10.Developing a mobile robot for transport applications in the hospital domain
硕士研究生ESP(理工)期末复习
ESP期末复习Unit ⅠDeciding on a topic1.four principles of choosing a topic:①interesting②important③manageable④adequate课后术语Cracker黑客；dumpster diving垃圾搜寻；script kiddies脚本小子；hypertext transfer protocol超文本传输协议；zombie computer僵尸电脑；trojan horse program木马程序；peer-to-peer 端对端技术；compromised computer被感染的计算机；botnet僵尸网络；denial-of-service attack拒绝服务攻击；spam垃圾邮件；phishing网络钓鱼；packet sniffer数据包嗅探器；rootkit隐藏其他程序进程的软件；Formulating a reaserch question(1)a reaserch question serves two purposes:①it identifies the specific objectives your reaserch or your paper will adderss;②it determines the size of your reaserch or the length of your pqper.Writing a working titleTwo things influence the type of the essay:method and content.A typical title is composed of :①subject matter②key wordsof the method ③key words of the content.例：an analysis of psychological motivation of computer hackers.UnitⅡFinding reliable and better sourcesThe sources should be :①recent source materials which give new information andresults of your discipline;②unbiased publications which are more trustworthy;③from writers who are the authorities of a certain fieldand whose works are frequently cited;Scanning and skimmingScanning is the strategy used to look up a specific detail in an entire essay or a book.Skimming is the technique by which you read quickly to get the main points or main ideas, and skip over the detail so that you can decide to read on or give up.The revolution 美国独立战争；the great recession次级房屋信贷危机；pink-collar粉领阶层；A.I人工智能；the bureau of labor statistics美国劳工统计局；Identifying topic sentences for informationA topic sentence consists of two parts：the topic and a comment which is made about the topic. Example: moderntechnology + intrudes into modern men’s fun and relaxation. Game theory博弈论；zero-sum games零和博弈；tic-tac-toe三连棋游戏；the prisoners’ dilemma囚徒困境；Guessing word meaningA context is a sentence or paragraph in which a word or a phrase appears.Dark energy暗能量；cosmological constant宇宙常数；Affix includes prefix and suffix.Nanotechnology纳米技术；nanorobot纳米机器人；nanomachine纳米机器；Using the organization of the textThe common text structures are:①problem and solution: the signal words are : the problemis ,the solution are and so on.②Cause and effect: the signal words are: because, for, dueto, therefore.③Comparison and contrast: in comparison, however, bycontrast.④Advantages and disadvantages: on the contrary, comparedwith.⑤Order and sequence: first, second, then.⑥Description and list: for example, for instance.⑦Definition and classification :the definition is,UV rays紫外线；general circulation model大气环流模型；Reading criticallyCritically reading means:①Recognizing an author’s purpose;②Recognizing tone and persuasive elements;③Recognizing implicit bias;Tone : serious，playful, humorous, somber, angry, tranquil, bitter, confident, ironical,讽刺的，sincere，trustworthy，subjective, objective，informal，The devil take the hindmost落后者遭殃；Ice Age冰川时期;sunspot cycle太阳黑子时期；Kyoto Protocol京都协定书Taking notesContent of a good note includes：①A summary of main ideas and chief findings of the source;②A paraphrase of the important ideas ;③Direct quotations of the key statements;④Author ‘s name, title of the book or article, title ofthe journal, and page ranges.Writing a summary①Read the paragraph or the whole article until you havefully understood it;②Highlight the topic sentences and underline the importantideas, data, the major finding and chief conclusions.③Use your own words to combine these important ideas in thesame order as the original.④Use the author’s key words and phrases but avoid usingthe same vocabulary and structures as the original.⑤Avoid adding your own interpretation or comment.⑥Note down the source of the essay with correctbibliographic form, such as author, year published, article title, journal title, volume number (issue number), page numbers, etc.Unit ⅣWriting a literature reviewA literature review may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay. its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being investigated.Tips:①what has been done?②What hasn’t been done?