十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计
10t桥式起重机小车运行机构及小车架
毕业设计（论文）报告题目 10t桥式起重机小车运行机构及小车架设计__ __院（系）_ 专业学号_____学生姓名___________指导教师__________起讫日期___ 2011.2.21-2011.6.12东南大学毕业（设计）论文独创性声明本人声明所呈交的毕业（设计）论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
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论文作者签名：导师签名：日期：年月日日期：年月日目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第一章绪论................................................................................................................... I II1.1起重机械的发展简史及发展动向.................................................................... I II1.2起重机械的应用和意义.................................................................................... I V1.3桥式起重机机构特征简介................................................................................ V I 第二章小车起升机构的设计计算 (8)2.1设计数据 (8)2.2确定起升机构传动方案，选择滑轮组和吊钩组 (8)2.3选择钢丝绳 (9)2.4确定滑轮主要尺寸 (9)2.5确定卷筒尺寸并验算强度 (9)2.6选电动机 (10)2.7验算电动机发热条件 (11)2.8选择标准减速器 (11)2.9验算起升速度和实际所需功率 (11)2.10校核减速器输出轴强度 (11)2.10.1输出轴最大径向力验算 (11)2.10.2输出轴最大扭矩验算 (12)2.11选择制动器 (12)2.12选择联轴器 (12)2.13验算起动时间 (13)2.14验算制动时间 (13)2.15高速浮动轴计算 (13)2.15.1疲劳验算 (13)2.15.2静强度计算 (14)第三章小车运行机构的设计计算 (15)3.1 确定机构传动方案 (15)3.2 选择车轮与轨道并验算其强度 (15)3.2.1疲劳计算 (15)3.2.2强度校核 (16)3.3 运行阻力计算 (16)3.4 选电动机 (16)3.5 验算电动机发热条件 (17)3.6 选择减速器 (18)3.7验算运行速度和实际所需功率 (18)3.8 验算起动条件 (18)3.9 按起动工况校核减速器功率 (19)3.10验算起动不打滑条件 (20)3.11选择制动器 (20)3.12选择联轴器 (20)3.12.1高速轴联轴器的选择 (20)3.12.2低速轴联轴器的选择 (22)3.13 验算低速浮动轴强度 (22)3.13.1疲劳验算 (22)3.13.2静强度验算 (22)第四章小车架的设计 (24)4.1 确定小车架的型式 (24)4.2 确定小车架的结构 (24)4.3 计算各构件的尺寸，决定小车架的具体构造 (26)总结 (27)致谢 (28)参考文献 (29)10t桥式起重机小车运行机构及小车架设计摘要桥式起重机在工业中占据一个至关重要的角色。
最新十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计
十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目：十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计目录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计信机系机械工程及自动专业学号： 0923087学生姓名：叶宏城指导教师：陈炎冬（职称：讲师）（职称：）2012年11月25日外文资料翻译及原文英文原文：Fatigue life prediction of the metalwork of a travelling gantrycraneAbstractIntrinsic fatigue curves are applied to a fatigue life prediction problem of the metalwork of a traveling gantry crane. A crane, used in the forest industry, was studied in working conditions at a log yard, an strain measurements were made. For the calculations of the number of loading cycles, the rain flow cycle counting technique is used. The operations of a sample of such cranes were observed for a year for the average number of operation cycles to be obtained. The fatigue failure analysis has shown that failures some elements are systematic in nature and cannot be explained by random causes.卯1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Key words: Cranes; Fatigue assessment; Strain gauging1. IntroductionFatigue failures of elements of the metalwork of traveling gantry cranes LT62B are observed frequently in operation. Failures as fatigue cracks initiate and propagate in welded joints of the crane bridge and supports in three-four years. Such cranes are used in the forest industry at log yards for transferring full-length and sawn logs to road trains, having a load-fitting capacity of 32 tons. More than 1000 cranes of this type work at the enterprises of the Russian forest industry. The problem was stated to find the weakest elements limiting the cranes' fives, predict their fatigue behavior, and give recommendations to the manufacturers for enhancing the fives of the cranes.2. Analysis of the crane operationFor the analysis, a traveling gantry crane LT62B installed at log yard in the Yekaterinburg region was chosen. The crane serves two saw mills, creates a log store, and transfers logs to or out of road trains. A road passes along the log store. The saw mills are installed so that the reception sites are under the crane span. A schematic view of the crane is shown in Fig. 1.1350-6307/99/$一see front matter 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 1 3 5 0一6307(98) 00041一7A series of assumptions may be made after examining the work of cranes:·if the monthly removal of logs from the forest exceeds the processing rate, i.e. there is a creation of a log store, the crane expects work, being above the centre of a formed pile with the grab lowered on the pile stack;·when processing exceeds the log removal from the forest, the crane expects work above an operational pile close to the saw mill with the grab lowered on the pile; ·the store of logs varies; the height of the piles is considered to be a maximum;·the store variation takes place from the side opposite to the saw mill;·the total volume of a processed load is on the average k=1.4 times more than the total volume of removal because of additional transfers.2.1. Removal intensityIt is known that the removal intensity for one year is irregular and cannot be considered as a stationary process. The study of the character of non-stationary flow of road trains at 23 enterprises Sverdlesprom for five years has shown that the monthly removal intensity even for one enterprise essentially varies from year to year. This is explained by the complex of various systematic and random effects which exert an influence on removal: weather conditions, conditions of roads and lorry fleet, etc. All wood brought to the log store should, however, be processed within one year. Therefore, the less possibility of removing wood in the season between spring and autumn, the more intensively the wood removal should