高中英语猜词题技巧整理版
高考英语阅读理解题猜词技巧
高考英语阅读理解题猜词技巧
摘要：本文从高考考试说明入手，针对其提出的要求之一分
不要从构词法和语境两个方面总结阅读理解中的一些常见问题
用的猜词技巧，并结合大量实例，使读者全方位地了解各个技巧及
它的使用有望对即将参加高考的考生起到指导作用
用。
关键词：高考讲解构词法法语语境法猜测词义
一、引言
2022高考解释清楚说明考生应掌握的阅读技巧，包括
第三点就是“根据上下文提供的线索猜测生词的词义”。
所以这点
这对准备高考的考生来说非常重要。
这在他们平时的阅读理解练习中非常重要应当尽可能注意积累一些猜词技巧，这样在真正考试的时候就不会
不知所措。
二、正文
常见的猜词技巧主要有两种：构词法和语境。
1.构词法
通过理解和掌握一些构词知识，我们可以在阅读过程中进行猜测
词义。
构词法一般包括添加词缀、构成符合词和词性转化三类。
一种常见的构词方法是给一个单词添加前缀或（和）后缀，
如：reconsider（重新考虑），coexist（共存），preschool（学前），
战后的、参与的、有利的。
高三英语阅读理解之猜词技巧
现吨市安达阳光实验学校猜词技巧一．在英语学习中，我们会遇到许多生词。
其实阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。
我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。
猜测词义时，可利用以下线索：二．根据各种已知信息推测下列划线单词的词义。
1. But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there isa dry period, or drought.2. Within days, food often spoils or become unsafe to eat.3. Today young couples who are just starting their households often spendlots of their money on appliances ,for instance ,washing machines , refrigerators and color TVs.4．Biggest power failure in the city’s history. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.5. He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.6. One night Mrs.Rochester succeeded in setting the house on fire. Mr.Rochester managed to lead the servants to safety and then went back into the burning mansion to rescue his wife.7. Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.8. We can feel acceleration, an increase in speed.9. .She read my letter slowly +to the end and then tore it to shreds.10. Car rentals (出租) are becoming more and more popular as aninexpensive way of taking to the roads.11. She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived inthe middle of her first class.1、同义词、近义词反义词1）Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to people's health. Theyalso regard drinking as harmful.2）At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business,nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from thebank.1)eg.He had been getting better but during the night his condition deteriorated.2)Rather than liking the movie, as I expected them to, allmy friends abhorred it.3）If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”2、义、解释或举例1）.He takes a special interest in botany which concerns the study ofplants.2）. A birds sanctuary is a place where birds can breed and take refusefrom hunters.3）. Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people ; one player tries to get the other down on the floor.3、因果关系--- since you are my superior（上级）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .（卷）A．full of respect B．too confident and rudeC．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet4、标点符号（冒号；破折号；括号）You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.A.dictionariesB. story-booksC. magazinesD. newspapers5、经验和常识In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing sou’westers, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.三．高考题1.When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it came on the market in a dark blue and white package-blue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm.(NMET，卷)65.The underlined part“the colours turned the customers off”(in Para.3) means that the colours_______.A. attracted the customers stronglyB. had weak effects on the customersC. tricked the customers into shoppingD. caused the customers to lose interest２. Fermat]s Last Theorem(理). First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. (NMET2003,C篇,65)65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word“baffle”as it is used in the text?A. To encourage people to raise questions.B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation.D. To limit people’s imagination.3. A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can bea basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother oftwo, ages 4 and 18 months. (NMET2002,E篇,74)74.What does the under lined word ‘hassle’probably mean?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests．4. In a recently published book, I came across some exercises with interesting names such as fishbone diagrams, lotus flowers, and clustering. As I used these exercises in my classes, I noticed that students were interested. They said more and wrote more. They enjoyed expressing their ideas and sharing them in groups. They were no longer passively waiting for the bell, but actively took part in the lesson.I find that creativity (创)can act as a way to increase participation and improve fluency (流利程度).68. The underlined words "waiting for the hell" in the first paragraph probably mean _________A. longing for a phone call B. hoping to have a bellC. expecting the end of the classD. wanting to speak in class5. Members of the working class have blue-collar jobs. They are construction workers, truckdrivers, mechanics, steel workers, electricians, and the like. What makes this class differ fromthe lower class is, first, longer periods of employment -- and therefore, more fixed incomes —and, second, employment in skilled or semiskilled (半熟练的 ) occupations, not unskilledones. Although unemployment hits all levels of the American economy, including those of skilled and semi-skilled workers, it is most common at the bottom of the class structure and increasingly less common at each level upward. They consider themselves to be respectable and hard working and they look down upon members of the "lower" class, whom they often consider to be lazy, dis-honest, and too ready to exploit public assistance. (06.)65. The underlined word “hit” (paragraph 1 ) roughly means .A. strike with a blowB. have bad effects onC. break uD. break6. When I first became a reporter I knew a man who gave up a very well paid respectable job at the Daily Telegraph to go and edit a small weekly newspaper. At the time I was astonished by what appeared to me to be his completely abnormal (反常的) mental state. How could anyone turn his back on Fleet Street in central London for a small local area？I wanted to know. (06.)69. The underlined phrase "turn his back on" (paragraph 6) most probably means .A. leave forB. return toC. give upD. rely on答案有害的 adj. get worse a kind of raincoat 厌恶，憎恨不赞成；不同意D B C C B C。
高中英语阅读中的猜词技巧 - 论文大赛
高中英语阅读中的猜词技巧摘要：阅读题在我省的高考题中所占的比率是最大的，而词义推断题也是高考阅读中的重要题型之一，所以提高学生的阅读能力是高考取得高分的关键。
而提高阅读能力的前提是掌握大量词汇。
然而，在阅读各种各样题材，时代性很强的英语文章时，学生即使掌握了大量的英语词汇，也会遇到生词。
况且我们学生的词汇量并不大，必然会在阅读过程中遇见很多读不懂的单词。
如果我们不能推断出生词的含义，就会影响我们对文章的理解。
由此可见，学生掌握一定的猜词技巧是至关重要的。
关键词：生词推断词义猜词技巧引言：每次做完阅读题之后，学生都会跟我反映这样的情况：一是某个单词很熟悉但就是读不懂这句话，这是因为他们被某个已学单词的熟悉含义所误导了；二是某个句子里有好几个单词根本没见过。
这样的话，他们在阅读的过程中就出现理解偏差或理解困难。
解决这些问题的关键是要巧妙利用上下文线索来猜测词义。
猜测词义主要是根据上下文进行逻辑推理，在具体的语言环境中利用我们所熟悉词语的线索来推测我们已经学过的词在某种特定语境下的意思和我们完全不熟悉的生词的词义。
下面简单谈谈高中英语阅读中猜词技巧的几种方法。
一．根据文章的综合信息猜词。
根据文章的综合信息猜测词义是指运用语言知识来分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系。
然后结合上下文，根据逻辑关系推断出生词词义或大致意思。
如：1. （2012广东高考阅读B篇）Well, at last we have copper-bottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding. The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5, 7, 11 and 14, than babies fed according to the clock. By the age of 8, their IQ （智商）scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable. This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample（样本）of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s, taking account of parental education, family income, a child’s sex and age, the mother’s health and feeding style. These results don’t surprise me. Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels.33.The word copper-bottomed in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _________.A. basicB. reliableC. surprising D .interesting通过仔细阅读这段文字，根据这段文字所提供的信息，我们可以很快推断出B答案是正确答案。
高中英语阅读之猜词技巧(课堂PPT)
• A. control B. evaluate C. obtain D. increase
7
Strategy II:
Language context & Logical Connection
2. When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? （词性变化）
3. When he reached the place with his army,
• In paragraph 2, “ a roof over their heads” most probably means ______.
