Chapter Two
civil-engineering-CHAPTER-TWO（土木工程概论英文课件）
civil-engineering-CHAPTER-TWO（土木工程概论英文课件）CHAPTER TWOPREPARATION FOR BEING A CIVIL ENGINEER The first step to be a civil engineer is generally to study civil engineering in a university or college, or major in主修civil engineering or other related programs. In most countries, the certificate （a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts）of Registered Engineer注册工程师is only given to those who have accepted higher education in accredited （given official approval to act）programs. In this chapter, the reader will acquire the information about the typical（of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing）content of these programs.2 .1 What Kinds of Knowledge Are Necessary for a civil Engineer?Engineering education in universities domestic and abroad includes general education and special engineering education. At first, science and mathematics should be mentioned in general education. Engineering is a system of the applying of science and technology, so scientific principles set the foundation of engineering. This is the most important difference between modern civil engineering and ancient construction activities, although construction has always depended to some extent on scientific principles. Since the Industrial Revolution 工业革命, and even as far back as早在，远在the Renaissance（the revival of learning and culture）, civil engineering has always been a branch of technologic science. For these reasons, science and mathematics become the common base of engineering educationincluding civil engineering education.Owing to the accumulation of several centuries, modern science has accumulated. a massive（containing a great quantity of matter）body of literature and knowledge.However, the beginner need not sit under apple tree to discover the laws of universal gravitation as Isaac Newton did in legend（a story about mythical）. Neither does he have to exhaust （wear out completely）his brain for the principle of transform between energy and the mass. Based on the work of numerous pioneers, new students can now enter into the paradise of science easily. Nowadays, engineering is a synthetic system not only depending on traditional mechanics, but also closely relating to advanced science. You can find the courses such as Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Material Science, Environmental Science, and perhaps more, in your civil engineering program.One characteristic of modern science is that it can be described exactly and beautifully by mathematics. So the engineer should grasp this powerful tool to solve the problems they will meet in engineering analysis, design, planning and control. In this aspect, engineering students should learn advanced mathematics高等数学including analyticgeometry解析几何；分析几何学（the use of algebra代数学to study geometric properties）;, differential and integral calculus 微积分, progression, differential equation微分方程（an equation containing differentials of a function）. In addition, study of linear algebra线性代数, matrix, probability, numerical methods数值方法；计算方法is usually required by Civil Engineering Program. Using all of this knowledge, an engineer is able to predict preciselyimportant things about the project. For example, an engineercan tell whether a house or a bridge is safe or dangerous when earthquake occurs, or when it is hit by a hurricane. How can the skilled engineer do it? The engineer does this by using abstract models from physical objects（物理对象visible entity）, which can be described and predicted by mathematics. Mathematics数学运算provides engineers with a solid foundation in their engineering activities. Furthermore, by strict training through verification确认，查证；核实（additional proof that something that was believed (some fact or hypothesis or theory) is correct）, deduction推论（something that is inferred）and calculation in the study of mathematics, one will accustom oneself to logicality, strictness, and more rationality; important qualities for a good engineer.An engineer not only just takes the responsibility or the technology and production activities of a project but also has the duty to the society. Does your engineering project benefit your people and society or harm them? A qualified engineer should be conscientiously aware of this point at all times and for this reason universities also organize social science and humanities education for their students. Students enrolling in engineering programs should accept the education in this aspect. Philosophy, ethics, history, literature, aesthetics（the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art), as well economics, management （the act of managing something）and foreign language are a useful and necessary tool.The necessary knowledge for professional occupation of civil engineering is composed of two parts; base knowledge for entire civil engineering and corresponding knowledge for a special aspect.Most civil engineering projects can be seen as varieties of structures. In order to ensure the safety of structures, civil engineers should understand their mechanical properties力学性能, such as forces, stresses （force that produces strain on a physical body）, displacements （move something from its natural environment）and deformations（the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something）of the structures, caused by the weight of the structure itself and facilities, winds on the structure, vehicles车辆, varying of temperatures, and perhaps earthquakes. Courses, usually named mechanics of materials材料力学, structural analysis结构分析, elasticity（the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed）, are set for this purpose. Because civil engineering projects are laid on or under the ground, to know soil and rock properties well is necessary. Thus geo-engineering, soil mechanics and foundation studies are also base knowledge. Water and wind, those will act on or react with the structures, have common properties in the view of mechanics, and fluid mechanics流体力学（study of the mechanics of fluids）deals with the concerned theories. Furthermore, a knowledge of engineering chart drawing (a skill to express the design idea by pictures in common rules understood by engineers* technicians and workers), surveying(to measure the landform for construction), and electricity, machinery, construction management建筑工程管理and general technic, budget（a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose）, bidding投标；出价（the number of tricks a bridge player is willing to contract to make）the tendering are also required.绘制应力应变图Since civil engineering covers many fields of knowledge with many aspects which will be found in the rest chapters of thisbook, it is impossible to learn all of the knowledge in these areas. Almost all of the universities in the world to provide students with several options to enable them to specialize专门研究in the fields mentioned in Chapter One. Such a method is also being re-accepted by civil engineering education in China since 1998 although it was the way in the early history of higher civil engineering education before 1950s. For example, students can now choose options in building structures, bridge, tunnel, road pavement and construction, railway and so on, to know how to design, construct, and organize a civil engineering project. And the students are usually encouraged to choose more options for their future professional life.You can choose one of them as your direction2 2 What Can the University Education Provide for Students?COURSES: Basically, university offers students a variety of courses. The branches of knowledge mentioned above are involved in the courses and courses are usually divided into three types: requirement anything indispensable, approved electives批准选修, and free choice.The requirement and approval electives are both the courses that the students majored in must learn. There are some differences between the two types. Students can not miss any requirement course while have limited right to elect some of the approved electives. In that case那样的话a university usually tells students the minimum which they should choose in the list of the approval electives. As for关于the free choice, universities normally ask for a necessary number of credits or class hours. Those who hope to graduate and be awarded the corresponding degree, have to meet the requirement of the university or the school.Universities should continually adjust teaching plans and course tables 课程表with the development of science and technology, to meet the needs of future engineers. So the contents of courses are changed from time to time.TEACHERS: As in middle and high schools,teachers in universities give lectures, check homework, organize panel discussion专题讨论会(discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience) for special problems, guide the students to experiments and also check answers in test sheets at the end of semester.Simultaneously, most of them play the role of scientists and/or engineers. They publish research papers研究论文in journals, spend much time in laboratory to verify a new discovery, test a renewal material with the engineering purpose, or design and make a new tool for engineering purpose. Some of them are registered engineers注册土木工程师if their field is civil engineering, and even have their own design institutes. In famous universities, when you knock a door to ask your professor a question, you will be probably told that the professor who you are talking is a respectable academician of Academy of Sciences orEngineering. The groups of wisdoms, who are good at theories and practice experience, are the best gift the universities afford to the students. Unlike the teachers in middle and high schools, university professors rarely monitor your daily study, because they appreciate students should study on individual initiative.With the development of internet, the tele-course is becoming fashionable. A young student will be in a puzzle about the large number of teachers in one university, but will find, faceto face lecture and discussion is always charming, and direct communication not limited in speech. Communication is also by means of expression of teacher's eyes and gestures. The close distance between you, your classmates and the lecturer, will make for an excited atmosphere, it is why since Socrates苏格拉底（古希腊哲学家）(ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC), Confucius孔子（中国哲学家，教育家）(Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC), no matter how modern the society has become, and no matter what kind of high tech is introduced into the education process, the university always keeps its campus and excellent scholars学者们in a remarkable size.LABORATORY AND SITE PRACTICE BASE: For engineering colleges, the laboratories equipped with variety of test machines and measuring devices, and opened to students are indispensable. There are several types of experiments with special purpose, for demonstration, observation, validation确认；批准；生效(the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something), practical training实习训练, exploration探究(a careful systematic search), or others. The basic experimental skill necessary for engineers can be learned in the laboratories. Most of test items测验项目are specified in the textbook, and detailed instruction is printed. In recent years, universities in China encourage students to design the experiments themselves, and do what they are interested in the related fields, to make students have the desire for innovation.It is cognized that a qualified engineer should possess rich experience obtained from engineering practice, so practicalexercise becomes one important part of the education plan of civil engineering program. Laboratory training is part of this practical training.Others are design work both in classroom and in workroom of consulting companies or design institutes, construction site work, geologic investigation地质勘察, surveying and measurement outside. In most cases Chinese universities, set practice bases at construction companies and design institutes. Usually students are requested to join the construction site work during the summer or winter vacation. A new procedure is tried in a few universities to ask students to search the projects being constructed and go there for their practical training. The procedure itself is taken as a practice. Most universities take the practical trainings to be requirement or approved electives.LIBRARY AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES: Self-study is a typical mode of university students. Successful students are always those who do not satisfy the contents of lectures and homework given by teachers. For themcomprehensive reading is undertaken outside indicated textbooks. Books, journals, reports and dissertations学位论文in the form of collection of printed pages打印页面which are stored in the book shelves are also read. Of course, the libraries in modern universities are reformed with the computer system and network, and the electronic libraries make it more convenient for students more convenience to borrow and read. The ability to search, find, and grasp information becomes more and more important in this age, and it is the task of the university education to let students have this ability.SPIRIT AND ATMOSPHERE: In the common sense, the universities are the place where there are freedom for thinking,equality in academy, and advocation of creation. Furthermore, the alternation of new students every year, make university campuses full of the energy of the younger generation.New student military trainingACTIVITIES OUT OF CLASS: there are different student organizations in the campus that help connect classroom to career, develop professionalism, increase technical proficiency, and refine ethical judgment. For example, the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) of British welcomes the students enrolled in program of civil engineering to be student members; even ICE develops its members in Chinese universities.Recently American Society of Civil Engineering ( ASCE) joined this action too. There are many sports teams for soccer, basketball, badminton, swimming, track and field, which are organized inter-class, department and even college. Societies in literatures and arts, will afford students a total different area from those in the class.2.3 What Abilities Shall a Future Civil Engineer Possess?THE ABILITY TO APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE：Elementary knowledge is essential to a civil engineering student. In common, by four-year period study, the student should be proficient熟练的，精通的in mathematics through differential equations 微分方程, probability and statistics概率论与数理统计, calculus-based physics微积分学, and general chemistry普通化学; proficiency ln the material mechanics材料力学, fluidmechanics流体力学, structural analysis and geo-techknowledge? good command of theprimary skills for engineering survey, drawing, test, and calculation and design, and at least deeper understanding several major civil engineering areas.The emphasis should be shifted to the application of the knowledge after we understand the importance of the knowledge. 