聚合物的降解与稳定化重点复习资料

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聚合物稳定与降解题目

聚合物稳定与降解题目

“聚合物稳定与降解”半期题目
1.聚氯乙烯是一种很容易降解的聚合物,而且降解产物
氯化氢对人体有害。

然而,在一些国家和地区,聚氯乙烯可以用在医用和食品领域。

请你就食品和/或医用领域内聚氯乙烯材料的应用现状,以及其对材料、配方、加工工艺条件的要求进行讨论,并提交一份综述。

2.在涤纶材料的加工过程中,会有很多边角余料;而很
多涤纶制品在应用之后,也会被回收利用。

请你就不同的产品中,涤纶回收料的应用情况(包括回收料的比例、回收料质量控制、对品质的影响、对成本的影响等)、应用和发展前景等做一综述。

3.由于聚苯乙烯泡沫材料具有强度高、保温性好等特点,
一度成为快餐和方便食品的首选包装材料,然而,由于其难以降解,现已被国家明文禁止。

请你对目前方便食品和快餐的包装材料的类型、特征和发展趋势进行一个综述。

4.组织工程支架材料是组织工程中非常重要的一个要
素。

目前组织工程材料中有很多是高分子材料。

请你就组织工程支架材料中高分子材料的应用现状及前景进行综述(可选一种或多种)。

5.目前,大量的塑料材料使用后无法再回收利用,因此,
近年来有人热衷于用废塑料为原来生产汽油或煤油,
请你就此查阅资料,并对其现状、特征和未来的发展趋势进行综述。

6.虽然含卤阻燃材料显示了优越的阻燃性,但它们在燃
烧时产生较多的烟雾和有毒的、腐蚀性的气体(卤化氢)。

这种气体是火灾中最危险的因素,因为它们的扩散速度远大于火焰的扩散速度,在火灾中妨碍了人们的撤离和扑灭工作,使生命财产遭到严重损失。

请你就此查阅资料,对无卤阻燃剂的发展趋势及研究现状进行综述。

稳定与降解(第二章)1(四川大学高分子材料)

稳定与降解(第二章)1(四川大学高分子材料)

小结:链式反应中,ROOH的积累和分 解加快了氧化反应速率,是自动氧化的主 要原因。
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聚合物热氧循环示意图
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2. 氧化速率方程式
氢过氧化物(ROOH)的生成和分解是竞 争反应。当分解反应速率与生成反应速率 相等时,其浓度达到最大值,反应速率基 本恒定,处于稳态。 在自动氧化初期,ROOH主要发生单分子 分解,按一级反应进行;随ROOH的增多 ,双分子分解占主要地位,反应按二级反 应进行。 注:现有的氧化速率方程式是建立在稳态 假设之上的(二级反应)。
【例】PVC的热降解
特点:可以从分子链任何部位无规消除
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热降解
• 热降解的类型
解聚反应 (拉链降解)
无规断链反应
主链不断裂的小分子 消除反应
降解产物 降解初期 降解到一定程度时
举例
单体
低分子量聚合物
形成小分子, 但不是单体
单体迅速挥发, 聚合物相对分子量 变化很小,而聚合
物质量损失较大
(2)分子结构和稳定性:
链的不饱和性和立体异构现象对热稳定性影 响很小。
取代基位阻效应会降低分解温度。
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(3)交联和稳定性:
各种类型的交联均可以提高热稳定性。 交联密度提高,热稳定性也提高。
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(4)结晶和稳定性:
理论上,提高结晶度,可以提高热稳定性。
实际聚合物往往受到以上各种因素的综 合影响。(相互协同或相互抵消)
或室温下聚合物与氧作用:
【例】聚丙烯类分子链上有供电基团的聚合物。
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(2)增长 自由基继续链式反应
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ROOH 积累增多后,会分解成新的自由基 继续链式反应