• A. a cap B. a car C. a home D. a covering
14
真题演练：
• “Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.” ( 广东卷)
he found an impassable river in front of him.
（词的派生）
16
superinterminimicro-some anticopostpre-ship
在……之间 超 易于……的 极小的 反对 后 身份，资格 微小 一同，一起 之前
17
How to guess the meaning of words?
高中英语阅读猜词技巧
高中英语阅读理解中的猜词技巧Teaching DesignDate: 2014—11—15Topic: How to guess unknown words and expressions inreading comprehension.Students: Class 4 Grade 3Teacher: Lai Ruiwen一教学分析1.教学内容简述该课是一堂专项阅读训练课,具体介绍在高中英语阅读理解中的猜词技巧."猜测词句意义"题型在高考阅读中占有一定的份量,每年的高考题中有2-3题,也就是每篇阅读基本上有1题,占了一定的份量.而我们学生在这方面的技能显得薄弱,猜词能力比较差,猜词没有具体的系统的方法,因此,针对此题型的训练就显得很有必要.在必要时, 做些语法分析,通过词与词的关系,确定其词性；有时根据常识和生活经验或构词法知识, 完全可以对那些从未见过的生词的词义作出正确的推测. 做这种题时,特别要注意的是,对于那些我们熟悉的词千万不要妄自、草率下结论,一定要结合上下文判断它在文中的意思.2 教学对象分析高三的学生到了高三下学期,积累了一定的词汇量,具备了一定的语篇分析能力,通过一定的练习,掌握了一些阅读理解解题技巧,但是学生普遍基础薄弱,句子分析能力差,不知道联系上下文,阅读能力实属一般,很多同学甚至都是凭感觉在做题,并无系统的解题方法.因而,希望通过此节课使学生的阅读理解能力有所提高.二．教学目标分析1.Knowledge and skills:(1)Enable Ss to know the basic questions patterns in NMET reading comprehension.(2)Help Ss basically know how to guess the word meaning in reading.(3)Help Ss improve some related reading skills.2. Process and methods<1> 通过具体的例子引入这节课的话题,介绍其在高考中所占的比重和考查形式.使其重视这一部分内容的学习.〔2〕通过归纳总结的方式找出猜词题的解题技巧.教师强调重难点,最后再通过练习巩固技巧.最终使得学生自己学会分析问题解决问题.3 Emotional skills<1> Make Ss become more confident in Reading.<2> Enable Ss to enjoy reading.三. Teaching emphasis and difficulties:Guess the word or expressions according to the context clues.四Teaching methods:Summarizing, practicing, co—operation and interaction.五：Teaching aids:The multimedia and other normal teaching aids六: Teaching procedures and waysStep 1 Lead in1.Show four passages on the screen and ask Ss to guess the meaning of underlined words ineach passage.2. Introduce the question patterns in NMET reading comprehension..<purpose: arouse their learning interests and let them basically know the related information of reading comprehension in NMET >Step 2 Guessing unknown words or expressions1 Word formation<1> show Ss the common suffixes and postfixwes常见的名词,动词,形容词以及动词后缀,常见前缀及其意义.<2> Guide them to analyze the word itself by themselves.Show some practice and analyze the words.<Purpose: help them summarize the common suffixes and postfixes and develop their ability of analysis>First, give students some examples to practice, and give them some tips, then, encourage them to summarize the approaches to different items, finally do some practice to consolidate they’ve learnt.<Purpose: get students to grasp the 5 kinds of skills in dealing with unknown word or phrases in reading comprehension, especially improve their analyzing and reading ability.> Step 3 summarySum up what skills they learnt in this class.<Purpose: help students know the topic as a whole>Step 4 consolidation1.William Shakespeare said, "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn <纱线>, good and ill together." The underlined word "mingled" in the paragraph most probably means "______" ．A. simpleB. mixedC. sadD. happy2. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key.A. successfulB. effectiveC. uselessD. hurried3. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.A. workB. studyC. nameD. interest4. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city.A. townB. capitalC. countrysideD. house5. Children are always boasting. They say things like "My Dad’s car is bigger than your Dad’s," "My Mom is smarter than yours." and "My family has more money than yours."The word "boasting" means _____.A. 骄傲B. 吹牛C. 顽皮D. 幼稚1.A man’s position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage<宗系>, and his tribe.The word "disgrace" means _________ in this text.A. honorB. endangerC. proudD. shame2.The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished. A few members of the Senate<参议院> opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country for ever.The underlined word "banished" mean_______.A. killed by stoningB. sent awayC. imprisonedD. punished by whipping3.But it’s a two-way street. I just heard about a thousand Shenzhen office workers who have gone to Bangalore to train in software. Meanwhile, all the Indian IT majors are setting up a strong presence in China.<09辽宁>What does the writer mean by "it’s a two –way street"?A.China and India have different traffic rules.B. Tea trade works wonders in both India and ChinaC. Chinese products are popular in both China and IndiaD. The exchanges between India and China benefit both4.One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest<卑微的> to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat dowWhat does the underlined word "disheveled" mean? 