be performed in winter. While in winter the removal intensity exceeds the processing considerably, in summer, in most cases, the more full-length logs are processed than are taken out.From the analysis of 118 realizations of removal values observed for one year, it is possible to evaluate the relative removal intensity g(t) as percentages of the annualload turnover. The removal data fisted in Table 1 is considered as expected values for any crane, which can be applied to the estimation of fatigue life, and, particularly, for an inspected crane with which strain measurement was carried out (see later). It would be possible for each crane to take advantage of its load turnover per one month, but to establish these data without special statistical investigation is difficult. Besides, to solve the problem of life prediction a knowledge of future loads is required, which we take as expected values on cranes with similar operation conditions.The distribution of removal value Q(t) per month performed by the relative intensityq(t) is written aswhere Q is the annual load turnover of a log store, A is the maximal designed store of logs in percent of Q. Substituting the value Q, which for the inspected crane equals 400,000 m3 per year, and A=10%, the volumes of loads transferred by the crane are obtained, which are listed in Table 2, with the total volume being 560,000 m3 for one year using K,.2.2. Number of loading blocksThe set of operations such as clamping, hoisting, transferring, lowering, and getting rid of a load can be considered as one operation cycle (loading block) of the crane. As a result to investigations, the operation time of a cycle can be modeled by the normal variable with mean equal to 11.5 min and standard deviation to 1.5 min. unfortunately, this characteristic cannot be simply used for the definition of the number of operation cycles for any work period as the local processing is extremely irregular. Using a total operation time of the crane and evaluations of cycle durations, it is easy to make large errors and increase the number of cycles compared with the real one. Therefore, it is preferred to act as follows.The volume of a unit load can be modeled by a random variable with a distribution function(t) having mean22 m3 and standard deviation 6;一3 m3, with the nominalvolume of one pack being 25 m3. Then, knowing the total volume of a processed load for a month or year, it is possible to determine distribution parameters of the number of operation cycles for these periods to take advantage of the methods of renewal theory [1].According to these methods, a random renewal process as shown in Fig. 2 is considered, where the random volume of loads forms a flow of renewals:In renewal theory, realizations of random:，，，having a distribution function F-(t),are understoodas moments of recovery of failed units or request receipts. The value of a processedload:，，after}th operation is adopted here as the renewal moment.＜t﹜. The function F-(t) is defined recurrently,Let F(t)=P﹛nLet v(t) be the number of operation cycles for a transferred volume t. In practice, the total volume of a transferred load t is essentially greater than a unit load, and it is useful therefore totake advantage of asymptotic properties of the renewal process. As follows from an appropriatelimit renewal theorem, the random number of cycles v required to transfer the large volume t hasthe normal distribution asymptotically with mean and variance.without dependence on the form of the distribution function月t) of a unit load (the restriction isimposed only on nonlattice of the distribution).Equation (4) using Table 2 for each averaged operation month,function of number of load cycles with parameters m,. and 6,., which normal distribution in Table 3. Figure 3 shows the average numbers of cycles with 95 % confidence intervals. The values of these parametersfor a year are accordingly 12,719 and 420 cycles.3. Strain measurementsIn order to reveal the most loaded elements of the metalwork and to determine a range of stresses, static strain measurements were carried out beforehand. Vertical loading was applied by hoisting measured loads, and skew loading was formed with a tractor winch equipped with a dynamometer. The allocation schemes of the bonded strain gauges are shown in Figs 4 and 5. As was expected, the largest tension stresses in the bridge take place in the bottom chord of the truss (gauge 11-45 MPa). The top chord of the truss is subjected to the largest compression stresses.The local bending stresses caused by the pressure of wheels of the crane trolleys are added to the stresses of the bridge and the load weights. These stresses result in the bottom chord of the I一beam being less compressed than the top one (gauge 17-75 and 10-20 MPa). The other elements of the bridge are less loaded with stresses not exceeding the absolute value 45 MPa. The elements connecting the support with the bridge of the crane are loaded also irregularly. The largest compression stresses take place in the carrying angles of the interior panel; the maximum stresses reach h0 MPa (gauges 8 and 9). The largest tension stresses in the diaphragms and angles of the exterior panel reach 45 MPa (causes 1 and hl.The elements of the crane bridge are subjected, in genera maximum stresses and respond weakly to skew loads. The suhand, are subjected mainly to skew loads.1, to vertical loads