'To know' is mere the first step. For engineers, the more important thing is to apply his knowledge i.e. natural science, mathematics and elementary engineering knowledge recorded in the textbooks or papers in the form of rules, principles, formulae and data, to solve engineering problems.THE ABILITY TO CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS AND EXPLAN THE RESULTS: The ability to plan and conduct experiments and analyse the results are basic aspects of the engineer's abilities.The future engineer is required to conduct laboratory experiments and to critically analyze and interpret data. Though many problems can be solved efficiently and economically by computation in a fine mechanical model, it is not everything. When new material or new structural system is used in civil engineering project, there are new variables which are not reflected, covered in the ready-made model. It will be dangerous if engineers do not change their mathematical model in time. However, how to calibrate the model? The most practical way is to do an experiment. Similar things also encounter in built-up or 'older' constructions, because there are many unknown factors. For example, material used in the structure will weaken, be damaged and lose its function through the duration of a structure's life while the change cannot usually be fully expected at the beginning. And on the other hand, the surroundings, conditions and real loads can also change. Engineers and researchers make the same phenomena, in most case, to recur (happen or occur again) in the laboratory, so that they can reveal the mechanism which now should be understood for the purpose of the safety of the structure. Though according to the basetheory, research engineers are able to judge the results of the experiments, it is common that the observed phenomena or obtained data in the experiments conflict with the known knowledge. In this case, the conflict will bring new discovery and improve an engineer's work. Give a rational explanation to a seemingly strange phenomenon is a wonderful task. It needs to synthesize knowledge of many subjects and to create new knowledge which is not mentioned or recorded in the literature.THE ABILITY OF DESIGN: For engineers, the ability to design a system, a component- or a procedure of construction is basically required. Civil engineers are creating substantial entities every day and everywhere in the world. Before they make them，they should be 'described'. It is the description of the non-existed entity that is called 'design'. The design shows what the future project is, and how to make it in a language which can be understood by constructors. The engineering design is quite different from the design of a piece of artwork, though we sometimes hear the admiration for a building as 'a graceful sculpture'. However, an artist can make a sculpture horse supporting only by one hoof, it will be impossible at ten times the size because the weight increases in three power of the size. Here the key factors will be functionality, safety and low-cost. It means that only the design which meets this requirements is practicable. So the engineering design work should obey the codes, specifications and guidance which arebased on scientific principles and the summary of accumulated experience. On the other hand, as an enterprising engineer. he or she never satisfies the existed ways or technics, so to search a possible way under the limited conditions to realize the 'impossible' things in design will be a challengeable butcharming work forever.THE ABILITY TO COOPERATE WITH WORKING TEAM: An engineer never work alone. Each project is a system, so the design work involves many people' efforts. For a big size building structure, the structural engineers should work with other experts from different disciplines, such as architects, surveyors, mechanical engineers and electricians. In the past, a skilful engineer would play several roles in a project with small size, but nowadays the different jobs should be taken by qualified engineers possessing certificates. When you are in the position of chief engineer in the work team, you should be in more harmony with your fellows. in order to cooperate with others well, every engineer should know how to hear and understand others, to consider things in both sides, you and your fellows, and to make necessary concession after discussion or even quarrels.THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY:This is the ability which is an engineer should pay more attention to in the modern society. T o the engineer, as a designer, you should let your clients to accept your design, recognize that what you designed is the most suitable one in many possibilities; you should let the examiners and officers from government believe that your design accords with the low and specification so that the public and surroundings are safety? and you should let the contractors, manufacturers and construction companies understand your consideration and its rationality and feasibility. After being an engineer, you will find that you are frequently asked to attend meetings, to explain something for the project you designed, and you have to go to the construction site to hear new problems and tell the technician the answers. All of these need good communication unfortunately, until now our highschools and universities gave few chances to most of students to train their communication skills. Young engineering students now should take this seriously, and make great efforts to improve their communication ability.The basic element of communication is to speak. So try to look on your audience, no matter in seminars, in meetings or even in your friends' parties, make your voice loud, speak clearly and use plain but vivid vocabulary as possible.Besides speaking, the effective communication includes writing skill and expression of one's idea both in pictures and simple formulas. There are many skills you should learn, but the most important thing is to remember that the purpose of effective communication is for thoroughly understanding between you and your companion.Communication is not the same thing performing on a stage, where the key point should be exchange of information successfully. Good communication skill also includes hearing and considering companion's opinion. Discussion is also involved in the process of communication.2.4How Do You Match the Demands of the Program Education?Through four-year-period study to make yourselves acquire basic knowledge and training for being an engineer is one of the main targets that makes you enter into a university and enroll into a special engineering program.University is a new circumstance to freshmen students. For those who just left high school, and perhaps many of them are first time to sleep in dormitory of school, they should he familiar with the new life as early as possible.STUDY IN CLASSROOM: Needless to say, study is the mostimportant task. There are many things to 'study'. However, to study and understand the knowledge which are necessary for the education objectives as introduced previously in this chapter and specified by the program, education plan is the basic requirement.As a student, you have had the school experience more than ten years, so you know the study skill well; reading textbooks, attending the lectures, taking noteswhen listening, doing homework ............... .. those are almost the same as in high schools. But something changes.The engineering students usually do not have their fixed classroom. They should move from one building to another during the ten minute break between classes. Nobody shares one standard curriculum schedule with his classmates in the same program, especially in the junior and senior year. Students have the opportunity to choose what they 'prefer', and every one shall type the number of the course he wants to join in the next semester into the computer registered system, or after a long queue outside the administration office to fill in course register form. To Chinese students, the most difference from the traditional high school is perhaps that no teacher will strictly monitor your daily study life.Are you free? Certainly. But, just to certain extentSame as the other programs, the Civil Engineering Program requires necessary credits before you are approved to graduate from the university. Each course has its credits according to the class hours and the importance. After passing the examination, you can obtain the pointed credits. If the program asks its students to fulfill total 150 credits, you will never expect to be awarded the engineering bachelor degree in the case that youearned only 149 credits! Furthermore, as you have known, the courses you have to take are divided into three types, requirements, approval electives and free choice, but to each of the three types, the program education plan specifies a certain amount of credits you have to obtain. That is to say your freedom is not infinite.Sometimes, a student will be informed that he did not meet the requirement of the program because he does not pick enough credits in approval electives indicated by the program education plan. So, students had better to read program education plan and student manual carefully once enrolling in the program, and to follow it in the following days. What your tutor who is designated by the department for you, if any can do is to give you some suggestion or advice when you consider to choosesomething.To finish all the courses the program asks is important, and to get high points is encouraged. When you pursue advanced degree study, or apply for a good position1)i n your career life after graduation, high points are always helpful at the beginning. However, good students are not those who only know the description printed on the books or recite the formulae, but fail to explain practical phenomenon,to discover unknown things and to have strong motivation to create new knowledge himself. So university professors encourage students to consider problems in different views, and appreciate students to observe in their own eyes and to ask questions after thinking.JOIN ACTIVITIES IN CAMPUS OUT OF CLASS ACTIVELY: Since an engineer needs to learn effective communication with othersand smooth cooperation with work teams, and to be a good fellow and a success leader both in engineering and social activities, engineering students ought not to localize their 'study' only in academy or pure specialty. Fortunately, a university is such a school that provides with plenty of opportunities to those who would like to develop their multi-talents so that campus activities are called the 'amateurish classroom'. To join one or several activities which attract you in variety of campus activities, i.e. sports, drama and concerts, forums, competitions, clubs and reading party, will benefit your spirits and brain, enlarge your friend circle and get a way more comfortable to develop yourself. It is the university tradition to encourage students to join campus activities.PERSIST IN PHYSICAL EXERCISE: It is not a special requirement to civil engineering program students. Keeping in good health makes people to have confidence to live and work, to ensure the engineers energetically devote themselves into heavy work. By the way, though it is said not to work too heavy, in fact the work of civil engineers is really a heavy one, considering the duty engineer must take for the safety of human being and the society!Universities seek two main achievements in this aspect: to let the daily physical exercise become one of the personal customs of students and to train students to have some basic skills for physical exercise. Both of these are indispensable preparation for a qualified engineer.BE AWARE OF SOCIAL RESPOSSIBILITY:了解社会责任Why has society established a register engineer system, and why has this system been widely accepted by most of the industrial countries? The answer is that each engineering project that engineersinvolved in is not only a solution to a pure technical problem. At first, it will relate to the safety of life and estate. The failure of a building, collapse of a bridge or even a serious accident when undergoing construction may induce a real catastrophe to people, and make the loss of life and estate. So society asks that engineers who take the technical responsibility to the projects must be those who are qualified in knowledge and abilities. The procedure to cognize the candidate's qualification in engineering is the matter of register engineer system.With the development of natural and social science, people have more comprehensive understanding to human being and the relation with the world. In such a background, engineers should consider more and take larger responsibilities. The engineers are being required to understand the relation of his engineering projects with the society, and theinfluence of the projects on environment and continuous development. For example, if an industry building to be built will bring high benefits to investors, but also high risk to pollute the rivers and surrounding soils, what should the civil engineers do? The civil engineers shall be aware of the responsibility to cooperate with the experts in that field to solve the problem. In that case, a structural engineer may adjust the previous concept design if necessary.To be a responsible and conscientious engineer, the engineering student in the university should leave himself enough time to contact comprehensive knowledge about ethics, history and cultures of the different construction regions, beyond engineering subjects. The student needs to develop fine personality. A selfish person will be difficult to be a good engineer.。
Chapter_2_sounds 第二章 语音
• Stop (or Plosive)
– Oral & Nasal
• Fricative • (Median) Approximant • Lateral (Approximant) • Trill • Tap or Flap • Affricate
• The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.