稳定与降解(第3 章)6-8

稳定与降解(第3 章)6-8

主链断裂的情况: 主链断裂的情况:
第八节 杂 链 聚 合 物
一、聚酯类
1. 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET) 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯( )
2000年,聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)世界 年 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 世界 产量约2707万吨, 万吨, 产量约 万吨 大约1826万吨用于涤纶生产, 万吨用于涤纶生产, 大约 万吨用于涤纶生产 万吨用于各种聚酯瓶, 约651万吨用于各种聚酯瓶, 万吨用于各种聚酯瓶 还有148万吨用于生产薄膜。 万吨用于生产薄膜。 还有 万吨用于生产薄膜
(1)光降解: )光降解: 真空中的光降解: 真空中的光降解:
大分子羧基自由基A可能进行两种反应 大分子羧基自由基 可能进行两种反应:
另一种可能的光降解过程: 另一种可能的光降解过程:
在有空气存在的情况下: 在有空气存在的情况下:
2. 聚碳酸酯(PC) 聚碳酸酯( )
(1)光降解: )光降解: PC具有很高的光稳定性。 具有很高的光稳定性。 具有很高的光稳定性
自由基聚合得到的PMMA,分子链上存在不 , 自由基聚合得到的 饱和端基,是会引发反应的薄弱点。 饱和端基,是会引发反应的薄弱点。
阴离子聚合的PMMA没有不饱和端基,降解 没有不饱和端基, 阴离子聚合的 没有不饱和端基 只能由主链的无规断链引发。 只能由主链的无规断链引发。
少量单体与MMA共聚可能会阻断 共聚可能会阻断PMMA的 少量单体与 共聚可能会阻断 的 解聚反应,从而提高其稳定性。 解聚反应,从而提高其稳定性。 小分子对PMMA的解聚影响不同。 的解聚影响不同。 小分子对 的解聚影响不同
侧酯基分解的难易程度依赖于其烷基基团上 氢原子数。 的β氢原子数。 氢原子数 聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯的四种异构体中, 氢原 聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯的四种异构体中, β氢原 子数越多,热降解时单体产率越低, 子数越多,热降解时单体产率越低,烯烃产 率依次提高。 率依次提高。其它聚甲基丙烯酸酯的热降解 行为与此类似。 行为与此类似。

聚合物稳定与降解(Polymer stability and degradation)

聚合物稳定与降解(Polymer stability and degradation)

