先天性巨结肠诊疗指南

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先天性巨结肠临床路径(2019年版)

先天性巨结肠临床路径(2019年版)

先天性巨结肠临床路径(2019年版)一、先天性巨结肠临床路径标准住院流程(一)适用对象第一诊断为先天性巨结肠(ICD-10:Q43.1)。

行手术治疗(ICD-9-CM-3:48.4101-48.4103)。

(二)诊断依据根据《张金哲小儿外科学》(张金哲主编,人民卫生出版社,2013年),《临床诊疗指南·小儿外科学分册》(中华医学会编著,人民卫生出版社,2005年),《临床技术操作规范·小儿外科学分册》(中华医学会编著,人民军医出版社,2005年)。

1.出生后出现便秘症状且日益加重。

2.钡灌肠显示有肠管狭窄、移行和扩张的表现。

3.肛直肠测压无内括约肌松弛反射。

4.直肠活检提示先天性巨结肠病理改变。

其中1为必备,2、3、4具备两项可确诊。

(三)治疗方案的选择根据《张金哲小儿外科学》(张金哲主编,人民卫生出版社,2013年),《临床诊疗指南·小儿外科学分册》(中华医学会编著,人民卫生出版社,2005年),《临床技术操作规范·小儿外科学分册》(中华医学会编著,人民军医出版社,2005年)。

1.经肛门结肠拖出术。

2.腹腔镜辅助或开腹经肛门结肠拖出术。

3.开腹巨结肠根治术。

(四)标准住院日为14~21天若住院前已完成部分术前准备,住院日可适当缩短。

(五)进入路径标准1.第一诊断必须符合ICD-10:Q43.1先天性巨结肠疾病编码。

2.符合短段型、普通型、长段型巨结肠诊断的病例,进入临床路径。

3.当患儿同时具有其他疾病诊断,但在住院期间不需要特殊处理也不影响第一诊断的临床路径实施时,可以进入路径。

(六)术前准备7~14天1.必需的检查项目:(1)实验室检查:血常规、尿常规、便常规+隐血+培养、血型、C反应蛋白(必要时)、肝肾功能、电解质、血气分析(必要时)、凝血功能、感染性疾病筛查(乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、梅毒、艾滋病等);(2)心电图、X线胸片(正位)。

2.根据患儿病情可选择:超声心动图等。

肛肠科先天性巨结肠症临床诊疗指南

肛肠科先天性巨结肠症临床诊疗指南

肛肠科先天性巨结肠症临床诊疗指南【概述】先天性巨结肠是一种较常见的消化道畸形,占新生儿胃肠畸形的第2位,在2000~5000名出生的婴儿中就有1例得病。

男婴较女婴为多,男女之比为3~4:1,且有家族性发病倾向。

先天性巨结肠是由于胚胎发育期在病毒感染、代谢紊乱、胎儿局部血运障碍等因素作用下,造成肠壁神经节细胞减少或发育停顿,或神经节细胞变性,致使远端无神经节细胞的肠段呈痉挛、狭窄状,形成功能性肠梗阻。