– the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
– they may narrow the space considerably; or
– they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Chapter Two Speech Sounds
• As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system.
• The cardinal vowels are abstract concepts. If we imagine that for the production of [ə] the tongue is in a neutral position (neither high nor low, neither front nor back), the cardinal vowels are as remote as possible from this neutral position. They represent extreme points of a theoretical vowel space: extending the articulators beyond this space would involve friction or contact. The cardinal vowel diagram in the IPA is therefore a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.
civil-engineering-CHAPTER-TWO(土木工程概论英文课件)
CHAPTER TWOPREPARATION FOR BEING A CIVIL ENGINEER The first step to be a civil engineer is generally to study civil engineering in a university or college, or major in主修civil engineering or other related programs. In most countries, the certificate （a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts）of Registered Engineer注册工程师is only given to those who have accepted higher education in accredited （given official approval to act）programs. In this chapter, the reader will acquire the information about the typical（of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing）content of these programs.• 2 .1 What Kinds of Knowledge Are Necessary for a civil Engineer?Engineering education in universities domestic and abroad includes general education and special engineering education. At first, science and mathematics should be mentioned in general education. Engineering is a system of the applying of science and technology, so scientific principles set the foundation of engineering. This is the most important difference between modern civil engineering and ancient construction activities, although construction has always depended to some extent on scientific principles. Since the Industrial Revolution 工业革命, and even as far back as早在，远在the Renaissance（the revival of learning and culture）, civil engineering has always been a branch of technologic science. For these reasons, science and mathematics become the common base of engineering educationincluding civil engineering education.Owing to the accumulation of several centuries, modern science has accumulated. a massive（containing a great quantity of matter）body of literature and knowledge.However, the beginner need not sit under apple tree to discover the laws of universal gravitation as Isaac Newton did in legend（a story about mythical）. Neither does he have to exhaust （wear out completely）his brain for the principle of transform between energy and the mass. Based on the work of numerous pioneers, new students can now enter into the paradise of science easily. Nowadays, engineering is a synthetic system not only depending on traditional mechanics, but also closely relating to advanced science. You can find the courses such as Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Material Science, Environmental Science, and perhaps more, in your civil engineering program.•One characteristic of modern science is that it can be described exactly and beautifully by mathematics. So the engineer should grasp this powerful tool to solve the problems they will meet in engineering analysis, design, planning and control. In this aspect, engineering students should learn advanced mathematics高等数学including analyticgeometry解析几何；分析几何学（the use of algebra代数学to study geometric properties）;, differential and integral calculus微积分, progression, differential equation微分方程（an equation containing differentials of a function）. In addition, study of linear algebra线性代数, matrix, probability, numerical methods数值方法；计算方法is usually required by Civil Engineering Program. Using all of this knowledge, an engineer is able to predict preciselyimportant things about the project. For example, an engineer can tell whether a house or a bridge is safe or dangerous when earthquake occurs, or when it is hit by a hurricane. How can the skilled engineer do it? The engineer does this by using abstract models from physical objects（物理对象visible entity）, which can be described and predicted by mathematics. Mathematics数学运算provides engineers with a solid foundation in their engineering activities. Furthermore, by strict training through verification确认，查证；核实（additional proof that something that was believed (some fact or hypothesis or theory) is correct）, deduction推论（something that is inferred）and calculation in the study of mathematics, one will accustom oneself to logicality, strictness, and more rationality; important qualities for a good engineer.An engineer not only just takes the responsibility or the technology and production activities of a project but also has the duty to the society. Does your engineering project benefit your people and society or harm them? A qualified engineer should be conscientiously aware of this point at all times and for this reason universities also organize social science and humanities education for their students. Students enrolling in engineering programs should accept the education in this aspect. Philosophy, ethics, history, literature, aesthetics（the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art), as well economics, management（the act of managing something）and foreign language are a useful and necessary tool.The necessary knowledge for professional occupation of civil engineering is composed of two parts; base knowledge for entire civil engineering and corresponding knowledge for a special aspect.Most civil engineering projects can be seen as varieties of structures. In order to ensure the safety of structures, civil engineers should understand their mechanical properties力学性能, such as forces, stresses （force that produces strain on a physical body）, displacements （move something from its natural environment）and deformations（the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something）of the structures, caused by the weight of the structure itself and facilities, winds on the structure, vehicles车辆, varying of temperatures, and perhaps earthquakes. Courses, usually named mechanics of materials材料力学, structural analysis结构分析, elasticity（the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed）, are set for this purpose. Because civil engineering projects are laid on or under the ground, to know soil and rock properties well is necessary. Thus geo-engineering, soil mechanics and foundation studies are also base knowledge. Water and wind, those will act on or react with the structures, have common properties in the view of mechanics, and fluid mechanics流体力学（study of the mechanics of fluids）deals with the concerned theories. Furthermore, a knowledge of engineering chart drawing (a skill to express the design idea by pictures in common rules understood by engineers* technicians and workers), surveying(to measure the landform for construction), and electricity, machinery, construction management建筑工程管理and general technic, budget（a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose）, bidding投标；出价（the number of tricks a bridge player is willing to contract to make）the tendering are also required.绘制应力应变图Since civil engineering covers many fields of knowledge with many aspects which will be found in the rest chapters of this book, it is impossible to learn all of the knowledge in these areas. Almost all of the universities in the world to provide students with several options to enable them to specialize专门研究in the fields mentioned in Chapter One. Such a method is also being re-accepted by civil engineering education in China since 1998 although it was the way in the early history of higher civil engineering education before 1950s. For example, students can now choose options in building structures, bridge, tunnel, road pavement and construction, railway and so on, to know how to design, construct, and organize a civil engineering project. And the students are usually encouraged to choose more options for their future professional life.You can choose one of them as your direction2 2 What Can the University Education Provide for Students?COURSES: Basically, university offers students a variety of courses. The branches of knowledge mentioned above are involved in the courses and courses are usually divided into three types: requirement anything indispensable, approved electives批准选修, and free choice.The requirement and approval electives are both the courses that the students majored in must learn. There are some differences between the two types. Students can not miss any requirement course while have limited right to elect some of the approved electives. In that case那样的话a university usually tells students the minimum which they should choose in the list of the approval electives. As for关于the free choice, universities normally ask for a necessary number of credits or class hours. Those who hope to graduate and be awarded the corresponding degree, have to meet the requirement of the university or the school.Universities should continually adjust teaching plans and course tables 课程表 with the development of science and technology, to meet the needs of future engineers. So the contents of courses are changed from time to time.TEACHERS: As in middle and high schools,teachers in universities give lectures, check homework, organize panel discussion专题讨论会(discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience) for special problems, guide the students to experiments and also check answers in test sheets at the end of semester.Simultaneously, most of them play the role of scientists and/or engineers. They publish research papers研究论文in journals, spend much time in laboratory to verify a new discovery, test a renewal material with the engineering purpose, or design and make a new tool for engineering purpose. Some of them are registered engineers注册土木工程师if their field is civil engineering, and even have their own design institutes. In famous universities, when you knock a door to ask your professor a question, you will be probably told that the professor who you are talking is a respectable academician of Academy of Sciences orEngineering. The groups of wisdoms, who are good at theories and practice experience, are the best gift the universities afford to the students. Unlike the teachers in middle and high schools, university professors rarely monitor your daily study, because they appreciate students should study on individual initiative.With the development of internet, the tele-course is becoming fashionable. A young student will be in a puzzle about the large number of teachers in one university, but will find, face to face lecture and discussion is always charming, and direct communication not limited in speech. Communication is also by means of expression of teacher's eyes and gestures. The close distance between you, your classmates and the lecturer, will make for an excited atmosphere, it is why since Socrates苏格拉底（古希腊哲学家）(ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC), Confucius孔子（中国哲学家，教育家）(Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC), no matter how modern the society has become, and no matter what kind of high tech is introduced into the education process, the university always keeps its campus and excellent scholars学者们in a remarkable size.