Rhetoric
RHETORIC
English Rhetoric 英语修辞学I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word and a technical term（专业术语）.1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）.e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱的高调）；the empty rhetoric ofthe politicians（政客们的花言巧语）; flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻）Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）, e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric (2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction（小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言)2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses:(1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking(2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing(3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:1) Lexical rhetoric（词汇修辞）:the rhetorical law of choosing words and phrases2) Sentence rhetoric（句子修辞）:the rhetorical law selecting sentence patterns3) Paragraph rhetoric（段落修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing paragraphs4) textual rhetoric（语篇修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing textsII. Definition of Rhetoric修辞学的定义What is rhetoric ?1.Origin of modern rhetoric: 现代修辞学的起源Rhetoric originated in “speaking”（说话）. Aristotle（亚里士多得）, in the 4th century BC, first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. John Locke（约翰.洛克）, English philosopher of the late 17th century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory(演说术)” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force(修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术)”. All this explains why the word “rhetoric”means “speaking”in such European languages as Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian. In the book Modern Rhetoric by American linguists Brooks（布鲁克斯）and Warren（沃伦）rhetoric is defined as “the art of using language effectively（修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术）”.In the New Oxford Dictionary of English rhetoric is described as “the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech or other compositional techniques（修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术，特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术）”.2.Rhetoric and Figures of Speech:Figures of speech are quite different from rhetoric, but they are important components in English rhetoric. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English, “figure of speech” is defined as “ a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense too add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage”(修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣). They refer torhetorical devices（修辞手段）, each of which has a fixed pattern, e.g. Simile is introduced by comparative words as, like, as if, as though, etc.; Like Simile, Metaphor refers to the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance; Irony refers to the intended implication of which is the opposite of the literal sense of words; Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense so as to describe a person or thing; Pun; a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words; etc. These figures are employed in the following.He is as stupid as a goose. (=He is very stupid.)He has a heart of stone./ He has a heart like flint.(=He is unfeeling and stubborn.)He slept like a log / top. (=He slept very soundly.)They are birds of a feather. (=They are people of the same sort.)(Simile and metaphor are used of the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance.)This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (If a boy seldom reads more than an hour per week, he mustbe very lazy, not hard-working.)(Irony refers to the intended implication being the opposite of the literal sense of words)He seems to be a clever fool. (=He seems to be a fool, but in fact he is very clever.)(Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense)Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.(grave: adj. serious; n. tomb The speaker stresses the latter.)