美国文学
2. James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀 (1789-1851) novelist
1. his Works. The Spy 1821 《间谍》 The Pilot 1823 《水手》Leatherstocking Tales
《皮袜子故事集》
Leatherstocking Tales
The Pioneers 1823 《拓荒者》 „„„„„„„ „„„„..4
The Last of the Mohicans 1826 《最后的莫希干人》„„.2
The Prairie 1827 《大草原》 „„„„„„„„„„„„.5
The Pathfinder 1840 《探路人》 „„„„„„„„„„..3
The Deerslayer 1841 《杀鹿者》„„„„„....................1
2. Life.
a. Born into a rich land-holding family of New Jersey, Cooper was one of the new American
authors who did not have to worry about money.
b.He was sent to Yale at 14, but was expelled in his junior year because of improper behavior
c.He went and spent five years at sea; then, while still in his early twenties, he inherited his
father’s vast fortune and settled down to a life of comfort and even luxury.
d.His second book, The Spy, a novel about the American Revolution, proved to be an
immense success.
3. His Skills
He is good at making plots. All his novels are full of myths.
He had never been to the frontier and among the Indians and yet could write five huge epic
books about them is an eloquent proof of the richness of his imagination.
He created the first Indians to appear in American fiction and probably the first group of
noble savages.
He hit upon the native subject of frontier and wilderness, and helped to introduce the
“Western” tradition into American literature.
4. Analysis of The Pioneers
The conflict of the story is between Leatherstocking and Judge Temple.
To Leatherstocking (Nutty Bumppo), the wilderness is good, pure, perfect.
Judge Temple holds the idea that man remains savage without law and order
Natty Bumppo represents the ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God’s
world. To him and to Cooper, the wildness is good, pure, perfect, where there is freedom not
tainted and fettered by any forms of human institutions.
Natty Bumppo is a veritable embodiment of human virtues like innocence, simplicity,
honesty and generosity, a man born with an immaculate [i’mækjulit] sense of good and evil
and right and wrong. （纳蒂·班波）
Judge Temple, the portrayal of whose character is a good indication of Cooper's
ambivalence as a writer of frontier life. Judge Temple is a man of honor and integrity.
He is as much a frontiersman as Natty Bumppo. He represents "the practically inevitable"
aspect of frontier life.He symbolizes law and civilization.
5. Cooper's contribution to American Literature
1) Leatherstocking Tales is a series of five novels about the frontier of American settlers.
(2) The Pioneers was probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.
3).Cooper's claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that he created a myth
about the formative period of the American nation. (4). His achievement also lies in the establishment of "Cooper Style" which is full of
romanticism.(5). Cooper combined his creation with the development of the times, making
his works more popular.
3. William Cullen Bryant 威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特 (1794-1878)
the first American lyric poet of distinction
1) Works
Poems 1821《诗选》 (2) The Fountain 1842《泉》(3) The White-Footed Deer 1844 《白蹄鹿》 (4) A Forest Hymn 1860《森林赋》(5) The Flood of Years 1878《似水流年》(6) To
a Waterfowl 1815《致水鸟》 (7)Thanatopsis ['θænə'tɔpsis] 1817《死亡随想》
(8) The Yellow Violet 1814《黄色堇香花》
2）Life
Bryant was a poet, and editor.
He was born into a doctor’s family in Massachusetts. He started to write poems
when he was 14 years old.
Bryant quitted his study in university and then became a lawyer.
In 1825, he turned to journalism. In 1827, he became an editor for Evening Post and
wrote a lot of political criticism. But it is his poetry which made him popular among
people.
He was influenced by Graveyard School in England and wrote “Thanatopsis”.
His best works are his lyric poems about nature and so his style is quite similar to
that of Wordsworth.
译作赏析 致水鸟3.1 Summary
• The narrator questions where the waterfowl is going. He questions his motives for
flying. He warns the waterfowl that he could possibly find danger, traveling alone.