•LABORATORY AND SITE PRACTICE BASE: For engineering colleges, the laboratories equipped with variety of test machines and measuring devices, and opened to students are indispensable. There are several types of experiments with special purpose, for demonstration, observation, validation确认；批准；生效(the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something), practical training实习训练, exploration探究(a careful systematic search), or others. The basic experimental skill necessary for engineers can be learned in the laboratories. Most of test items测验项目are specified in the textbook, and detailed instruction is printed. In recent years, universities in China encourage students to design the experiments themselves, and do what they are interested in the related fields, to make students have the desire for innovation.It is cognized that a qualified engineer should possess rich experience obtained from engineering practice, so practical exercise becomes one important part of the education plan of civil engineering program. Laboratory training is part of this practical training.Others are design work both in classroom and in workroom of consulting companies or design institutes, construction site work, geologic investigation地质勘察, surveying and measurement outside. In most cases Chinese universities, set practice bases at construction companies and design institutes. Usually students are requested to join the construction site work during the summer or winter vacation. A new procedure is tried in a few universities to ask students to search the projects being constructed and go there for their practical training. The procedure itself is taken as a practice. Most universities take the practical trainings to be requirement or approved electives.•LIBRARY AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES: Self-study is a typical mode of university students. Successful students are always those who do not satisfy the contents of lectures and homework given by teachers. For themcomprehensive reading is undertaken outside indicated textbooks. Books, journals, reports and dissertations学位论文in the form of collection of printed pages打印页面which are stored in the book shelves are also read. Of course, the libraries in modern universities are reformed with the computer system and network, and the electronic libraries make it more convenient for students more convenience to borrow and read. The ability to search, find, and grasp information becomes more and more important in this age, and it is the task of the university education to let students have this ability.SPIRIT AND ATMOSPHERE: In the common sense, the universities are the place where there are freedom for thinking, equality in academy, and advocation of creation. Furthermore, the alternation of new students every year, make university campuses full of the energy of the younger generation.New student military trainingACTIVITIES OUT OF CLASS: there are different student organizations in the campus that help connect classroom to career, develop professionalism, increase technical proficiency, and refine ethical judgment. For example, the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) of British welcomes the students enrolled in program of civil engineering to be student members; even ICE develops its members in Chinese universities.Recently American Society of Civil Engineering ( ASCE) joined this action too. There are many sports teams for soccer, basketball, badminton, swimming, track and field, which are organized inter-class, department and even college. Societies in literatures and arts, will afford students a total different area from those in the class.2.3 What Abilities Shall a Future Civil Engineer Possess?•THE ABILITY TO APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE：Elementary knowledge is essential to a civil engineering student. In common, by four-year period study, the student should be proficient熟练的，精通的in mathematics through differential equations 微分方程, probability and statistics概率论与数理统计, calculus-based physics微积分学, and general chemistry普通化学; proficiency ln the material mechanics材料力学, fluidmechanics流体力学, structural analysis and geo-techknowledge? good command of theprimary skills for engineering survey, drawing, test, and calculation and design, and at least deeper understanding several major civil engineering areas.The emphasis should be shifted to the application of the knowledge after we understand the importance of the knowledge. 'To know' is mere the first step. For engineers, the more important thing is to apply his knowledge i.e. natural science, mathematics and elementary engineering knowledge recorded in the textbooks or papers in the form of rules, principles, formulae and data, to solve engineering problems.THE ABILITY TO CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS AND EXPLAN THE RESULTS: The ability to plan and conduct experiments and analyse the results are basic aspects of the engineer's abilities.The future engineer is required to conduct laboratory experiments and to critically analyze and interpret data. Though many problems can be solved efficiently and economically by computation in a fine mechanical model, it is not everything. When new material or new structural system is used in civil engineering project, there are new variables which are not reflected, covered in the ready-made model. It will be dangerous if engineers do not change their mathematical model in time. However, how to calibrate the model? The most practical way is to do an experiment. Similar things also encounter in built-up or 'older' constructions, because there are many unknown factors. For example, material used in the structure will weaken, be damaged and lose its function through the duration of a structure's life while the change cannot usually be fully expected at the beginning. And on the other hand, the surroundings, conditions and real loads can also change. Engineers and researchers make the same phenomena, in most case, to recur (happen or occur again) in the laboratory, so that they can reveal the mechanism which now should be understood for the purpose of the safety of the structure. Though according to the base theory, research engineers are able to judge the results of the experiments, it is common that the observed phenomena or obtained data in the experiments conflict with the known knowledge. In this case, the conflict will bring new discovery and improve an engineer's work. Give a rational explanation to a seemingly strange phenomenon is a wonderful task. It needs to synthesize knowledge of many subjects and to create new knowledge which is not mentioned or recorded in the literature.THE ABILITY OF DESIGN: For engineers, the ability to design a system, a component- or a procedure of construction is basically required. Civil engineers are creating substantial entities every day and everywhere in the world. Before they make them，they should be 'described'. It is the description of the non-existed entity that is called 'design'. The design shows what the future project is, and how to make it in a language which can be understood by constructors. The engineering design is quite different from the design of a piece of artwork, though we sometimes hear the admiration for a building as 'a graceful sculpture'. However, an artist can make a sculpture horse supporting only by one hoof, it will be impossible at ten times the size because the weight increases in three power of the size. Here the key factors will be functionality, safety and low-cost. It means that only the design which meets this requirements is practicable. So the engineering design work should obey the codes, specifications and guidance which arebased on scientific principles and the summary of accumulated experience. On the other hand, as an enterprising engineer. he or she never satisfies the existed ways or technics, so to search a possible way under the limited conditions to realize the 'impossible' things in design will be a challengeable but charming work forever.THE ABILITY TO COOPERATE WITH WORKING TEAM: An engineer never work alone. Each project is a system, so the design work involves many people' efforts. For a big size building structure, the structural engineers should work with other experts from different disciplines, such as architects, surveyors, mechanical engineers and electricians. In the past, a skilful engineer would play several roles in a project with small size, but nowadays the different jobs should be taken by qualified engineers possessing certificates. When you are in the position of chief engineer in the work team, you should be in more harmony with your fellows. in order to cooperate with others well, every engineer should know how to hear and understand others, to consider things in both sides, you and your fellows, and to make necessary concession after discussion or even quarrels.THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY:This is the ability which is an engineer should pay more attention to in the modern society. To the engineer, as a designer, you should let your clients to accept your design, recognize that what you designed is the most suitable one in many possibilities; you should let the examiners and officers from government believe that your design accords with the low and specification so that the public and surroundings are safety? and you should let the contractors, manufacturers and construction companies understand your consideration and its