英汉语言对比 习题·+答案
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been a garden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( Tess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraordinary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
英汉语言对比练习
Chapter 1Ⅰ. Answer QuestionsDirections: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized?2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized?3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change（形态变化）in Chinese language?4. Why English language is more flexible is word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese?5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences?6. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）?7. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language?8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one?9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms?10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）?Ⅱ. Fill in the BlanksDirections: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.11.综合语的特征是，分析语的特征是。
英汉语言对比考试复习资料
一、单选题1.英语经历了古英语、______ 和现代英语三个时期。
A、中世纪英语B、早期现代英语C、中古英语D、盎格鲁—撒克逊答案： C2.下列汉语少数民族语言地名英译正确是A、雅鲁藏布江 the Yaluzangbu RiverB、乌鲁木齐 WulumuqiC、呼和浩特 HuhehaoteD、日喀则 Shigatse答案： D3.中国新式标点符号诞生的时间是？A、1921年2月B、1919年4月C、1920年2月D、1919年6月答案： C4.英汉缩略词有哪些不同点？A、还原难度B、简而不明C、省时省力D、不稳定答案： A5.How are you Lennox? Good to see you ______ and about.A、upB、onC、downD、in答案： A6.下列哪一组汉语姓氏来源于官职A、姬，云，龙B、司马，司徒，帅C、秦，韩，赵D、石，陶，巫答案： B7.下列汉字由会意造字法造出的一组是A、明武信林B、拉河山森C、忘想小大D、武木林足答案： A8.“pull one's leg”的译文是______?A、扯后腿B、开玩笑C、赶紧，快点D、阻止某人答案： B二、判断题1.综合语的特征是运用词的形态变化来表达语法关系。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确2.分析语的特征是用语序及虚词来表达语法关系。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确3.“我家的后面有一个很大的园，相传叫作百草园。
”该句最符合英语表达习惯的译文是Behind our house was a great garden commonly known as Hundred-plant Garden.A、正确B、错误答案：正确4.汉语句子流散的原因：缺乏形态变化、固定语序、主题突出特点、主语跳跃A、正确B、错误答案：正确5.She is such a trouble-maker that no one likes to be in the same team with her.该句最符合汉语表达习惯的译文是她是个会制造麻烦的人，没人愿意跟她呆在一组。
英汉互译英汉语言对比练习2
英汉互译英汉语言对比练习2英语语言对比练习分析句子内部结构和关系，翻译时注意母语的迁移现象：1. 人到齐就开会。
2.不要人云亦云。
3. 帐单撕碎了。
4. 问题解决了。
5.你再说一个字，我马上走6. 你死了，我去当和尚。
7. 人在阵地在。
8. 人无远虑，必有近忧。
9. 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
10. 我来他已去。
11. 他人老心不老。
12. He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.13. Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.14. But his attack was always repulsed击退by a kick or blow from a stick.15. Kino hurrying towards to his house, felt a surge of exhilaration.分析观察汉语的句式并翻译：1. 他决定去拉车，/就拉车去了。
/赁了辆破车，/他先练练腿。
/第一天没拉着什么钱。
/第二天的生意不错，/可是躺了两天，/他的脚脖子肿得像两条瓠子似的，/再也抬不起来。
2. 原来这婆娘自从药死武大，/哪那里肯带孝，/每日只是浓妆艳抹，/和西门庆作一处取乐。
/听得武松叫声“武二归来了”，/慌忙去面盆里洗落了脂粉，/剥去了首饰钗环，/蓬松挽了个髻，/脱去了红裙绣袄，/旋穿上孝群孝衫，/便从楼上哽哽咽咽假哭下来。
//3. 武松沉吟了半晌，/便出门去，/径投县里来；/开了锁，/去房里换了一身素净衣服，/便叫士兵打了一条麻绦，/系在腰里；/身边藏了一把尖长柄短背厚刃薄的解腕刀，/取了些银两带在身边。