But, this waterfowl is not alone. He knows that the waterfowl is being led by some
Power（神秘主义mysticism）. As the waterfowl reaches out of the narrator's sight,
the narrator reflects on God's guidance in his own life. The narrator is sure that God
has led this waterfowl, and that the waterfowl had faith in the narrator. Now, the
narrator's faith is strengthened. He knows that God is guiding him as well.
• As the narrator sees God directing the waterfowl, the narrator is reminded of God's
整理的美国文学上
一、The literature of colonial American
Early New England literature: 早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral,
historical and political.
John smith was considered to be the first American writer. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note
as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with
a Description of the Country”. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后作为向导sought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess
Pocahontas( 波卡洪塔斯)saved him.
I. Background: Puritanism
1. features of Puritanism
(1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.
(2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin
美国文学简介(中文版)---美国大使馆新闻处
第一章
早期美国与殖民时代
美国文学的基础始于印第安文化的口传神话、传奇、故事与歌词(多为歌曲)。美洲原住民的口述传统相当多样化，印地安故事对大自然的敬畏精神，以及身体与母亲。大自然拥有生命并赋予精神力量；主角可能是动物或植物，通常是与部落、族群或与个人有关的图腾。
印第安人对美国的贡献往往大于常人所认为的。美国英语中有数百个印地安字，包括"独木舟"、"烟"、"马铃薯"、"鹿皮鞋"、"鹿"、"柿子"、"貉"、"战斧"以及"图腾"。当代印第安写作还包含非常优美的作品，将于第8章讨论。
欧洲第一个关于美洲探险的纪录是斯堪的纳维亚语。古挪威冒险故事“Vinland Saga”叙述爱冒险的莱弗埃里克松(Leif Eriksson)与一伙四处流浪的古挪威人在11世纪的头十年于美洲东北岸某处短暂定居的故事—可能是在加拿大的新斯科细亚省(Nova Scotia)。
然而，第一位为人熟知并持续在美洲与全世界接触者，始于意大利探险家克里斯托弗哥伦布(Christopher Columbus)的著名航行旅程，由西班牙皇后依莎贝拉(Isabella)所赞助。哥伦布在其“书信集”(Epistola)中的日志于1493年出版，内容叙述旅程的见闻。
初次的英国殖民是场灾难，第一个殖民地于1585年成立于南北卡罗莱纳沿岸的罗阿诺克(Roanoke)；所有殖民地居民消失。第2个殖民地更加永久：詹姆士城(Jamestown)成立于1607年，其间忍受了饥饿、暴力与暴政。然而，此时期的文学将美国描绘成具有财富与机会之地的色彩，殖民叙述便举世闻名。
在17世纪，海盗、探险与探险家开辟了第2波永久殖民者的道路，将老婆、孩子、农具与工匠的工具带来至此。早期探险文学由日记、书信、旅行日志、船只记录所组成，而探索者向资助者报告内容。由于英国最后并吞北美殖民地，最著名并且最多选集的殖民文学为英语叙述。
在世界历史上，很可能没有其它殖民者如清教徒般具有才智，他们大多出身英国或荷兰。1630至1690间，在被称为新英格兰的美国东北部有许多大学毕业生。自创与自我教育的清教徒希望受教育以了解并执行上帝的旨意，如同他们在新英格兰建立殖民地一样。
美国文学名词解释
美国文学名词解释
The American Dream is a term that refers to the idea that
anyone。regardless of their background or social status。can
achieve success and prosperity through hard work and n。It is a
central theme in American literature。particularly in the works of
writers such as F。Scott Fitzgerald and Arthur Miller。The
American Dream is often portrayed as a symbol of hope and
opportunity。but it has also been criticized as a myth that
perpetuates social inequality and unrealistic ns.
