八年级下学期英语语法
第一单元
现在完成时的重点和难点
一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once 等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／month ／year...，today等)连用。
例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：
①主语＋have / has been＋for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋since从句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。
3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
4、延续性动词的用法特征
樱·Prayer 20:58:28
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.-That's right.
5、终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：
The train has arrived.火车到了。
Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：
(1)他死了三年了。误：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died. (2)他来这儿五天了。误：He has come here for five days.
正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on,
die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型，意为"直到……才……"。如：You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。
樱·Prayer 20:58:44
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.
今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如：
误：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?
二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对"现在"产生的影响。如：
He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)
2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：
Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)
3. 两种时态的区分
(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。如：The film started at 7 o’clock.He has been a teacher for many years.
(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these
days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。
看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？①Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
②How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)
[说明]他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；
(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B) [说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。
三、现在完成时考点例析
现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有：
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一、考查其构成
"助动词have (has) +动词过去分词"构成现在完成时。如：
1. Kate's never seen Chinese films，____ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she
析：陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式，又因Kate's是Kate has的缩写，故选B。
2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)
His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.
析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑问句中，故填hasn't, yet。
3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have 析："so+助/系/情态动词+主语"结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致，又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。
二、考查其用法与标志词
(一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时，常用现在完成时。如：
1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -______you______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish
B. Are; finishing
C. Did; finish
D. Have; finished
2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______
A. Did; surf; surfed
B. Have; surfed; surfed
C. Did; surf; have surfed
D. Have; surfed; have surfed
析：据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时，故1题选D，2题选D。
(二)当句中有"for +段时间"或"since +点时间"等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性动词，若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如：
1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.
A. after
B. before
C. since
D. for
析：主句用的是现在完成时，而从句用的是一般过去时，故选C。
2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent
B. has borrowed
C. has bought
D. has had
析：A、B、C均为非延续性动词，在肯定句中不与表"段时间"的短语连用，故选D。
3. I______a letter from him since he left.
A. didn't receive
B. haven't got
C. didn't have
D. haven't heard
析：据since可知，应排除A、C，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意为"收到某人的来信"，故选B。
三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如：
1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes, I have.
A. went to
B. gone to
C. been in
D. been to
析：据句中的have，排除A，B项意为"去某地了"，C项意为"一直呆在某地"，D项意为"去过某地"，符合题意，故选D。
2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.
樱·Prayer 20:59:26
A. have been in
B. have been to
C. have gone to
D. have been
析：本题句中有"for+段时间"结构，据此可排除C，B项意为"去过某地"，不合题意，D项缺介词，故选A。
四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如：
1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)
析：非延续性动词与"段时间"连用时，除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外，还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型"It's +段时间+since+从句"进行句子转换。故答案为：Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.
2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)
________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.
析：据上题分析，且since引导的从句要用一般过去时，故填It is, since, came。
3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A. lost
B. don't lose
C. have lost
D. is coming
析：因我丢了票的动作发生在过去，而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果，符合现
在完成时所表示的含意，故选C。
(UNIT2)过去进行时
（注意when while as引导的时间状语从句。）
(UNIT3)被动语态复习“三步曲”
被动语态是动词语态的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者。在历年的中考题中,都有一定数量的考查被动语态的题目。因此,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习。
第一曲:掌握被动语态的结构
被动语态由"助动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现将初中阶段常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下:
1.一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+done(指及物动词的过去分词,下同)如:
English is used all over the world.
2.一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.
3.现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.
4.现在完成时的被动语态:have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.
5.一般将来时的被动语态:will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be finished tomorrow.
6.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today.
其它几种特殊句型：
It is said that ……..It is well known that …….It is reported that……..
have sth done
第二曲:掌握主动语态变被动语态的方法
把主动语态变为被动语态时,应走好以下三步:1)主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;
2)主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式; 3)主动结构的主语变为介词by 的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时,by短语可以省略。请看示范:
主动语态:My brother repaired that bike yesterday.
主语谓语动词宾语其余部分
被动语态:That bike was repaired (by my brother) yesterday.
主语谓语动词by+宾语其余部分
对于主动语态变为被动语态方法的考查,主要在句型转换题目中出现。只要能够按照上面介
绍的方法去做,一般是能够做对的。
第三曲:注意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特殊句型
1.含有短语动词的被动语态
一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态。另外,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时,注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:
The old people should be taken good care of.