③What am I going to do?Probabililistic risk analysis概率风险分析；cosmic radiation宇宙辐射；Geiger counter盖革计数器Functions of sentences:①Review the previous related studies;②Announce the direction for the further studies;③State the previous studies’ limitation.例：Sentences①-③: Review the previous related studies; Sentence④: State the previous studies’ limitation.问题参考P142 P145 task1的问题；CitationQuoting : copying the exact words of the author ; Paraphrasing:rewriting what the author said in your own words.Citation consists of two parts: ①citation of the content ②documentation of its source.In-text documentation contains two parts : ①the last name of the author；②the data of their publication in parentheses. Plagiarism is kind of theft, referring to the use of others’idea, findings without appropriate citation and documentation.Appropriate paraphrasing means rewriting with substantial changes in language and organization.Paraphrasing可能出改写，如P159-P169的这些改写方式P153 task 1 可能考判断Unit ⅤDefinitionAn academic essay, also called a research article, consists of the review of previous studies on a particular topic and one’ s own research. A typical academic essay includes five parts, namely, abstract, introduction, body, conclusion and reference.Franken food转基因食品；Two types of researchA primary research paper (survey-or-experiment-based research) is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation, involving presenting original ideas and information on your own.A secondary research paper (library-or-internet-based research) involves gathering and analyzing the research fingdings from other people ‘s research.判断：二手文章不需要creative ideas (×)。
2021版高考英语(外研版)一轮复习课后达标检测：必修4 1 Module 1 Life in the Future
(建议用时：35分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·成都第二次诊断)A team of engineers at Harvard University createdthe first robotic fly. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.“The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of its components is off the shelf and we have to develop them all on our own，” said Robert Wood, a Harvard engineering professor.They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has lots of interdependence(互相依赖) of the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to，”said Wood.While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, offboard power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a builtin power source, so that it might someday perform datagathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around，” he said.Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insectscale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead，”he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a daytoday basis.”【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。
哈工大研究生机器人技术报告汇总
《机器人技术》大作业（2015年秋季学期）题目消防机器人发展与应用姓名学号班级专业机械设计制造及其自动化报告提交日期2015.12.04哈尔滨工业大学内容及要求1.以某种机器人(如搬运、焊接、喷漆、装配等工业机器人；服务机器人；仿生鱼、蛇等仿生机器人；军用及其它机器人等)为例，撰写一篇大作业，题目自拟，以下内容仅作参考：1) 机器人的机械结构设计(包括各部分名称、功能、传动等)；2) 机器人的运动学及动力学分析；3) 机器人的控制及轨迹规划；4) 驱动及伺服系统设计；5) 电气控制电路图及部分控制子程序。
2.题目自拟，拒绝雷同和抄袭；3.参考文献不少于7篇，其中至少有2篇外文文献；4.报告统一用该模板撰写，字数不少于5000字，上限不限；5.正文为小四号宋体，1.25倍行距；图表规范，标注为五号宋体；6.用A4纸单面打印；左侧装订，1枚钉；7.提交打印稿及03版word电子文档，由班长收齐。
8.此页不得删除。
评语：成绩（20分）：教师签名：年月日消防机器人发展与应用一、我国消防机器人的市场需求近年来，我国石油化工等行业有了飞速的发展和进步，生产过程中的易燃易爆和剧毒化学制品急剧增长，由于设备以及管理等方面的原因，导致化学危险品和放射性物质泄漏以及燃烧、爆炸的事故隐患越来越多。
一旦事故发生，假如没有有效的方法、装备及设施，救援人员将无法进入事故现场要冒然采取行动，往往只会造成无辜生命的牺牲出惨重代价，结果仍不能达到预期目的，这方面各地消防及救援部门已有许多次血的教训。
深圳清水河大爆炸、南京金陵石化火灾、北京东方化工厂罐区火灾等事件发生后，全国各地要求配备消防机器人的呼声愈来愈高。
尤其是在明确公安消防部队作为处置各类化学危险品泄漏事故的主力军之后，在我国消防部门配备消防机器人的问题就显得更为迫切了。
二、国外消防机器人发展现状国际上较早开展消防机器人研究的是美国和苏联，稍后，英国、日本、法国、德国等国家也纷纷开始研究该类技术。
domestic robots雅思 阅读答案
domestic robots雅思阅读答案文章：Domestic robotsMachines that look after your home are getting cleverer, but they still need care and attention if they are to perform as intended.Floor-cleaning machines capable of responding to their environment were among the first commercially available domestic products worthy of being called robots. The best known is the Roomba, made by iRobot, an American company which has sold more than three million of the discshaped, frisbee-sized vacuuming robots. The latest model, the fifth version of the Roomba, has more sensors and cleverer software than its predecessors. Press the 'Clean' button and the robot glides out of its docking station and sets off