3.Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism was a literary and philosophical movement
that emerged in the mid-19th century in America。It emphasized
the importance of individualism。n。and the spiritual n een
humans and nature。Transcendentalists believed that people could
transcend the limits of their own experience and achieve a higher
level of usness through n and n。Some of the most famous
美国文学作者和作品中英文名称翻译对照
1 美国文学作者和作品中英文名称翻译对照 1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard\'s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 2、Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 3、Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士——同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 4、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说——使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者 6、William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特1794-1878 The Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟——英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想——受墓园派影响; The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年 7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849 （以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人——叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李——歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头 2 Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦 8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然——新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河 9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子——心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像 10、Henry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 11、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom\'d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌 12、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德 13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事——诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere\'s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚——叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇——反蓄奴组诗 14、John Greenleaf Whittier约翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃1807-1892 3 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷;Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗 15、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom\'s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister\'s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr\'s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们 16、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代 17、Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集——"Tell all the truth and tell it slant"迂回曲折的，玄学的 18、Mark Twain马克·吐温 （Samuel Longhorne Clemens）——美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent\'s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur\'s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd\'nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人 How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事——对美国早期幽默文学的总结 19、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-1902 The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿——乡土文学作家 20、William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼——乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读 21、Henry Adams享利·亚当斯1838-1918 History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Madison（历史著作）；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利·亚当斯的教育
美国文学——独立革命时期
美国独立革命时期的文学
（一）独立革命时期的历史背景
18世纪的美国经历了两场革命：一场是独立战争，这场革命诞生了一个新的国家，它对美国社会的影响超过了在此之前的任何事件；另一场革命就是启蒙运动。这是一场知识革命，其理智精神激励着美国的知识界，将他们带入了一个新的思想境界，超越在此之前的清教主义的局限。
这两场运动产生了一大批政治和文学人物，如：本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩、托马斯·杰弗逊等，他们的文学天赋使他们成为了政治领袖，也让文学成为了革命的一部分。
随着殖民地的不断扩大，欧洲各国在北美殖民地的矛盾冲突进一步激化。哥伦布发现“新大陆”后，西班牙人首先在北美站稳了脚跟，进而占领了西印度群岛，1565年在弗罗里达建立了第一个殖民地。法国占领了奎北克地区。到了17世纪，法国人逐步深入到了大湖区和密西西比地区。欧洲各国在商贸、交通等活动中矛盾重重，战争不可避免。
欧洲殖民者在新大陆的战争于17世纪末开始，经历了英法1689年的奥哥斯伯格联盟战争；1702—1713年的英国和西法联军的战争；1745—1748年间的奥地利继承权战争等一系列的战争，英国殖民者最终大获全胜。战争的胜利使得英属北美殖民地的经济和军事实力进一步加强。到了18世纪殖民地的人们纷纷提出要进一步团结起来的主张。到1760—1776年间革命的团结的思想逐渐形成。
美国革命的原因即有政治方面的，也有经济方面的。为进一步掠夺殖民地的资源，英国政府先后颁发了一系列有损于殖民地人民利益的法案。航海和商业法伤害了北方殖民者的感情；1763年的山禁政策使广大殖民地人民感到不可容忍；1765年的印花税法更加激怒了十三个殖民地的人民；1767年的宅地法引起了人民的公开抵制。1773年爆发了波士顿革命事件；1775年列克星敦的枪声标志着美国革命的开始。美国人民向英国统治者打响了第一枪。战争持续了6年，在华盛顿将军的带领下，在经历了一系列的挫折和失败之后，殖民地人民最终迎来了美国的独立。1776年7月4日通过的“独立宣言”宣布了一个新的国家的诞生。遵循这一思想所建立的是一个政治上民主的，由人民所选举产生的国家，而不是君主统治的国家。1788年美国宪法得到批准，三权分离的政治体制得以建立。1789年华盛顿被选为美国第一任总统。从此，历史翻开了新的一页。
美国文学名词解释整理版
Colonial Period:
1. American Puritanism（p16）
It is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans., who were the first
immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. They were
a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and
moral principles. They wanted to purity their religious beliefs and
practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination original sin and
total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace
from God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound
influence on the early American mind.