rationality and feasibility. After being an engineer, you will find that you are frequently asked to attend meetings, to explain something for the project you designed, and you have to go to the construction site to hear new problems and tell the technician the answers. All of these need good communication unfortunately, until now our high schools and universities gave few chances to most of students to train their communication skills. Young engineering students now should take this seriously, and make great efforts to improve their communication ability.The basic element of communication is to speak. So try to look on your audience, no matter in seminars, in meetings or even in your friends' parties, make your voice loud, speak clearly and use plain but vivid vocabulary as possible.Besides speaking, the effective communication includes writing skill and expression of one's idea both in pictures and simple formulas. There are many skills you should learn, but the most important thing is to remember that the purpose of effective communication is for thoroughly understanding between you and your companion.Communication is not the same thing performing on a stage, where the key point should be exchange of information successfully. Good communication skill also includes hearing and considering companion's opinion. Discussion is also involved in the process of communication.2.4How Do You Match the Demands of the Program Education?Through four-year-period study to make yourselves acquire basic knowledge and training for being an engineer is one of the main targets that makes you enter into a university and enroll into a special engineering program.University is a new circumstance to freshmen students. For those who just left high school, and perhaps many of them are first time to sleep in dormitory of school, they should he familiar with the new life as early as possible.STUDY IN CLASSROOM: Needless to say, study is the most important task. There are many things to 'study'. However, to study and understand the knowledge which are necessary for the education objectives as introduced previously in this chapter and specified by the program, education plan is the basic requirement.As a student, you have had the school experience more than ten years, so you know the study skill well; reading textbooks, attending the lectures, taking noteswhen listening, doing homework ............... .. those are almost the same as in high schools. But something changes.The engineering students usually do not have their fixed classroom. They should move from one building to another during the ten minute break between classes. Nobody shares one standard curriculum schedule with his classmates in the same program, especially in the junior and senior year. Students have the opportunity to choose what they 'prefer', and every one shall type the number of the course he wants to join in the next semester into the computer registered system, or after a long queue outside the administration office to fill in course register form. To Chinese students, the most difference from the traditional high school is perhaps that no teacher will strictly monitor your daily study life.Are you free? Certainly. But, just to certain extentSame as the other programs, the Civil Engineering Program requires necessary credits before you are approved to graduate from the university. Each course has its credits according to the class hours and the importance. After passing the examination, you can obtain the pointed credits. If the program asks its students to fulfill total 150 credits, you will never expect to be awarded the engineering bachelor degree in the case that you earned only 149 credits! Furthermore, as you have known, the courses you have to take are divided into three types, requirements, approval electives and free choice, but to each of the three types, the program education plan specifies a certain amount of credits you have to obtain. That is to say your freedom is not infinite.Sometimes, a student will be informed that he did not meet the requirement of the program because he does not pick enough credits in approval electives indicated by the program education plan. So, students had better to read program education plan and student manual carefully once enrolling in the program, and to follow it in the following days. What your tutor who is designated by the department for you, if any can do is to give you some suggestion or advice when you consider to choosesomething.To finish all the courses the program asks is important, and to get high points is encouraged. When you pursue advanced degree study, or apply for a good position1)i n your career life after graduation, high points are always helpful at the beginning. However, good students are not those who only know the description printed on the books or recite the formulae, but fail to explain practical phenomenon,to discover unknown things and to have strong motivation to create new knowledge himself. So university professors encourage students to consider problems in different views, and appreciate students to observe in their own eyes and to ask questions after thinking.JOIN ACTIVITIES IN CAMPUS OUT OF CLASS ACTIVELY: Since an engineer needs to learn effective communication with others and smooth cooperation with work teams, and to be a good fellow and a success leader both in engineering and social activities, engineering students ought not to localize their 'study' only in academy or pure specialty. Fortunately, a university is such a school that provides with plenty of opportunities to those who would like to develop their multi-talents so that campus activities are called the 'amateurish classroom'. To join one or several activities which attract you in variety of campus activities, i.e. sports, drama and concerts, forums, competitions, clubs and reading party, will benefit your spirits and brain, enlarge your friend circle and get a way more comfortable to develop yourself. It is the university tradition to encourage students to join campus activities.PERSIST IN PHYSICAL EXERCISE: It is not a special requirement to civil engineering program students. Keeping in good health makes people to have confidence to live and work, to ensure the engineers energetically devote themselves into heavy work. By the way, though it is said not to work too heavy, in fact the work of civil engineers is really a heavy one, considering the duty engineer must take for the safety of human being and the society!Universities seek two main achievements in this aspect: to let the daily physical exercise become one of the personal customs of students and to train students to have some basic skills for physical exercise. Both of these are indispensable preparation for a qualified engineer.BE AWARE OF SOCIAL RESPOSSIBILITY:了解社会责任Why has society established a register engineer system, and why has this system been widely accepted by most of the industrial countries? The answer is that each engineering project that engineers involved in is not only a solution to a pure technical problem. At first, it will relate to the safety of life and estate. The failure of a building, collapse of a bridge or even a serious accident when undergoing construction may induce a real catastrophe to people, and make the loss of life and estate. So society asks that engineers who take the technical responsibility to the projects must be those who are qualified in knowledge and abilities. The procedure to cognize the candidate's qualification in engineering is the matter of register engineer system.With the development of natural and social science, people have more comprehensive understanding to human being and the relation with the world. In such a background, engineers should consider more and take larger responsibilities. The engineers are being required to understand the relation of his engineering projects with the society, and the。
金融英语chapter two Central Bank
vi. 暗含，暗示（与of 连用时）
rationalise
vt. 阐释
dysfunctional
adj. 运转不良的
transmit vt. 传播，传导
stance
n. 立场，观点
veto
n. 否决权
prod
vt. 促使
10
Phrases
take aback
使吃惊，使吓一跳
例句： Your request took me aback. 你的要求使我大吃一惊。
Modern monetary policy has four key goals. The first and most important is the stability in the price level. Zero inflation is not good for economic growth, while hyperinflation can destroy a nation’s economy and has a devastating impact on people’s life. Today price stability means maintaining a sustained but mild rate of inflation. The second goal is high employment. But it’s impossible to eliminate frictional unemployment and zero unemployment rate is not necessarily
Key: D
5
Background knowledge Brief Introduction to Central Banks
《疾速特攻JohnWick：ChapterTwo（2017）》英中字幕
Almost. 快了"Almost." “快了”Sir, with all due respect, 先生恕我直言are you sure this is our best option? 你确定这是最佳选择吗I mean, why can't we just correct the problem? 为什么不解决问题Because my fuckin' nephew 因为我该死的侄子killed a dog. 杀了条狗And he stole a car. 还偷了辆车A car 那辆车which currently is among our inventory. 现在在我们的车库里So we're giving everything up for a car? 我们就因为一辆车要放弃一切? It's not just a car. 那不是普通的车It is John wick's car. 那是约翰·威克的车Sir, why don't we just give it back? 先生为什么不还呢He killed my nephew. 他杀了我的侄子My brother. 我的兄弟And a dozen of my men. 还有我的十几个手下Over his car. 就因为他的车And a puppy. 和那条狗And you... 你Y ou think he will stop now? 你觉得他现在会罢手? Hmm? 嗯?Sir, he's one man. 先生他就一个人Why don't we just eliminate him? 为什么不干掉他John wick 约翰·威克is a man of focus... 是个专注Commitment... 尽责And sheer fuckin' will! 还很他妈执着的人He once killed three men in a bar... 他曾在酒吧杀了三个人With a pencil. I know. I've heard the story. 用一只铅笔我知道我听说过With a fucking pencil! 用一只该死的铅笔Who the fuck can do that? 谁他妈能做到I can assure you 我能向你保证that the stories you hear about this man, 关于他的故事你听到的版本if nothing else, has been watered down. 不出意外都把他轻描淡写了Mr. wick. 威克先生Hey, buddy. 嘿伙计Hey. 嘿Good dog. 乖What are you doing, John? 你在干嘛约翰Looking at you. 看你What are you doing? 你在干嘛I'm waiting for you. 等你Come here. 过来Hey, boy. 嘿小伙子Nice peaceful place you got here. 这里真优美宁静Hey, aurelio. Hey. 你好奥瑞利欧- 你好John, what the hell? I thought you loved this car. 约翰什么情况我以为你喜欢这辆车What do you think? 怎么说Well, your motor's about to fall out 引擎快掉下来了and the chassis's all bent up, 底盘全弯了the driveshaft is all destroyed. 驱动轴全坏了And I don't know if you noticed, 不知道你有没发现but you got a crack in your windshield. 挡风玻璃被撞裂了I mean... What do I think? 我怎么说呢I could fix this. 我能修好Thanks for finding her. 