中考英语专题训练《阅读表达》
中考英语专题训练《阅读表达》 理智使用网络 Surfing the Internet can help open students' eyes and get more knowledge. As a teacher, I encourage my students to use the Internet. In class those students who surf the Internet understand lessons better than the others. Besides, people can use the Internet to write letters or stories and send emails. Many students communicate with their friends online. You can also make friends by chatting on QQ. It is cheaper than calling somebody far away and it's also much quicker. Nearly one third of young people surf the Internet for fun. They like to listen to music, watch films, and go to their favourite stars' websites. But can the Internet cause problems? Some of my students who used to study well at school are now failing exams. Because they spend a lot of time playing computer games. 1. Surfing the Internet can help open students' eyes, can't it? (no more than seven words)
2. What's the writer? (no more than seven words) 3. How can you make friends on the Internet? (no more than seven words) 4. How many young people surf the Internet for fun? (no more than seven words) 5. What do you think of surfing the Internet?
英语的发展变化 How do we know what's right or wrong in English? Languages such as French and Spanish each has an official(官方的)organization that tells you what's correct. But there is nothing like that in English. So what can we do? There is, of course, Standard English. This is the kind of English you read in newspapers or in formal letters. It is also the English you learn at school or in textbooks. However, Standard English is not official English. And unbelievably, linguists(语言学家)think Standard English is on the same level as all other types of English such as Cockney English，Yorkshire English, South African English, Australian English, Singaporean English... And according to linguists, there is no such thing as Standard Spoken English. English is changing all the time. Every year, new words appear and others disappear. Words change too. For example, for many years, the Latin word "agendum" was the accepted singular form and "agenda" was the plural form. However, these days, very few people use the Latin-sounding "agendum"，with "agenda" being the accepted singular form, and "agendas" the plural. Newspapers each has their own style when they write certain things. For example, The Guardian puts dates like "21 July 2011" (with the day first，followed by the month and no commas).However, the news agency Reuters writes them like this "July 21，2011" (with the month first，and a comma(逗号)between the day and the year). Other newspapers have different ways of doing it too. So，as you can see, there's no one "correct" way-there's a variety of ways and each one is acceptable. Next time someone tells you that something is wrong, tell them that it isn't wrong, it is just English. 1. According to passage two, how many ways can you read or learn Standard English(no more than four words)
2. What is the plural form of the Latin word "agendum" in the past?(no more than four words) 3. How does the news agency Reuters write "2016年1月20日"?( no more than four words) 4. According to passage one, what languages have official organizations that tell you what is correct?(no more than four words)
5. What should you do when you face the changes of English?
肢体语言 Body language is one of the most powerful means of communication, often even more powerful than spoken language. People around the world show all kinds of feelings, wishes and attitudes that they might never speak aloud. It is possible to read others around us, even if they do not want us to catch their unspoken communication. Of course, body language can be misread, but many gestures and actions are common. The most common facial expression is, of course, the smile-its function is to show happiness and put people at ease. It does not always mean that we are truly happy, however. Smiles around the world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry. There are unhappy smiles, such as when someone loses face and smiles to hide it. However, the general purpose of smiling is to show good feelings. From the time we are babies, we show unhappiness or anger by frowning(皱眉头).In most places around the world, frowning and turning one's back to someone shows anger. Making a fist(拳头)and shaking it almost always means that someone is angry. How about showing that I am bored? Looking away from people or yawning will，in most cases, make me appear to be uninterested. However, if I turn toward and look at someone or something, people from almost every culture will think that I am interested. Being respectful to people is subjective, based on each culture, but in general it is probably not a good idea to give a hug to boss or teacher. In almost every culture, it is not usually good to stand too close to someone of a higher rank(等级).Standing at a little distance with open hands will show that I am willing to listen. With so many cultural differences between people, it is great to have some similarities in body language. We can often be wrong about each other, so it is an amazing thing that we understand each other as well as we do ! 