90%以上的病变发生在直肠和乙状结肠远端部分。

病变的肠段经常处于痉挛状态,管腔狭窄,形成功能性梗阻,粪便不能通过病变肠段或通过困难而影响肠管的正常蠕动,大量积聚在上段结肠内。

随着时间的推移,肠管狭窄段上方因粪便积聚而变得肥厚、粗大,这就形成了先天性巨结肠。

【临床表现】1.胎便排出延迟,顽固性便秘。

正常新生儿几乎全部在生后24小时内排出第一次胎粪,2~3天内排尽。

患儿由于胎粪不能通过狭窄肠道,首先出现的症状为胎粪性便秘,生后不排胎粪,胎粪开始排出及排空时间均推迟。

约90%的病例出生后24小时内无胎粪排出。

一般在2~6天内即出现部分性甚至完全性低位肠梗阻症状,开始呕吐,次数逐渐增多,以至频繁不止,呕吐物含胆汁或粪便样液体。

80%的病例表现为全腹胀,部分病例可极度膨胀,可见肠型,腹部皮肤发亮,静脉怒张,有时肠蠕动明显,听诊肠呜音亢进。

可压迫膈肌,出现呼吸困难。

肛门指诊可觉出直肠内括约肌痉挛和直肠壶腹部空虚感。

新生儿直肠的平均长度为5.2cm,因此示指常可达移行区,并能感到有一缩窄环。

此外指诊时可激发排便反射,当手指退出时有大量粪便和气体随手指排出,压力极大,呈爆炸式排出。

如用盐水灌肠也可排出大量粪便和气体,症状即缓解。

缓解数日后便秘、呕吐、腹胀又复出现,又需洗肠才能排便。

由于反复发作,患儿多出现体重不增、发育较差。

少数病例可有几周的缓解期,有正常和少量的间隔排便,但以后终于出现顽固性便秘。

2.营养不良、发育迟缓长期腹胀、便秘可使患儿食欲下降,影响营养的吸收。

先天性巨结肠诊断与治疗

先天性巨结肠诊断与治疗

先天性巨结肠
先天性巨结肠是由于直肠和远端结肠肠壁肌间神经节细胞先天发育异常而导致此段肠管处于持续痉挛状态,从而造成排便困难,久之使其近段肠管扩张肠壁增厚,故而称为“巨结肠”。