聚合物稳定与降解(Polymer stability and degradation)The first chapter, introduction1. the concept of aging (degradation)The storage, processing and use of polymer materials in the process of chemical properties, physical and mechanical properties will gradually become worse, known as aging or degradation. P1Characteristic:The inevitable, irreversible process.The relatively short time scale.2. factors that lead to the degradation of the polymer(a) internalThe composition and structure of A. polymer chain.(1) different composition and degradation of different(2) the activity may be the main cause of the degradation of the matrix(3) the active hydrogen is more likely to be seized(4) head to head (tail tail) structure of polyolefin are more likely to become active points.(5) the effect of molecular weight change: changes in the structure of the molecular weight of the internal rules increases, causing stability. On the contrary, if the irregular structure is reduced, increased stability.(6) effects of the molecular weight distribution: down a wide molecular weight distribution and stability.(7) the degree of branching effect: the degree of branching increases, the weak link in the molecular chain also increased, more prone to degradation.The aggregation state of B. polymersThe stability of amorphous polymer material less than crystalline polymer materialsThe reason: amorphous materials (low density polymer chain irregular arrangement), easy to be oxygen, water, chemical infiltration, degradation.3. impurities in polymersIn the two kinds of polymer impurity:(1) a small amount of impurities mixed in the process of the inevitable;(2) additive.Most of the impurities will accelerate the degradation of polymers.(two) external causes:Effects of A. heat, temperature and heat and oxygen: heat the polymer chain scission, the formation of free radicals (reversible, bidirectional) hot oxygen polymer crosslinking or degradation of the material performance decline.Effect of B. lightEffect of C. oxygen and ozone oxygen to polymer degradation in heat and light effect. The ozone of unsaturated bond (such as rubber) the damage is very serious.Effect of D. water and damp of water dissolving and extraction of components; hydrolysis and chain scission.Effect of E. and other factors: the effect of microorganism; other organisms; effects of various process factors. Often a variety of external synergy.The second chapter, the basic principle of polymer degradation and stability.(a) the type of thermal degradationDepolymerization; random chain scission reaction; small molecular chain breaking elimination reaction;Features: simple caused by heat, no oxygen in.1. the depolymerization reaction (zipper degradation)The depolymerization began or weak molecular chain end point. Only product: monomer.Characteristic:(1) the early change of molecular weight polymer small, great mass loss;(2) to the degradation of polymer quality almost completely lost when the polymer relative molecular weight decreased dramatically.2. random chain scission reaction -- almost all polycondensate and add substantial degradation of polymersIrregular polymer chain scission reaction; the main product is low molecular weight polymer.Characteristic:(1) the initial molecular weight decreased rapidly and the quality of the polymer basically unchanged;(2) degradation to later stage, a large number of low molecular volatile polymer mass quickly disappeared.3. small molecular backbone fracture elimination reactionPolymer degradation caused by the elimination of side groups; and finally caused the main chain scission and comprehensive degradation.Features: from any part of the molecular chain of random elimination(two), the mechanism of degradationThe thermal oxidative degradation of the polymer at a certain temperature and oxygen in the air and the degradation reaction.Auto oxidation is the main feature of thermal oxidative degradation, but also the core of degradation.[heat: Auto oxidation reaction at room temperature to 150 DEG C, thermal oxidation is auto catalytic characteristics in the typical free radical chain mechanism, the. ]Schematic diagram of the polymer thermal oxygen cycleThe polymer thermal oxygen cycle, which represents the thermal oxidation process automatically. Seen from the figure, with each cycle, an initial alkyl radical R - at least 3 into a R, alkyl radical concentration is more and more high, the reaction speed is more and more fast, the formation of auto oxidation reaction.The rate of oxidation1. when the concentration of oxygen concentration in the air reaches or higher, with the rate of R and oxygen is very fast, [R -] < [ROO.Therefore, ROO double dominant coupling termination. The initiation rate is equal to the suspension rate (to reach steady state), available at steady state concentration of ROO.The oxygen concentration is greater than or equal to the oxygen concentration in the air, the oxidation reaction rate and the concentration of oxygen;2. oxygen concentration is very low, [R]>>[ROO, the reaction rate of the oxidation reaction rate depends on R and oxygen.In R, the termination reaction coupling termination dominant base,The oxygen concentration is very low, the oxidation rate of oxygen concentration.(three) the classification and method of adding antioxidant.Two kinds of antioxidants:The main antioxidant (radical scavenger): free radical reaction and auto oxidation process, interrupt the chain reaction.Features: automatic change of oxidation process.The auxiliary antioxidant (preventive antioxidant): can produce automatic decomposition of the oxidation process of ROOH without generating free radicals.Features: only reduce the oxidation rate, does not change the auto oxidation process.Principle: the sooner the better polymer added antioxidants.The type and mechanism of A. primary antioxidantThe main antioxidant can be divided into: hydrogen donor; electron donor; free radical trapping; benzofuran ketones.Hydrogen donor: is the most common secondary aromatic amines and hindered phenolic antioxidant.2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolThe electron donor of tertiary amine containing reactive functional group of N-HGenerally, they can be given, generating onium cation.Radical trapping body can capture free radicals, and the product will no longer trigger free radical chain reaction.Benzofuran ketone - dilute oxygen conditions, alkyl radical captureWith B. antioxidantUse a variety of antioxidants, there will be synergistic effect, additive effect and antagonistic effect.Synergy: 1+1>2Two (or more) with antioxidant effect, the sum of more than separately use effect. Can be divided into both synergistic effect and hybrid Association effect.