1. What is even more powerful than spoken language according to the passage? (no more than four words)
中考英语复习方案阅读表达(03)成为优秀学习者生活启示试题
阅读表达(三) 成为优秀学习者+生活启示AHow Can You Become a Successful Learner?Everyone is born with the ability to learn. But whether or not you can do this well depends on your learning habits. Research shows that successful learners have some good habits in common.Creating an interest in what they learnStudies show that if you are interested in something, your brain(脑) is more active and it is also easier for you to pay attention to it for a long time.Good learners often connect what they need to learn with something interesting. For example, if they need to learn English and they like music or sports, they can listen to English songs or watch sports programs in English.This way they will not get bored.Practicing and learning from mistakesGood learners think about what they are good at and what they need to practice more. Remember, “Use it or lose it!” Even if you learn something well, you will forget it unless you use it. “Practice makes perfect.” Good learners will keep practicing what they have learned, and they are not afraid of making mistakes. Alexander Graham Bell did not invent the telephone overnight. He succeeded by trying many times and learning from his mistakes.Developing their study skillsIt is not enough to just study hard. Good learners know the best way they can study. For example, they may take notes by writing down key words. They also look for ways to go over what they have learned.They may do this by reading their notes every day or by explaining the information to another student.Asking questionsGood learners often ask questions during or after class. They even ask each other and try to find out the answers. Knowledge comes from questioning.Learning is a lifelong journey because every day brings something new. Everything that you learn becomes a part of you and changes you, so learn wisely and learn well.1.According to the passage, what can make you become a successful learner?2.How can learners create an interest in what they learn?3.Why is it important to practice using what you've learned?4.What study skills does the writer talk about?5.Are you a successful learner? Why or why not?BA beautiful, expensively dressed young lady came to see the doctor and complained that her whole life was empty: It had no meaning.The doctor called over an old lady who cleaned the office floors, and then said to the rich lady, “I'm going to ask Mary here to tell you how she found happiness. All I want you to do is to listen.”So the old lady put down her broom(笤帚) and began her story, “Good afternoon, madam. I'm a cleaner in this hospital. Now let me tell you something about my life experience. Well, my husband died of heart disease and three months later my only son was killed by a car. I had nobody…I had nothing left. I couldn't sleep; I couldn't eat; I never smiled at anyone; I even thought of taking my own life because I didn't want to live alone in the world. Then one evening a little cat followed me home from work. Somehow I felt sorry for it. I decided to let the cat in. I got it some milk, and it licked(舔) the plate clean. Then it purred and rubbed(蹭) against my leg, and for the first time in months, I smiled. Then I began to think: If helping a little cat could make me smile, maybe doing something for people could make me happy. So the next day I took some rice, vegetables and meat to my neighbor who was sick in bed. Every day I tried to do something nice for someone. It made me feel so happy to see them happy. Today, I don't know of anybody who sleeps and eats better than I do. I've found happiness, by giving it to others.”When she heard that, the rich young lady cried. She had everything that money could buy, but she had lost the things which money couldn't buy.1.Did the young lady complain that her whole life was empty?2.What did the old lady do?3.Why did the old lady never smile at anyone?4.What made the old lady feel happy?5.Who do you want to learn from, the young lady or the old lady? Why?