across the floor.Domestic robots are supposed to free up time so that you can do other things, but watching how the Roomba deals with obstacles is strangely compelling. It is capable of sensing its surroundings, and does not simply try to adhere to a pre-planned route, so it is not upset if furniture is moved, or if it is picked up and taken to clean another room. Its infra-red sensors enable it to slow down before reaching an obstacle - such as a dozy cat - changing direction and setting off again.It steadily works its way around the room, figuring out how to get out from under the television stand or untangle itself from a stray Game Boyrecharging lead. Watch it for long enough, and you can sometimes predict its next move. The machine has a 'dirt sensor' and flashes a blue light when it finds things to clean up. Only when it detects no more dirt does it stop going over the same area and, eventually, conclude that the whole room is clean. It then trundles back to dock at its recharging station.So the first observation of life with a domestic robot is that you will keep watching it before you trust it completely. Perhaps that is not surprising: after all, when automatic washing machines first appeared, people used to draw up a chair and sit and watch them complete their wash, rinse and spin cycles. Now they just load them, switch them on and leave them to it.The second observation is that, despite their current level of intelligence, certain allowances must be made to get the best out of a domestic robot. The Roomba can be set up to dean at particular times, and to clean more than one room (small infra-red 'lighthouses' can be positioned in doorways, creating an invisible barrier between one room and the next that is only removed when the first room has been cleaned).A 'drop-off' sensor underneath the robot prevents it from falling down stairs. All very clever, but what the Roomba wilt not do is pick up toys, shoes and other items left lying around. Rooms cared for by robots must be kept tidy. T o start with, children will happily put things away in orderto watch the robot set off, but unfortunately the novelty soon wears off. Similar allowances must be made for other domestic robots. Sweden's Husqvarna recently launched a new version of its Automower lawn mowing robot. Before it can be used, a wire must be placed around the perimeter of the lawn to define the part to be cut. If toys and other obstacles are not cleared from the lawn before it starts work, the robot will steer around them, leaving uncut areas. However, the latest version can top up its batteries with solar power, or send its owner a text message if it gets into trouble trying to climb a mole-hill.But there is still only a limited range of domestic robots. Machines that mop the floor, clean a swimming pool and clear muck from guttering are made by iRobot Several surveillance robots are also on offer. The Rovio, made by WowWee of Hong Kong, is a wi-fi-enabled webcam, mounted on an extending arm, which rides along smoothly on a nimble set of three wheels. Its movement can be remotely operated over the Internet via a laptop or mobile phone. The idea is that Rovio can patrol the home when its owner is away, either automatically or under manual control: in the latter case, two-way communication allows the operator to see and talk via the machine. So you could, for instance, shout at the cat if it is sleeping on your best sofa.Some machines are called robots even though they cannot move around. There is an ironing robot, for instance, that resembles aninflatable dummy: put a damp shirt on it, and it puffs up to remove the creases. Similarly, there are elaborate trouser presses that aspire to be robots. But do these devices really count as robots'1 If so, then surely dishwashers and washing machines do, too.Yet whatever shape or size robots come in, many will be adored. Another important observation from living with a robot is that it tends to become part of the family.'People give them names, and if they have to be sent back for repair, they carefully add a mark to them to ensure they get the same machine back,' says Nancy Dussault Smith of iRobot.