[cases] are synergistic effects of two kinds of hindered phenol.Antagonistic effect: 1+1<2Two (or more) with antioxidant effect, to separately use effect.Additive effect: 1+1 = 2Antioxidants used alone or in conjunction with other antioxidant,The effect of the same.(four) initiation of carbonylThe Norrish type I reaction between carbonyl and alpha carbon atoms bond cleavage.The Norrish type II reaction: only occurred in the gamma ketocarbonyl carbon atoms, at least one hydrogen atom under the condition can occur at room temperature.The Norrish type III reaction: through transfer of beta hydrogen atoms and C - C bond cleavage near the carbonyl side, the formation of aldehydes and alkenes.(five) stabilized light degradation and light degradation of oxygenA commonly used type of light stabilizer: light shielding agent; UV absorber; quenching agent; hindered amine light stabilizerThe 1. light shielding agentThe reflection or absorption of light at the polymer surface, or reduce the amount of transmission to the polymer, the main physical stabilization method.(1) surface protection agent: on the surface of polymer materials for coating or plating metal film protection.(2): carbon black pigment is the most effective light shielding agent.2. UV absorbersA kind of light stabilizer and most strongly and selectively absorb ultraviolet light, with low-energy radiation heat or harmless way to release energy.(1) two o-hydroxyl benzophenone UV absorber is the most importantCarbonyl ortho must contain a hydroxyl group to form hydrogen bonds through the chelate ring, keto enol tautomerism and to absorb and release energy. The intramolecular hydrogen bond strength is greater, more conducive to the process of tautomerism.No ortho hydroxy carbonyl when the compounds become photosensitizer.Six. The reaction of ozone with rubber- double bond addition reactionOzone cracking: the destruction of the ozone stress on the rubber, causing cracking in the direction perpendicular to the stress direction.Crack: rubber cracking caused by oxidative degradation.Seven. Biodegradable polymersNatural polymers are biodegradable, relatively natural polymer, synthetic polymer is difficult to be biodegraded.The third chapterA polyolefin.The structure of the polyolefin and polymer degradation and stability.The thermal stability of various key and group respectively:The thermal stability of order polyolefin as follows: polyethylene polypropylene polyisobutylene > >Main order: Polyolefin oxidation stability of high density polyethylene and low density polyethylene polypropylene > >Two PVC.The thermal stability of PVC is poor, without the stabilizer, cannot be processed into products by melting method.The thermal degradation of PVC 1.(1) the characteristics of degradation of PVC: the release of HCl -- the typical features; the presence of oxygen, accelerated degradation.The mechanism of HCl decomposition 2.PVC:(I) free radical mechanism: (II) ion molecule mechanism: (III) molecular mechanism:The photodegradation of PVC 3.PVC degradation and crosslinking during UV irradiation, the production of conjugated polyene and hydrogen chloride.The fourth chapterThe factors that cause a degradation in the processing andMechanical force, temperature, oxygen, water and other medium, such as trace metal impuritiesThe evaluation method of degradation and stabilization of polymer processing, twoAccording to the processing before and after processing (after different time or several times after processing) a performance test of polymer compared to make a judgment on the polymer degradation degree or stability.OneThe melt flow rate method. 2. the determination of relative molecular mass and its distribution. 3. rheological method. 4. yellow indexTwo. The degradation of PVC in the machining process1. the characteristics of degradation of PVCViscous flow temperature (160 to 212 DEG C) > the decomposition temperature (170 C)De HClThe dark - conjugated polymerThe molecular structure of polyene and intramolecular cyclization - polymer crosslinking and viscosity increase and the decrease of fluidityThe role of oxygen leads to removal of HCl increased;With polyene structure reaction, delay PVC color.Three. The influencing factors of the stability of PVC processingThe performance of the 1. polymer itself: molecular weight; particle morphology of resinInfluence of 2. factors on the degradation of PVC formula in the process ofCan reduce the viscosity of polymer melt.To improve the liquidity, reducing agent -- polymer degradation of PVC in the process of riskTo improve the processing of - PVCThe fifth chapterA polymer stabilizer.1. kinds of polymer stabilizersHeat stabilizer; light stabilizer; antioxidant capacity; chemical stabilizer; fungicideTwo. The mechanism of heat stabilizer1. preventive effect: to prevent the dehydrochlorination reaction, or at least can postpone the reaction.(1) the absorption of HCl, inhibit the auto catalytic role: metal carboxylate, organic tin mercaptide, epoxidized fatty acid esters(2) the replacement of labile chlorine atoms in the molecule of PVC, such as allylic chlorine or a chlorine atom of tertiary carbon, eliminate the trigger: metal soap, organic tin(3) to capture free radicals, prevent the auto oxidation of phenolic antioxidants:2. passivation effect: heat stabilizer can shorten the polyene sequence structure, and can form the PVC damage in the process of heating the carbon onium salt.Only organic tin stabilizer with thiol passivation and prevention functionThree types of heat stabilizers.1. lead heat stabilizer stabilizer2. organic tin stabilizer3. metal carboxylate stabilizer4. other metal stabilizer5.metal free 6. auxiliary stabilizerThe sixth chapterProcessing technology of waste plasticsThe establishment of waste plastics recycling system is feasible to eliminate environmental pollution and ensure waste plastic recycling.The main way of waste plastics recycling1. mechanical regenerationSimple regenerationAdvantages: economical and feasibleDisadvantages: requires relatively clean waste; high separation technology; end use markets products co.;Belongs to labor-intensive processing2. modified regenerationAdvantages: the mechanical property of the product is improved, can be recycled products of high gradeDisadvantages: process is complicated and some specific equipment3.: depolymerization