lecture1
lecture 1
• （4）有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分，部分信息被省 略了或被隐藏起来了。翻译时要加以拓展。例如，特区是 个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是 对外政策的窗口。有人把它翻译为：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 这样的翻译外国人是无法理解的，我们必 须把那些被省略了或被隐藏起来的信息都翻译出来：The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-hows. They are also a window through which to disseminate China’s foreign policies.
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上述各种能力和意识的培养，可以通过不同的 具体途径来实现。
• （1）深刻认识翻译的重要性。翻译的对与错、好 与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如，把海南 岛的“天涯海角”翻译成了“the End of the World（世界末日）”（应为Land’s End / End of the Earth）。再如某航空公司广告中的承诺 “一小时内免费送机票上门”被译成了“We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.（一小 时内送免费机票上门。）”（应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.）。
lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)
III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类
• 相反，作为屈折语的英语则表现为：
Hale Waihona Puke 1. 语法关系主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达，词的曲折形 态变化相对丰富，用以标示语法范畴，表达语法意义（名词 有单复数形式，形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，代词 有主格、宾格和所有格等形态），并集中体现在动词的时态、 体态和语态等形态变化上，形成了以动词形态变化为主轴的 句法结构模式，表意与句法形态紧密结合。 词缀变化（affixation）突出，词缀种类齐全且灵活多变，构 词法上以派生构词（derivation）为主。 词类分明，结构形式严谨，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈显性 （overt） ，结构上主要遵循形式一致性原则，表现为形式和 意义的基本对应。
IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译
以上对比分析表明，汉语和英语在表意手段上，前者以词汇 手段为主，后者以形态手段为主，汉英互译时就要充分发挥 译语优势，选用符合译语（target language）语言习惯的表 意手段，灵活变通，兼容互补，恰当再现源语（source language）的语法和逻辑意义。例如： 1. I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 【原译】我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津 大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 【试译】我原本谦逊尔雅、人见人爱，是牛津大学教得我人 见人嫌。
II. Important Concepts
• For example, the generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dishwasher are examples of word formation. • Informally, word formation rules form "new" words, while inflection rules yield variant forms of the "same" word, which may be different in grammatical sense. • Accordingly, morphology is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. And There is a further distinction between two types of word formation: derivation and compounding.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
【托福听力资料】托福TPO11 听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力资料】托福TPO11 听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO11Lecture 1TPO11 Lecture 1 BiologyNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology Class. The class has been learning about birds.Professor：Ok, today we are going to continue our discussion of the parentingbehaviors of birds. And we are going to start by talking about what are known asdistraction displays.Now if you are a bird and there is a predator around.What are you going to do? Well, for one thing you are going to try to attract as little attention as possible, right? Because if the predator doesn’t know you are there, it is not going to try to eat you. But sometimes certain species of birds do the exact opposite. When a predator approaches, they do their best to attract theattention of that predator.Now why would they do that? Well, they do that to draw the predator away from their nest, away from their eggs or their young birds. And the behaviors that the birds engage in to distract predators are called distraction displays.And there are a number of different kinds of distraction displays.Most of the time, when birds are engaging in distraction displays, they aregoing to be pretending either that they have an injury or that they’re ill orthat they’re exhausted. You know something that’ll make the predator think: Ah…here is an easy meal.One pretty common distraction display is what’s called the broken-wingdisplay. And in a broken-wing display, the bird spreads and drags a wings or its tail, and while it does that, it slowly moves away from the nests. So it really looks like a bird with a broken wing. And these broken-wing displays can be pretty convincing.Another version of this kind of distraction display is where the birdcreates the impression of a mouse or some other small animals that’s running along the ground. A good example of that kind of display is created by a bird called the purple sandpiper.Now what’s the purple sandpiper does is when a predator approaches, itdrags its wings but not to give the impression that its wing is broken but to create the illusion that it has a second pair of legs. And then it raises its feathers, so it looks like it’s got a coat of fur. And then it runs along the ground swerving left and right, you know like it’s running around little rocks and sticks. And as it goes along, it makes this little squealing noise. So froma distance it really looks and sounds like a little animal running along theground trying to get away. Again to the predator, it looks like an easymeal.Now