1. 先天性巨结肠主要表现为生后排便困难和腹胀,有些患儿生后3-4天都无或仅有少量胎便排出,需要开塞露或洗肠辅助排便,腹胀严重时可出现肠型或腹壁皮肤发亮。

一般在洗肠后腹胀会得到明显缓解,但多在几天后再次出现排便困难和腹胀,少数病例可有几周甚至几个月的缓解期,以后仍表现顽固性便秘。

先天性巨结肠严重者可合并小肠结肠炎、腹膜炎甚至肠穿孔而危及生命。

少数2~3岁甚至更晚才来医院就诊的患儿,因长期排便功能障碍影响了消化吸收功能,而出现明显的营养不良和生长发育迟缓。

2. 确诊需行下消化道造影(钡灌肠)、肛门直肠测压等检查。

一部分患儿在新生儿期不能明确诊断,这是由于病史较短,病变肠管近段的肠管扩张尚不明显,下消化道造影不能显示典型的巨结肠征象。

但如临床上反复出现排便困难和腹胀,数月后复查下消化道造影则可确定诊断。

3. 先天性巨结肠一旦确诊需手术治疗。

手术年龄一般在3个月左右为宜,手术既是将痉挛段肠管(无肌间神经节细胞肠段)和扩张肠管切除,将正常肠管与直肠远端做吻合。

手术效果满意。

一般根据病变肠管的长度选择经肛门巨结肠根治术、腹腔镜辅助经肛门巨结肠根治术、开腹巨结肠根治。

先天性巨结肠的治疗方案

先天性巨结肠的治疗方案

一、保守治疗1. 症状缓解治疗(1)调整饮食:给予易消化、低渣、高营养的食物,避免刺激性食物。

同时,注意补充水分,预防便秘。

(2)药物治疗:根据病情,可使用一些药物,如乳果糖、聚乙二醇等,以软化大便,促进排便。

(3)灌肠治疗:通过灌肠,帮助清除肠道内的积粪,缓解症状。

常用的灌肠液有生理盐水、甘露醇等。

2. 支持治疗(1)纠正电解质紊乱:先天性巨结肠患者常伴有电解质紊乱,如低钾、低钠等,需及时纠正。

(2)营养支持:对于严重营养不良的患者,需给予营养支持治疗,如静脉营养、肠内营养等。

二、手术治疗1. 初步手术治疗(1)Hirschsprung病根治术:适用于病情较轻的患者。

手术切除病变肠段,将正常肠段与回肠吻合。

(2)Duhamel手术:适用于病情较重的患者。

手术切除病变肠段,将正常肠段与直肠吻合,同时行结肠造口术。

2. 后续手术治疗(1)结肠造口还纳术:对于初次手术失败的病例,可行结肠造口还纳术,将造口还纳入腹。

(2)结肠旁路术:对于初次手术失败的病例,可行结肠旁路术,将结肠与回肠吻合,以改善肠道功能。

三、术后康复治疗1. 饮食管理:术后饮食应以易消化、低渣、高营养为主,逐渐增加食物种类,预防便秘。

2. 药物治疗:根据病情,可继续使用一些药物,如乳果糖、聚乙二醇等,以软化大便,促进排便。

3. 灌肠治疗:术后灌肠治疗可帮助清除肠道内的积粪,预防便秘。

4. 心理支持:先天性巨结肠患者及家属常存在心理负担,需给予心理支持,帮助他们树立战胜疾病的信心。

四、预后及随访先天性巨结肠的预后与治疗方案、病情严重程度等因素有关。

早期诊断、及时治疗的患者预后较好。

术后随访对于监测病情、预防复发具有重要意义。

随访内容包括:1. 定期复查:了解患者肠道功能恢复情况,及时发现并处理并发症。

2. 生长发育监测:关注患者生长发育状况,及时发现并处理生长发育障碍。

3. 心理咨询:针对患者及家属的心理需求,提供心理咨询服务。

总之,先天性巨结肠的治疗方案需根据患者病情、年龄、体质等因素综合考虑。

儿科常见病诊断与治疗培训课件先天性巨结肠的诊断和治疗

儿科常见病诊断与治疗培训课件先天性巨结肠的诊断和治疗
病症描述
定义
先天性巨结肠具有一定的遗传倾向,部分患儿有家族史。
程中,肠道神经节细胞的形成和发育出现异常,导致肠道肌肉功能异常。
孕期感染、药物使用、辐射暴露等环境因素也可能影响肠道发育,导致先天性巨结肠的发生。
03
02
01
患儿可能出现营养不良、发育迟缓、贫血等问题,影响身体健康。
定期复查
家长应注意监测患儿的生长发育情况,如有异常及时就医。
监测生长发育
05
CHAPTER
病例分享与讨论
案例一
患者小明,出生后不久出现排便困难,检查确诊为先天性巨结肠。经过及时手术和术后护理,小明恢复良好,现已健康成长。
案例二
患者小红,先天性巨结肠症状不明显,仅表现为轻度腹胀。通过保守治疗和饮食调整,小红的症状得到缓解,避免了手术。
诊断流程
先天性巨结肠的诊断通常遵循以下流程:详细询问病史、体格检查、实验室检查和影像学检查。医生会了解患儿的家族史、出生史、生长发育情况以及便秘等症状的严重程度。体格检查包括腹部触诊,以检查肠型和肠蠕动情况。实验室检查通常包括血液常规检查和生化检查,以评估患儿的营养状况和是否有电解质紊乱。影像学检查是诊断先天性巨结肠的重要手段,常用的方法包括腹部X线平片、钡剂灌肠造影和腹部超声等。
X线钡剂灌肠造影
01
这是目前诊断先天性巨结肠最常用且准确的方法。通过将含有钡剂的溶液灌入结肠,然后在X线下观察结肠的形态和蠕动情况。如果结肠蠕动减弱或消失,钡剂潴留,即可诊断为先天性巨结肠。
腹部超声
02
超声检查无创、无痛、无辐射,适用于新生儿和婴幼儿的诊断。通过高频超声探头观察结肠壁厚度、蠕动情况以及是否存在扩张和潴留等异常表现,有助于先天性巨结肠的诊断。

先天性巨结肠的诊断及治疗专家共识(全文)

先天性巨结肠的诊断及治疗专家共识(全文)

先天性巨结肠的诊断及治疗专家共识(全文)前言先天性巨结肠(Hirschsprung’s disease,HSCR)是一种常见的肠神经元发育异常性疾病,发病率约为1/5 000,男性发病率是女性的4倍。

HSCR 的病理学改变主要是狭窄段肌间神经丛和黏膜下神经丛内神经节细胞缺如,但外源性神经纤维增粗、数目增多。

根据无神经节细胞肠段的范围,HSCR的临床分型包括:①短段型:指狭窄段位于直肠中、远段;②常见型:又称普通型,指狭窄段位于肛门至直肠近端或直肠乙状结肠交界处,甚至达乙状结肠远端;③长段型:指狭窄段自肛门延至降结肠甚至横结肠;④全结肠型:指狭窄段波及升结肠及距回盲部30 cm以内的回肠;⑤全肠型:指狭窄段波及全部结肠及距回盲部30cm以上小肠,甚至累及十二指肠。