题目：Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?Write TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN1 Improvements have been made to Roomba over time.2 Obstacles have to be removed from Roomba’s path.3 Roomba keeps cleaning in one place until it thinks it is dirt free.4 People once found washing machines as fascinating as robots.5 Comparative studies are available on the intelligence of domestic robots.6 Roomba tidies up a room as well as cleaning it.Questions 7-10Answer the questions below.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.7 What is used to mark out the mowing area for the Automower?8 What form of renewable energy can some Automowers use?9 What does the ironing robot look like?10 What do people often put on a robot when it is going to be repaired?Questions 11-13Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.11. holding webcam.12. Wheel design allows easy13. Manual controls give home-owner with robot.Answer:1. TRUE 8. solar power2. FALSE 9. inflatable dummy3. TRUE 10. a mark4. TRUE 11. extending arm5. NOT GIVEN 12. movement6. FALSE 13. two-way communication7. wire。
数据驱动的移动机器人鲁棒高效定位
对提取的特征进行变换，以便更好地适应 模型训练和优化。
鲁棒模型构建与优化
利用训练数据集对模型进行训练， 优化模型参数以提高性能。
根据评估结果对模型进行调整，如 调整模型参数、增加或减少特征等 ，以提高定位精度和鲁棒性。
模型选择
模型训练
模型评估
模型调整
选择适合的机器学习或深度学习模 型，如随机森林、支持向量机、神 经网络等。
结果分析
根据实验结果分析算法的性能指标，如 定位精度、鲁棒性、实时性等，并对算 法进行优化调整。
04
基于数据驱动的高效定位 算法
算法设计思路与目标
思路
数据驱动的定位算法利用历史数据和机器学习技术对机器人定位，以鲁棒性 和高效性为目标。
目标
通过设计高效的数据驱动定位算法，提高机器人在复杂环境中的定位精度和 鲁棒性，同时降低计算资源和能源消耗。
05
总结与展望
研究成果与贡献
提出了一种基于数据驱动的移动机器人鲁棒高效定位方法，能够有效地提高定位 精度和鲁棒性。
通过实验验证，所提出的方法在各种复杂环境下均能实现较好的定位效果，为解 决移动机器人定位问题提供了一种新的思路和方法。
与现有方法相比，所提出的方法具有更高的定位效率和鲁棒性，同时能够自适应 地处理各种复杂的动态环境。
境信息。
因此，需要研究一种鲁棒且高效的定位方法 ，以提高移动机器人的性能。
基于激光雷达（LiDAR）的定位方法是目前 最常用的方法之一，它通过测量机器人与周 围物体之间的距离来实现定位。
尽管这些方法都有一定的效果，但它们都存 在一些挑战，例如对环境变化的适应性、计 算资源的消耗等。
研究目标与内容
研究目标
实时性
机器人英语翻译
机器⼈英语翻译外⽂翻译专业⼯业⼯程学⽣姓名钱晓光班级BD机制082学号0820101205指导教师邱亚兰外⽂资料出处：Applied Mathematics and Computation 185 (2007) 1149–1159附件： 1.外⽂资料翻译译⽂2.外⽂原⽂灵活的双臂空间机器⼈捕捉物体的控制动⼒学译者：钱晓光⽂摘：在本⽂中,我们提出有效载荷的影响，来控制⼀个双臂空间机器⼈灵活的获取⼀个物体。
该拉格朗⽇公式动⼒学模型推导出了机器⼈系统原理。
源⾃初始条件的动⼒学模型模拟了整个系统的获取过程。
⼀个PD控制器设计,其⽬的是为了稳定机器⼈来捕捉对象，动态模拟执⾏例⼦：例:1.机器⼈系统不受控制发⽣撞击，仿真结果表明影响效果。
2.空间机器⼈捕获物体的成功是伟⼤的。
仿真结果表明,该机器⼈关节⾓和机械⼿的迅速程度已经达到稳定。
关键词:柔性臂;空间机器⼈;冲击;动⼒学;PD控制⽅案:圆柱型机器⼈;技能训练1.介绍空间机器⼈将成为⼈类未来在太空检验、装配和检索故障等⽇常⼯作的主要元素。
空间机器⼈满⾜宇航员额外的活动，对这些来说是很有价值的。
然⽽,⼈类⽣活配套设施的成本和时间对航员是有限制的，⾼度风险使空间机器⼈成为宇航员助⼿的选择。
增加设备的流动性, ⾃由飞⾏系统中⼀个或多个臂安装在⼀艘装有推进器⾥，然⽽,扩展推进器的使⽤却得到了极⼤的限制。
⼀个⾃由浮动的操作模式能增加系统的可操作性。
有很多的研究成果对刚性臂空间机器⼈做了研究。
考虑到空间机器⼈以下的特点:轻质量、长臂、重载荷、灵活、有效性等，切应考虑到良好的控制精度和性能。
与此同时,也存在着许多研究动态建模和单臂空间机器⼈灵活控制的成果。
作者描述了碰撞动⼒学建模⽅案的空间机器⼈和研究了多⼿臂灵活空间机器⼈。
吴中书使⽤假设模态⽅法描述了弹性变形,建⽴了动态模型,研究了拉格朗⽇公式和仿真的柔性双臂空间机械臂。
由两个特定操作阶段:影响阶段和撞击阶段。
影响阶段确定了初始条件的对象。
高考英语 第1编 话题 Book 7 Unit 2 Robot
落堕市安心阳光实验学校Unit 2 Robots课时作业Ⅰ.阅读理解(2020·全国新高三开学联考)A robot created by Washington State University (WSU) scientists could help elderly people with dementia and other limitations live independently in their own homes.The Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors (传感器) equipped in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates (定位) through rooms and around obstacles to find people on its own, provides video instructions on how to do simple tasks and can even lead its owners to objects like their medication or a snack in the kitchen.“RAS combines the convenience of a mobile robot with the activity detection technology of a WSU smart home to provide assistance in the moment, as the need for help is detected，” said Bryan Minor, a postdoctoral researcher in the WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.Currently, about 50 per cent adults over the age of 85 need assistance with everyday activities such as preparing meals and taking medication and the annual cost for this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillion. With the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050, researchers hope that technologies like RAS and the WSU smart home will relieve some of the financial pressure on the healthcare system by making it easier for older adults to live alone.RAS is the first robot researchers have tried to apply to their smart home environment. They recently published a study in the journal Cognitive Systems Research that shows how RAS could make life easier for older adults struggling to live independently.“While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising，”Minor said. “The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance with a group of older adults to get a better idea of what video reminders and other preferences they have regarding the robot.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。