谢谢你找到她Not a problem, man. I just made a few calls. 别客气老兄我就打了几个电话No big deal. 没什么的Let me know when it's fixed. 修好告诉我All right. It'll be ready Christmas... 好的要到圣诞节2030. 2030年的Ciao, John. 你好约翰Santino. 桑提诺Coffee? 咖啡?Grazie. 谢谢Good to see you. 很高兴见到你Good to see you. 我也是I was sorry to hear about your wife, John. 你妻子的事我很遗憾约翰Thank you. 谢谢Hi. 你好And the dog, does he have a name? 这条狗他有名字吗No. 没Listen, John, with all sincerity... 听着约翰说真的I don't want to be here. 我不想来Please, don't. 别I'm asking you not to do this. 请你别那么做I'm sorry. 抱歉No one gets out and comes back 没人能说来就来without repercussions. 说走就走I do this with a heavy heart, John. 我这么做也很为难约翰But remember, if not for what I did 但别忘了那晚要不是我on the night of your impossible task, 你不可能完成任务you wouldn't be here right now, like this. 现在你就不会在这样的地方This is because of me. 这一切都因为我This, in part, is mine. 某种程度上这里属于我Take it back. 把它收回"Take it back"? Take it back. “把它收回"? - 把它收回A marker is no small thing, John. 徽记可不是微不足道的东西约翰For a man to Grant a marker to another, 一个人把徽记给另一个人is to bind a soul to a blood oath. 就代表用灵魂立下血誓Find someone else. 去找别人Listen to me. 听我说What is this? Hmm? 这是什么嗯?Do you remember? This is your blood. 你还记得吗这是你的血Y ou came to me. I helped you. 你来找我我帮了你And if you don't do this, 如果你不干you know the consequences. 你知道后果I'm not that guy anymore. 我不再是那个人Y ou are always that guy, John. 你永远都是那个人约翰I can't help you. 我帮不了你I'm sorry. 对不起Y es. Y ou're right. 你说得没错Y ou can't. 你帮不了But he can. 但他能帮I'll see you soon, John. 约翰我们会很快再见Y ou have a beautiful home, John. 你家很漂亮约翰Well, good evenin', John. 晚上好约翰Hey, Jimmy. 你好吉米Gas leak? 煤气泄漏?Y eah, gas leak. 是啊煤气泄漏Y ou workin' again? 又干起老本行了?I'll see you, Jimmy. 再见吉米Come on, boy. 走吧小伙子Good night, John. 再见约翰Oh, shit. 见鬼I'd like to see the manager. 我要见管理人How good to see you again so soon, Mr. wick. 很高兴这么快又见到你威克先生Shall I announce you? 要帮你通知吗Y es, please. 好的麻烦了Stay. 待着Mr. wick is on his way to see you, sir. 威克先生来找你了先生Impeccable. 完美无瑕Put these into circulation. 把这些发行流通Where is he? 他在哪Thank you, my friend. 谢谢朋友Beautiful work. Beautiful. 做得太好了What are you doing, Jonathan? 你干嘛乔纳森He burned my house down. 他烧毁了我的房子Y ou rejected his marker. Y ou're lucky he stopped there. 你拒绝了他的徽记你很幸运他没再下狠手What the hell were you thinking, 你怎么想的giving a marker to a man like Santino d'Antonio? 把徽记给桑提诺·丹东尼奥那样的人It was the only way i could get out. 那是我唯一脱身的办法Oh. Y ou call this "out"? 你管这叫"脱身"?What did you think was gonna happen? 你认为会怎么样What did you expect? Huh? 你指望会怎么样Did you really think this day was never going tocome? Hmm?你真以为这一天永远不会到来吗What does he want you to do? 他想要你做什么I didn't ask. 我没问I just said no. 我直接拒绝了Two rules that cannot be broken, Jonathan. 有两个规矩不能破坏乔纳森No blood on continental grounds, 大陆酒店里不能开杀and every marker must be honored. 每个徽记都必须给予荣耀Now, while my judgment comes in the form ofexcommunicado,被我判以绝罚的人the high table demand a more severe outcome 要是拒绝过高台桌的传统if their traditions are refused. 就会遭到他们更严厉的惩罚I have no choice? 我别无选择?Y ou dishonor the marker, you die. 你对徽记不敬你会死Y ou kill the holder of the marker, you die. 你杀掉徽记持有人你会死Y ou run, you die. 你跑路你会死This is what you agreed to, Jonathan. 这都是共识乔纳森Do what the man asks. 按那个人的要求办事Be free. 你就自由了Then, if you want to go after him, 之后你要是想杀他burn his house down, be my guest. 烧毁他的房子请自便But until then... 但在那之前Rules. 要讲规矩Exactly. Rules. 没错要讲规矩Without them, we'd live with the animals. 没规矩我们会活得如同动物Do you board? 这里能寄养吗I'm sorry to say, sir, but this facility does not. 很抱歉先生这地方不行I, however, would be willing to accept 不过你愿意的话the responsibility, should you wish. 我能帮你照顾Appreciate that. 谢谢Does he have a name, sir? 他有名字吗先生No. 没Good dog. 乖Stay. 待着This was my father's collection.这是我父亲的收藏当然我看到的只不过是画布上的颜料I see little more than just paint on canvas, ofcourse.But I do find myself here. 但我在这能找到自我Please. 请坐I didn't want to do this, John. 我并不想这么做约翰如果你保持隐退我就不会找你Had you stayed retired, i would have respectedit.Look at you. 瞧啊Y ou're thinkin' about it, aren't you? 你在思考对吗Y ou're counting exits, guards... 你在统计出口保安Could you get to me in time? 想迅速干掉我How would you do it, i wonder? 我好奇你会怎么做That woman's pen? 用那女人的笔?His cane? 用他的拐杖?Maybe his glasses? 或许用他的眼镜?My hands. 用我的手How exciting. 多令人兴奋啊Y et, you know you cannot, can you? 然而你知道你不能那么做对吗I told you i needed that guy, 我说了我需要那个人the way you are looking at me right now. 我需要你现在看我的眼神I needed the boogeyman. 我需要夜魔I needed John wick. 我需要约翰·威克Just tell me what you want. 告诉我你想要什么I want you to kill my sister. 我想要你杀了我的姐姐Why? 为什么There are 12 seats at the high table. 高台桌有12个席位Camorra, mafia, and ndrangheta. 克莫拉黑手党光荣会The Chinese, the Russian. 中国人俄罗斯人When my father died... 我父亲去世前He willed his seat to her. 立嘱把席位传给她She represents camorra now. 现在她代表着克莫拉And I can't help but wonder 而我不禁会想what I might accomplish in her stead. 我取代她会取得怎样的成就Y ou want me to kill Gianna d'Antonio? 你要我杀了吉安娜·丹东尼奥?I could never do it. 我下不了手She is my blood. 她是我的亲人I still love her. 我还爱她It can't be done. 这可不行She's in Rome for her coronation. 她在罗马加冕Y ou will take the catacombs in... 你从地下墓穴进入...It doesn't matter where she is. 她在哪无关紧要所以我需要幽灵约翰·威克That's why I need the ghost, lo spettro, Johnwick.That's why I need you. 所以我需要你Do this for me, 为我办这件事and your marker is honored. 你的徽记会得到荣耀What say you? 你怎么说Never one to waste words. 从不讲废话Jonathan! 乔纳森Julius. 尤利乌斯Ciao. - Nice to see you. - 你好- 很高兴见到你I fail to recall the last time you were in Rome. 我都不记得你上次来罗马是什么时候了And here I'd heard 我听说you had retired. 你隐退了I had. 之前是Then humor me with but one question. 我问个问题你配合下No. 不是All right, then. 好吧One of our finest rooms. 我们最好的房间之一Grazie. 谢谢And enjoy your stay. 入住愉快Mr. wick. 威克先生Is the sommelier in? 侍酒师在里面吗I have never known him not to be. 他不会不在Good afternoon, Mr. wick. 下午好威克先生It's been a long time. 好久不见I'd like a tasting. 我想品鉴一下I am quite excited to show you something. 我很兴奋给你看些东西First... 首先...Buongiorno, signor wick. 你好威克先生Ciao, Angelo. 你好安杰洛Welcome back to Rome. 欢迎再次来到罗马I am. 没错I know of your past fondness for the Germanvarietals,我知道你以前喜欢德国品种but I can wholeheartedly endorse the new breedof Austrians.但我强烈推荐奥地利的新品种Glock .34 and .26. 格洛克34和26This is the original map of the d'Antonio estate. 这是丹东尼奥庄园的原始地图Here, you have all the ancient ruins. 这里都是古代遗迹Tell me, Mr. wick, is this a formal event or a social affair? 威克先生告诉我是用于正式场合还是社交活动Social. 社交And is this for day or evening? 白天穿还是晚上穿I need one for day and one for night. 白天和晚上各要一件Recontoured grips. 重塑过的枪柄Flared magwell for easier reloads. 喇叭形弹夹井更易于装弹And I know you'll appreciate the custom porting. 你肯定会喜欢它的自定义改装What's next? 接下来呢I need something robust. Precise. 我需要强劲精准的"Robust. Precise." “强劲精准”这是神殿和地下墓穴的地图This is the map of the temple and catacombsunderneath.In what style? Italian. 要什么风格- 意式How many buttons? Two. 要几个纽扣- 两个Trousers? Tapered. 裤子呢- 窄脚How about the lining? 衬里呢Tactical. 作战式Ar-15, 11.5-inch. AR-15 十一英寸半枪管Compensated with an ion-bonded bolt carrier. 离子涂层枪机Trijicon accupoint with one-six magnification. 配有吉康公司的一至六倍变倍瞄准镜And this is the modern blueprint. 这是现代设计图There are one, two, three gates. 有一二三道门Silicon carbide discs. Ceramic matrices. 碳化硅圆片陶瓷基质Accompanying laminates. 伴同层压材料Cutting-edge body armor. 尖端身体护甲We just sew it between the fabric and the lining.我们把它缝在面料和衬里之间Zero penetration. However... 零穿透然而...Quite painful, I'm afraid. 我恐怕会非常疼你能推荐晚宴收尾用的吗Could you recommend anything for the end ofthe night?Something big, bold.要大气狂放May I suggest the Benelli m4? 我能推荐伯奈利M4吗Custom bolt carrier release and charging handle.定制枪机框和拉机柄Textured grips, should your hands get wet. 防滑刻纹握把An Italian classic. 意大利经典Dessert? 甜点呢Dessert. 甜点The finest cutlery. All freshly stoned. 最好的刀具全新磨砺Well done. 干得好Could you do a rush order? - I sure can. 能加急做吗- 可以Where would you like to have it sent? 要送哪The hotel. 酒店Shall I have everything sent to your room? 要把所有东西送你房间吗Y es. Thank you. Excellent.好谢谢- 好极了Mr. wick? 威克先生Do enjoy your party. 尽情享受你的派对Good evening. 晚上好Are you enjoying the party? 你喜欢这场派对吗Mr. akoni. 阿科尼先生Are you enjoying the festivities? 你喜欢这次庆典吗Please. Sit. 请坐Ms. d'Antonio, 丹东尼奥女士you can't just take what is rightfully mine.你不能拿走理应是我的东西Nothing was taken. 没东西被拿走这些地盘是你的那些人给我们的Those among your own came to us with theseterritories.A knife was pressed to their throats. 他们的喉咙被架着刀Semantics. 这是理解问题Besides... 另外那把刀原本是给他们的孩子准备的That blade you speak of was meant for theirchildren.They were only meant to watch. 他们本来只要看着What is yours is now ours, Mr. akoni. 你的东西现在是我们的阿科尼先生Now go. 走吧Enjoy the party. 好好享受派对Have some fun. 玩得开心Sì,Signora. 好的小姐John. 约翰Gianna. 吉安娜There was a time not so long ago 就在不久前in which I considered us as friends. 我把你当成朋友I still do. 我仍然是Y et here you are. 可你来这里了What brought you back, John? 是什么让你复出的约翰A marker. 一个徽记Held by? 持有人是?Y our brother. 你的弟弟Tell me, John. 告诉我约翰This marker... 你是因为Is it how you got out? 这个徽记脱身的吗And what was her name, 她叫什么this woman whose life has ended my own? 这个结束我生命的女人Helen. 海伦"Helen." “海伦”This Helen... 这个海伦她值得你现在付出的代价吗Was she worth the price that you now seek topay?Now, 现在let me tell you what happens when I die. 我来告诉你我死后会发生什么Santino will lay claim to my seat at the table. 桑提诺会在高台桌索领我的席位He will take New Y ork. 他会夺取纽约你将是把它送给他的那个人And you will have been the one who gifted it tohim.What would your Helen think about that, John? 你的海伦对此会怎么想约翰What would your Helen think about you? 你的海伦对你会怎么想Why? 为什么Because I lived my life my way. 因为我以我的方式生存And I will die my way. 我也要以我的方式死去Do you fear damnation, John? 你害怕天谴吗约翰Y es. 怕Y ou know, 要知道I always thought i could escape it. 我总以为我能避开That I'd see it coming. 避开这一天的到来That I'd see you. 避开你的到来John? 约翰Cassian. 卡西安Y ou working? 你在工作?Y eah. 是啊Y ou? 你呢Y eah. 我也是Good night? 今晚很顺?Afraid so. 我恐怕是的I'm sorry to hear that. 很遗憾听到你这么说Loose ends? 还有没做完的事?Y eah... 是啊Y ou're not havin' a good night, are you, John? 你今晚并不顺啊约翰Gentlemen! 先生们Gentlemen! 先生们Do I need to remind you 要我提醒你们that there will be no business 大陆酒店里conducted on the continental grounds? 不能办事吗No, signore. 不用先生No, sir. 不用先生Now, may I suggest a visit to the bar, 现在我建议你们去酒吧so you can calm yourselves. 去冷静下Gin, wasn't it? 杜松子酒对吧Y es. 没错Bourbon, right? 波旁酒对吗Grazie. 谢谢I had a marker. 我有个徽记任务Whose? 谁给的Her brother. 她的弟弟I see. 我明白了Y ou had no choice. 你别无选择He wants her seat at the table. 他想要她在高台桌的席位He'll get it now. 他现在能得到了Y eah. 是啊Y eah. 没错So you're free. 所以你自由了Am I? 是吗No. 不是Not at all. 完全不是Y ou killed my ward. Someone I was close to. 你杀了我的受监护人跟我关系亲近的人An eye for an eye, John. 我要以眼还眼约翰Y ou know how it goes. 你知道会怎么样Y eah. 是的I'll make it quick. 我会下手利索I promise. 我保证I appreciate that. 谢谢I'll try and do the same. 我也会下手利索This round's on me. 这次我请Consider it a professional courtesy. 就当这是职场礼节No. Thanks. 不用谢谢Hello, John. 你好约翰I understand if you are upset. 