2.含有双宾语的动词的被动语态
含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾
语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。如:
My father gave me a new book on my b irthday.→
I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)
A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)
3.带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态
带有复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动。同时,如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式,变为被动语态时,必须加上不定式符号to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如: We find English very useful.→ English is found very useful.
宾语宾补
I often hear him sing in his room.→ He is often heard to sing in his room.
宾语宾补
4.有的动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义,这类动词有: wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel等。如:
The books sell well. The food tastes good.
以上四种情况在中考题目中经常出现,同学们在碰到类似题目时,应首先分析属于樱·Prayer 20:59:33
哪种情况,然后再根据掌握的知识来做题。
二、被动语态考点归纳
1. 主动语态改为被动语态时，被动语态应和主动语态的时态保持一致。如：
We speak English . （改为被动语态）English ________ _______ by us.
［分析］此句主动语态为一般现在时态，被动语态也应用一般现在时态，因此，答案应是is spoken。
2. 注意被动语态的谓语结构。
一般现在时是：am / is / are + p.p ；一般过去时是：was / were + p.p ；现在完成时是：have / has / been + p.p；现在进行时是：am / is / are / + being + p.p；含有情态动词的是：情态动词＋be + p.p。
有诗曰：被动语态须注意，谓语不离“be”“p.p”。主谓一致别忘记，“进行”易丢一个“be”。（注：p.p过去分词）。如：
We must take good care of our eyes. （改为被动语态）Our eyes must ____ _______ good care of.
［分析］此句中含有情态动词must，那么，我们根据“情态动词＋be+p.p.”的公式可知，答案应是be taken。
3. 注意句中主谓语的一致关系。如：
Tea ______ （grow）in southeast of China and India.
［分析］此句中主语tea是不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式。而此句说明的又是一自然现象，因此就应用一般现在时态。所以，答案应是is grown。
4. 注意复合宾语的变化。如：
They couldn”t make the cow go. （改为被动语态）
［分析］the cow go 在句中作make的复合宾语。一般情况下，变为被动语态后，宾语补足语的结构形式、所处位置原封不动地保存下来，但make / have / let / see / watch / hear 等后原可省的to要还原回来。显然，此句中，the cow go 中省去的to应还原回来，因此答案应是The cow couldn”t be made to go.
5. 注意双宾语的变化。如：
Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday . （改为被动语态）
Two pictures _____ ______ _____ the students by Mr Smith.
［分析］变为被动语态时，双宾语中的任何一个皆可变为主语，一般变直接宾语，但间接宾语前必须加上介词to或for。此句中显然是把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，那么，间接宾语前须加上介词to，所以答案应是were shown to。
6. 注意短语动词中的“小词”。如：
The old men and the children ____ in our country.
A. must take good care
B. must be taken good care
C. must be taken good care of
D. must take good care of
［分析］短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，应当做一个词来看待，变成被动语态后，“小词”不能丢弃。因此，此题答案应是C。
樱·Prayer 20:59:38
这是上半学期的
樱·Prayer 21:00:36
(UNIT5)直接引语变间接引语
一、句式的变化
1.陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句。〔that在口语中常省略〕
She said,“Our train will arrive in five minutes.”
She said (that) their train would arrive in five minutes.
He said,“I’m very busy.”He said (that) he was very busy.
2. 一般疑问句变成if/whether引导的宾语从句。
He said,“Can you swim,John?”He asked John if he could swim.
The teacher said,“Have you all understood me?” The teacher asked if we had all understood him.
If/whether的用法主要区别点:
a. whether可与or (not)连用I don’t know whether he will come or not.
b.与介词连用：We are talking about whether he will win.
c.与不定式连用：I can’t decide whether to go with you.
3. 特殊疑问句变为由who/what/when等疑问词引导的宾语从句。
George said,“When will you get back from Shanghai,Mike?”
George asked Mike when he would get back from Shanghai
He said,“Where are you going?”He asked where I was going.
4. 祈使句变为动词不定式。〔表示命令时常用tell;表示请求时常用ask。Don’t变为not〕The teacher said to the boy,“Open the window .”The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him,“Don’t leave the door open.”His father told him not to leave the door open.