改进DAB
现代电子技术Modern Electronics Technique2023年11月1日第46卷第21期Nov. 2023Vol. 46 No. 210 引 言交通是国民经济的命脉，交通安全与人民群众生命财产安全、社会稳定和长治久安以及国民经济高质量发展密切相关。
道路交通事故占交通事故的绝大多数，据统计，近五年我国道路交通事故年均发生接近25万起，年均造成死亡人数超6万人，财产损失近14亿元，且仍处于道路交通事故发展的上升期。
因此，本文通过对非规则改进DAB⁃DETR 算法的非规则交通对象检测林 峰1，2， 宁琪琳1， 朱智勤2（1.重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院， 重庆 400065； 2.重庆邮电大学 自动化学院， 重庆 400065）摘 要： 非规则交通对象主要指任何在车辆行驶过程中可能对车辆行驶起到阻碍作用的物体，例如坑洼、落石、树枝等影响车辆正常驾驶的目标。
针对道路中的非规则交通对象检测问题，提出一种基于改进DAB⁃DETR 算法的非规则交通对象目标检测算法，经过对原始模型结构的分析，发现在图像特征输入编码器前加入绝对位置编码来弥补图像位置信息的缺失，只能隐式地表达特征间的相对位置信息，因此改进DAB⁃DETR 在Transformer 的编码结构中的多头自注意力机制中添加了针对图像的相对位置编码；其次发现在原始训练策略中，对得到的检测定位结果与类别信息进行二分匹配并计算损失值时，只是简单地将定位损失和分类损失加权求和，这样会导致性能下降，所以在训练策略中增加了将分类、定位损失集成在一个统一参数化公式中的AP 损失函数。
实验结果表明：改进DAB⁃DETR 算法的检测精度达到了82.00%，比原始模型提高了3.3%，比传统模型Faster R⁃CNN 、YOLOv5分别提高了6.20%、7.71%。
关键词： 非规则交通对象； 目标检测； DAB⁃DETR 算法； 相对位置编码； AP 损失函数； 消融实验中图分类号： TN911.73⁃34； TP751 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1004⁃373X （2023）21⁃0141⁃08Irregular traffic object detection by improved DAB⁃DETR algorithmLIN Feng 1, 2, NING Qilin 1, ZHU Zhiqin 2(1. School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China;2. School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China)Abstract ： Irregular traffic objects mainly refer to any objects that may play an obstructive role in vehicle driving, such as potholes, falling rocks, tree branches and other objectives that affect the normal driving of vehicles. Therefore, an irregular traffic object detection algorithm based on improved DAB⁃DETR (dynamic anchor boxes are better queries for DETR) is proposed. Byanalyzing the structure of the original model, it is found that the absolute position encoding is added before the image features are input into the encoder to make up for the lack of image location information can only implicitly show the relative location information between features. Therefore, in the improved DAB ⁃DETR algorithm, the relative location encoding for images isadded to the multi⁃headed self⁃attention mechanism in the encoding structure of transformer. When binary matching is carriedout on both the obtained detection and positioning results and the category information and then the loss value is calculated, the localization loss and classification loss are simply weighted and summed, which may lead to decreased performance, so an AP loss function that integrates the classification and localization losses in a unified parameterized formula is added to the improved strategy. The experimental results show that the detection accuracy of the improved DAB ⁃DETR algorithm can reach 82.00%,which is 3.3% higher than that of the original model, and 6.20% and 7.71% higher than those of the traditional models Faster R⁃CNN and YOLOv5, respectively.Keywords ： irregular traffic object; object detection; DAB ⁃DETR algorithm; relative position encoding; AP loss function;ablation experimentDOI ：10.16652/j.issn.1004⁃373x.2023.21.026引用格式：林峰，宁琪琳，朱智勤.改进DAB⁃DETR 算法的非规则交通对象检测[J].现代电子技术，2023，46（21）：141⁃148.收稿日期：2023⁃05⁃10 修回日期：2023⁃05⁃29基金项目：重庆市教委“成渝地区双城经济圈建设”科技创新项目（KJCXZD2020028）141现代电子技术2023年第46卷交通对象（任何在车辆行驶过程中可能对车辆行驶起到阻碍作用的物体）检测的研究来减少道路交通事故的发生。
大学英语四级分类模拟题474_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
大学英语四级分类模拟题474(总分178.5, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Writing1.Adequate Preparation Should Be Given to Exams1．如今不少大学生在考试前不做充分的准备2．出现这种现象的原因是…3．