你不高兴的话我理解And I know it might feel personal. 我知道这像是私人恩怨But what kind of man would I be 但我要是不向杀我姐的凶手报仇if I didn't avenge my sister's murder? 我还是人吗John? 约翰Could you let management know 你能告诉管理部I'll be checking out in the morning. 我早上退房吗Operator. How may i direct your call? 我是接线员要我把电话转给谁- Accounts payable. - One moment, please. - 应付账款- 请稍等Accounts payable. How may I help you? 这里是应付账款有什么需要帮忙的吗I'd like to open an account. 我想开个账户Name on the account? John wick. 帐户姓名- 约翰·威克V erification? 验证码9305-05. 9305-05State of contract? 契约状态Open. Denomination? 开放- 面额Seven million. 七百万Processing. Please hold. 处理中请稍等I appreciate the service. My pleasure. 谢谢招待- 不客气Y ou will find safe passage below. 你会在下面找到安全通道Transportation is waiting for you. 运输工具已就绪May you have a safe journey, Mr. wick. 祝你一路平安威克先生Order confirmed. 订单已确认What is this? He completed the task. 这是什么- 他完成了任务The marker is over. 徽记任务结束了Mark it. 按指印If Mr. wick isn't dead already, 威克先生还没死的话he soon will be. 那他很快就会的Will you mark it, sir? 先生你能按指印吗Y ou have no idea what's coming, do you? 你不知道接下来会发生什么对吗I have everyone in New Y ork looking for him. 我让人都在纽约找他I doubt we will see him again. 我怀疑我们是否会再见到他Do you now? 是吗Y ou stabbed the devil in the back 你在恶魔背后捅刀迫使他回到刚离开的生活and forced him back into the life that he had justleft.Y ou incinerated the priest's temple. 你烧了祭司的神殿Burned it to the ground. 把它烧成了灰烬现在他不受徽记制约你觉得他会干嘛Now he's free of the marker, what do you thinkhe'll do?He had a glimpse of the other side 他想过普通人的生活and he embraced it. 便投身其中But you, signor d'Antonio... 但你丹东尼奥先生...took it away from him. 却把它夺走了He was already back. 他早就回来了Oh, he came back for love, not for you. 他因为爱回来的不是为了你He owed me. I had every right. 他欠我人情我完全有权让他回来And now he's coming again. 现在他又要来了He did tell you not to do this. 他跟你说过别这么做He did warn you. 他警告过你Adios, Santino. 再见桑提诺有任何可疑活动请告知运输署人员Please notify mta personnel of any suspiciousactivity.Y our attention, please. 请注意The broad street bound c train is now arriving. 往布罗德街方向的C列车来了Y our attention, please. 请注意The broad street bound c train is now arriving. 往布罗德街方向的C列车来了Next stop, canal street. 下一站克拿尔街This is canal street. 克拿尔街到了This is the broad street bound c train. 这是往布罗德街方向的C列车The next stop is rector street. 下一站瑞克特街This is rector street. 瑞克特街到了这是往布罗德街方向的C列车eetme#obiewybdetalsnart This is the broad streetbound c train.The next stop is broad street. 下一站布罗德街This is broad street. 布罗德街到了This is the last stop on the southbound c train. 这是C列车南行的最后一站The blade is in your aorta. 刀刺入了你的主动脉Y ou pull it out, you'll bleed, and you will die.你拔出来就会流血然后你会死This is the end of the line.终点站到了Consider this a professional courtesy. 就当这是职场礼节This is broad street. 布罗德街到了This is the last stop on the southbound c train. 这是C列车南行的最后一站This is the end of the line.这是终点站We say things, we see things. 世事为我们所述为我们所见The things you see are nightmares, man. 你看到的都是梦魇老兄Like this one time... 就像这一次...Take me to him. 带我去他那Tell him it's John wick. 告诉他是约翰·威克Y ou know, they just... They put it in everything! 要知道他们...他们什么都放进去Hey, man. Y ou got a quarter? 嘿老兄有25美分吗As I live and breathe! 真没想到啊John wick. 约翰·威克The man. 那个男人The myth. 那个神话The legend. 那个传奇Y ou're not very good at retiring. 你不是很擅长隐退啊I'm workin' on it. 我在努力威克先生不记得了但我们很多年前见过Mr. wick doesn't remember, but we met manyyears ago,before my ascension... 是我上位前的事When I was just a pawn in the game. 那时我还只是棋局中的一枚棋子We met and you gave me a gift, 我们相遇后你就送了我份礼物the gift that would make me a king. 让我成为王者的礼物你不记得了我当时站在一条小巷里Y ou don't remember, but there I was, standing inan alleyway.I didn't even hear you comin'. 我甚至没发现你在靠近我Y ou gave me this. 你送了我这个Gift from the boogeyman. 来自夜魔的礼物Perfect for every occasion. 完美适用于各种场合But you also gave me a choice. 但你也给了我选择Pull my gun, shoot you in the back, and die. 在你背后掏枪打你然后死去Or keep the pressure on my neck... 或是压住自己的脖子...and live. 活下去And so you see, i survived. 所以你瞧我活了下来No one sneaks up on me anymore, thanks to you. 多亏了你再也没人能偷偷接近我I am all-seeing and all-knowing. 我无所不见无所不知Then you know why I'm here. 那你知道我为什么来这里Y our contract went wide, John. 约翰悬赏你的契约传得很广That's bad for your health. 这对你的健康不利啊What's the number up to now, Earl? 厄尔现在赏金到多少了$7 million! Damn! 七百万美元天呐It's Christmas. We're going to applebee's afterthis.圣诞了这之后我们要去苹果蜂I need your help. 我需要你的帮助Y ou have eyes begging for change on everycorner in the city.你讨钱的眼线遍布城市的每个角落I'm thinkin' you can find Santino. 我想你能找到桑提诺I need you to move me. Underground. 我需要你把我从地下转移Get me to him. 把我带到他那How sweet it is! 好开心啊The boogeyman begging me for help. 夜魔求我帮忙Well, of course, John. 没问题啊约翰Y es, John. Whatever you'd like, John. 可以啊约翰有事随便说约翰Would you like a back rub with that, John? 想要背部按摩吗约翰Y ou're going to help me. 你会帮我的Why the fuck would I do that? 我他妈为什么要帮Because I'm the only one that can help you. 因为我是唯一能帮你的人Y ou're gonna help me out? 你要帮我?That's downright upright of you, Mr. wick. 你真会做人威克先生Y ou sound positively magnanimous. 你听上去好大度But look around you. 但看看你周围How much help does it look like I need? 你觉得我需要帮助吗It seems to me that the real question, Mr. wick, 威克先生在我看来真正的问题是is who in this cruel world of ours is going to helpyou?在我们这个残酷世界中谁会帮你There's a storm coming. 一场风暴即将来临Not just for me. For all of us. 这不是为了我自己而是为了我们所有人For everyone under the table. 所有在高台桌之下的人Y es, killing someone who has a seat at the hightable是啊杀某个在高台桌有席位的人does create a problem. 确实会造成问题But it's your problem, baby. 但那是你的问题宝贝After all, none of my people sent Giannad'Antonio毕竟我的人可没把吉安娜·丹东尼奥to the hereafter. 送上黄泉That being said, Santino has her seat now. 话虽如此但桑提诺现在得到了她的席位And he wants the city. 他想要这座城市When he's done uptown, you think he's gonna stop at 14th street? 等他搞定上城区你觉得他会止步于第14街?We'll just have to take care of ourselves. 我们只需照顾好我们自己Oh, yeah? For how long? 是吗能持续多久呢And how much blood? 要流多少血呢Y ou kill Santino, 你杀了桑提诺the camorra, and the high table come for you. 克莫拉和高台桌会追杀你我杀了桑提诺那他们追杀的就是我I kill Santino, they come for me. translated byweibo EmteeHe's offered $7 million for your life. 他悬赏七百万美元要你的命$7 million is a lot of money, Mr. wick. 七百万美元是笔大钱威克先生So I guess you have a choice. 所以我想你可以选择Y ou want a war? 你想要一场大战Or do you wanna just give me a gun? 还是给我一把枪Somebody, please! Get this man a gun! 来人给这人搞把枪Kimber 1911, .45 acp. 金伯1911 0.45英寸ACP弹Seven-round capacity. 能装七颗子弹Seven rounds? 七颗子弹?$7 million gets you seven rounds. 七颗子弹配悬赏你的七百万美元That's a million dollars a round, baby. 一百万一颗宝贝Let's go. 走吧Y our descent into hell begins here, Mr. wick. 你的地狱之旅就此开始了威克先生He's at the museum. 他在博物馆Earl will guide you. 厄尔会给你带路Do be careful on your way down. 一路小心Oh, and remember, you owe me. 别忘了你欠我个人情Y ou don't want me owing you. 你不会希望我欠你Welcome, everyone. 欢迎各位光临Let us toast to the future of the high table 让我们向高台桌的未来举杯敬酒and of course, to the memory of my dear sister. 当然也向我亲爱的姐姐敬酒纪念Nice to see you. 很高兴见到你Mr. akoni, how are you? 阿科尼先生你好吗Wick is here. 威克来了Y eah. 好的Y ou and you, with me. Y ou, go. 你还有你跟我走你过去欢迎来到新现代纽约城的“灵魂反思”展Welcome to "reflections of the soul" at the newmodern NYC.Within this exhibition,这次展览结合变幻的光影与自我形象的本质the interplay of light and the nature ofself-imagescoalesce to provide an experience 来提供一种体验能突出我们空间知觉的脆弱which will highlight the fragility of ourperception of spaceand our place within it.并凸显我们身处其中时的位置We hope through this exhibit we can provide 我们希望通过此次展览能让你new insights into your understanding of the 对这世界的理解有新的看法world,and just possibly lead you to deeper reflection 或许也会让你对自我本质into the nature of self. 有更深的反思The marker is complete, John. 约翰徽记完整了Y ou should have just run away. 你本该逃跑Y ou know what the camorra will do to you. 你知道克莫拉会对你做什么Y ou think you're old testament? 你以为你是旧约吗No, John. 不是约翰No. 你不是Killing me won't stop the contract. 杀了我终止不了契约Killing me will make it so much worse. 杀了我会让情况变得更糟John, 约翰you know what I think? 你知道我怎么想的吗I think you are addicted to it. 我觉得你沉迷了To the vengeance. 沉迷于复仇欢迎来到新现代纽约城的“灵魂反思”展Welcome to "reflections of the soul" at the newmodern NYC.No wife. 没有妻子No life. 没有生活No home. 没有家V engeance, it's all you have. 你只有复仇Y ou wanted me back. 你要我回来I'm back. 我回来了你正在离开新现代纽约城的“灵魂反思”展Y ou are now exiting "reflections of the soul" atthe new modern NYC.We hope that your journey through the exhibit 我们希望你在观展时has been one of reflective contemplation 会有反思性的沉思allowing for a new perspective and insight. 以引发新的视角和看法Y ou are now exiting "reflections of the soul..." 你正在离开“灵魂反思”展Y ou are now exiting "reflections of the soul..." 你正在离开“灵魂反思”展Good evening. 晚上好Is the manager in? 管理人在吗The manager is always in. 管理人一直在Winston. 温斯顿Mr. d'Antonio. 丹东尼奥先生Y our evening has been colorful, I see. 你今晚的夜生活真是缤纷多彩Seeking safe harbor, i presume? 我猜你在找避风港吧I want his membership revoked. Now. 我希望你现在就撤销他的会员资格In the eyes of this institution, 从制度上来说Mr. wick has breached no legalities. 威克先生没有违反任何条例那你也知道我有权要求你...Then you know that I have the right to demandof you...Nothing. Y ou demand nothing of me, Mr. 你要求不了我什么丹东尼奥先生d'Antonio.This kingdom is mine and mine alone. 这里是我的王国我一个人的All right. 好吧那好好享受你的王国温斯顿趁你还能Then enjoy your kingdom, Winston, while youstill can.And you, its privileges, sir. 这也是你的特权先生I'm here to see Santino d'Antonio. 我找桑提诺·丹东尼奥He's waiting for you in the lounge, sir. 他正在酒廊等你先生Duck fat. 鸭油Makes all the difference. 是重中之重Jonathan... 乔纳森Have you seen the menu here? 你看过这里的菜单吗Lot of options. Jonathan, listen to me... 有很多选择- 乔纳森听我说A man can stay here a long time 一个人在这待很久and never eat the same meal twice. 都能一直吃到不同的菜Jonathan, just walk away. 乔纳森走开Y eah, Jonathan. 没错乔纳森Walk away. 走开What have you done? 你干了什么Finished it. 干完了How was he? 他怎么样He was a good dog. I have enjoyed his company. 他很乖我很喜欢有他为伴Let's go home. 我们回家吧Mr. wick? 威克先生If you would be so inclined. 你愿意的话请跟我来Come on, boy. 来小伙子It has been a pleasure, Mr. wick. 很荣幸认识你威克先生Goodbye. 再见Jonathan. 乔纳森Winston. 温斯顿What am I lookin' at? 有什么问题吗The camorra's doubled Santino's open contract. 克莫拉把桑提诺的开放契约翻了一番It's gone international. 已传遍全球High table? 高台桌?And the continental? 还有大陆酒店?你在酒店杀了个人乔纳森Y ou killed a man on company grounds,Jonathan.你让我别无选择只能宣告将你处以绝罚Y ou leave me no choice but to declare youexcommunicado.跟大陆酒店有关的任何服务和供应商The doors to any service or provider inconnection with the continentalare now closed to you. 现在都对你关闭I am so sorry. 我很抱歉。
chapter Two 2
在智能输入法状态下，你几乎不会拼错单词，因 为：如果你摁入的字母序列与手机内置词库的正确 单词拼写顺序不一致的话，手机会给你提示，或者 根本就没有合适的单词供你选择。因此，我们必须 掌握正确的拼写，相应地，需要随时随地查词典— —电子词典就是最好的搭档。我就是被智能输入法 “强迫”练熟了不少容易混淆的拼写。例如 “大使” 和“大使馆”读音、意义类似，我曾经想当然以为 拼写就是最后几个字母后缀有点差别，某次我要表 达“大使馆”时摁入“ambassy”，手机提示不能识 别，查电子词典才发现“大使”是“ambassador”， “大使馆”却是“embassy”！请你拿出手机试一遍， 就能感受到“电子老师”是多么的严格要求了。在 “手机＋电子词典”的反复写作训练下，我慢慢练 熟了诸如“temperature”、“restaurant”、 “guarantee”、“fortunate”、“pronunciation”、 “cockcroach”等从前经常出错的拼写。
4、打字，3-5美元/页。
thank
you!!