5 .反意疑问句，变为由if/whether引导的宾语从句。
She asked me,“You have seen the film, haven’t you?” She asked me if/whether I had seen the film.
6. 选择问句，变为whether…or…
I asked him,“Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”
I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
7. 直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语时可用what或how引导，有时也可用that引导。She said,“What a lovely day it is!”She said what a lovely day it was.
She said that it was a lovely day.
二、时态的变化
附：时态不变的几种情况：
1. 如主句谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态。
He says,“I’m very busy today.”He says (that) he is very busy today.
He will say,“I have watered the flowers.”He will say (that)he has watered the flowers.
2. 直接引语如果是客观真理，事实，格言等内容时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
例：He said: “Light travels much faster than sound.” 他说：“光传播的速度要比声音快得多。”
He said that light travels much faster than sound
3. 直接引语是书信、新闻报道等相关内容时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
4. 直接引语说的是一个人习惯的动作时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
5. 转述正在进行的对话时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
6. 直接引语有具体的表示过去的时间时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
7. when 和since 引导的时间状语从句时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
否则：如主句谓语动词为过去时，则间接引语中的动词应由现在时变为过去时
一般现在时→一般过去时一般将来时→过去将来时
现在进行时→过去进行时一般过去时→过去完成时
现在完成时→过去完成时
三、时间状语的变化
now →then last month→the month before toight→that night today→that day three days ago → three days before tomorrow→ the next day this week→that week
next month→the next month yesterday→the day before the day after
tomorrow→in two days
例：She said, “I went there yesterday.” 她说，“我昨天去那儿了。”
She said that she had gone there the day before. 她说她前一天去那儿了。
四、人称的变化
直接引语变为间接引语相当于把直接引语变为宾语从句。因此直接引语的人称要做相应的变化。
①直接引语的主语为第一人称时，变为间接引语要和主句的主语保持一致。
He said: “I will go to Beijing tomorrow.”He said that he would go to Beijing the next day.
②直接引语的主语为第二人称时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。
例：He said to me: “You will leave tomorrow.”He told me that I would leave the next day.
③直接引语是第三人称为主语时，变间接引语时不变。
例：He said to me: “My sister will leave tomorrow.” He told me that his siste r would leave tomorrow.
He said to us: “They want to come.”He told us that they wanted to go.
五、其它变化
指示代词的变化this→that these→those
She said: “I will come this morning.”她说，“我今天上午来。”
She said that she would go that morning. 她说她那天上午去。
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初二英语语法总结大全
初二期末英语必考的十二大语法点 一. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 （1）单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est。 ①单音节单词 small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest ②少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词 clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest （2）以不发音e结尾的单音节单词，比较级在原形后加-r，最高级在 原级后加-st。 large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest （3）以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）单词中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest （4）以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest （5）其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily （6）有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
人教版八年级英语下册重要语法知识点汇总复习课程
人教版八年级英语下册重要语法知识点汇总 人教版八年级英语下册重要语法知识点汇总 1. 否定句型 1) 一般否定句 I don't know this. No news is good news. There is no person (smoke)/not a person/not any person (smoke) in the house. 2)特指否定 He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don't think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right. 3)部分否定 All the answers are not right//All is not gold that glitters I don't know all of them.//I can't see everybody/everything. Both of them are not right. 4)全体否定 None of my friends smoke.//I can see nothing/nobody. Neither of them is right.//Nothing can be so simple as this. 5) 延续否定 You didn't see him, neither/nor did I. You don't know, I don't know either. He doesn't know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of (更不用说) French. 6) 半否定句 We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I know little English. I saw few people. 7) 双重否定 You can't make something out of nothing.//What's done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat.//No gain without pains. I can't help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.