HSCR的诊断及治疗复杂,其术前的检查及诊断、手术方法的选择及术后并发症的处理等仍面临困难及挑战[1,2]。

这份专家共识基于并融合近些年国内外的临床研究及综述,利用PubMed、万方医学网等数据库系统地搜索并整理2000~2016年间所有的中文及英文相关文献,并将所有的证据基于GRADE系统(表1、表2)进行分级,包括证据推荐强度及质量分级(风险评估),旨在为HSCR的诊疗提供相对权威的指导。

表1GRADE系统证据质量等级表2GRADE系统证据推荐强度其他以肠神经元发育异常为主要病变的疾病,包括肠神经元发育不良症、肠神经节细胞发育不成熟症、肠神经节细胞减少症、肛门内括约肌失迟缓症等,统称之为"巨结肠同源病"[3,4,5]。

由于目前该类疾病谱的诊断及治疗方面尚有许多不完善之处,因此暂不纳入本次共识范围。

1.HSCR的诊断1.1 症状HSCR最常见的症状为:新生儿肠梗阻、顽固性便秘以及反复发作的小肠结肠炎。

1.1.1 新生儿肠梗阻大多数的HSCR患儿表现为新生儿期肠梗阻,包括胎便排出延迟、胆汁性呕吐以及喂养困难等[6]。

新生儿HSCR出生后48 h内未排出墨绿色胎便者占50%,24 h内未排胎便占94%~98%[7]。

先天性巨结肠的临床诊疗指南(国际)

先天性巨结肠的临床诊疗指南(国际)