【参考答案】A 1.Having good learning habits.2.Good learners often connect what they need to learn with something interesting.3.Because you will forget it unless you use it.4.Take notes by writing down key words and look for ways to go over what they have learned.5.Yes, because the ways above are useful, I have tried some of them.(答案不唯一)B 1.Yes, she did.2.She was a cleaner in the hospital.3.Because her husband died of heart disease and three months later her only son was killed by a car./She had nobody./She had nothing left.4.Every day she tried to do something nice for someone.5.The old lady. Because she could make herself happy by doing something for people.。
阅读与表达20篇 中考英语初三
阅读短文，根据内容回答问题。
Bullies（欺负）are a big problem in schools. Every week, many children are afraid to go to school. They are afraid they will be picked on（找茬）by a bully. One study found that 52% of children reported being bullied at least once a week. Sixty percent say that they know someone who could harm them. One student was always being teased because he was short. He didn’t like to go to school because he had to face the bullies.Some children choose not to go to school at all so they can avoid the bullies. When they miss school, students fall behind their classmates. A new program is helping put an end to this problem. The program is teaching kids how to deal with bullies. This is helping more children feel safe in school.One school principal is working to end this negative（消极的）behavior. Last year, he decided to let students know bullying is not allowed there. Students are now encouraged to report bullies and stand up for themselves. Those found to be bullies face harsh penalties（严厉的惩罚）.Students at his school participate in a program called “Be Bold.” In this program, students work together to prevent violence. They do skits（小喜剧）and go into classrooms to talk about the problem. They give other students strategies on how to deal with bullies.The principal says that the school has changed since he has addressed (重点提出) the bullying problem. But there are other steps parents can take to help their children with this problem. First, students and their parents should know the school’s rules ab out bullying and what they should do if it happens. Second, children should be taught to stand up for themselves. They should try to resolve issues(解决问题) by talking them out. If the problem continues, parents and children should record each incident. Children should tell someone if they are being picked on. Many children keep bullying a secret. Third, parents should look for warning signs of bullying. These can include cuts and bruises, worrying, wanting to stay home from school, or a sudden drop in grades.(343words)65. Are many children afraid to go to school every week?66. Is the new program teaching children how to deal with bullies or avoid the bullies?67. What do the students do in the “Be Bold” program?68. How many other steps can the parents take to help their children with the problem?69. What is the purpose of the passgae?65. Yes.66. How to deal with bullies.67. They work together to prevent violence.68. Three.69. To advise schools to give students tools to fight back against bullies.八、阅读短文回答问题。
2020年中考 北京中考英语 专题十二 阅读表达
Passage 1(2019北京) Huge Waves Destroying Arctic Ice Faster than Expected Ice covers much of the Arctic Ocean(北冰洋). Some pieces of ice are huge, like moving islands. As temperatures have increased, however, some of the ice has begun to disappear. Scientists have discovered huge waves(海 浪)in the arctic waters. The waves were discovered by accident in May, 2010. Scientist Aleksey Marchenko and his students set out on a trip. They wanted to study the icy waters.
1.When did Marchenko and his students discover huge waves in the arctic waters? 2.Why did Marchenko and his students set out on the trip? 3.What did Marchenko decide to do to keep safe? 4.How high were the largest waves recorded by the navigation system? 5.What is Paragraph 7 mainly about?
重点词汇 increase v. 增加,增长;disappear v.消失;discover v. 发现;by accident 偶然 词汇积累 navigator n.航海者
2020年北京中考英语复习课件专题十二 阅读表达
1.When did Marchenko and his students discover huge waves in the arctic waters? 2.Why did Marchenko and his students set out on the trip? 3.What did Marchenko decide to do to keep safe? 4.How high were the largest waves recorded by the navigation system? 5.What is Paragraph 7 mainly about?