(Pun refers to a play on words，sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words)3.The difference between rhetoric and grammar, phonetics, lexicolog y1)The difference between rhetoric and grammarRhetoric is different from grammar, but it is closely related to grammar and also based on grammar. To be grammatically correct is foundation to writing, but it is not enough. Basic rhetorical requirements must also be met. Francis Christensenn, an American French rhetorician, once said: Grammar maps out the possible(计划可能发生的事情); rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective（使可能发生的事情变成很理想的事情或有效地事情）.In the preface to the book A handbook of English Rhetoric Warren quoted a passage by a scholar:Grammar is the law of language, considered as language; rhetoric is the art of language, considered as thought.Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective and pleasing.2)Rhetoric and phonetics, lexicologyRhetoric is quite different from phonetics and lexicology. Phonetics is about the study of speech sounds and their pronunciation; lexicology is about the study of the vocabulary of a language;grammar concerns the study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into sentences;whereas rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing so as to persuade people effectively.I II. The Object of the Study of Rhetoric（修辞学研究的内容）Rhetoric aims at studying all forms of culture, which may be forms of mass media or any cultural phenomenon, concrete or abstract. Modern rhetoric seems to include all forms of discourse ---- written orcolloquial, even all forms of communication in symbols.（修辞学研究的对象是一切文化形式，它们可以是任何这样或那样、具体或抽象的文化现象。
Rhetoric
文学渊源 Uncle Tom Odyssey A pound of flesh Man Friday 历史渊源 Trojan Horse Byzantine A fifth column
温顺老实的黑人 磨难重重的旅程
合法但有悖清理的要求 忠仆”和“得力助手”
暗藏玄机的战利品 错综复杂
明喻（simile）
明喻是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进 行对比，表明本体和喻体的相似关系，两者 都在比较中出现，常用比喻词有： like, as, as if, as though, as it were, similar to. Casting him (Russell Crowe) in this(Robin Hood) is like renting a Ferrari for a spin to the corner store. (USA Today, May 15, 2010)
换称的手法如下例： 宗教或神话渊源： Juda-背信弃义，出卖有恩于自己的人 Penelope’s Web—永远不可能完成的事情 Pandora’s Box—造成灾害的根源 Adam’s Apple—男人的喉结 Achilleus’ Heel—致命的弱点 Olive branch—和平与吉祥
antithesis
Exercises
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. Metonymy The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads. Personification You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. Hyperbole He is out visiting the necessary.Euphemism Give me liberty, or give me death. Antithesis
实用英语修辞PracticalEnglishRhetoric
Practical English RhetoricI. Introduction1. What Is Rhetoric?Rhetoric is the art or science of communication in words.Longman Modern English Dictionary修辞是依据题旨情境，运用各种语言材料，各种表现手法，恰当地表现写说者所要表达的内容的语言活动。
《辞海》Rhetoric is choice in a context for a purpose.(Patrick Hartwell: Open to Language)修辞学，照我们的看法，应该是在各种可供选择的语言手段之间，各个词语之间，各种句式之间，各种风格之间进行选择，选择那些最适合、最需要的，用于当前特定的目的。
吕叔湘修辞就是选择。
张志公Summary1. Rhetoric is the art or science of effective communication in words. Whether speaking or writing, one has to get oneself across effectively, ., to be eloquent, accurate, impressive, persuasive and expressive. The study of how to express oneself effectively is the main concern of rhetoric.2. Effective communication is based on precise and appropriate choice of words, sentence patterns and figures of speech, etc. In other words, rhetoric is choice of linguistic means and choice of ways of expression. So, in this sense, rhetoric is “choice”.2. Classification of English RhetoricCommunicative Rhetoric交际修辞：炼字；锻句Aesthetic Rhetoric美学修辞：各种修辞格Communicative rhetoric lays particular stress on lexical accuracy, structural meticulousness and contextual appropriateness so as to bring its linguistic communicative role into full play.Example (1)She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue. Her head was leaned against the window curtains and in her nostrils was the odor of dusty cretonnes.She was tired.