IntroductionHirschsprung’s disease (HD), or colonic aganglionosis, was first described clinically by Harald Hirschsprung and later precis ely defined by Ovar Swenson. Surgical therapy has been the cornerstone of management for the correction of colonic aganglionosis since Swenson described the first successful pull-through operation in 1948.The management of aganglionosis has evolved significantly over the past 60 years. Technical approaches different from Swenson’s original pull-through procedure have been developed and further modified., Surgical treatment of HD initially involved a three-stage sequence with colostomy creation, then the pull-through procedure with creation of a temporary “protecting” colostomy, followed by eventual colostomy closure.Many pediatric surgeons currently perform a two-stage procedure with initial colostomy and subsequent pull-through only, eliminating the need for a final colostomy closure. Primary pull-through in the newborn and those older infants and children with delay in diagnosis has beenadvocated by some for several years.7–9There has been a gradual accumulation of data that has suggested that pull-through can beperformed selectively in the newborn as a primary procedure without a colostomy. However, concern for accurate diagnosis and the performance of such a technically demanding operation without diversion mandates expertise in proceeding with this approach.The development of minimally invasive techniques, experience, and instruments for babies has allowed the application of this approach forthe management of HD in selected newborns and older children.10-13First reported in the mid-1990’s, these minimally-invasivetechniques have recently been adopted and modified by pediatric surgeons throughout the world.DefinitionHirsch sprung’s disease is a rare congenital disease of the intestine, characterized by the absence of autonomic ganglion cells in t he wall of the colon. It affects roughly 1 in 5000 live births. The cause is unknown. However, it is associated with genetic abnormalities anomalies, including Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).DiagnosisDelay in passage of meconium, obstipation, abdominal distention, bilious vomiting, and failure to thrive may be symptoms of HD. A precise diagnosis is obtained by rectal biopsy, interpreted by an experienced pediatric (or gastrointestinal) pathologist. Contrast radiography is useful in the diagnosis and in estimating the extent of the disease in many patients, but may not be helpful in this regard in newborns. Once the diagnosis is established, treatment is aimed at preparing the patient for surgical correction.Preoperative ManagementConcomitant with measures to secure a diagnosis, the patient is decompressed with a nasogastric (or orogastric) tube and rectal irrigations. This has been fel t to decrease the risk of preoperative Hirschsprung’s enterocolitis. Associated anomalies are investigated. Any fluid or electrolyte imbalances should be corrected. Severe malnutrition is unusual but, if identified, should be treated. Total parenteral nutrition may be required.If successful intestinal decompression has been accomplished, primary pull through may be undertaken in some patients. Some pediatric surgeons have had success in managing patients with HD with home rectal irrigations for weeks or even months prior to definitive surgery. This has been felt, in some cases, to be preferred since it allows small babies the chance to increase in size and weight prior to surgery.If a staged approach is planned, colostomy should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed by rectal biopsy. Immediate operation should be undertaken if irrigations are ineffective. Persistent abdominal distention that cannot be decompressed is a deterrent to laparoscopic pull-through. The occurrence of definite enterocolitis preoperatively is usually considered a contraindication for primary pull-through, and a leveling colostomy should be performed. The presence of other associated anomalies may dictate a staged approach. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are given prophylactically.The choice of the operative approach depends on identifying the distal-most segment of bowel with ganglion cells. Frequently this can be suggested by contrast enema, but is typically defined by biopsy with frozen section examination accomplished in the operating room. The diagnosis of the transition zone should be secured by histologic examination before proceeding with the colostomy or definitive pull-through.A small percentage of HD patients have so-called “ultra short segment” HD with the transit ion zone close to the anus. However, approximately 75-80% of patients with HD have the transition zone in the rectosigmoid area. The remainder of cases involves longersegments of aganglionic colon, rendering the pull-through more challenging and the potential outcome not as favorable.14Very few casesof laparoscopic pull-through for long segment disease have been reported to date.15SURGICAL TECHNIQUESGeneral PrinciplesOnce the transition zone is identified, standard techniques for colostomy are used for diversion in cases where a two-stage procedure is performed.16Definitive correction typically utilizes one of the 3 fundamental operations for pull-through. The techniques of these procedures are welldocumented.17Any can be used as a technique for primary or a staged repair using laparoscopic approach. Final frozen section biopsy ofthe pull-through segment prior to anastomosis is recommended. Some recent reports suggest that primary transanal pull-through can bedone for patients having a very low transition zone.18-20The surgeon should be confident that the transition zone is low enough,preferably below the upper sigmoid, before beginning this type of operation. Some authors advocate a laparoscopic biopsy as the first step before beginning the transanal approach.12, 15LAPAROSCOPIC OPERATIONSA pediatric surgeon who desires to treat HD with minimally invasive surgery should meet the qualifications that allow him/her to