On May 2, the ship traveled east and stopped next to a large chunk of ice around 50 miles from the small island of Hopen. Marchenko prepared to lead his students out onto the ice. “We were ready to go but when I went out, I discovered many cracks(裂缝)around,” he remembers. He decided to move the ship deeper into the ice to keep safe. The farther in they went, he thought, the harder the ice would become. As they pushed forward, however, the ship experienced small waves, and then bigger ones. Soon, the waves broke up the ice around the ship into thousands of smaller pieces.
2020年苏州中考英语题型解题技巧《阅读表达》
2020年苏州中考英语题型解题技巧《阅读表达》解答阅读表达题,阅读是基础,表达是关键。
所以在表达时,首先要注意以下原则:(1)在答题时,总的原则是:能简略回答,尽量简略回答。
(2)书写要规范。
句子开头首字母要大写;标点符号要规范,并且要使用正确;单词拼写要正确无误;单词书写要认真。
(3)做出适当调整。
在回答时,同学们应对照题目,根据需要对句子的人称、单复数、时态、语态、词性、主谓搭配等做出适当调整。
其次,审题时要注意两个方面:(1)看清提问方式。
要分清是一般疑问句、选择疑问句还是特殊疑问句。
(2)要辨别问题类型。
阅读表达主要分为细节理解题、主旨大意题、信息归纳题以及开放性问答题。
考生需判断五道试题属于以上哪类问题,再通过不同的阅读策略高效获取信息,从而得到答案。
一、细节理解题细节理解题是原文提到了某事物、现象或理论,题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。
这类题在原文中可直接找到答案,常用一般疑问句、选择疑问句以及由who, what, where, when, why和how等引导的特殊疑问句来提问。
这类题型的提问方式常为:Do your eyes need everyday attention?When/Where did the story happen?Who put rubbish into different bags?凡是针对特定事实细节的考题,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到相应的文字作为验证。
回答此类问题一般采取寻读法,即先读题,然后带着问题快速阅读短文,找出与问题有关的词语或句子,再进行分析对比,找出答案。
例原文:On the first day of school, our professor introduced a little old lady to us.问题:Who did the professor introduce on the first day of school?思路:通过审题后寻读,考生应回答:A little old lady.二、主旨大意题此类问题主要考查学生概括文章主旨或段落大意的能力,其主要目的是培养学生归纳主要信息的能力。
青岛英语九年级中考阅读表达题型专项练习
第一组A阅读下面短文，完成1至6题。
By day, Jonah Swann is a Reed Academy seventh grader. He takes classes at school. In the evening and on weekends, he stays busy as the 13-year-old CEO of the Kandle Company. Sales of his Christmas candles have been popular, especially leading up to the holiday. But making money for himself is not the goal.It is a long time since he became interested in business. He wanted very much to have hands-on experience. His parents, Mike and Molly Swan, were supportive. A friend of the family bought a candle-making machine toTo get started, Swann had to learn how to use the machine, to make candles and think about how to sell them. He set up a website to sell the candles online.For Swann, making money is not the final goal. He wanted to do the charity for school. “"I don't have muchof a use for the money," he said. “taken his first step to wards this goal. He gave away at least 10 percent of his company’s profits to support study programs at his school. He will gave away much money to a business club——he started it in his school. The club often invites guest speakers who will share their business experience.1. 从文中找出(A)处划线单词it所指代的内容。
山东省临沂市2017-2019年三年中考英语考试试题分类汇编：阅读表达
77. What can we know from the fourth to the seventh digits of a mobile phone number in China?
people, usually aged between 20 and 30,are leaving the country to work abroad 可知，在波兰， 许多人，通常年龄在 20 到 30 岁之间，正离开这个国家到国外工作。
80. In France, women will receive nearly $1,000 a month for a year if they have a third child 根
(2018 • 山东临沂)Have yu ever counted the number of digits(数字）in your mobile phone
number? Your number has 11 digits. You may sometimes find it hard to remember your number.
77.0ne/0nly one. 根据第三段中 “I have one child and she is enough for me," said Galina
Tereschkova 可知，她只想拥有一个孩子。
78. She wanted to work for at least 10 years.根据第三段中 Hana Markova 的观点 I don’t want to
2019届中考英语《阅读表达》专项练习案 人教新目标版
2019届中考英语《阅读表达》专项练习案人教新目标版I used to be the shyest person in the world. I hid behind myolder sister whenever I had to speak to a stranger. When I was askedto speak in class, I could hardly breathe, much less (更不必说)speak.Then, in seventh grade, my sister suggested I take voice lessons. After thinking carefully, I did and tried to keep it a secret.①I began a series of exercises, making sounds so strange that I couldn't help laughing. I learned how to howl (吼叫) like a cowboy and snort (讥讽 ) like an old lady. By playing around with sound in the class, I got confidence in the part of me that had been a point of embarrassment (尴尬 ) before: my voice.A few months later, I was asked to sing for some old people. ②I thought I would do better than before ______ ______ the voice lessons. I opened my mouth and --nothing.I couldn't remember the words! My face turned red.Then the thought struck me: I've embarrassed myself enough in front of this crowd. There's really nothing else to lose. So, for my second song, I just relaxed and felt the energy of the song lift me. And I did much better.After that, I started singing to myself as loudly as I could in my room. That's something I had never done before.I am not a shy person any more. Singing has made me more outgoing. I believe we can overcome(克服) our shortcomings(缺点).1. 将①句译成汉语。