〔10重庆〕What does the underlined word "disheveled" mean? A．unfriendly．B．untidy．C．gentle．D．kind.5. I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I'm in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There, '"I’m having a dinner party' means: "I'm booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can't afford and we'll be sharing the checque evenly, no matter what you eat. "Worse, in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives. They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don’t drink, end up paying even more. But if I try to use the same trick, the hostess will shout: "Where are you going?" And it's not like I can say I have somewhere to go: everyone know I have nowhere to go. 〔2010年辽宁卷B〕60. What does the word "shot" in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A. choice.B. tryC. style.D. goal6. Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mentionrecycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place. 2010年山东B篇〕What does the underlined phrase "over-consumption" refer to?A. Using too much packaging.B. Recycling too many wastes.C. Making more products than necessary.D. Having more material than is needed. 〔Purpose: Practice makes perfect〕Step 5Assignments:1. Go over what we learned in this period.2. Finish additional exercisesStep 6 Teaching reflections.。
高中英语课件-阅读理解---猜词技巧(公开课) (2)
Part3 Logical Connection 根据逻辑关系
1. Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in his reading. be buried in 2. (06陕西) The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. In para 2, “ a roof over their heads” most probably means ______. A. a cap B. a car C. a home D. a covering
tools and weapocnosn. sidered a考s ,古be学
2. He is a resolutedemfainne. dO(n被ce定he义m)aakse,s up his
mind to do halfway.
somethsitnagn, dhefowro,ne’ttcg.ive
cheated
3.john (not John)
Tim drank too much water last night, so he went to visit john twice.
toilet / washroom
What helped you understand the meanings of the above expressions?
猜测词义题目题型
【高中英语】英语学习-英语阅读理解猜测词义题解题技巧
【高中英语】英语学习-英语阅读理解猜测词义题解题技巧猜测词义题解题技巧在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。
这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。
这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。
事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。
我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。
近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
这种题常见的提问方式有：The word in paragraph can best be replaced by .The underlined word most probably means .By saying , the author meansThe expression is closest toAccording to the passage, the phrase suggestsThe underlined part (in Para. ) means ..做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。
因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。
命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。
猜测词义时，一般可利用以下三个方面的线索：一．针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。
这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1．根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
高二英语学习方法：猜词技巧
高二英语学习方法：猜词技巧一、定义猜词法即根据定义猜测词义的方法。
需要定义或解释的单词或短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中的关键词，作者为了使读者正确理解它们，就得做出较浅显的解释或说明。
例一：Giraffe is an animal with a very long neck, four legs and orange skin with dark spots.根据后面对Giraffe 的解释，它的词义为“长颈鹿”。
例二：Anthropology is the scientific study of man.由定义可知Anthropology 的词义为“研究人类的科学”即“人类学”。
例三：What is plagiarism? It is using others’ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.根据定义我们知道plagiarism的词义为“剽窃”。
二、定语从句定语从句对先行词起限定、修饰或解释作用，因此我们可以利用定语从句来推测先行词的词义。
例一：Second generation Puerto Ricans who were born in New York but who have returned to the island, are called Nuvoricans.Nuvoricans 的词义可以由Second generation Puerto Ricans后面的两个定语从句来得到，即生在纽约，后又回到波多黎各的人。
例二：Psychophysiology is a science which deals with therelationship between mind and body.根据定语从句我们可以看出Psychophysiology的意思为“身心联系的科学”，即“心理生理学”。
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- --- 1、定义或解释说明 1. be 2.be called ⋯3. means ⋯ 4. be defined as ⋯5.refer to
We can feel acceleration, which is an increase in speed. But we notice it for only a short time. For example we feel it during the takeoff run of an airplane. 1. the underlined word acceleration means _______. A. any kind of movement B. the movement of a plane C. a steady speed D. to make something mover faster
2、对比关系 1. but/however/yet/while ⋯ 2. otherwise/or/or else ⋯ 3. instead of
4.although/though/as
◎ John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty. ◎ If you agree, write “ yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. ◎ Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the thing.