翻译时注意英汉两种语言之间修饰语的差异：姑娘北京姑娘漂亮的北京姑娘年轻漂亮的北京姑娘身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘翻译下面句子，注意英汉两种语言形合与意合的差异：5.All was cleared up some time later when news came froma distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.6.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.7. It has been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would close their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.8. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.9. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.10. Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.11. The present onslaught猛攻/猛击of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.12.He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.13.They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma耻辱/瑕疵that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.14. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly可怕whimsical荒谬than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s bodies while, cl ose at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?15. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.1.说是说了，没有结果。
张培基《英汉翻译教程》(修订本)配套题库(英汉语言的对比)【圣才出品】
第3章英汉语言的对比3.1 英汉词汇现象对比一、试译下列各短语，注意英汉语中词的多义性和搭配能力的不同1. ①soft music②soft life③soft drink④soft goods⑤soft light⑥soft breeze【译文】①轻音乐；②安逸的生活；③软饮料（不含酒精）；④纺织品；⑤柔和的光线；⑥微风2. ①a handsome car②a handsome man③a handsome profit④a handsome compliment【译文】①漂亮的车；②英俊的男士；③一大笔利润；④大加赞赏3.①good results②good food③a good point④a good deed【译文】①好的结果；②符合标准的食物；③有说服力的依据；④高尚的习惯行为4.①poor health②poor food③poor light④poor soil⑤a poor country⑥a poor swimmer【译文】①身体不好；②劣质食物；③昏暗的光线；④贫瘠的土壤；⑤贫穷的国家；⑥不擅长游泳的人5. ①regular breathing②regular customers③a face with regular features④a regular army/soldier⑤a regular disaster【译文】①均匀的呼吸；②老主顾；③五官端正的脸庞；④正规军；正规军士兵；⑤一场彻底的灾难6. ①to cut wheat②to cut cake③to cut finger-nails【译文】①割麦子；②切蛋糕；③剪指甲7. ①to fuel up on food②to fuel up on water【译文】①吃点食物；②喝点啤酒二、试译下列单词和句子，根据汉语表达习惯进行增添1. sorting【答案】分类法2. allergy【译文】（医学）变（态反）应性/过敏性3. measurement【译文】测量法/测量结果4. neutralization【译文】中和作用/中立状态5. modification【译文】修改方案/修正稿6. oxidation【译文】氧化作用7. transmission【译文】传递方式/传动装置8. cycling【译文】周期变化9. programming【译文】程序编制10. magnetization【译文】磁化作用/磁化强度11. mercuriality【译文】易变特性12. substitution【译文】取代作用13. corrosive【译文】腐蚀剂14. dripping【译文】滴注法15. assimilation【译文】同化作用16. relativity【译文】相对论17. lithonephrotomy【译文】肾结石切除术18. memory【译文】存储器19. After the First World War, the mine-owners of South Wales were unable toproduce coal as cheaply as the more mechanized mines abroad, with the result that for many years there was serious unemployment in South Wales.【译文】第一次世界大战以后，南威尔士矿主不能像海外机械化程度较高的煤矿一样廉价出煤，结果南威尔士多年来有着严重的失业现象。
英汉互译英汉语言对比练习2
英语语言对比练习分析句子内部结构和关系，翻译时注意母语的迁移现象：1. 人到齐就开会。
2.不要人云亦云。
3. 帐单撕碎了。
4. 问题解决了。
5.你再说一个字，我马上走6. 你死了，我去当和尚。
7. 人在阵地在。
8. 人无远虑，必有近忧。
9. 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
10. 我来他已去。
11. 他人老心不老。