2019年中考英语阅读表达真题训练(含答案)
2019年中考英语阅读表达真题训练(名师精选全国真题+实战训练，建议下载练习)一．阅读理解（共2小题）1．（2017•真题）Book Review by Patricia Ann TurnerIt is school holiday time and Mitch Morrow's family have just moved to a new home in a new place．Mitch can't stop worrying about what his new school is going to be like．He is not even sure about the neighbours．Next door live the Bull family and they have two children，Di and Bruce．The older of the two，Bruce，is a large boy，about Mitch's age．Mitch watches him carry big rocks．He looks really strong and unkind．Mitch gives him the name Bruiser（彪形大汉）because he has a black eye．Did he get it in a fight？Mitch imagines all the worst possible things about Bruiser．He is probably the class bully （恶霸）．In his mind Mitch thinks of him as the enemy．Things seem to get more worring for Mitch．He finds out he will be in the same class as Bruiser．Then on the first day of school he learns that Bruiser is his buddy for the day．This is a lovely story for young readers to read or listen to．It has a wonderful message for all children about facing their fears﹣real and imagined．The pictures in the book catch the worry Mitch feels and make Bruiser really look like a bad guy．My only complaint is the colour of the printing of the text．Why there are pages of different coloured print I cannot tell．They may create problems for children with poor eyesight．I give it four stars．53．Who is the book Watch out for Bruiser for？It's for young readers．54．What does Mitch imagine Bruce to be？He imagines him to be a bad boy．55．After reading the book review，do you think the book is worth reading？Why or whynot？Yes．Because it tells me how to face the fears．．【解答】答案：53．It's for young readers．细节理解题．根据倒数第三段句子This is a lovely story for young readers to read or listen to．这是一个让年轻读者读或听的可爱故事．可知这本书是给小读者看的，故答案为It's for young readers．54．He imagines him to be a bad boy．细节理解题．根据第三段句子Mitch imagines all the worst possible things about Bruiser．He is probably the class bully （恶霸）．In his mind Mitch thinks of him as the enemy．米奇想象了Bruiser最糟糕的事情，他可能是班上的恶霸，在他的脑海里，米奇认为他是敌人，可知可推测他觉得Bruce是一个坏蛋，故答案为He imagines him to do a bad boy．55．Yes．Because it tells me how to face the fears．细节理解题．根据倒数第四段句子It has a wonderful message for all children about facing their fears﹣﹣﹣real and imagined．它给所有的孩子们一个美好的信息，让他们面对他们的恐惧﹣﹣真实的和想象的．可知文章告诉因为它告诉我如何面对恐惧．故答案为Yes．Because it tells me how to face the fears．2．（2016•真题）"Jamila，I just found one dollar sitting on the coffee table，"said Mrs．Johnson．"Is that your money？"Jamila looked up from the book she was reading．"Oops，it's mine．I emptied my jacket pockets before I left for basketball practice yesterday．I was running late，so I didn't have time to take it up to my room．"Jamila placed it quickly in the back of her book and went back to reading．"Jamila，you just put that money into the back of your book．I'm quite sure that you're not going to be able to find it when you need it．"her mother said．"You see，some of your money is in the pencil case on your desk．Some is in the glove hanging behind the door．I think you might also have a few dollars in your bag．You are such a careless girl．""Mom．I'm too busy to take care of my money．"Mrs．Johnson smiled，"It looks like it's time for you to get your own bank account （账户）．""My own bank account？Is it necessary？Kids know little about it．"Jamila replied．The next day，Mrs．Johnson took Jamila to a bank and opened an account for her．The banking manger explained how the money in the account would increase．"The longer the money stays in the account，the more it will earn（获利），"he added．Jamila was surprised to learn that she could earn money just by keeping her money in a bank account．"I wish I had done this a long time ago．"53．Where did Mrs．Johnson find Jamila's one dollar？on the coffee table54．Why was Jamila thought a careless girl？Because he put her money everywhere 55．Do you want to have your own bank account？Why or why not？Yes．Because I think if I keep my money in a bank account．I can get more money．【解答】53．答案：on the coffee table 细节理解题．根据Jamila，I just found one dollar sitting on the coffee table，"可知，约翰逊夫人在咖啡桌上发现了一美元．故填写on the coffee table．54．