英文歌曲欣赏
来自爱尔兰的杰出男孩组合Westlife（西城男孩），以其扎实 的唱功著称当今欧美流行乐坛，他们与爱尔兰偶像始祖 Boyzone可谓是欧洲偶像音乐界的两大传奇。Westlife的传奇 是从爱尔兰北部的Sligo开始，当时Shane、Mark和几个志同 道合的朋友组成了一个专辑演唱Backstreet Boys歌曲的团体 IOU，在一场音乐表演中Mark因缘际会地结识了Kian，并邀 请他加入IOU，使得IOU成为6人编制的组合。透过当地经纪公 司的安排IOU开始在家乡的流行重镇The Point演唱，而且还 自资录制了一首曲名为Together Girl Forver的单曲寄给 Boyzone超级经纪人Louise Walsh。1998年Louise安排IOU 在Backstreet Boys都柏林的演唱会上担任暖场团体，而 Boyzone的Ronan也到场欣赏他们的演出。然而由于 Boyzone的经纪事务太过繁杂，Louise并没有签下IOU的打 算，但是他们杰出的表现让Louise十分不舍，于是便将IOU介 绍给Ronan认识，并希望他能为团员们上些艺人养成课程。 在和IOU团员们进行一番恳谈后，Ronan毅然决定与Louise 共同担任他们的经纪人。接着Louise在柏林举行的试演会上 挖掘了表演学校毕业的Brian以及原是Leeds United球队的 Nicky，与IOU核心人物Shane、Mark和Kian组成了Westlife。
Chapter Two Comparative studies(new)
3. the不必译出 e.g. The end does not justify the means. 即使目的正确，也不能不择手段。
4. The表特指时，常译成“这”、“那”，“这 些”、“那些” e.g. The book on the table is very worth reading. 桌上的那本书值得一读。Leabharlann Affixation
E.g. “超” 、 “子” 超短波 ultrashort wave 超短裙 miniskirt 超标准 superstandard 超语言符号 extralinguistic signs 超代数 hyperalgebra 超大气压 overpressure 帽子 cap 旗子 flag 命根子 lifeblood 胖子 fatty 矮子 shorty 垫子 cushion, mat 掸子 duster 骗子 swindler
一个很重要的问题
一个可以辩论的题目
以空前的速度
e.g. The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt. 每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感受完全相符。 e.g. It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. 借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论，是一个 很好的办法。
A very important question A question of great importance A debatable subject A subject which can be debated At an unprecedented speed At a speed unprecedented
Chapter Two Inquiry
Chapter Two InquiryExercises:Ⅰ.Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1.We are enclosing herewith an inquiry sheet.2.We are looking forward to receiving your inquiry at an early date.3.As soon as we have received your inquiry, we will immediately mail you the samples and offer you most favorable prices.4.If your quotation is competitive, we are ready to place orders of Men's Shirts.5.Please quote as requested in our inquiry sheet your lowest prices and state the earliest delivery date.6.If you are interested in our electronic products, please let us know with a specific inquiry.7.We are making you the following offer, subject to your reply reaching here within five days.8.If you think this offer is acceptable to you, please cable us immediately for our confirmation.9.Please quote us CIF Vancouver including 3% commission.10.The above offer is subject to our final confirmation.Ⅱ.Translate the following sentences into English:1.如果你方报价具有竞争性，交货期可接受的话，我们愿向你方订货。
优品课件之Chapter Two Pollution Fighters
Chapter Two Pollution Fighters Chapter Two Pollution FightersI. 章节分析1. collect some facts for a class project on pollution2. pollute (v.) / pollution (n.) / polluted (adj.) / pollutant (n.) 污染物3. interview (vt.) Doctor Ray4. be interested in = be keen on / be fond of / enjoy / like 喜欢，感兴趣5. show (great) interest in6. interest (n./v.) / interesting (adj.) / interested (adj.)7. the biggest and oldest living things on earth8. live (v.) 生活，居住 e.g. Where do you live?(adj.) 活着，有生命 e.g. Have you ever touched a real live snake?现场直播的e.g. It wasn’t a recorded show, it was live.lively (adj.) 有生气的，活泼的，充满活力的 e.g. They are lively children.alive (adj.) 活的e.g. The young woman was still alive when the ambulance reached the hospital.He kept the little cat alive by feeding it warm milk.充满生机的 e.g. In the evening the town really comes alive. (名词后用alive)living (adj.) 活的 e.g. Does he have any living relatives? (名词前用living)(n.) 生活 e.g. She makes a living by selling newspapers.life (n.) (个人的)生命 C e.g. Three lives were lost in the fire.Doctors fought all night to save her life.生活 U e.g. Life can be hard for a single parent.That’s life, you can’t change it.Exercises: 1) My family __________ in New York ten years ago.9. What good are trees? = What is the good of trees? 树有什么好处呢？10. make streets more beautiful and less noisy11. noise (n.) / noisy (adj.) / noisily (adv.)12. else (adj.) 其它的 (置于疑问代词或不定代词后)e.g. What else can they do? Do you want to buy anything else?other (adj.) 其它的 (置于名词前) e.g. We study Chinese, math, English and other subjects.13. suppose (v.) = think something to be truee.g. I suppose you felt tired after running the marathon (, didn’t you?).suppose = pretend that something is truee.g. Suppose you had a million dollars, what would you do?14. enjoy breathing pure, cool air (enjoy doing sth)15. breath (n.) [breθ]/ breathe (v.) [bri: ]Exercises: 1) People ________ slowly when they are sleeping.16. Thank sb for sth. e.g. Thank you for your help. / Thank you for helping me.17. natural air conditioners 自然空调 (nature / natural)18. take harmful gas from the air19. release oxygen into the air20. one and a half hectares of tree 一公顷半的树木21. produce enough oxygen to keep your whole class alive and healthy for a year产生足够的氧气供你们全班学生一年时间的存活和健康成长22. Trees cool the air as well as clean it.as well as… = besides / in addition toe.g. On Sundays, his farm provided lunch as well as breakfast.It is important for you as well as for me.Father as well as his children hasn’t been to Euro Disney. (远离原则)William Shakespeare was an actor as well as a play writer. (强调前者)= William Shakespeare was not only a play writer but (also) an actor. (强调后者)23. Three trees can do the jobs of 15 air conditioners running (=as they are running ) almost all day.24. know a lot about trees25. attack a tree 攻击树attract one’s attention引起某人注意26. warn its neighbors27. warn sb of sth./sb warn sb against doing sth警察警告我们不要跑着过马路。
Chapter Two Translation Process
Chapter Two Translation ProcessComprehension（理解）Reproduction（表达）Revision（审校）I. ComprehensionComprehension refers to accurate and thorough understanding of the SL text.1.How important is comprehension?The importance of comprehension can never be overstressed. It is the primary and key step of translation process. Without it, good translation is impossible.2.What to do in comprehension?General reading: to get the gist (general idea), and underline the items where you see a translation problem, including all neologisms(新詞)，metaphors, cultural words and institutional terms peculiar to the SL, proper names, technical terms and…untranslatable‟ words (the ones that have no ready one-to-one equivalent in the TL). Close reading: to have a careful study of the words both out of and in context. In principle, everything has to be looked up that does not make good sense in its context (to ensure that common words are not being used figuratively or technically orcolloquially).The last reading: get a thorough understanding of the spirit of the whole text (i.e. to see both the wood and the trees).To summarize, you have to study the SL text not for itself but as something that may have to be reconstituted for a different readership in a different culture.3. How to solve the problems in understanding?⏹Linguistic analysis(语言分析)⏹Context analysis（语境分析）⏹Logic analysis（逻辑分析）⏹Background knowledge（背景知识）Linguistic analysisby way of discriminating word meaning (词义辨析)by way of grammatical analysis （语法分析）with the help of dictionaries （借助词典）Marianne‟s preserver, as Margaret, with more elegance than precision, titled Willoughby, called at the cottage early the next morning to make his personal inquiries. (J. Austen: Sense and Sensibility, Ch.10, V.I)第二天一早，被玛丽安的保护者玛格丽特称为“漂亮多于精确”的威洛比，来别墅进行亲自问候。