12. He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.13. Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.14. But his attack was always repulsed击退by a kick or blow from a stick.15. Kino hurrying towards to his house, felt a surge of exhilaration.分析观察汉语的句式并翻译：1. 他决定去拉车，/就拉车去了。
/赁了辆破车，/他先练练腿。
/第一天没拉着什么钱。
/第二天的生意不错，/可是躺了两天，/他的脚脖子肿得像两条瓠子似的，/再也抬不起来。
2. 原来这婆娘自从药死武大，/哪那里肯带孝，/每日只是浓妆艳抹，/和西门庆作一处取乐。
/听得武松叫声“武二归来了”，/慌忙去面盆里洗落了脂粉，/剥去了首饰钗环，/蓬松挽了个髻，/脱去了红裙绣袄，/旋穿上孝群孝衫，/便从楼上哽哽咽咽假哭下来。
//3. 武松沉吟了半晌，/便出门去，/径投县里来；/开了锁，/去房里换了一身素净衣服，/便叫士兵打了一条麻绦，/系在腰里；/身边藏了一把尖长柄短背厚刃薄的解腕刀，/取了些银两带在身边。
翻译时注意英汉两种语言之间修饰语的差异：•姑娘•北京姑娘•漂亮的北京姑娘•年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘翻译下面句子，注意英汉两种语言形合与意合的差异：5.All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.6.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.7. It has been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would close their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.8. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.9. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.10. Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.11. The present onslaught猛攻/猛击of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.12.He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.13.They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma耻辱/瑕疵that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.14. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly可怕whimsical荒谬than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s bodies while, cl ose at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?15. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.1.说是说了，没有结果。
英汉语言对比
英汉语 言对比
静态与 动态
形合与 意合
树状与 竹状
主语与主题
试比较以下的汉英句子，你有什么发现？
只要用功读书，就能提高成绩。 If one studies hard enough, one will … 国庆节七天我们第一天全家人北京路购物。 On the first day of the seven-day National Day holiday, our whole family … 刮风了，下雨了。 It is windy and rainy.
主语与主题
现在请大家通过翻译一下的简单句子掌握这一技巧。 1.I would not believe what he said. 他的话，我可不信。 2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 会上讲了什么，我一点也没记住。 3.He is the best singer. 唱歌，他是最棒的。
形合与意合
思考：汉语也 和英语一样具 有基本句型吗？
形合与意合
在不同语言中，句子内部连接或者外部连接几乎都是用三 中手段：句法手段（Syntactic），词汇手段（Lexical equivalence)和语义手段（Semantic connection)。用前两种手段 连接成为形合（hypotaxis），用后一种手段连接成为意合 （parataxis）。 英语句法结构重形合，句中各个成分的相互结合常用适当 的连接词语，以表示其结构关系。 汉语句法结构重意合，句中各个成分的相互结合多依靠语 义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。
英汉语言对比练习
班级：姓名：学号：序号：
根据相关英汉语言对比知识回答下列问题：
1.英汉语动词在语法意义和造句作用方面有什么差异？此种差异对翻译和第二
语言习得有什么借鉴意义？
2.如何理解英语重形合、汉语重意合？英汉语此种特征对翻译有什么指导意
义？
3.什么是异化和归化？在语际转换过程中，异化原则和归化原则可用于解决那
些问题？
4.英汉语合成构词有什么区别？其各自的特点对于翻译实践有何意义？
5.英汉语语序有何差异？
6.为什么说英语是树状结构语言而汉语是竹状结构语言？此种差异对英汉互译有什么样
的启示？
7.如何理解英语是静态语言而汉语是动态语言？举例说明此种差异对翻译的指导意义。
8.什么是话题和评论？如何理解汉语多话题-评论型句式而英语多主语-谓语型句式？举例
说明。
9.英汉名词的语法功能之间的差异是什么？
10.为什么有些语言学家认为英语是综合-分析语？
11.试从英汉思维差异说明说明为什么英语多物称主语，而汉语多人称主语？
12.英汉定语的位置和词序有何差异？
13.“祈使句+陈述”能表示哪些意义？
14.什么情况下英语要使用被动句？
15.英汉社会差异有何差异？。
英汉语言对比与翻译第2讲课后思考题
课后思考
1. Astonishment and even horror oppressed him.
2. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.