pports of the crane gmmg rise to on the otherThe loading of the metalwork of such a crane, transferring full-length logs, differs from that ofa crane used for general purposes. At first, it involves the load compliance of log packs because ofprogressive detachment from the base. Therefore, the loading increases rather slowly and smoothly.The second characteristic property is the low probability of hoisting with picking up. This is conditioned by the presence of the grab, which means that the fall of the rope from the spreader block is not permitted; the load should always be balanced. The possibility of slack being sufficient to accelerate an electric drive to nominal revolutions is therefore minimal. Thus, the forest traveling gantry cranes are subjected to smaller dynamic stresses than in analogous cranes for general purposes with the same hoisting speed. Usually, when acceleration is smooth, the detachment of a load from the base occurs in 3.5-4.5 s after switching on an electric drive. Significant oscillations of the metalwork are not observed in this case, and stresses smoothly reach maximum values.When a high acceleration with the greatest possible clearance in the joint between spreader andgrab takes place, the tension of the ropes happens 1 s after switching the electric drive on, theclearance in the joint taking up. The revolutions of the electric motors reach the nominal value inO.}r0.7 s. The detachment of a load from the base, from the moment of switching electric motorson to the moment of full pull in the ropes takes 3-3.5 s, the tensions in ropes increasing smoothlyto maximum. The stresses in the metalwork of the bridge and supports grow up to maximumvalues in 1-2 s and oscillate about an average within 3.5%.When a rigid load is lifted, the accelerated velocity of loading in the rope hanger and metalworkis practically the same as in case of fast hoisting of a log pack. The metalwork oscillations are characterized by two harmonic processes with periods 0.6 and 2 s, which have been obtained from spectral analysis. The worst case of loading ensues from summation of loading amplitudes so that the maximum excess of dynamic loading above static can be 13-14%.Braking a load, when it is lowered, induces significant oscillation of stress in the metalwork, which can be }r7% of static loading. Moving over rail joints of 3} mm height misalignment induces only insignificant stresses. In operation, there are possible cases when loads originating from various types of loading combine. The greatest load is the case when the maximum loads from braking of a load when lowering coincide with braking of the trolley with poorly adjusted brakes.4. Fatigue loading analysisStrain measurement at test points, disposed as shown in Figs 4 and 5, was carried out during the work of the crane and a representative number of stress oscillograms was obtained. Since a common operation cycle duration of the crane has a sufficient scatter with average value } 11.5min, to reduce these oscillograms uniformly a filtration was implemented to these signals, and all repeated values, i.e. while theconstruction was not subjected to dynamic loading and only static loading occurred, were rejected. Three characteristic stress oscillograms (gauge 11) are shown inFig. 6 where the interior sequence of loading for an operation cycle is visible. At first, stressesincrease to maximum values when a load is hoisted. After that a load is transferred to the necessary location and stresses oscillate due to the irregular crane movement on rails and over rail joints resulting mostly in skew loads. The lowering of the load causes the decrease of loading and forms half of a basic loading cycle.4.1. Analysis of loading process amplitudesTwo terms now should be separated: loading cycle and loading block. The first denotes one distinct oscillation of stresses (closed loop), and the second is for the set of loading cycles during an operation cycle. The rain flow cycle counting method given in Ref. [2] was taken advantage of to carry out the fatigue hysteretic loop analysis for the three weakest elements: (1) angle of the bottom chord(gauge 11), (2) I-beam of the top chord (gauge 17), (3) angle of the support (gauge 8). Statistical evaluation of sample cycle amplitudes by means of the Waybill distribution for these elements has given estimated parameters fisted in Table 4. It should be noted that the histograms of cycle amplitude with nonzero averages were reduced afterwards to equivalent histograms with zero averages.4.2. Numbers of loading cyclesDuring the rain flow cycle counting procedure, the calculation of number of loading cycles for the loading block was also carried out. While processing the oscillograms of one type, a sample number of loading cycles for one block is obtained consisting ofintegers with minimum and maximum observed values: 24 and 46. The random number of loading cycles vibe can be describedby the Poisson distribution with parameter =34.Average numbers of loading blocks via months were obtained earlier, so it is possible to find the appropriate characteristics not only for loading blocks per month, but also for the total number of loading cycles per month or year if the central limit theorem is taken advantage of. Firstly, it is known from probability theory that the addition of k independent Poisson variables gives also a random variable with the Poisson