(2008 江苏卷， A 篇) We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy(敌人 ). However, we can also take control of it and make it our ally.
56. The underlined word “ ally ” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or something that is ______. A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you C. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you
3、因果关系 1.because/since/as/for/due to ⋯ 2.so/ therefore/thus/consequently ⋯ 3.so ⋯ that/such ⋯ that
◎ He’s such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. ◎ She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. ◎ The river is so turbid that it is impossibleto see the bottom even when it is
shallow(浅的 ). (2009 安徽卷， B 篇) Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing. In fact, they are seen as boats“on land” for their ability to carry loads. 60. The words “ boats on land ” underlined in paragraph 2 refer to __ A．animals for taking goods B. creatures for pulling plows（犁） C. treasures of the folk culture D. tools in the farming economy - --- 4、举例法 1. such as/for example/ for instance 2. Like 3.especially 4.include/including 5. consist of ◎ Cars must have certain safety devicessuch as seat belt, headlights,and good brakes（刹车） . ◎ On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for
their eggs and meat. (09 福建卷， E 篇) In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions(排放物 ) to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting(融化 ) of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.
73. The underlined words “ tipping points ” most probably refer to A. freezing points B. burning points
C. melting points D. boiling points
“ _______” .
5、重述 1.that is ( to say ) 2.⋯in other words/or ⋯3.to put it another way ⋯ ◎ In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers haveirrigate,to or water their fields.
◎ All whales consist of two groups, those with teeth and those without, Dolphins belong toodontoceti, that is to say, they are toothed whales.
6. 前后缀猜词 1). 常见前缀 dis-/in-/non-/ir- 否定前缀 re- 再⋯ mini- 小 over- 过度 super- 超过 pre- 前 猜词： recall irrelative nonstandard disloyal
2).常见后缀 -er/-or/-ian/-ist/- ese ⋯人 special a特.别的 specialist n.专家 -able/-ful/-ish/-ern 形容词后缀 reach v. 到达 reachable adj.可获得的 -ment/-tion/-ture/-ness 名词后缀 careless a粗.心的 carelessness n粗.心 （ 2008 全国卷 I, B 篇）The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater. 62. The underlined word “ fixture in ”Paragraph 3 probably refers to something ______. - --- A.that people enjoy eating B. that is always present C. that is difficult to get D. that people use as a gift
1.(2009 天津卷， A 篇） Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. 37. What does the underlined phrase “ die hard ” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriously. D. Disappear very slowly.
2（.2009 陕西卷，C 篇） Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs don hold’t water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives ’ tales.
50. The phrase “ hold water ” in the last paragraph most probably means “ _____
A. to be believable B. to be valuable
C. to be admirable D. to be suitable
3.A man’ s position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(宗系 ), and his tribe. 1).The word “ disgrace ” means ____ in this text.