Romanticism Period:
2. Romanticism(p32)
the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18thcentury in
Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When
it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle
美国文学各时期
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1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑. 1.Early Colonial Literature. 1607-1700
2.The literature of Reason And Revolution(18th century)
The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by
an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead
of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in
place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to
the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.
3. American Romanticism
Features:
1)From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It
started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and
ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American
Renaissance”.
2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a
美国文学简史
美国简史
1、 殖民时代的美国作家
Benjamin Franklin
生平介绍、作品的流畅、清晰、言简意赅的文风，受18世纪英国作家的影响。作品中清教思想的反映及对后世美国文学的影响。
2、 浪漫主义文学时期的美国作家
1） Washington Irving
生平介绍、对美国文学的突出贡献、对欧洲民间故事的移殖，使之成为美国文学的传统，作品的风格。
2） James Cooper
生平简介、美国战争历史小说、海洋冒险小说以及边疆小说的开拓者、对小说艺术形式的贡献。
3） Edgar Allan Poe
生平及创作简介，对法国象征诗人；对现、当代美国南方文学、对后世侦探作家的影响，文学理论以及对王尔德“为艺术而艺术”等唯美主义作家的影响。
4）Walt Whitman
《草叶集》中歌颂自由、民主、平等、人的创造力以及对美国人民的赞颂和对现代科学技术的赞扬。对美国诗歌的独特贡献以及对威廉斯、庞德、垮掉一代作家等的影响。《草叶集》的创新及艺术风格。
5）Ralph Emerson
超验主义哲学思想的核心。爱默生超验主义思想在文学中的反映及对梭罗、惠特曼、弗罗斯特的影响。
６）Henry David Thoreau
对超验主义者运动的贡献及其作品的影响。
７）Emily Dickinson
作品的主题、对现代诗人的影响尤其对意象派的影响、作品的艺术内容。
８）Nathaniel Hawthorne
介绍加尔文教、清教思想对霍桑的思想及其作品的影响、《红字》一书的艺术手法以及霍桑对人类心灵的探讨。
３、现实主义作家
１）Mrs. Stowe
介绍废奴文学、《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的社会意义以及黑人在美国社会所受不幸遭遇等。
２）Mark Twain
介绍马克"吐温的生活经历在其文学作品中的反映，其作品的社会意义，对美国社会各种腐败现象的揭露，马克"吐温代表作的艺术手法。马克"吐温的口语化语言对现、当代美国作品的影响。马克吐温被誉为“美国文学之父”。
美国文学-复习资料+答案
美国⽂学-复习资料+答案
1.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ .
the Transcendental Club
2.______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. Washington
Irving
3.At nineteen___________ published in his brother’s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle"
satires of New York life.
4.In Washington Irving’s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and the
first great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book
5.The first important American novelist was____________. James Fenimore Cooper
6.James Fenimore Cooper’s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espionage against
the British during the Revolutionary War.The Spy
7.The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________.The Pilot
8."To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________’s work; it has been called by an
考研专用 美国文学整理
美国文学作家作品
一、 the Colonial Period: 殖民地时期
1、Captain John Smith 约翰.史密斯船长 A Map of Virginia《弗吉尼亚的地图 》
Description of New England《新英格兰记》
2、Anne Bradstreet 安妮.布拉兹特里特 The Tenth Muse Lately sprung up in America
Contemplation 《沉思》
Upon the Burning of our House《火烧房子》
3、Edward Taylor 爱德华.泰勒 Huswifery
4、Roger Williams 罗杰.威廉 The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of
Conscience
5、John Woolman 约翰.乌尔曼
Some considerations on the Keeping of Negroes
A Plea for the Poor
6、Philip Freneau 菲利普.弗瑞诺 The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的升起》
The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》
二、 American Revolution :美国革命时期
1、 Jonathan Edwards 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《自由意志》
The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《大原罪的教义辩护》
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 《愤怒的上帝手中的罪人》
2、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.富兰克林 The Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》