distribution with parameter k},. On the other hand, the Poisson distribution can be well approximated by the normal distribution with average}, and variation },. Secondly, the central limit theorem, roughly speaking, states that the distribution of a large number of terms, independent of the initial distribution asymptotically tends to normal. If the initial distribution of each independent term has a normal distribution, then the average and standard deviation of the total number of loading cycles for one year are equal to 423,096 and 650 accordingly. The values of k are taken as constant averages from Table 3.5. Stress concentration factors and element enduranceThe elements of the crane are jointed by semi-automatic gas welding without preliminary edge preparation and consequent machining. For the inspected elements 1 and 3 having circumferential and edge welds of angles with gusset plates, the effective stress concentration factor for fatigue is given by calculation methods [3],kf=2.}r2.9, coinciding with estimates given in the current Russian norm for fatigue of welded elements [4], kf=2.9.The elements of the crane metalwork are made of alloyed steel 09G2S having an endurance limit of 120 MPa and a yield strength of 350 MPa. Then the average values of the endurance limits of the inspected elements 1 and 3 are ES一l=41 MPa. Thevariation coefficient is taken as 0.1, and the corresponding standard deviation is 6S-、一4.1 MPa.The inspected element 2 is an I-beam pierced by holes for attaching rails to the top flange. The rather large local stresses caused by local bending also promote fatigue damage accumulation. According to tables from [4], the effective stress concentration factor is accepted as kf=1.8, which gives an average value of the endurance limit as ES 一l=h7 Map. Using the same variation coiffing dent th e stand arid d emit ion is 1s σ-=6.7 MPa.An average S-N curve, recommended in [4], has the form:with the inflexion point No=5·106 and the slope m=4.5 for elements 1 and 3 and m=5.5 for element 2.The possible values of the element endurance limits presented above overlap the ranges of load amplitude with nonzero probability, which means that these elements are subjected to fatigue damage accumulation. Then it is possible to conclude that fatigue calculations for the elements are necessary as well as fatigue fife prediction.6. Life predictionThe study has that some elements of the metalwork are subject to fatigue damage accumulation.To predict fives we shall take advantage of intrinsic fatigue curves, which are detailed in [5]and [6].Following the theory of intrinsic fatigue curves, we get lognormal life distribution densities for the inspected elements. The fife averages and standard deviations are fisted in Table 5. The lognormal fife distribution densities are shown in Fig. 7. It is seen from this table that the least fife is for element 3. Recollecting that an average number of load blocks for a year is equal to 12,719, it is clear that the average service fife of the crane before fatigue cracks appear in the welded elements is sufficient: the fife is 8.5 years for element 1, 11.5 years for element 2, and h years for element 3. However, the probability of failure of these elements within three-four years is notsmall and is in the range 0.09-0.22. These probabilities cannot be neglected, and services of design and maintenance should make efforts to extend the fife of the metalwork without permitting crack initiation and propagation.7. ConclusionsThe analysis of the crane loading has shown that some elements of the metalwork are subjectedto large dynamic loads, which causes fatigue damage accumulation followed by fatigue failures.The procedure of fatigue hfe prediction proposed in this paper involves tour parts:(1) Analysis of the operation in practice and determination of the loading blocks for some period.(2) Rainflow cycle counting techniques for the calculation of loading cycles for a period of standard operation.(3) Selection of appropriate fatigue data for material.(4) Fatigue fife calculations using the intrinsic fatigue curves approach.The results of this investigation have been confirmed by the cases observed in practice, and the manufacturers have taken a decision about strengthening the fixed elements to extend their fatigue lives.References[1] Feller W. An introduction to probabilistic theory and its applications, vol. 2. 3rd ed. Wiley, 1970.[2] Rychlik I. International Journal of Fatigue 1987;9:119.[3] Piskunov V(i. Finite elements analysis of cranes metalwork. Moscow: Mashinostroyenie, 1991 (in Russian).[4] MU RD 50-694-90. Reliability engineering. Probabilistic methods of calculations for fatigue of welded metalworks.Moscow: (iosstandard, 1990 (in Russian).[5] Kopnov VA. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 1993;16:1041.[6] Kopnov VA. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 1997;26:169.中文翻译龙门式起重机金属材料的疲劳强度预测摘要内在的疲劳曲线应用到龙门式起重机金属材料的疲劳寿命预测问题。
10t双梁桥式起重机
50/10t双梁桥式起重机大车运行机构及主梁设计学生姓名：学生学号：院（系）：年级专业：指导教师：助理指导教师：二〇〇七年六月摘要桥式起重机是起重运输行业中必不可少的重要设备，它的稳定性和可靠性一直受到人们的高度重视。
随着社会生产力的不断进步和生产规模的不断扩大，以及技术创新的不断深入，在大量国外先进技术引入的同时，桥式起重机的生产设计水平也在不断革新，不断提高。
结合生产实际提出了起重机大车运行机构以及主梁的几种方案，通过分析选定方案并对大车运行机构及主梁进行了设计说明，同时，也对起重机的安全检查提出了要求。
为了最大限度的利用资源，达到最大的经济效益，在此也对主梁进行了优化设计，并提出了大量安全措施，从而保证了起重机械稳定可靠的工作。