is an advanced technology with the rapid development of recycling4. pyrolysis and gasificationAdvantages: pyrolysis can handle all can not be treated by other ways of waste plastics,Liquefaction condition can be selectedWithout the prior separation of plastic, also do not need to remove the impuritiesDisadvantages: gasification process General requirements for harsh conditionsThe pyrolysis liquid products need to be purified to more hydrocarbon components5. burningAdvantages: energy, fuelDisadvantages: exhaust pollution6. landfillAdvantages: simpleDisadvantages: loss of all available energy; space; exudate pollution; waste plastic refractory; huge investmentThe seventh chapterThe combustion characteristics of polymer materials.1. heat temperature of2.3. high flame burning speed of4. burning poisons released5. in the combustion will produce deformation, softening, melting and dropping phenomenon, which has a great influence on the combustion state, often cause the spread of fire, which makes it difficult to fire.Two. The combustion process of polymer materials3. fire by properties of materials are as follows 1. decomposition of the heating and melting heat: 2. flash temperature, autoignition temperature, limit oxygen index4. burningNet heat of combustion to combustion >0Net heat of combustion <0 stop burning5. flame propagationThree. Combustion process of polymers1. in the combustion of organic matter, the first thermal oxidation degradation reaction of polymer chain, long chain rapid collapse, liquid or solid organic materials into combustible gas (hydrocarbon),Combustion is a free radical chain reaction of 2. small molecule hydrocarbon, eventually forming carbon dioxide and water.3. polymer combustion, the main fuel is hydrogen, instead of carbon; in the polymer structure as the hydrogen molecule from substitutionThe key is to capture the 4. flame retardant free radical and free radical resistance and low energy. The combustion of PVC leaving the fire extinguish, because it generates hydrogen chloride can capture free radicals in the cleavage process.Four. Flame retardant agent and flame retardant mechanism1. basic options: (1) the polymer itself has a certain flame retardance (2) combustion velocity is relatively small(3) (4) good heat resistance and flame retardant filler, good compatibility2. flame retardant flame retardantThe endothermic effect covering effect of dilution effectThe inhibitory effect of enhancement effect3. as a flame retardant with four service conditions:(1) flame retardant is not flammable or low flammable material.(2) have good dispersion in polymer materials.(3) cannot be destroyed by the physical properties of flame retardant material. (4) flame retardant itself or under combustion conditions do not release toxic gases4. kinds of flame retardantsAdd type* easy to use, wide application range,* but there is a certain impact on the performance of polymer,* mainly used in polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene resin.* such as chlorinated paraffin, four Bromethyl, aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide etc..Reaction type* as a monomer in polymerization, the polymer with flame retardant properties.* operation and processing complex* four phthalic anhydride and two bromine chloride four bisphenol A is a reactive flame retardant.* for the polycondensation reaction, such as polyurethane, unsaturated polyester, epoxy resin, polycarbonate, etc..5. flame retardant mechanism of flame retardantDifferent flame retardant, the flame retardant mechanism is different, but the overall physical effect and chemical effect of.- physical effects of dilution of combustible materials, heat effect and air isolation effect;Chemical interaction in carbonation, eliminate free radicals and phosphorus acylation.The stability and degradation of the eighth chapter of medical polymer materialsOneBiomedical materials can be divided into three categories: medical metal materials, medical ceramic materials and medical polymer materials2.. Various factors in vivo degradation:* after a large number of studies show that the release of inflammatory cells (enzymes and enzyme hydrolase) and oxidant (O2 *, H2O2, OH), acidic substances (such as fatty acids) and substances in body fluids (Ca2+, phospholipid, cholesterol) constitute environmental degradation.* all non endothelialization surfaces of synthetic materialsstimulate certain levels of immune response in vivo, such as inflammatory reactions, and therefore all materials in the body are degraded.* the inflammatory response of the material depends on the interaction of the material surface with the protein in the body fluid. The adsorption and denaturation of the protein is the cause of the biological response to the cell and material interface.3. natural materials: gelatin, chitosan, cellulose, protein, natural coralDegradation of 4.PCL5. polylactic acid (PLA)direct methodThe relative molecular weight of polylactic acid produced by the method is less than 4000, and the strength is low, so the practicability is not strong.indirect method* first, DL- lactic acid was prepared by condensation polymerization with ZnO powder as catalyst* polylactic acid was synthesized by vacuum polymerization under the high temperature with ZnO as catalyst. The synthesized PLA has a molecular weight of 7.3 * 1046. tissue engineeringThe relationship between structure of mammalian tissues using the principle and method of engineering and life sciences to understand the normal and pathological features, biological tissue substitutes and development of live, used to repair, maintain and improve the function of human body.Three major elements of tissue engineering (1)Cell carrier materialThe separation of the cells themselves may not form the organization, they need temporary support material growth, the three-dimensional simulation of the natural counterpart, often in the extracellular matrix, which plays a physical support role, and adhesive substance cell loading in vitro and late implantationThree major elements of tissue engineering (two)Isolation and culture of cellsIndividual cells were collected from healthy parts of the donor tissue and isolated and then transplanted to the site needed by the patient.Three major elements of tissue engineering (three)Cell growth factorIn tissue and organ regeneration, various tissue inducing factors, growth factors and angiogenesis stimulating factors are beneficial to the formation of tissue, but it can not be implanted directly into the body.。

