些重要条款措辞含糊、表意不清，导致国际公约缺乏执行力和约束力。二是各国在盗窃、侵占等非法流通艺术品的所有权归属及善意第三人的保护问题上存在巨大分歧，普通法系国家更支持艺术品原所有权人享有对被盗艺术品的所有权，但要求艺术品原所有权人在一定的时效内提出追索；大陆法系国家侧重于保护被盗艺术品的善意购买人，法国规定被盗艺术品追索自被盗之日起计算三年的除斥期间，德国则规定了善意受让人的取得时效制度。这些问题对艺术品国际流转市场能否稳健发展具有重大影响，亟待解决。 最后，本文对于艺术品国际流转法律规制中存在的缺陷提出了两个改善方向。一是统一实体法，通过国际条约和国际组织的模式，对于被非法流转的艺术品的所有权归属等问题进行协调统一。二是落实国际公约，加入互惠和报复措施，制定合适的履约机制，并对缔约国的出口限制措施、服务机构的行动措施等公约条款进行有权解释，加强国际公约的执行力。

[关键词]艺术品国际流转；非法流转； 艺术品所有权； The Study of Legal Regulation in International Circulation of Artworks (Abstract)

Major：International Law Research area：International Economic Law Author：Ni Cai Advisor：Professor Guoyuan Zhang

While in the booming international artworks investment market, a lot of precious artworks of China which was shipped overseas in wartime are available to the market, the international transaction volume of artwork is increasing, the study on the legal aspects of international circulation of artworks is meaningful. Based on the legislated and judicial practice in artworks, the dissertation makes a study of legal regulation in international circulation of artworks. At the beginning, the definition of artworks should be made. Considering the nature of cultural significance of artworks, different country has different delimitation in the coverage of artworks. The antiques, cultural relics and other artworks which were restricted by law for import and export, for preservation of antiques, and for other purpose should be in this study. According to analysis of legislation in international artworks circulation of various countries and international society, Cultural Nationalism and Cultural Internationalism are the source of the legal regulations. And in the final analysis, global interests, national interest, private interest of the owner and maker of artworks, inherent interest of artworks and market interest are the most important considerations. Also, countries and international society legislate to contain artwork stealing, smuggling and illicit trade. Promoting the artwork market development is also in their consideration. From the study of domestic law of main market countries and main source countries of artwork, international law including multilateral agreements and bilateral agreements, and Chinese law in the area, I find two obvious defects in the law system. One, international treaties don’t work well enough for regulating international artwork transaction. Because international treaties don’t have retroactive effect, it cannot be used to artworks whose illegal circulation was happened before the treaties go into effect. Every country has their own interest appeal in the framing of treaty, this leads to vagueness and ambiguity of the treaty provisions and less of execution force. The other, countries have strong differences in the question who has legal title of stolen and occupied artwork. Common law countries tend to protect the original owner, while civil law countries prefer good faith purchaser. In common law countries, the original owner of stolen artwork can demand the return from the third party in the limitation period which shall be calculated from the time the owner knows where to find his artwork. As a civil law country, France gives the original owner 3 years to demand the return, and the time limit is calculated from the time the artwork is lost. Germany has the similar rule for good faith purchaser to obtain absolute and complete title of the artwork. The differences between the countries result in serious consequences of international artwork transaction, and needed to be solved. With the defects discussed above, I offer two proposals for us to move on. One is uniform substantive law. The uniform substantive rule on international circulation of artworks is one of the best methods addressing the conflict of law, which can make balance of the legal interest between original owner and good faith purchaser of stolen artwork. The other is put international treaties into practice. By means of adding reciprocity retaliation measures, which is considered the most appropriate implement mechanism in implementation and enforcement of international law, promoting executive ability of international treaties. An authoritative interpretation of international treaties shall be made to definitude export restrictions of contracting parties, actions and measures of service institutions, and other terms of convention. [Key Words]International Circulation of Artwork；Illegal Circulation；Title of Artwork