关键词：桥式起重机；大车运行机构；主梁；优化ABSTRACTThe bridge type hoist crane is the heavy objects for lifting in the transportation profession the essential important equipment, its stability and the reliability receive the people to take highly continuously. Along with social productive forces unceasing progress and scale of production unceasing expansion, as well as technological innovation unceasingly thorough, while massive overseas vanguard technology introduction, the bridge type hoist crane production design level unceasingly is also innovating, enhances unceasingly.The in coor with progress of production proposed actually the hoist crane large cart movement organization as well as king post several kind of plans, have carried on design showing through the analysis designation plan and to the large cart movement organization and the king post, simultaneously, also set the request to the hoist crane security check.For the maximum limit use resources, achieved the maximum economic efficiency, has also carried on the optimized design in this to the king post, and proposed the massive security measure, thus has guaranteed the hoisting machinery stable reliable work.Key words: Bridge type hoist crane；Large cart movement organization；King post；Optimization目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT .......................................................... I I1 绪论 (1)2 大车运行机构方案拟订以及选择 (3)2.1大车运行机构的几种常用方案 (3)2.1.1低速集中驱动 (3)2.1.2中速集中驱动 (3)2.1.3高速集中驱动 (4)2.1.4分别驱动 (5)2.2大车运行机构方案分析 (5)2.2.1低速集中驱动 (5)2.2.2中速集中驱动 (5)2.2.3高速集中驱动 (6)2.2.4分别驱动 (6)2.3大车运行机构方案选择 (6)3 主梁方案的拟订及选择 (7)3.1主梁常用的几种方案 (7)3.1.1工字钢主梁 (7)3.1.2桁架主梁 (7)3.1.3箱形主梁 (7)3.2主梁方案分析 (9)3.2.1工字钢主梁 (9)3.2.2桁架主梁 (9)3.2.3箱形主梁 (9)3.3主梁方案选择 (9)4 大车运行机构的设计 (11)4.1运行阻力的计算 (11)4.1.1摩擦阻力 (11)4.1.2坡道阻力 (13)4.1.3风阻力 (14)4.2电动机的选择 (15)4.2.1概述 (15)4.2.2电动机静功率 (15)4.2.3电动机初选 (16)4.2.4电动机过载校验 (16)4.2.5电动机发热校验 (17)4.2.6起动时间与起动平均加速度校验 (18)4.2.7选择合适的电动机型号 (18)4.3减速器的选择 (19)4.3.1减速器概述 (19)4.3.2总体设计 (19)4.3.3确定传动比 (20)4.3.4计算传动装置的传动参数 (21)4.3.5齿轮的设计 (22)4.3.6几何尺寸计算 (25)4.3.7齿轮的结构设计 (26)4.3.8低速轴设计 (26)4.3.9轴的结构设计 (27)4.3.10轴上的载荷 (30)4.3.11校核轴承的受命强验算 (30)4.3.12按弯扭合成应力校核的轴的强度 (30)4.3.13减速器型号的选择 (31)4.4制动器的选择 (31)4.4.1制动器概述 (31)4.4.2制动器相关参数的计算 (32)4.4.3制动器型号的选择 (33)4.5联轴器的选择 (34)4.6运行打滑验算 (34)4.6.1起动时不打滑按下式验算 (34)4.6.2制动时不打滑按下式验算 (35)5 主梁的设计 (36)5.1主梁跨度的确定 (36)5.2主梁上钢轨的选择 (37)5.3主梁的合理强度设计 (38)5.3.1梁的强度条件 (38)5.3.2梁的截面选择 (39)5.3.3梁的合理截面形状 (40)5.3.4变截面梁与等强度梁 (40)5.3.5梁的合理受力 (41)5.4主梁合理刚度设计 (41)5.4.1梁的刚度条件 (42)5.4.2梁的合理刚度设计 (42)5.5箱形主梁的优化设计 (44)5.5.1桥式起重机箱形主梁的结构 (44)5.5.2优化的数学模型 (47)5.5.3主梁优化设计计算方法简述 (53)5.5.4结合本设计的主梁有关参数对主梁进行优化设计 (53)6 安全检验 (59)6.1机械部分的安全要求 (59)6.1.1减速器 (59)6.1.2大车运行机构 (59)6.1.3主梁的要求 (60)6.1.4高强度螺栓 (61)6.1.5电动机 (61)6.1.6焊接质量 (62)6.2电气设备检验 (62)6.2.1 电气设备要求 (62)6.2.2电气设备安装 (63)6.2.3供电及电路要求 (64)6.2.4对主要电气元件的安全要求 (66)6.2.5电气保护装置 (66)6.2.6照明、信号 (67)结论 (68)参考文献 (69)致谢 (70)1 绪论双梁桥式起重机在工程中有着广泛的应用，日益提高的各行业生产对承担企业生产线上主要物流任务的起重机的要求也越来越高。
10T桥式起重机设计
目录第一章绪论 ............................................ 错误！未定义书签。
1.1 选题的意义 ........................................ 错误！未定义书签。
1.2 本课题的研究目的 (2)1.3 桥式起重机的研究现状 (2)第二章设计方案 (4)2.1 起重机的介绍 42.2 起重机设计的总体方案 42.2.1 主梁的设计 (4)2.2.2 小车的设计 (4)2.2.3端梁的设计 (5)2.2.4桥架的设计 (5)第三章大车行车机构的设计 (6)3.1 设计的原则和要求63.1.1 机构传动方案 (6)3.1.2 大车行车机构布局 (6)3.2 搭车行车机构的计算73.2.1 确定结构的传动方案 (7)3.2.2 选择车轮与轨道并校核其强度 (7)3.2.3 运行组里的计算 (9)3.2.4 选择电动机 (10)3.2.5 计算发动机的发热功率 (11)3.2.6 减速器的选择 (11)3.2.7 验算运行速度与实际功率 (11)3.2.8 验算启动时间 (12)3.2.9 校核减速器功率 (13)3.2.10 验算不打滑条件 (13)3.2.11 选择制动器 (15)3.2.12 选择联轴器 (16)3.2.13 验算浮动轴 (17)3.2.14 缓冲器的选择 (18)第四章端梁的设计 (20)4.1 端梁尺寸的确定214.2 端梁的计算214.3主要焊缝的计算24第五章端梁结头的设计 (26)5.1 端梁接头的确定和计算 265.2 主要螺栓和焊缝的设计 29第六章桥架的结构设计 (31)6.1 桥架的结构形式316.2 桥架的结构设计与计算 31第七章焊接工艺设计 (39)致谢 (42)参考文献 (43)附录 (44)第一章绪论1.1 选题意义起重机械用来对物料作起重、运输、装卸和安装等作业的机械设备，它可以完成靠人力无法完成的物料搬运工作，减轻人们的体力劳动，提高劳动生产率，在工厂、矿山、车站、港口、建筑工地、仓库、水电站等多个领域部门中得到了广泛的使用，随着生产规模的日益扩大，特别是现代化、专业化的要求，各种专门用途的起重机相继产生，在许多重要的部门中，它不仅是生产过程中的辅助机械，而且已成为生产流水作业线上不可缺少的重要机械设备，它的发展对国民经济建设起着积极的促进作用。
10t桥式起重机毕业设计计算说明书
设计题目：10t桥式起重机设计设计人：侯雪鹏设计项目计算与说明结果确定机构传动方案跨度22.5m为中等跨度，为减轻重量，决定采用电动机与减速器间、减速器与车轮间均有浮动轴的布置传动方案如图3-1所示。
1-电动机；2-制动器；3-带制动轮的半齿轮联轴器；4-浮动轴；5-半齿联轴器；6-减速器；7-车轮3.2选择车轮与轨道，并验算其强度按图3-2所示的重量分布，计算大车车轮的最大轮压和最小轮压图3-2 轮压计算图满载时，最大轮压：）（1-3t65.112015.2224104424e24xcxcmax=-⨯++-=-⋅++-=LLGQGGP空载时，最大轮压：）（2-3t9.65.2215.22244424124xcxcmax=-⋅+-=-⋅+-='LLGGGP空载时，最小轮压：t65.11max=Pt9.6max='P图3-1 分别传动大车运行机构布置图m设计题目：10t桥式起重机设计设计人：侯雪鹏设计项目计算与说明结果主梁腹板高度确定主梁截面尺寸加筋板的布置尺寸定如下：腹板厚mm6=δ；上下盖板厚mm81=δ主梁两腹板内壁间距根据下面的关系式来决定：mmH3195.311105.3b==>mmL45050225050b==>因此取mm490b=盖板宽度：5424062490402b=+⨯+=++=δB（4-1）取mm550=B主梁的实际高度：m m11168211002h1=⨯+=+=δH（4-2）同理，主梁支承截面的腹板高度取mm600h=，这时支承截面的实际高度mm6162h1=+=δH。
主梁中间截面和支承截面的尺寸简图分别示于图4-1和图4-2。
mm6=δmm81=δmm490b=mm550=Bmm1116=H（实际值）图4-1 主梁中间截面尺寸简图图4-2 主梁支承截面尺寸简图设计题目：10t 桥式起重机设计设计人：侯雪鹏设计项目计算与说明 结果为了保证主梁截面中受压构件的局部稳定性，需要设置一些加筋构件如图4-3所示。
桥式起重机大车运行机构的计算
第三章桥式起重机大车运行机构的计算3.1原始数据3.2确定机构的传动方案本次设计采用分别驱动，即两边车轮分别由两套独立的无机械联系的驱动装置驱动，省去了中间传动轴及其附件，自重轻。
机构工作性能好，受机架变形影响小, 安装和维修方便。
可以省去长的走台，有利于减轻主梁自重。
图大车运行机构图1 —电动机2—制动器3—咼速浮动轴4—联轴器5—减速器6—联轴器7低速浮动轴8—联轴器9—车轮3.3车轮与轨道的选择3.3.1车轮的结构特点车轮按其轮缘可分为单轮缘形、双轮缘形和无轮缘形三种。
通常起重机大车行走车轮主要采用双轮缘车轮。
对一些在繁重条件下使用的起重机，除采用双轮缘车轮外，在车轮旁往往还加水平轮，这样可避免起重机歪斜运行时轮缘与轨道侧面的接触。
这是，歪斜力由水平轮来承受，使车轮轮缘的磨损减轻。
车轮踏面形状主要有圆柱形、圆锥形以及鼓形三种。
从动轮采用圆柱形，驱动轮可以采用圆柱形，也可以采用圆锥形，单轮缘车轮常为圆锥形。
采用圆锥形踏面车轮时须配用头部带曲率的钢轨。
在工字梁翼缘伤运行的电动葫芦其车轮主要采用鼓形踏面。
图起重机钢轨332车轮与轨道的初选选用四车轮，对面布置桥架自重：G =0.45Q 起 0.82L =20.73t =207.3kN 式中Q 起――起升载荷重量，为16000 kgL ——起重机的跨度，为16.5 m满载最大轮压：P max = U 也/ •口4 2 L式中 q ——小车自重，为4tl ――小车运行极限位置距轨道中心线距离，为1.5 m代入数据计算得：P max =132.7kN 空载最大轮压：P m ：x =^q q4 2 L代入数据得P m ：x =60kN 空载最小轮压：P min= G q 丄42 L代入数据得P min =43.64 kN 载荷率：Qu 」600.772G 207.3查《机械设计手册第五版起重运输件•五金件》表8-1-120，当运行速度在60 ~ 90 m min ，Q 起 ^ 0.772，工作类型为中级时，选取车轮直径为600 mm 时, 型号为P 38的轨道的许用轮压为178kN ，故可用。