塑料降解与稳定化_热降解与热稳定_上_

塑料降解与稳定化_热降解与热稳定_上_

无规断链反应 聚合物高分子链发生无规则断裂 , 生成相对
分子质量较小的高分子链 , 这种降解反应称为无 规断链反应 。 聚乙烯热降解主要就是通过无规断 链反应进行的 :
~~ CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 ~~ CH3 + ~~ CH2 CH CH2 + ~~ CH2
·
1
1.1
塑料热降解
塑料热降解反应的基本类型 有关聚合物热降解的研究至今已有近 150 年
但是 , 要理解 PVC 的热降解 , 还必须弄清以下 重要具体机理问题 : (1) 拉 链 式 脱 HCl 反 应 如 何 引 发 、 增 长 和 终 止 , 即 PVC 热降解是如何开始的 ? (2) 共轭多烯序列怎样形成 ? (3) 为什 么 共 轭 多 烯 的 增 长 在 HCl 还 没 脱 完 时就已终止 ? (4)HCl 和氧等如何影响 PVC 的降解 ? 为此 , 人们已进行了极为大量的研究 。 然而 , 可能由于实际 PVC 降解过程过于复杂而影响因素 又太多 , 因此直至目前 , 关于 PVC 降解机理的不少 细节还需通过进一步的研究加以澄清 。 但是应该 说 , 有关 PVC 热降解机理的基本框架现在已经比 较清楚 。 下面尝试从重要引发位置 、 链引发机理 、 链增长机理 、 链终止机理和 HCl 催化机理几方面 就PVC 热降解机理的的研究成果作一简要介绍 。
1.1.3
小分子消除反应 高分子链发生侧基消除反应 , 生成小分子产
物 , 降解的初期高分子主链不断裂 , 但当小分子消 除反应进行到主链薄弱点较多时 , 也会发生主链 断裂 , 导致全面降解 。 小分子消除反应可能从端基 开始 , 也可能是无规消除反应 。 典型的例子是聚氯 乙烯的热降解 :
~~ CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH ~~ Cl

聚合物的降解与稳定化

聚合物的降解与稳定化

2011-2012学年上学期聚合物的降解及稳定化复习资料第一章绪论老化(降解):高分子材料在加工、贮存、使用的过程中,物理化学性质和力学性能会逐渐变差。

导致聚合物降解的因素:内因:聚合物的组成及其链结构;聚合物的聚集态结构;杂质。

外因:热、环境温度和热氧的影响;光的影响;氧和臭氧的影响;水和潮湿的影响;其他的因素影响,比如微生物(真菌的活性或酶作用)、某些高级生命体(昆虫)等生物降解。

聚合物再生的意义:保护人类赖以生存的自然环境;充分利用自然资源,变废为宝。

第二章聚合物降解与稳定化的基本定理热降解的三大类:解聚反应(拉链降解);无规断链反应;主链不断裂的小分子消除反应。

热氧降解主要特征以及核心:自动氧化反应。

当氧浓度等于或大于空气中的氧浓度时,氧化反应速率与氧浓度无关;当氧浓度很低时,吸氧速率是氧浓度的函数,即氧化反应速率与氧浓度有关。

抗氧剂的两大类:主抗氧剂(自由基捕获剂):作用——改变自动氧化历程。

辅助抗氧剂(预防型抗氧剂):作用——只能降低氧化速率,而不改变自动氧化历程。

主抗氧剂的分为4类:氢给予体、电子给予体、自由基捕获体、苯并呋喃酮类。

抗氧剂的配合:协同效应、加合效应、对抗效应。

羰基的引发作用:(P42)光稳定剂四大类:光屏蔽剂、紫外光吸收剂、猝灭剂、受阻胺光稳定剂。

邻羟基二苯甲酮类(一类重要的紫外线吸收剂)(P44)臭氧龟裂:具有不饱和键的橡胶,在应力作用的条件下,能和臭氧发生独特的破坏作用,即在垂直与应力方向引起开裂。

第三章聚合物降解各论聚合物分子链中,各种键和基团的热稳定性顺序:(P59、60)对聚丙烯的光氧化而言,氢过氧化物也是主要的起始光引发剂。

由于聚丙烯光氧化的动力学链长大约是聚乙烯的10倍,所以在光氧化的聚丙烯中氢过氧化物浓度比氧化的聚乙烯中高很多。

(P62)聚氯乙烯的降解:典型特征是释放HCl,具有催化作用加速了降解。

厚的试样比薄的试样降解更快,是由于厚的试样中HCl逸出更慢而起到了催化作用。

稳定与降解(四川大学,高分子材料)

稳定与降解(四川大学,高分子材料)

自动氧化反应是热氧降解的主要特征, 也是热氧降解的核心。
【热自动氧化反应:发生在室温到150℃之 间,按典型链式自由基机理进行的、具有自动 催化特征的热氧化反应。】
1. 热自动氧化的自由基链式反应机理
(1)引发 受能量(热、光)激发后,在分子的
薄弱处首先引发出自由基。
或室温下聚合物与氧作用:
【例】聚丙烯类分子链上有供电基团的聚合物。
在自动氧化初期,ROOH主要发生单分子 分解,按一级反应进行;随ROOH的增多, 双分子分解占主要地位,反应按二级反应 进行。
注:现有的氧化速率方程式是建立在稳 态假设之上的(二级反应)。
引发 增长
终止
① 当氧浓度达到空气中的浓度或更高时, R·和氧的结合速率非常快,[R·] <<[ROO·].
依此类推,不饱和结构对α氢原子的反 应性有明显的活化效应。
其它不饱和官能团如羰基、腈基也有此 现象。
(2)支化结构
线性聚合物比支链聚合物更耐氧化。
原因:叔碳原子的氧化反应性比仲碳原子 或伯碳原子都高。(即离解能更低。)
例:① 支链聚烯烃类氧化敏感性大于线 性聚烯烃类;
② 天然橡胶(聚异戊二烯)和 聚丁二烯橡胶中,除烯丙基氢易活化外,主 链上的叔碳丙基氢的热氧敏感性。
氧化速率可表示为:
可见: 氧浓度很低时,氧化反应速率与氧浓度有关;
2. 影响热氧降解的因素:
聚合物的热氧稳定性主要受聚合物结构 因素(内因)的影响。
(1)聚合物的饱和程度
含不饱和二烯类的橡胶比饱和聚合物的耐 氧化性差很多。
原因:烯丙基氢和苯甲基氢离解键能(活 化能)小于乙烯基氢和苯基氢。其离解后自 由基由于与π电子体系的共轭,处于相对稳 定状态。
共振效应; 临近基团的位阻效应; α位置的自由体异构现象对热 响很小。