what’s interesting is that birds have different levels of performanceof these distraction displays. They don’t give their top performance, their prime time performance every time. What they do is they save their bestperformances, their most conspicuous and most risky displays for the time just before the baby birds become able to take care of themselves. And they time it that way because that’s when they’ll have made the greatest investment in parenting their young. So they are not going to put on their best performancejust after they laid their eggs, because they haven’t invested that much time orenergy in parenting yet. The top performances are going to come later.Now you have some birds that are quiet mature, are quite capable almost as soon as they hatch. In that case, the parent will put on the most conspicuous distraction displays just before the babies hatch, because once the babies are hatched, they can pretty much take care of themselves. And then you have others birds that are helpless when they hatch. In that case, the parent will save its best performances until just before the babies get their feathers.希望这些对你的托福备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想成绩。
lecture 1
• 物流活动历史悠久
• 二战末期，军事后勤的需求 开始以系统观念研究物流活动，借助当 时有关学科研究成果，进行战争预测、 基地布置、运输规划等工作。完成了军 事后勤系统的保障任务
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物流概念发展的四个阶段
（一）1950-1964年---物流行业的起源 • 产品丰富化（Product Proliferation） • 跨行业销售(Scrambled Merchandizing) 以上两种趋势导致新的管理逻辑出 现，开始进行配送成本控制
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物流服务管理
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服务的定义
• 服务(service)是一种无形性的商品，可用 来满足消费者及企业用户之需要。
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第一节 物流服务的含义
物流服务的概念
物流服务是企业为满足客户（包 括内部和外部客户）的物流需求， 开展的一系列物流活动的结果。
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对物流服务的理解
• 物流服务可以理解为,衡量某物流系统为 某种商品或服务创造的时间和空间效用 的好坏尺度。
• 国内物流
• 国际物流
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六、按照物流系统的性质分类
• 企业物流 • 行业物流 • 社会物流
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物流成本
按照人们对物流成本的认识和管理 角度不同 • 宏观物流成本（社会） • 中观物流成本（行业） • 微观物流成本（企业）
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一、物流成本的概念
• 物流活动中所消耗的物化劳动和活劳动 的货币表现。 • 即产品在包装、运输、储存、装卸搬运 、流通加工、物流信息、物流管理等过 程中所耗费的人力、物力和财力的总和 以及与存货有关的资金占用成本、物品 损耗成本、保险和税收成本。
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物流概念发展的四个阶段
（二）1965-1979年---行业成熟阶段 • 实物配送(Physical Distribution)发展成熟 并与材料管理结合的阶段 • 财务、营销部门的认同 • 客户服务的观点等
Lecture 1-绪论
loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句), elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列句). English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑 法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chronicle style” (流水记事法) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.
2. Compact vs. Diffusive
English is rigid in S-V concord, requiring a complete formal cohesion. Chinese has flexible sentence structures through semantic coherence.
他的讲话并无前后矛盾之处。 There is no inconsistency in what he said. There is nothing inconsistent in what he said 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。 Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.
lecture 1
社会活动有着某些共同的体验，因而产生相同或相似的思想和 概念。这种共性使汉语的某些词语可在英语中找到完全对应的 词语。 i.e.垂直 —vertical dimension 合同—contract 婚 姻－marriage 家庭－family Ps: 这种共性也会随着人类历史演变，民族文化五彩斑斓而变 化纷呈。不同文化环境的人对自然和社会认识的角度不一，深 浅也不同，这种语言特性使得汉语中的某些词语在英语中只能 找到部分相应的词语，甚至出现词语空缺，即在英语中无对 应的成分。
《妇女权益保护法》；Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women 《四书》、《五经》：The Four Books . The Five Classics 《红楼梦》：The Dream of Red Mansions 《西游记》：The Pilgrimage to the West 《三国演义》：The Three Kingdoms 东方时空：Oriental Time and Space 人与自然：People and Nature
指称意义：denotative meaning 人类各民族对自然环境和
i.e.红茶－black tea 红眼病－pink eye/to be greeneyed 媒人－go-between 白酒－liquor/spirits ·蕴含意义:connotative meaning 词语内含的情感、联想和 文化意义，体现各个民族的思维方式和社会文化，即使是同 一指称，在不同语言里其蕴含意义也有天壤之别。 i.e.醋罐子 －vinegar (jealousy) 凤凰－phoenix 龙－dragon Ps:汉语指称较为笼统，英语却有明确的区分 i.e.税：duty (关税) tax(税、税额) tariff(进出口税额)
Lecture-1
凭经验检查法——适用 机器不稳定
有些故障工作一会才出现，当关机后一会在开机故障 就会重复出现。这种故障原因一般是由于元器件热稳 定性不好，受热后参数改变而引起的，这种故障采用 办法，对可疑元器件进行“降温”或“升温”处理来 寻找故障所在（但有一定基础）
微机系统故障诊断方法
冷却法
电吹风，冷风档，对着可疑元件吹冷风 棉球沾上酒精，擦拭可疑元器件的表面
电磁干扰
电磁干扰主要来源与音箱设备、电机、 大功率电器、电源等。 应远离电磁干扰源，较强的磁环境容 易造成硬盘上数据丢失，显示器产生 花斑、抖动等。
温度的影响
微机系统应用环境温度 10-30摄氏度 微机机箱内工作温度比外面要高，而计算机的芯 片和集成电路内温度比机箱内高。 在正常的散热通风条件下，微机产生的热量不足 以引起电路故障。 当外界温度超过正常标准或通风散热条件差，导 致内部温度急剧上升加速器件的老化损坏。 防止高温引起故障，要注意保持通风散热。
微机系统故障诊断方法
直接观察法——适用 明显故障。
检查是否有火花，异常音响，过热，烧焦现象， 观察有关插件是否松动，接触不良，虚焊，断 线，短路，生锈，损坏以及明显故障
拔插替换法适用 ——适用 几种怀疑，尚 不能确定时
用相同功能的系统部件替换故障的机器部件， 用好的元器件替换怀疑有故障的元器件，以便 迅速找到确切的故障位置。
在具体确定是系统软件还是应用软件故障
常用维护工具
旋具：各种十字旋具和一字旋具，最好选 择带磁性旋具 钳子：尖嘴钳，剥线钳，扁口钳 镊子：在清洗和焊接时，用作辅助工具 割线刀：用于割断或切削之用 吸锡器：去锡 电烙铁：电缆线，线路板，接插件等的焊 接工作
常用维护工具
清洁清洗工具：清洗盘，清扫灰尘的毛刷， 吹气橡皮球，清洗液 万用表：指针式（测量精度高于数字式， 测量速度快）和数字式（测量结果直观， 蜂鸣器指示断通 功能较多）两种
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Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interaction
Individual and society are interdependent.