949_十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计
要
桥式起重机是一种工作性能比较稳定，工作效率比较高的起重机。随着我国制造业的 发展，桥式起重机越来越多的应用到工业生产当中。在工厂中搬运重物，机床上下件，装 运工作吊装零部件，流水在线的定点工作等都要用到起重机。在查阅相关文献的基础上， 综述了桥式起重机的开发和研究成果,重点对桥式起重机大车运行机构、端梁、主梁、焊 缝及连接进行设计并进行强度核算,主要是进行端梁的抗震性设计及强度计算和支承处的 接触应力分析计计算过程。设计包括电动机,减速器,联轴器,轴承的选择和校核。设计中 参考了许多相关数据, 运用多种途径, 利用现有的条件来完成设计。本次设计通过反复考 虑多种设计方案, 认真思考, 反复核算, 力求设计合理;通过采取计算机辅助设计方法以 及参考他人的经验, 力求有所创新;通过计算机辅助设计方法, 绘图和设计计算都充分发 挥计算机的强大辅助功能, 力求设计高效。
1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 2.1
Hale Waihona Puke 桥式起重机设计的主要内容 ..................................... 3 设计的基本原则和要求 ......................................... 5 机构传动方案 ............................................. 5 大车运行机构具体布置的主要问题： ......................... 5 确定机构的传动方案 ....................................... 6 选择车轮与轨道，并验算其强度 ............................. 6 运行阻力计算 ............................................. 8 选择电动机 ............................................... 9 验算电动机的发热功率条件 .................................9 减速器的选择 ............................................. 9 验算运行速度和实际所需功率 ............................... 9 验算起动时间 ............................................ 10
10t桥式起重机总体设计(全套图纸)
摘要本次毕业设计是针对毕业实习中桥式起重机所做的具体到吨位级别的设计。
我国现在应用的各大起重机还是仿造国外落后技术制造出来的，而且已经在工厂内应用了多年，有些甚至还是七八十年代的产品，无论在质量上还是在功能上都满足不了日益增长的工业需求。
如何设计使其成本最低化，布置合理化，功能现代化是我们研究的课题。
本次设计就是对小吨位的桥式起重机进行设计，主要设计内容是10t桥式起重机的结构及运行机构，其中包括桥架结构的布置计算及校核，主梁结构的计算及校核，端梁结构的计算及校核，主端梁连接以及大车运行机构零部件的选择及校核包括: 轮压计算及强度验算, 运行阻力计算,选择电动机,减速器的选择验算,运行速度及实际功率,选择制动器,选择联轴器,低速浮动轴的验算,缓冲器的选择等计算。
还有小车的运行和起升机构零部件的选择及校核包括: 运行阻力计算，选电动机，选择减速器验算起动时间，按起动工况校核减速器功率，选择制动器，选择高速轴联轴器及制动轮，验算低速浮动轴强度，钢丝绳的选择，滑轮、卷筒的计算，联轴器的选择。
关键词: 起重机；大车运行机构；小车运行结构；小车起升结构；桥架；主端梁AbstractThe graduation design is aimed at the graduation fieldwork medium-sized crane do specific to tonnage level of design. Our country is the application of the big crane or counterfeit foreign backward technology out of manufacture and has within the plant for many years, some even application or the 70s and 80s products, both in quality and in on the function can't satisfy the growing industrial demand. How to design makes it the lowest cost, decorate rationalization, functional modernization is our topic. This design is on small tonnage design of bridge crane, the main design content is 10t bridge crane structure and operation organization, including bridge structure arrangement calculation and checking the structure of the girder, the calculation and checking, calculated and checked the beam structure, the main girders connection and cart mechanism parts selection and checking including: wheel pressure calculation and intensity checking, running friction calculation, the choice of motor, gear reducer is checked, choose speed and actual power, choose brakes, choose coupling calculating speed floating axis, buffer choice calculation, etc. And car running and lifting mechanism parts selection and checking including: running friction calculation, choose motor, choose reducer, by starting checked start-up time check reducer power, choose working brakes, choose high-speed couplings and brake wheel, the checking low-speed axial intensity, the wire rope floating choice, pulley, drum calculation, coupling choice.Keywords: cranes; During operation organization; Car running structure; Car hoisting structure; Bridge; Main girders目录摘要 (1)Abstract (2)前言 (1)第1章桥式起重机的概述 (2)1.1 桥式起重机的特点 (2)1.2 桥式起重机的用途 (4)1.3 桥式起重机的基本参数 (5)1.4 桥式起重机主要零部件 (9)1.4.1吊钩 (9)1.4.2钢丝绳 (10)1.4.3 滑轮和滑轮组 (13)1.4.4 滑轮组类型及选配原则 (14)1.5滑轮组及其滑轮组的倍率 (15)1.6 卷筒 (16)1.7 位置限位器 (16)1.8 缓冲器 (17)1.9桥式起重机发展概述 (18)1.9.1 国内桥式起重机发展动向 (18)1.9.2 国外桥式起重机的发展动向 (19)第2章大车运行机构的设计 (20)2.1大车运行结构设计的基本思路及要求 (20)2.2 大车运行机构传动方案的确定 (21)2.3 大车运行机构具体布置时要注意的问题 (21)2.4 大车运行机构的设计计算 (22)2.4.1 大车运行结构的传动方案 (22)2.5轮压计算及强度验算 (23)2.5.1计算大车的最大轮压和最小轮压 (23)2.5.2 强度计算及校核 (24)2.6 运行阻力计算 (26)2.7 选择电动机 (27)2.8 减速器的选择 (29)2.9 验算运行速度及实际功率 (29)2.10 验算启动时间 (30)2.11 起动工况下校核减速器功率 (32)2.12 验算起动不打滑条件 (32)2.13 选择制动器 (35)2.14 选择联轴器 (36)2.15 低速浮动轴的验算 (37)2.16 缓冲器的选择 (38)第3章起升小车的计算 (41)3.1 确定机构的传动方案 (41)3.2小车运行机构的计算 (42)3.3选择车轮与轨道并验算起强度 (42)3.4运行阻力计算 (44)3.5 选电动机 (46)3.6 验算电动机发热条件 (46)3.7 选择减速器 (47)3.8 验算运行速度和实际所需功率 (47)3.9验算起动时间 (48)3.10 按起动工况校核减速器功率 (49)3.11 验算起动不打滑条件 (50)3.12 选择制动器 (51)3.13 选择高速轴联轴器及制动轮 (51)3.14 验算低速浮动轴强度 (53)3.15 起升机构的设计参数 (54)3.16 钢丝绳的选择 (55)3.17 滑轮、卷筒的计算 (56)3.18 根据静功率初选电动机 (58)3.19 减速器的选择 (58)3.20 制动器的选择 (60)3.21 启动时间及启动平均加速度的验算 (60)3.22 联轴器的选择 (61)第4章桥架结构的设计 (62)4.1 桥架的结构形式 (62)4.1.1 箱形双梁桥架的构成 (63)4.1.2 箱形双梁桥架的选材 (63)4.2 桥架结构的设计计算 (63)4.2.1 主要尺寸的确定 (63)4.2.2 主梁的计算 (66)4.3 端梁的计算 (72)4.4 端梁的尺寸的确定 (78)4.4.1 端梁总体的尺寸 (78)4.4.2端梁的截面尺寸 (78)第5章端梁接头的设计 (79)5.1 端梁接头的确定及计算 (79)5.1.1 腹板和下盖板螺栓受力计算 (80)5.1.2 上盖板和腹板角钢的连接焊缝受力计算 (81)5.2 计算螺栓和焊缝的强度 (82)5.2.1 螺栓的强度校核 (82)5.2.2 焊缝的强度校核 (83)总结 (87)致谢 (89)参考文献 (89)前言桥式起重机是横架于车间和料场上空进行物料调运的起重设备。
50 10t桥式起重机大车运行机构及整体结构的设计