稳定与降解(第三章)35

稳定与降解(第三章)35

(2)动力学链增长反应
(3)链终止反应 由于自由基相互结合为不活泼产物。
第 四 节 含 氟 聚 合 物
含氟聚合物的热行为与环境和试验条件 有很大关系 。 一、全氟聚合物
聚四氟乙烯的耐热性和耐介质性都非常优 秀。真空中450℃以下几乎没有损失。
含氟聚合物的稳定顺序为:
聚四氟乙烯 > 聚偏氟乙烯 > 聚三氟乙烯 > 聚乙烯 > 聚氟乙烯 > 聚三氟氯乙烯 > 聚六氟丙烯
所有挥发性降解产物都是由自由基A的进一 步反应而生成的。
PS降解时相对分子链的连续降低是由于分子 的无规断裂或分子间的链转移。
一种阴离子聚合PS在300℃以上的降解产物。
Nyden等通过分子动力学模型对PS的热降解 进行了计算机模拟。
2. 聚苯乙烯的光降解
PS的紫外吸收是由于苯环的基态到激发态 的跃迁引起的,聚合物其余部分不吸收波 长大于200nm的光。 未降解的聚苯乙烯直到280nm都有吸收, 降解后吸收光谱延长至340nm。
没有空气时,PTFE降解产物95%是单体。
PTFE降解机理主要是C—C键均裂成自由基, 然后发生解聚反应生成单体。
第 五 节 其 它 乙 烯 基 聚 合 物
二、聚丙烯腈
1. 光降解
聚丙烯腈真空中光降解的机理:
Jellinek提出的无规断链的降解机理:
聚丙烯腈的光氧化,不能导致降解,可能形 成梯形结构:
2. 热降解
聚丙烯腈受热时,易发生环化。没有断链 发生。 在控制条件的情况下将聚丙烯腈纤维加热 到1000℃,可以得到碳纤维。
三、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮
PVP有氧条件下在水溶液中的光降解,取 决于水溶液中的浓度,与pH值无关。
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2011-2012学年上学期
聚合物的降解及稳定化
复习资料
第一章绪论
老化(降解):
高分子材料在加工、贮存、使用的过程中,物理化学性质和力学性能会逐渐变差。