为了改变这种状况，我认为…SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 16.5Adequate Preparation Should Be Given to ExamsAs is known to all, quite some college students seldom take exams with adequate preparation, which leads to low marks or even failurein the exams.The reasons for this phenomenon lie in many aspects. In the first place, college students nowadays attach less importance to marks and exams. Second, college students are occupied by so many activities that they can just spare little time for exam preparation. In addition, some teachers fail to be strict with the students, which encourages students to .neglect the exams.To solve this problem, I think both students and teachers should play their parts. On the one hand, students should have a proper attitude towards exam preparation, through which they can have a **mand of the knowledge. On the other hand, teachers ought to control the exams more strictly.Part Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe contribution genes make to intelligence increases as children grow older. This goes against the notion most people hold that as we age, environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are born with — and may have implications for education. "People assume the genetic influence goes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life," says Robert Plomin. "What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction."Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetics. To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age, Plomin"s team pooled data from six separate studies carried out in the US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins.In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning, logic and arithmetic to measure a quantity called general cognitiveability, or "g". Each study also included both identical twins, with same genes, and fraternal twins, sharing about half their genes, making it possible to disentangle (分清) the contributions of genes and environment to their "g" scores.Plomin"s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the variation in intelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent; by young adulthood, it was 66 percent.No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that as children get older; they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environment to suit their genetic needs, and says "Kids with high "g" will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friends who are like-minded." Children with medium to low "g" may choose less challenging pastimes and activities, further emphasising their genetic legacy. Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? Perhaps. "The evidence of strong heritability doesn"t mean at all that there"s nothing you can do about it," says Susanne Jaeggi. "From our own work, the ones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training."Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasised ifall children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored to children"s natural abilities. "My inclination (倾向) would be to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end," he says.Intelligence researcher Paul Thompson agrees, "It shows that educators need to steer kids towards things drawing out their natural talents."SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Most people think the intelligence increases ______.A are affected more by environment than the genetic legacy with ageB should be attributed more to the contribution that genes make with ageC are closely connected with the genetic legacy with ageD go against the implication of the education with age该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 14.2答案:A[解析] 根据题干中的most people和intelligence increases将本题出处定位于第1段前两句。
科技英语课文句子翻译Unit110
科技英语课词句子翻译Unit110适用标准文档Sentence TranslationUnit 1Text A1.However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, as people orderbooks and other products to make money transactions.可是，因特网上的交易数目急速增添，人们从网上购书和其余的产品，进行资本交易。
2.They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computers systems runby banks, telephone companies and even government departments.他们用电脑上网，找寻能够进入银行电脑系统、电话公司的电脑系统、甚至是政府的电脑系统的方式。
3.The first indication of a security breach may be when a customer discovers a fraudulent moneytransaction on a credit card account.当顾客发现信誉卡的帐号上出现了来历不明的花费时，这可能就是安全遇到了损坏的第一个标记。
4.The use of credit cards to buy things on the Internet converts the issue of Internetsecurity into one of general security.用信誉卡在网上购物使网络安全变为了大众所广泛关注的安全的一种5.Few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many are equallycareless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction overthe counter.好多人会在电话里任意报出自己的信誉卡号码，相同地，也有好多人不留神交易达成后放在银行柜台上的副本。