Sociological Theory: View of Inequality
Functionalism Conflict Theory
Inevitable; functional for society
Max Weber(1864-1920)
Sociological Theory: Individual and Society
Functionalism Individuals occupy fixed social roles. Individuals subordinated to society.
“双元革命”与社会学 法国大革命：热切期盼的革命及其后果 “综观各种情况，法国革命是世界上迄今 为止发生的最令人震惊的事件，种种最惊 人的事情在许多情况下以最荒谬、最可笑 的方式以及最卑鄙的手段被制造出来。” -------Edmund Burke 《自由与传统》14页
与法国大革命直接相关的内在于 社会学中的两个传统
Sociological Theory: Source of Social Change
Functionalism
Disorganization and adjustment to achieve equilibrium.
Struggle; competition Ever-changing web of relationships and meaning of things.
启蒙高度强调人的作为”reason” 将科学运用于社会的研究,发现社会的内在规律 Positivists - society could be studied using the natural sciences. Humanitarianism - human reason can direct social change for the betterment of society.
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Consensus on common values.
Power; coercion
Symbolic Interaction
Collective meaning systems; society created through social interaction
Symbolic Interaction There is little analysis of inequality and it overstates the subjective basis of society.
社会学想象力
探询影响人们生活的社会模式的能力 C. Wright Mills. The Sociological Imagination.
揭露(Debunking)
Studying the patterns and processes that shape behavior. Questioning actions and ideas that are usually taken for granted. Acting as “an outsider within.”
孔德之前的知识背景
启蒙运动(enlightenment) 启蒙运动试图回答的问题,基本上是后来社 会学提出的问题,譬如:为什么存在不平等现 象?贫困的原因是什么?为什么会有犯罪? 在18世纪之前,这些有关人的行为的问题不 会成为”研究”的对象,宗教都已经给出了答 案.
启蒙运动的影响
The Enlightenment project
保守主义 自由主义/激进主义
工业革命Industrial Revolution
工业革命的震动
德国的访问者J.W.科尔，在1844年访问英国后，写道： “请想像一下：黑漆漆的道路从绿葱葱的田野中蜿蜒而过， 满载黑色宝藏的货车如水长流串梭不息……平原上布满 烟雾腾腾的煤山和乌黑的矿坑，而不时还可以看到简陋 的卫理公会教堂和校舍。“ 托克维尔这样写道（曼彻斯特）： “在这里，文明创造了自己的奇迹，而文明人则几乎又 变成野蛮人” “从这条污浊的排水管中，排出人类工业的最大一股潮 流去滋润全世界；从这条肮脏的下水道中，排出纯金的 潮流。在这里，人类的发展成就既是最完备的，也是最 野蛮的。”
孔德之后社会学的实质性发展:
三位奠基人 Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Max Weber
Karl Marx(1818-1883)
Emile Durkheim(1858-1917)
Main points of D
Viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts. Conceptualized social facts as social patterns external to individuals. Discovered the social basis of human behavior.
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interaction
Sociological Theory: Criticisms
Functionalism A conservative view of society that underplays power differences among and between groups. Conflict Theory Understates the degree of cohesion and stability in society.
第一讲
从社会学发展的历史看社会学的视角
Sociological Perspective
社会学发展的历史
“社会学之父”:孔德 August Comte(1789-1857)
1938年,在The positive philosophy第四 卷中,孔德首次提出“社会学”（sociologie: socius+logos)这个名词. “对于 社会现象所固有的全部基本规律的实证研究”
个人(troubles)的烦恼与社会议题 (issues)
Troubles are private problems in an individual’s life. Issues affect large numbers of people Issues shape the context within which troubles arise.
Result of struggle over scarce resources. Inequality demonstrated through meaning of status symbols.
Symbolic Interaction
Sociological Theory: Basis of Social Order