导致聚合物降解的因素:
内因:聚合物的组成及其链结构;聚合物的聚集态结构;杂质。

外因:热、环境温度和热氧的影响;光的影响;氧和臭氧的影响;水和潮湿的影响;其他的因素影响,比如微生物(真菌的活性或酶作用)、某些高级生命体(昆虫)等
生物降解。

聚合物再生的意义:保护人类赖以生存的自然环境;充分利用自然资源,变废为宝。

第二章聚合物降解与稳定化的基本定理
热降解的三大类:解聚反应(拉链降解);无规断链反应;主链不断裂的小分子消除反应。

热氧降解主要特征以及核心:自动氧化反应。

当氧浓度等于或大于空气中的氧浓度时,氧化反应速率与氧浓度无关;
当氧浓度很低时,吸氧速率是氧浓度的函数,即氧化反应速率与氧浓度有关。

抗氧剂的两大类:
主抗氧剂(自由基捕获剂):作用——改变自动氧化历程。

辅助抗氧剂(预防型抗氧剂):作用——只能降低氧化速率,而不改变自动氧化历程。

主抗氧剂的分为4类:氢给予体、电子给予体、自由基捕获体、苯并呋喃酮类。

抗氧剂的配合:协同效应、加合效应、对抗效应。

羰基的引发作用:(P42)
光稳定剂四大类:光屏蔽剂、紫外光吸收剂、猝灭剂、受阻胺光稳定剂。

邻羟基二苯甲酮类(一类重要的紫外线吸收剂)(P44)
臭氧龟裂:具有不饱和键的橡胶,在应力作用的条件下,能和臭氧发生独特的破坏作用,即在垂直与应力方向引起开裂。

第三章聚合物降解各论
聚合物分子链中,各种键和基团的热稳定性顺序:(P59、60)
对聚丙烯的光氧化而言,氢过氧化物也是主要的起始光引发剂。

由于聚丙烯光氧化的动力学链长大约是聚乙烯的10倍,所以在光氧化的聚丙烯中氢过氧化物浓度比氧化的聚
乙烯中很多。

(P62)
聚氯乙烯的降解:典型特征是释放HCl,具有催化作用加速了降解。

厚的试样比薄的试样降解更快,是由于厚的试样中HCl逸出更慢而起到了催化作用。

第四章聚合物在加工过程中的降解
加工过程中引起降解的因素:温度、氧、机械作用力、水、其他介质作用(如稳定剂)。

第五章聚合物的稳定剂
应用于PVC的热稳定剂具有两大功能:
预防作用:(1)吸收HCl,抑制其自动催化作用;
(2)置换聚氯乙烯分子中不稳定的氯原子如烯丙基氯原子或叔碳位氯原子,消除HCL反应的引发点;
(3)捕捉自由基,阻止自动化氧化。

钝化作用:(1)与多烯系列的加成反应;
(2)碳鎓盐发生转化。

第六章塑料的再生及其稳定化
废塑料再生利用途径:机械再生、解聚、热解液化和气化。

(了解各种途径)
第七章聚合物材料的阻燃稳定化
聚合物材料的燃烧过程(5个阶段):加热熔融、热分解、着火、燃烧、火焰传播。

在聚合物燃烧中,最主要的燃料是氢(H2),而不是碳。

聚合物材料分类:
按氧指数(OI)划分:(1)易燃材料:没有助燃性,氧指数在22以下的材料。

如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、PMMA、PS等。

(2)难燃材料:即自熄性,氧指数在22~27之间的材料。

如软质PVC,PV A、PA、PC等。

(3)高难燃材料:氧指数在27以上的材料。

如硬质PVC、PTFE、PI、聚苯醚等。

助燃剂的阻燃作用(了解其含义):吸热效应、覆盖效应、稀释效应、抑制效应、增强效应(协同效应)。

有机磷系阻燃剂的阻燃机理:
在燃烧时,磷化合物分解生成磷酸的非燃性液态膜,其沸点可达300o C。

同时,磷酸又进一步脱水生成偏磷酸,偏磷酸进一步聚合生成聚偏磷酸。

在这过程
中,不仅由磷酸生成的覆盖层起到覆盖效应,而且由于生成的聚偏磷酸是强酸,
是很强的脱水剂,使聚合物脱水而碳化,改变了聚合物燃烧过程的模式并在其表
面形成碳膜以隔绝空气,从而发挥更强的阻燃效果。

第八章稳定化聚合物材料及可降解聚合物材料的设计与应用
化学结构对聚合物耐氧性的影响:(耐氧化性聚合物具有以下特征)
(1)大分子主链饱和、线型;
(2)链含杂原子的结构,如主链含有O、S、N原子;
(3)氯原子对氢的取代;
(4)庞大的侧基;
(5)全芳族和芳杂环结构;
(6)梯形聚合物;
(7)无机主链结构的聚合物。

如硅氧结构;
(8)适度的交联;
(9)结晶对氧化稳定性的影响。

耐高温聚合物的分类及主要特征:(简单了解P316)
附加:医用高分子的稳定与降解
生物医用材料:
是一类用于诊断、治疗或替代人体组织、器官或增进其功能的新型高技术材料。

可分为:医用金属材料、医用陶瓷材料和医用高分子材料。

聚酯分解过程:主要是水解,还有酶解。

可降解的生物医用高分子材料:
是指在生物体内经水解、酶解等过程,逐渐降解成低分子量化合物或单体,降解产物能被排出体外或能够参加体内正常新陈代谢而消失的材料。

按在活体内分解的性质分类:
水解型:低级脂肪族聚酯(如聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸)、聚己内酯、聚酸酐、聚原酸酯等。

酶解型:天然蛋白质、合成多肽、多糖类、核酸、聚羟基丁酸等。

按天然和人工合成分类:
天然材料:明胶、壳聚糖、纤维素、蛋白质、天然珊瑚
合成材料:聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、聚己内酯、聚酸酐、聚原酸酯等。

组织工程学:
是应用工程学和生命科学的原理和方法来了解正常的和病理的哺乳类组织的结构-功能的关系,并研制活的生物组织代用品,用于修复、维持、改善人体组织的功能。

其三大要素:细胞载体材料、细胞的分离和培养、细胞生长因子。

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