1绪论·······························································1.1 桥式起重机的介绍·············································1.2 桥式起重机设计的总体方案·····································1.2.1主梁和桥架的设计··············································1.2.2端梁的设计····················································2 小车机构的设计···············································2.1 小车主起升机构的计算·······································2.1.1确定机构传动方案··············································2.1.2小车车轮与轨道的选择及其强度校核······························2.1.3运行阻力运算··················································2.1.4选择电动机····················································2.1.5验算电动机的发热条件··········································2.1.6减速器的选择··················································2.1.7验算运行速度和实际所需功率···································2.1.8验算起动时间··················································2.1.9起动工况下校核减速器功率······································2.1.10验算启动不打滑条件···········································2.1.11选择制动器··················································2.1.12选择联轴器··················································2.1.13浮动轴的验算················································2.1.14缓冲器的选择················································2.2 小车副起升机构的计算·······································2.2.1确定机构传动方案··············································2.2.2小车车轮与轨道的选择及其强度校核······························2.2.3运行阻力运算··················································2.2.4选择电动机····················································2.2.5验算电动机的发热条件··········································2.2.6减速器的选择··················································2.2.7验算运行速度和实际所需功率···································2.2.8验算起动时间··················································2.2.9起动工况下校核减速器功率······································2.2.10验算启动不打滑条件···········································2.2.11选择制动器··················································2.2.12选择联轴器··················································2.2.13浮动轴的验算················································2.3 小车运行机构方案···············································2.3.1 小车运行机构设计2.3.2 确定小车轨距和小车轮距3 大车运行机构的设计···············································3.1 设计的基本原则和要求·········································3.1.1机构传动方案··················································3.1.2大车运行机构具体布置的主要问题································3.2 大车运行机构的计算·········································3.2.1确定机构传动方案··············································3.2.2大车车轮与轨道的选择及其强度校核······························3.2.3运行阻力运算··················································3.2.4选择电动机····················································3.2.5验算电动机的发热条件··········································3.2.6减速器的选择··················································3.2.7验算运行速度和实际所需功率···································3.2.8验算起动时间··················································3.2.9起动工况下校核减速器功率······································3.2.10验算启动不打滑条件···········································3.2.11选择制动器··················································3.2.12选择联轴器··················································3.2.13浮动轴的验算················································3.2.14缓冲器的选择················································4 大梁桥架和端梁的设计与计算······································4.1 桥架主要尺寸的确定········································4.1.1大车轮距·····················································4.1.2主梁高度·····················································4.1.3端梁高度·····················································4.1.4桥架端部梯形高度·············································4.1.5主梁腹板高度·················································4.1.6确定主梁截面尺寸·············································4.1.7加劲板的布置尺寸·············································4.2 主梁的计算··················································4.2.1计算载荷确定·················································4.2.3主梁水平最大弯矩·············································4.2.4主梁的强度验算···············································4.2.5主梁的垂直刚度验算···········································4.2.6主梁的水平刚度验算···········································4.3 端梁的计算··············································4.3.1计算载荷的确定···············································4.3.2端梁垂直最大弯矩·············································4.3.3梁的水平弯矩·················································4.3.4端梁截面尺寸的确定···········································4.3.5端梁的强度验算···············································4.4 主要焊缝的计算··············································4.4.1端梁端部上翼缘焊缝···········································4.4.2端梁端部下翼缘焊缝···········································4.4.3主梁与端梁的连接焊缝·········································4.4.4主梁上盖板焊缝···············································结束语······················································参考文献·······················································致谢···················································第一章绪论1.1 桥式起重机的介绍桥式起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行的一种桥架型起重机，又称天车。
桥式起重机电气控制毕业设计方案
10T/50桥式起重机电气控制设计摘要桥式起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行的一种桥架型起重机，又称天车。
桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成一矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。
桥式起重机广泛地应用在室内外仓库、厂房、码头和露天贮料场等处。
桥式起重机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易粱桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。
普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、桥架运行机构、桥架金属结构组成。
起重小车又由起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架三部分组成。
起升机构包括电动机、制动器、减速器、卷筒和滑轮组。
电动机通过减速器，带动卷筒转动，使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下，以升降重物。
本文重点研究起重机的控制，通过使用串电阻的调速方法已实现对电机的控制，从而控制起重机。
关键词：起重小车。
电动机；串电阻调速10T/50 bridge crane electrical control designABSTRACTBridge crane is a bridge in an elevated running track as a bridge-type crane, also known as Crane。