(完整)八年级下外研版下册英语语法
八年级外研版--语法知识部分 时态部分 现在进行时：现在进行时的基本用法： 1.表示说话时正在进行的动作常和now 连用，有时用一个look、listen ,来表now 这一时 间概念。Look! A train is coming .看，火车来了 Listen! He is playing the piano.听，他在弹琴。 2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作但不一定是说话时正在进行。常和at present ,this week ,these days…等时间状语连用。 What lesson are you studying this week?你们本周学哪一课了？（说话时并不在学） 3.现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作.即是说可以用来代 替将来时，但此时，一般要与表示将来时的时间状语连用，而且仅限于少量动词。如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return . sleep Are you going to Tianjin tomorrow? 你明天去天津吗? How many of you are coming to the party next week? 你们有多少人下周要来参加晚会？ 一般将来时:.be going to+ 动词原形~ 对于将要发生的事，或打算、计划、决定要做的事情时，皆以be going to + 动词原形的句型来表示因此此句型有be动词，所以是否用am, is, are ,决定于主语 1.肯定句：主语+be (is, am, are) going to +动词原形I am going to play football next Sunday. 下周日我打算踢足球◇He is going to travel around the world. 他计划周游世界。 ◇They are going to meet outside the school gate. 他们打算在校门口见面。◇It is going to rain. 要下雨了。 2.否定句：主语+be (am, are, is) not going to +动词原形We are not going to have any classes next week. 下周我们不上课。◇I’m not going to be a teacher. 我不打算当老师。 ◇He isn’t going to see his brother tomorrow. 他明天不准备去看他哥哥。 3.疑问句：Be (Am, Is, Are) +主语+ going to + 动词原形 ◇Are you going to be a doctor when you grow up? 你长大了，打算当一名医生吗？ Yes, I am. 是的，我打算当。No, I’m not. 不，我不打算当。 will 同be going to 的用法相同以今天为起点的所有将来时间，如： this afternoon / this evening = tonight / tomorrow/ tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening , the day after tomorrow / next week , next Wednesday / next month, next September / next year. ★“be going to + 动词原形”表示计划、打算、将来发生的动作，常和this afternoon （今天下午），this evening = tonight （今晚），tomorrow （明天），tomorrow morning (afternoon , evening ) （明早，午，晚），the day after tomorrow（后天），next Sunday （下个星期天），next week (下周)，next month (下个月)，next year (明年)等的时间状语连用，前不加任何介词。另外，动作性动词go ,come 和leave 等的现在进行时表示一般将来时动作。 四、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1．比较级：句子表示两者之间的比较时用比较级，其标志词是than, much, a little , even和still等。 e.g. ①Her hair is much longer than mine. 她的头发比我的长多了。②I’m a little older than you. 我比你大一点儿。2．最高级：句子表示三者或多者的比较时用最高级，其标志词是表示范围的in…或of …介词短语。在句子中，形容词最高级前必须加the。 e.g. ①The boy is the tallest in our class. 这个男孩是我们班最高的。 ②Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?
八年级英语语法形容词比较级专项练习
一、写出下列形容词与副词的比较级与最高级形式： long _________ ______wide _______ _______ thin _________ _______ heavy ________ ______ slow _______ _______few___________ _______ short ________ ______ badly ______ _______far __________ _______ quickly ______ ______happy ______ _______careful ______ _______ 二、用所给词的正确形式填空： 1. She will be much ______ (happy) in her new class. 2. The short one is _______ (useful) of the five. 3. His sister is two years _______ (young) than him. 4. This ruler is twice as ______ (long) as that. 5. The _____ (cheap) bags are usually the best ones. 6. Gold(黄金) is much ______ (expensive)than iron(铁). 7. The boy is not so ______ (interesting) as his brother. 8. Jack sings _____ (well), he sings ______(well) than Tom, but Mary sings______(well) in her class. 9. Of the three girls, I find Lucy is _______ (clever). 10. John’s parents have four daughters, and she is _____ (young) child. 三、选择填空： 1.It is _____ today than yesterday. A. hot B. more hot C. hotter D. much hot 2. This line is ____ than that one. A. not longer B. more longer C. much more longer D. many more longer 3. Of the five toys, the child chose_____. A. the expensive one B. one most expensive C. a least expensive D. the most expensive one 4. Which do you like _____, coffee, tea or milk? A. the best B. better C. the better D. best 5. They bet to see who could run _____ in the sports meeting. A. the fastest B. the faster C. fastest D. faster 6. This book is ____ of all.