2. There is a crying need for a new remedy.
3. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.
Difference 3
English : Static (静态)
1. She is the best hater I’ve ever known.
2. There is a crying need for a new remedy.
3. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.
出来。
3. The sight of the big tree 我一看到那棵大树就想 always reminds me of my 起了童年的情景。 childhood.
Difference 2 English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal (人称)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
英汉语言对比与翻译 Contrast and Translation between
English and Chinese
Lecture 2 英汉语系统对比与翻译
汉英对比考题版
汉英对比考题版汉英对比考题版第一章导论1. 重要概念对比语言学比较语言学2. 简答3）结合自身实际情况，谈谈你对汉英语言对比学习要求的认识。
3. 论述1）第一讲中图（1）的四个象限分别代表了什么类型的比较？其研究对象分别是什么？第二章思考题一．重要概念沃尔夫假说使用明显不同的语法的人，会因其使用的语法不同而有不同的观察行为，对相似的外在观察行为也会有不同的评价；因此，作为观察者他们是不对等的，也势必会产生在某种程度上不同的世界观。
形合重形式结构协调，让读者和听者分析其中的意义和关系：词有严格意义的形态变化，用词强调“人称”、“数”、“格”等的一致；句子受严谨的主谓结构协调一致的制约，多用或常用关联词语，注重形式衔接，以形显义、以形统意、以法摄神，以形态变化制约句子结构。
意合重意义组合而轻形式结构，让读者和听者领悟其中的意义和关系：词没有严格意义的形态变化，用词注重功能、意义；句子不受严谨的主谓结构的约束，少用或不用关联词语，摆脱形式的束缚，直接表达现实和思维过程，体现悟性的象似性，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。
受事施事化从思维上作深层分析，汉语多用主动式显然受到“主体意识”的影响。
在汉语思维定势中，行为是“人”这个主体进行或完成的，“事”或“物”不可能自己去进行或完成任何行为，再加上汉语言文字上并不具备这种给以“说明”的形态手段，因此表现为广泛的“受事施事化”。
1、汉语缺乏像英语那样的词缀虚化手段，因而常常用比较具体的方式来表达抽象的意义。
那么汉语可采用什么样的手段来表达英语的抽象词义呢？试举例说明。
汉语往往采用如下的手段表达英语的抽象词义：A：动词取代抽象名词He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。
B：范畴词使抽象概念具体化范畴词(category word)用来表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常用的特指手段：What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。
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英汉语言对比 Synthetic vs. Analytic Ⅰ. Answer Questions Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized? According to Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, A synthetic language is “Characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships” 2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized? According to The Random House College Dictionary, An analytic language is “Characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs and changes in words order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.
3. Why English language is more flexible in word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese? Because word order is more connected with the formal changes. If the form change is more flexible, the word order is more flexible. Chinese language is an analytic language, the word order cannot be change at random, in which the relationship between the words are closely related with word order and function words.
4. What is the usual word order in English sentences? What are the nine types of inversion in English sentences? The usual word order in English sentence is Subject-Verb-Object. The nine types of inversion in English sentences include: interrogative inversion, imperative inversion, exclamatory inversion, hypothetical inversion, balance inversion, link inversion, signpost inversion, negative inversion, metrical inversion.
1. 5. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）? English language is featured in its abundant function words, of which is article. Articles are frequent employed. To use an article or not, and to use a definite one or an indefinite one, makes great difference in expression of meaning. Auxiliary are more frequently used in Chinese. Chinese language contains auxiliary for tense, structural and mood. This last category is especially unique in the language for the richness for delineation of emotions, like the letters 呀、啦、哦、嘛、呢，and others.
6. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language? 2. There are five types of formal words, that is: i. article, including a, an, and the; ii. preposition, like on, in, to, for, as, at, of, with, from, across, etc.; iii. auxiliary verb, like will, do, have; iv. coordinator, including and, but, or; subordinator, like unless, after, for, due to, etc. 7. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）? Chinese tone can be used for indicating the change of meaning and is not suitable for expressing the certainty, completeness, independence or finality.
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 1. 11. 综合语的特征是 经常性、系统性的运用曲折形式来表现语法关系为特征的语言，分析语的特征是 分析语的特征是相对频繁地使用功能词，助词和改变词序来表达句法关系，而不用曲折形式来表达。
12. 英语有形态 变化，词序比汉语 灵活 ，但相对 固定 。 13. 英语属于 综合分析语言 语言。 14. 形态变化 、 词序 和 虚词 是表达语法意义的三大手段。 15. 形态变化就是词的 形式 变化，包括 构词 形态和 构形 形态。 16. 现代英语的变化主要包括 性 、数 、 格 、时 、体 、语态 语气 、 比较级 、人称、词性 等变化。 17. 汉语的数量助词有 们 ，动态助词有 着 、 了 和 过 等。 18. 汉语结构助词 的 、 地 、 得 类似于应用英语形态变化，但缺乏普遍性。 19. 英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是 主-动-宾（表） 顺序。 20. 汉语的定语一般放在名词的 后面 ，英语的定语一般放在名词的 前面 。 21. 汉语没有形态变化，少用或不用 关联词 词，没有 定语 从句，名词之前定语的长度 不宜太长 。 22. 汉语的实践顺序和逻辑顺序是按照 由先到后 、 由因到果 、 由假设到推论、由事实到结论 的顺序。 23. 英语的虚词包括冠词 、 介词 、 助动词 、 并列连接词 、 和从属连接词 。 24. 汉语的虚词包括 介词 、 助词 和 连词 。 25. 英语的语音系统由 元音 、 辅音 、 重读 和 语调 组成。 26. 汉语的语音系统由 声母 、 韵母 和 声调 组成
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief. 27. 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。What is right is right, and what is wrong is wrong, no matter a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive he is. 28. 她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。Her ambition is bigger than her sister. She wants to be a super star. 29. 在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必修课。In present China, all the people are practicing Chinese kongfu, which has become a compulsory course in some middle schools in the central part of China. 30. 上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。Some went to college, and some got into business. 31. 这是一部美国的热门影片。This is a hot American film. 32. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。Chou Enlai is elegant and considerate. 33. 如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。We would appreciate it if you can send us the sample and quotation early. 34. 我们大家都看出他能说会道。All of us found him eloquent. 35. 这笔资金注入，将给这个城市带来活力。The capital will invigorate the city. 36. 骄傲使人落后。Pride keeps one from progress. 37. 一把大火把整个村子烧成了白地。The fire has turned the whole village into a ruin. 38. 我们必须阻止陌生人靠近。We must keep the strangers away. 41. 这种结果真让我郁闷。The result really depressed me. 42. 该型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。The new cars are fast, efficient and handy. 43. 新疆产地毯图案新颖，色调雅致，备受青睐。The carpets made in Xinjiang are beautiful and magnificent for their novel design and elegant colors. 44. According to John, my cousin, London was most beautiful then. 45. In three hours we reached Washington monument, our destination 46. Chinese understandably spoke with proud of their achievements in the last decade. 47. I asked him to teach me French. 48. I invited him for a dinner at my home. 49. The earthquake reduced all the houses into pieces. 42 根据我表哥约翰的说法，这个时候伦敦最漂亮。 43 三小时后，我们达到了目的地华盛顿纪念馆。 44 中国人对过去十年取得的成就感到自豪，这是可以理解的。 45 我要他教我法语。 46 我邀请他到我家吃饭。 47 地震把所有房屋变成了废墟。