(James Joyce: “Eveline”) Example (2)Dick Boulton looked at the doctor. Dick was a big man. He knew how big a man he was. He liked to get into fights. He was happy. Eddie and Billy Tabeshaw leaned on their cant hooks and looked at the doctor. The doctor chewed the beard on his lower lip and looked at Dick Boulton. Then he turned away and walked up the hill to the cottage. They could see from his back how angry he was. They all watched him walk up the hill and go inside the cottage.(E. Hemingway: “The Doctor and the Doctor’s Wife”)Aesthetic rhetoric gives special emphasis to the employment of figures of speech in virtue of imagination and association so that the language used will be more colorful and expressive, the images created on the reader’s mind will be more vivid and impressive. As a result, the writing will be more persuasive and of more artistic appeal.Example (3)We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. From this nothing will turn us—nothing. We will never parley, we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air until, with God’s…(Churchill: “Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of theExample (4)She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked liked two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand.(William Faulkner: “A Rose for Emily”)3. Why Is Rhetoric to Be Learned?Rhetoric is ubiquitous. It permeates our life. Without rhetoric there would be no media, no language, no life.实用英语修辞是一门重要的课程，它对于提高英语学习者对语言的悟性，增强他们语言表达的得体性至关重要。
rhetoric记忆方法
rhetoric记忆方法一、关于“rhetoric”这个单词1.1 从词源看“rhetoric”这个词源于希腊语，了解词源对于记忆单词是很有帮助的。
就像我们中国人说“追本溯源”嘛。
希腊语里它有着特定的含义，最初是和演讲、辩论之类的活动相关。
当我们知道它的这个出身，就好像给这个单词找到了一个根，在脑海里就不那么容易忘掉了。
比如说“democracy”这个词，源于希腊语“demos”（人民）和“kratos”（统治），知道这个词源后，这个单词就更好理解和记忆了，“rhetoric”也是同样的道理。
1.2 联想记忆我们可以把“rhetoric”联想成一个场景。
想象一个演讲者站在台上，口若悬河，使用各种华丽的辞藻和有说服力的技巧，这就是“rhetoric”的体现。
就像我们说的“浮想联翩”，让这个单词和一个生动的画面联系起来。
比如你可以想象古希腊的那些哲学家，像亚里士多德，在广场上用高超的“rhetoric”来阐述自己的观点，周围围满了听众，大家都被他的言辞所吸引。
二、记忆技巧的实际运用2.1 拆分记忆“rhetoric”这个单词可以拆分成几个部分来记。
“rhe”可以想象成“river”（河流）的“r”开头部分，河水是流动的，演讲者的言辞也是像河水一样滔滔不绝的。
“tor”可以联想成“tower”（塔），演讲者就像站在高塔上，他的话语有着高度和影响力。
最后的“ic”我们常见的表示“……的”或者“学科”之类的意思。
这样一拆分，这个单词就不再是一个毫无头绪的字母组合了。
这就好比我们把一个大难题分解成一个个小问题来解决，俗话说“化整为零”嘛。
2.2 重复记忆多念几遍“rhetoric”这个单词也很重要。
你可以在一天当中找几个时间段，比如说早上起床后、中午吃饭前、晚上睡觉前，大声地读这个单词。
就像我们老话说的“熟能生巧”，读得多了，这个单词就像老朋友一样，深深地印在你的脑海里了。
你可以把自己想象成一个要去参加演讲比赛的选手，这个单词就是你的秘密武器，你得不停地熟悉它。
What_is_rhetoric
What is rhetoric?Rhetoric is the study of effective speaking and writing. And the art of persuasion. And many other things.In its long and vigorous history rhetoric has enjoyed many definitions, accommodated differing purposes, and varied widely in what it included. And yet, for most of its history it has maintained its fundamental character as a discipline for training students 1) to perceive how language is at work orally and in writing, and 2) to become proficient in applying the resources of language in their own speaking and writing.Discerning how language is working in others' or one's own writing and speaking, one must (artificially) divide form and content, what is being said and how this is said. Because rhetoric examines so attentively the how of language, the methods and means of communication, it has sometimes been discounted as something only concerned with style or appearances, and not with the quality or content of communication. For many (such as Plato) rhetoric deals with the superficial at best, the deceptive at worst ("mere rhetoric"), when one might better attend to matters of substance, truth, or reason as attempted in dialectic or philosophy or religion.Rhetoric has sometimes lived down to its critics, but as set forth from antiquity, rhetoric was a comprehensive art just as much concerned with what one could say as how one might say it. Indeed, a basic premise for rhetoric is the indivisibility of means from meaning; how one says something conveys meaning as much as what one says. Rhetoric studies the effectiveness of language comprehensively, including its emotional impact, as much as its propositional content. To see how language and thought worked together, however, it has first been necessary to artificially divide content and form.。