新版人教版八年级下英语语法聚焦翻译(全)
P4 grammar focus 1、怎么了？我胃痛。下次你不应该吃这么多。 2、Ben怎么了？他伤到了自己。他背痛。他应该躺下休息。 3、你发烧吗？是的，我发烧。/不，我不发烧。/我不知道。 4、他牙痛吗？是的，他牙痛。他应该去看牙医，拍一张X光照片。 5、她应该怎么办？她应该量体温。 6、我应该在上面敷些药吗？是的，你应该。/ 不，你不应该。 P12 语法聚焦 1、我想帮助无家可归的人。 2、你可以请求医院让你去看望孩子们，让他们振作起来。 3、她自愿一去周去那里一次帮助孩子们学习阅读。 4、她决定尝试参加一个志愿者课外阅读项目。 5、马里奥认为，这可以帮助他得到未来梦想的工作。 6、我在制作-些标牌张贴在学校周围。 P20 语法聚焦 1、我可以和朋友们出去吃饭吗？当然可以，那应该是可以的。 3、我们可以看完电影后去买些喝的吗？不，你不能。你明天有一场篮球赛。 3、请你带着狗去散步好吗？好的，但我想先看个节目。 4、请你倒一下垃圾好吗？好的，当然可以。 P28 语法聚焦 1、你看起来很累。怎么了？昨晚我一直学习到半夜，因此睡眠不足。 2、我该怎么办？你为什么不忘掉它呢？虽然她错了，但这没什么大不了的。 3、他应该做些什么？他应该跟他的朋友谈一谈，以便他可以说他很抱歉。 4、也许你可以去他家。我想我可以，但我不想让他吃惊。 P36语法聚焦 1、昨天晚上八点你在干什么？我在洗操。 2、暴风雨来临时她在干什么？她在做作业。 3、暴风雨来临时他在干什么？暴风雨来临时，他在图书馆读书。 4、当雨开始下大时， Ben在干什么？开始卜雨时， Ben在帮妈妈做晚餐。 5、当琳达在睡觉时，Jenny在干什么？当Linda在睡觉时， Jenny在帮玛丽做作业。 P44语法聚焦 1、故事是怎样开始的？从前，有位老人…… 2、接下来发生了什么？这个人一说完，愚公就说他死后他的家人可以继续移山。
人教版八年级英语上学期语法专项辅导与训练
人教版八年级英语上学期语法专项辅导与训练 语法专项I I. 名词：在我们身边存在着形形色色的人和事物，它们都有自己的称呼，我们用来称呼它们的词就是名词，概括来说表示人、事物、地方、现象等的名称的词都叫名词。 一. 名词的种类：名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词，物质名词和抽象名词。 1. 专有名词：专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名词，它的第一个字母必须大写，专有名词前一般不加冠词。 A. 表示人名：Li Bai，Mr Black，Doctor Zhang B. 表示地名：China，London，Zhong Guan Cun Street. C. 由普通名词构成的专有名词：the Spring Festival, the Palace Museum. 2. 普通名词：普通名词指一类人或东西或一个抽象的名标，它可以进一步分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词四类。 A. 个体名词：表示某类人或事物中的个体：student，teacher，car. B. 集合名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体；family，police，people. C. 抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象的概念：music，love D. 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质或实物：water，tea，air 二. 名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词，表示一个用单数，两个以上用复数，可数名词单数前面一般要用不定冠词a / an，可数名词复数是在单数名词后面加“s”或“es”。可数名词复数前不能用不定冠词a / an。 1. 单数可数名词，表示“一”的概念，要用名词的单数形式，表示名词的单数，要在名词前加冠词a或an。 eg：a book，a tree，a shark an octopus，an apple，an egg 2. 复数可数名词：在英语中，如果要表示“二、三、四，……”概念时，要用名词的复数形式，名词的复数形式是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。 A. 名词复数的规则变化。 a. 在一般情况下，词尾后加-s。 books，cups，beds，boys，horses b. 以s，x，sh，ch结尾的词，词尾加-es，读|iz| buses，boxes，dishes，watches c. 以f或fe结尾的词，先将f或fe变成v，再加-es，读|vz| half—halves，knife—knives d. 以o结尾的词，词尾加-es或-s。 zoos，photos，radios，tomatoes，potatoes e. 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先将y改为i再加-es。 cities，families，babies B. 名词复数的不规则变化。 man—men，tooth—teeth，child—children，sheep—sheep C. 有些名词只有复数形式 clothes，trousers，pants，glasses