Bridge crane installed in the bridge along the track on both sides of the elevated vertical run，Lifting trolley along the bridge on the laying of the track in the horizontal run, which constitute the scope of work of a rectangle, you can take full advantage of the space bridge was being lifted the following materials, the hindered from ground equipment.Bridge crane widely used in indoor and outdoor warehouses, factories, docks and outdoor storage yard, etc.Bridge crane bridge crane can be divided into ordinary, simple beam bridge crane and metallurgical three special bridge crane.Lifting bodies, including the motor, brake, reducer, drum and pulley blocks。
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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）题目：十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号：学生姓名：指导教师：（职称：讲师）（职称：）2013年5月25日无锡太湖学院学士学位论文无锡太湖学院本科毕业设计（论文）诚信承诺书本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业设计（论文）十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果，其内容除了在毕业设计（论文）中特别加以标注引用，表示致谢的内容外，本毕业设计（论文）不包含任何其他个人、集体已发表或撰写的成果作品。
班级：学号：作者姓名：2013 年5 月25 日无锡太湖学院信机系机械工程及自动化专业毕业设计论文任务书一、题目及专题：1、题目十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计２、专题二、课题来源及选题依据本次课程设计的课题来源于正常的生产实践需求。
选题的相关数据参数：起重机的起重量Q=10T，桥架跨度L=22.5m，大车运行速度Vdc=43.8m/min，工作类型为中级，机构运行持续率为JC%=25，起重机的估计重量G=168KN，小车的重量为Gxc=40KN，桥架采用箱形结构。
三、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求：1.了解桥式起重机的大车运行机构的相关知识和工作原理。
2.完成3张A0图纸（折合）。
3.撰写设计说明书，内容包括：课题的目的、意义、国内外动态；研究的主要内容；总体方案的拟定和主要参数的设计计算；传动方案的确定及设计计算，主要工作部件的设计；主要零件分析计算和校核；参考文献。
文字在30页左右，条理清楚，计算有据，格式按无锡太湖学院学士学位论文（设I计）规范化要求。
四、接受任务学生：机械92 班姓名叶宏城五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师签名签名签名教研室主任〔学科组组长〕签名系主任签名2012年11月12日II摘要桥式起重机是一种工作性能比较稳定，工作效率比较高的起重机。
随着我国制造业的发展，桥式起重机越来越多的应用到工业生产当中。
在工厂中搬运重物，机床上下件，装运工作吊装零部件，流水在线的定点工作等都要用到起重机。
在查阅相关文献的基础上，综述了桥式起重机的开发和研究成果,重点对桥式起重机大车运行机构、端梁、主梁、焊缝及连接进行设计并进行强度核算,主要是进行端梁的抗震性设计及强度计算和支承处的接触应力分析计计算过程。
设计包括电动机,减速器,联轴器,轴承的选择和校核。
设计中参考了许多相关数据, 运用多种途径, 利用现有的条件来完成设计。
本次设计通过反复考虑多种设计方案, 认真思考, 反复核算, 力求设计合理;通过采取计算机辅助设计方法以及参考他人的经验, 力求有所创新;通过计算机辅助设计方法, 绘图和设计计算都充分发挥计算机的强大辅助功能, 力求设计高效。
关键词：桥式起重机,大车运行机构,主梁，端梁，焊缝IIIAbstractBridge crane is a kind of performance is stability, the working efficiency is relatively high crane. Along with the development of China's manufacturing industry,bridge crane is applied to industrial production more and more . Carrying heavy loads in factories , machine tool fluctuation pieces, shipping work on the assembly line for hoisting parts, the designated work with a crane.On the basis of literature review, summarized the bridge crane development and research results, focusing on bridge crane during operation organization, main beam,end beam weld and connection for design and the strength calculation; Mainly for the girders extent design and strength calculation and the support of contact stress analysis program in calculation. Design including motor, reducer, coupling, bearing choosing and checking.The design refer to many related information, reference to apply a variety of ways, make the existing conditions to complete design. By considering various design scheme repeatedly, thinking deeply,strive to design reasonable; By taking computer aided design method and reference the experience of others,strive to make innovation; Through computer aided design method, graphics and design calculations give fullplay to the powerful auxiliary function, computer to design efficient.Key words: bridge crane; during operation organization; main beam; end beam;weldIV目录摘要........................................................... I III Abstract .......................................................... I II 目录.. (V)1 绪论 (1)1.1 起重机背景及其理论 (1)1.2 实际意义 (1)1.3 研究现状及存在问题 (1)1.4 起重机国内与国外发展动向 (2)1.4.1 国内桥式起重机发展动向 (2)1.4.2 国外起重机的发展动向 (2)1.5 桥式起重机设计的主要内容 (3)2 大车运行机构的设计 (5)2.1 设计的基本原则和要求 (5)2.1.1 机构传动方案 (5)2.1.2 大车运行机构具体布置的主要问题： (5)2.2 大车运行机构的计算 (6)2.2.1 确定机构的传动方案 (6)2.2.2 选择车轮与轨道，并验算其强度 (6)2.2.3 运行阻力计算 (8)2.2.4 选择电动机 (9)2.2.5 验算电动机的发热功率条件 (9)2.2.6 减速器的选择 (9)2.2.7 验算运行速度和实际所需功率 (9)2.2.8 验算起动时间 (10)2.2.9 起动工况下校核减速器功率 (11)2.2.10 验算启动不打滑条件 (11)2.2.11 选择制动器 (13)2.2.12 选择联轴器 (13)2.2.13 浮动轴的验算 (14)2.2.14 缓冲器的选择 (15)3 端梁的设计 (17)3.1 端梁的尺寸的确定 (17)3.1.1端梁的截面尺寸 (17)3.1.2 端梁总体的尺寸 (17)3.2 端梁的计算 (17)3.3 主要焊缝的计算 (20)V3.3.1 端梁端部上翼缘焊缝 (20)3.3.2 下盖板翼缘焊缝的剪应力验算 (21)4 端梁接头的设计 (22)4.1 腹板和下盖板螺栓受力计算 (22)4.2 计算螺栓和焊缝的强度 (24)4.2.1 螺栓的强度校核 (24)4.2.2 焊缝的强度校核 (24)5 焊接工艺设计 (26)6 结论与展望 (300)致谢 (31)参考文献 (32)VI十吨位桥式起重机大车运行机构设计1 绪论1.1 起重机背景及其理论桥式起重机是架设在高架轨道上运行的一种桥架型起重机，又称为天车。
桥式起重机的桥架沿着铺设在两侧的高架轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿着铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成覆盖一定面积的工作区域，这样可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运、装卸货物，不受地面设施、货物的阻碍。
桥式起重机广泛地应用在室内外仓库、厂房、机场、港口和露天货物场所等处。
二十世纪以来，随着钢铁、机械制造业和铁路、港口、航空运输及交通业的的发展，大大的促进了起重运输机械行业的发展。
对起重运输机械的性能也提出了更高的要求。
现代起重运输机械担当着繁重的货物搬运任务，是工厂、港口、货运铁路等工作部门实现货物搬运、装卸现代化、机械化的关键。
因而起重机的金属结构都用质量可靠的钢材制造，并用焊接代替铆接，不但简化机构，缩短了制造时间，而且大大地减轻了自身的重量，焊接结构是现代金属结构的特征。
我国是应用起重机械最早的国家之一，我们的祖先采用杠杆搬运石料建造城墙，就是利用起重设备节省人力、装卸货物的例子。
几千年的封建统治和近代革命战争的影响，我国工业基础薄弱，自行设计制造的起重机械很少，绝大多数起重运输机械需要依靠进口。
新中国成立以来，随着冶金、钢铁工业的发展，起重运输机械也获得了很好的发展，全国刚解放就建立了全国最大的大连起重机械厂，1949 年10月，在该厂试制成功我国第一台起重量为50 吨，跨度为22.5m 的桥式起重机。
为培养起重运输机械专业的人才，多所高等工业学校，创办了起重运输机械专业。
到目前为止，我国通用门式起重机和工程起重机已摆脱了仿制进口，完全有能力设计制造各种大型先进的起重设备。
无论从结构形式，还是性能指针都达到世界领先水平。
1.2 实际意义我国起重运输机械行业从新中国成立后开始建立并逐步发展壮大，并已形成了各种类型的产品范围和庞大的企业群体，服务于国家经济各个行业。
改革开房以来，随着我国经济的快速发展，我国的起重运输机械制造业也取得了长足的进步。
目前起重机械销售应用市场的前景非常广阔，2011年度起重运输机械行业销售额达到2730亿元，“十一五”期间平均每年超过15%，20112年度市场依然保持着持续增长的态势。