答案：Because he put her money everywhere 细节理解题，根据You see，some of your money is in the pencil case on your desk．Some is in the glove hanging behind the door．I think you might also have a few dollars in your bag可知，她把钱放在铅笔喝里，手套里，包里等等，所以妈妈说她是个粗心的女孩．故填写Because he put her money everywhere．55．答案：Yes．Because I think if I keep my money in a bank account．Ican get more money．细节理解与读者意图题．根据The longer the money stays in the account，the more it will earn（获利）可知，存钱越久，账户里的收益越大，这会使大多数人都想要开设一个银行账户．故填写Yes．Because I think if I keep my money in a bank account．Ican get more money．二．阅读表达（共1小题）3．（2018•真题）Life offers so many lessons，both practical and personal，that you're never too young to begin learning them．Here are some skills to learn as soon as possible．Money ManagementWhen you start receiving money of your own．It's time to start understanding your relationship with money．In a world where you can buy any and every object，the key is to save money by buying only essentials （必需品）and a treat sometimes．CookingOne great way to save money is to learn to cook for yourself．Beyond that，cooking at home also helps you control your diet for better health．If you start doing this at an early age，you will not have to depend on your parents too much．Keeping Promises：Promises are a matter of honesty and should be made with care．We must learn from an early age that our word must be followed up by action．When it isn't，others will quickly lose trust in us and not respect us．Accepting Rejection （拒绝）Though you must．be careful not to break your word，others' promises aren't always kept．Learn about it early，and you won't be hurt easily．Also，not every job application or desired （渴望的）friendship will work out，so remember that there are more fish in the sea．Lifelong LearningNo matter how old you get，there will always be things beyond your understanding．It's better to learn to be modest now rather than take a proud fall later in life．Be open to new experiences and keep learning．And it's never too late to start．（1）How many skills are talked about in the passage？Five．（2）Which two skills can help you save money？Money Management and Cooking．（3）If one of your friends breaks his promise to you，will you be angry？Why or whynot？Yes，I will．Because promises are a matter of honesty and should be made with care．【解答】1．Five．细节归纳题．根据文章内容及其句子Here are some skills to learn as soon as possible．以下是一些需要尽快学习的技能．Money Management 货币管理；Cooking 烹饪；Keeping Promises信守诺言；Accepting Rejection 接受拒绝；Lifelong Learning 终身学习．可知是五个技能．故答案为Five．2．Money Management and Cooking．细节理解题．根据第二段句子Money Management In a world where you can buy any and every object，the key is to save money by buying only essentials （必需品）and a treat sometimes．在一个你可以买到任何东西的世界里，关键是通过购买必需品和偶尔的款待来省钱．和后句Cooking：One great way to save money is to learn to cook for yourself．省钱的一个好方法就是学会为自己做饭．可知资金管理和烹饪．故答案为Money Management and Cooking．3．Yes，I will．Because promises are a matter of honesty and should be made with care．细节理解题．根据第四段句子Promises are a matter of honesty and should be made with care．We must learn from an early age that our word must be followed up by action．When it isn't，others will quickly lose trust in us and not respect us．承诺是诚实的问题，应该小心谨慎．我们必须从很小的时候就知道，我们的话语必须通过行动来跟进．如果不是这样，其他人很快就会失去对我们的信任，而不是尊重我们．可知是的，我会．因为承诺是一个诚实的问题，应该谨慎对待．故答案为Yes，I will．Because promises are a matter of honesty and should be made with care。
中考英语书面表达技巧 阅读训练策略及练习题(含答案)
中考英语书面表达技巧阅读训练策略及练习题(含答案)一、英语书面表达1．近日，某中学“iPad进课堂”的消息引起了学生和家长们的讨论。
你们学校的English Newsletter正在以iPads, coming into the classrooms为题举行征文活动，请根据右侧表格提示的内容，用英语写一篇征文。
注意：1）表达清楚，语法正确，上下文连贯；2）所写内容必须包括表格中所有的相关信息，观点可作适当发挥；3）词数：90词左右（开头已给出，不计入总词数）；4）不得使用真实姓名、校名和地名等。
iPads, coming into the classroomsCan you use an iPad in the classroom? The answer is yes! Recently, students and parents are arguing about the new teaching method._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________【答案】iPads, coming into the classroomsCan you use an iPad in the classroom? The answer is yes! Recently, students and parents are arguing about the new teaching method.The students don’t think they have to carry heavy bags any more. It’s cool to have lessons over iPads. It’s very interesting to study like that. They believe that they will learn more and better. However,parents think using ipads for too long will influence children’s eyesight. And some poor families can’t afford to buy iPads.I think in some ways iPads are good for us. We can search for information on the Internet at any time. It’s easy for us to chat with our classmates and teachers about our lessons.【解析】根据题目要求，需要书写一篇议论文，探讨iPad进课堂这一现象，以及人们对此的不同观点和态度。