unit 9 英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Metaphor
• It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. • mark: be • Experience is the mother of wisdom • she is shedding crocodile tears • Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. • The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. • 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心
Rhetorical Devices
English Figures of Speech
• how many figures of speech do you know? • identify the following sentences, using certain rhetorical devices. • 你像个神人 • 你是个神人 • 神人，神事啊！ • 你还真是个“神人”啊。 • 。。。。
Simile
• It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison Marriage is like a between two unlike• elements having at least one beleaguered fortress; quality or characteristic in common. to make the those who are without comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like want to get in, and are used to transfer the quality we associate with those within want go one to the other. get out . • mark: like, as, seem, as if, similar to, such as • 婚姻象是一个被包围 • I wandered lonely as a cloud. 的 堡垒；外面的想 • He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen 要进去，里面的人想 to hear him crow. 要出来。
《高级英语》复习资料 The Review of Advanced English2
The Review of Advanced English (Book 1)一、修辞（rhetoric）Ⅰ. 修辞手法：1）明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等。
2）隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不用比喻词进行，而直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
3）提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。
[用部分代整体，有隶属关系]4）借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
[用部分代整体，非隶属关系]5）拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。
6）叠言（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
7）双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。
8）拟声（onomatopoeia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
9）讽刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。
10）通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。
11）alliteration（头韵）：在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。
assonance（腹韵）：相同或相近的元音在诗行中重复出现；consonance（假韵）：两个以上词的词尾辅音完全一致，但其前面的元音不相同；the end rhyme(尾韵)：诗行与诗行之间在末尾的压韵/ 尾韵/脚韵12）anadiplosis（联珠）：将一个或一组单词重复多遍；anticlimax（突降法）：也叫先扬后抑。
rhetoric词源
rhetoric词源摘要：一、词源简介1.词源定义2.词源的重要性二、rhetoric 的词源1.希腊语起源2.拉丁语发展3.英语化过程三、rhetoric 在西方文化中的影响1.古希腊时期2.古罗马时期3.中世纪时期4.文艺复兴时期5.现代社会四、rhetoric 在中国的传播与影响1.汉译过程2.古代中国对rhetoric 的理解与应用3.现代中国对rhetoric 的研究与传承五、总结1.词源研究对理解rhetoric 的重要性2.rhetorical 在跨文化交流中的作用正文：【词源简介】词源研究是对语言起源和发展过程的科学探讨。
对于理解词汇含义、语言演变及文化传承具有重要意义。
词源简介部分将概述词源的定义及其重要性。
【rhetoric 的词源】rhetoric 这个词源于希腊语，最早由古希腊人使用。
它的词根是ητρητο (rhētrētos), 意为“演讲者”或“雄辩家”。
ητρητο 进一步演变为拉丁语的rhetor，成为西方语言中rhetoric 的基础。
在英语中，rhetoric 逐渐演变为具有说服、修辞、辩论等多种含义的词汇。
【rhetoric 在西方文化中的影响】rhetoric 自诞生起，就在西方文化中扮演着重要角色。
在古希腊时期，苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德等哲学家就将rhetorical 视为一种重要的思维和沟通方式。
古罗马时期，西塞罗等著名演说家将rhetorical 发扬光大，成为政治、法律、教育等领域的核心技能。
中世纪时期，rhetoric 成为基督教神学和教会辩论的重要工具。
文艺复兴时期，rhetoric 得到进一步发展，成为文学、哲学、艺术等领域的基本素养。
在现代社会，rhetoric 依然具有广泛的应用，如政治演讲、广告营销、法律辩论等。
【rhetoric 在中国的传播与影响】rhetoric 传入中国后，被翻译为“修辞”。
古代中国对rhetorical 的理解与应用主要体现在文学、哲学和官方文件中。
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RhetoricDivision of Rhetoric▪Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞(Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞)-- To add to people’s knowledge; accurate, plain;▪Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞(Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞)-- To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful.1. Simile(明喻)俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。
由（as）... as, like等引导，这些引导词被称作比喻词（acknowledging word），它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征，明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显▪ 1.three parts : subject (主体) reference （喻体）indicator of resemblance （比喻词）▪My love is like a red red rose.▪2。
主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)Like and as型▪Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want go get out .▪婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒；外面的想要进去，里面的人想要出来。
▪Love goes towards love , as schoolboys from their books; But love from love , towards school with heavy looks.(Shakespeare)赴情人的约会，象学童抛开书一样，和情人分别，象学童板着脸上学堂▪This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.▪这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
▪He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.▪他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
作用The use of simile can show the suffering of Negro slaves much more vividly, and arouse the audiences' sympathy. It makes the speech more vivid.2. Metaphor隐喻▪无需借助比喻词，直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。
也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。
例如：▪ 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.（他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。
）▪ 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。
)▪He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like ahorse. （他一贫如洗，赤贫的他又特别能吃。
）▪ b.The huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow▪fire.（煤气灯燃得像一朵巨大的大丽花，黄黄的火舌恰似花瓣。
）作用A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.It not only helps the audiences better understand the address but also makes the speech more vivid and novel.3. Personification:(拟人）拟人手法是把物，诸如动物、植物、物体、思想或抽象概念等比作人，赋予它们人的特性、外表、思维、动作。
即把本来适用于人的词汇用于物，使之人格化。
▪It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). 把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想。
感情与行为方式。
▪ e.g The wind whistled through the trees.▪Money talks; money prints; money broadcasts; money reigns.▪The sun looks over the mountain’s rim.(太阳挂在山边。
)4. Euphemism(委婉)以较文雅，悦耳或温婉的说法来代替粗野，刺耳或直露的话。
委婉的英语定义是speak with good words，就是把话说得好听些，婉转些，使听者感到愉快。
委婉法在各种语言中都有使用，十分广泛。
▪英语中的委婉修辞大致可以分为两类，一类是用暗示手法，转换角度使语言温和愉悦，另一类是用好字眼来代替不好的刺眼的字眼。
▪ 1.Your painting is not so good. (画画得差，却说成“不太好”，good总比bad 好听。
)2.He wasn’t at all embarrassed by her low-income, and decided to marry her soon.(这里的low-income其实是贫穷poverty的婉转暗示。
) ▪ 3.Jackson, a black brought up in the inner city, ran swiftly along the track and beat all the others. (inner city用来婉称slum——贫民窟，表示了对那位黑人运动员的尊重。
)▪And , it being low water, he went out with the tide.(Charles Dickens,Davidcopperfield)▪正是退潮的时候，他跟潮水一道走了。
（溺水而死）5、提喻（synecdoche）▪又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。
例如：▪１、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.▪长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。
▪句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）▪Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team. ”。
很多人将眼投向美国队一个高高的２０岁的黑姑娘。
这里的“many eyes”代替了“m any persons6、Metonymy借代故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物来代替。
指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
▪What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave .(幼小所学，终身不忘) ▪Cradle (birth ), grave (birth ) 表达简练，具体，生动，有趣。
7.夸张（hyperbole）夸张手法是人们从主观出发，有意识地把事实夸大，故意言过其实，以达到强调或突出的一种修辞手法。
它偏重于情感，而不太注重事实，表达得比实际事情更高、更强烈、更有集中性，具有诙谐、讥讽、褒贬等功用。
一般说来，凡事物，都可适当地利用夸张去修饰。
▪（1）利用数词▪①His eyes fell on the page, but his mind was a million miles away.(他的眼睛在书页上，可心思却在十万八千里之外。
)▪（2）利用极端概念▪①I’ll keep it a secret till the end of the world.(我将把秘密保持到世界末日。
)▪（3）利用形容词和副词▪②I am thirsty to death for the book.(我想那本书想得要命。
)▪如果用terrible, terrific, awful, horrible, fantastic等感情强烈的词去修饰并不重要的事情，就具有夸张的成分。
▪（3）利用形容词和副词的最高级▪①I’m the happiest man in the world.(我是世界上最幸福的人。
)▪（5）利用介词短语▪①Bill Gates r ounded up a wealth beyond calculation.(比尔·盖茨聚财无数。
)8、矛盾修饰法（oxymoron）▪顾名思义，这种修饰法就是把明显矛盾的词用在一起，以产生语言上的奇效。
既然是矛盾的词，其词汇意义往往相对立，形成反义关系，它们用在一块可以深刻地揭示事物间矛盾对立，同时又协调统一的方面。
例如：▪ 1.The interview lasted for an endless morning, I got quite exhausted.(“morning”不可能“endless”，因为“interview”把人搞得“exhausted”，才有了时间上的“endless”。
把有限和无限的东西放在一起，形成矛盾修饰。
) ▪矛盾修饰法的特点就是构成相互关联的、属于反义的词被安排在一块，二者之间彼此对立，却又有着必然的联系，其产生的语言效果非常独特，令人过目不忘。