practice pediatric surgery in his/her country and should be considered competent by peer review based on ample experience, including either residency training or formal laparoscopic course(s).Specific training in advanced pediatric laparoscopic techniques, either in fellowship or through special postgraduate courses, is recommended. The surgeon should perform laparoscopy regularly in practice and have experience in basic laparoscopic procedures such as cholecystectomy, appendectomy and fundoplication. An experienced assistant is helpful.Georgeson et al, representing six pediatric surgical centers, summarized the effectiveness of the one stage laparoscopic approach for HDutilizing a Soave technique in eighty patients 19. Lacking long term follow up for continence, they have observed no major morbidity andsignificantly shorter days of hospitalization than reported standards for the two or three stage procedures.Before embarking on primary pull-through, the transition zone should be identified with a frozen section biopsy. Discovery of long segment disease may be a deterrent to primary pull-through although not an absolute contraindication. Experience using this technique for long segment disease is described, but there are no series yet reported that have described outcomes data.The intrabdominal portion of the laparoscopic technique is not different from that of open primary pull-through. Three ports are usually used in the upper abdomen using standard insertion techniques. A right lower quadrant port can be used for colon manipulation, especially when performing the Duhamel or Swenson procedures. Initial dissection consists of mobilizing the sigmoid colon down to and opening the peritoneal reflection. Bipolar cautery or ultrasonic dissection is optimal to minimize the risk of collateral damage. Further dissection into the pelvis can be done, as in the Swenson or Duhamel approach, but is not necessary for the Soave endorectal approach. Great care should be taken to avoid collateral structures, especially the left ureter and the vas deferens. In the Soave technique, the mucosal proctectomy is usually done from the rectum upward, not from the top down as traditionally described. It is helpful if the surgeon has experience using this technique for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis.SummaryThe implementation of laparoscopy for the primary pull-through operation has altered the management of rectosigmoid aganglionosis by allowing the surgeon to safely use an established concept (pull-through) while eliminating a major source of morbidity (staged correction and laparotomy). The distinct advantage of primary pull-through is never having a colostomy, with its consequent morbidity. There is rapid recovery and less postoperative perianal excoriation. Also, the laparoscopic technique avoids significant external and intrabdominal scarring.The critical factors in the success of this approach include the experience of the surgeon and that of the pathologist. While the long-term outcomes of this approach regarding continence and constipation are not established, preliminary data suggest, at least, similar results to the open techniques. It is becoming the preferred approach of choice over the open and staged techniques, particularly for the healthy patient with rectosigmoid disease.References1.Hirschsprung H. Stuhltragheit Neugeborener infolge von Dilatation und Hypertrophie des Colons. Jahrb Kinderheilkd 27:1-42,1887.2.Swenson O, Bill AH. Resection of the rectum and rectosigmoid with preservation of sphincter for benign spastic lesionsproducing megacolon. Surgery 24:212-220, 1948.3.Coran AG, Teitelbaum DH. Recent advances in the management of Hirschsprung's disease. Am J Surg 2000 180(5):382-387.4.Soave F. Hirschsprung’s disease: Technique and results of Soave’s operation. Br J Surg. 1966 Dec;53(12):1023-7.5.Duhamel B. A new operation for the treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease. Arch Dis Child 1960;35: 38-39.6.Boley SJ. New modification of the surgical treatment of Hirschsprung's disease. Surgery. 1964 Nov;56:1015-7.7.So HB, Becker JM, Schwartz DL, Kutin ND. Eighteen years’ experience with neonatal Hirschsprung’s disease treated byendorectal pull-through without colostomy. J Pediatr Surg 33(5):673-675, 1998.8.Carcassonne M, Morrison-Lacombe G, Letourneau JN. Primary corrective operation without decompression in infants less thanthree months of age with Hirschsprung’s disease. J Pediatr Surg. 1982 Jun;17(3): 241-243.9.Georgeson KE, Cohen RD, Hebra A, Jona JZ, Powell DM, Rothenberg SS, Tagge EP. Primary laparoscopic-assisted endorectalcolon pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease: a new gold standard. Ann Surg 1999 May; 229(5):678-82; discussion 682-3.10.de Lagausie P, Berrebi D, Geib G, Sebag G, Aigrain Y. Laparoscopic Duhamel procedure. Management of 30 cases. SurgEndosc 1999 Oct;13(10):972-4.11.Curran TJ, Raffensperger JG. Laparoscopic Swenson pull-through: a comparison with the open procedure. J Pediatr Surg.1996 Aug;31(8):1155-6; discussion 1156-7.12.Georgeson KE, Fuenfer MM, Hardin WD. Primary laparoscopic pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease in infants and children.J Pediatr Surg 1995 Jul;30(7):1017-21; discussion 1021-2.13.Rothenberg SS, Chang JH. Laparoscopic pull-through procedures using the harmonic scalpel in infants and children withHirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Jun;32(6):894-6.14.Endo M, Watanabe K, Fuchimoto Y, Ikawa H, Yokoyama J. Long-term results of surgical treatment in infants with total colonicaganglionosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1994 Oct;29(10):1310-1314.15.Georgeson KE. Laparoscopic pull-through for Hirschsprung’s Disease. In Hirschsprung’s Disease and Allie d Disorders,Second Edition, Eds. Holschneider AM and Puri P. Harwood Academic Publishers. 2000, pp 301-310.16.Gauderer MWL. Stomas of the Small and Large Intestine. In Pediatric Surgery, Fifth Edition, Eds. ONeill JA et al, Mosby. 1998,pp1349-1359.17.DH Teitelbaum et al. Hirschsprung's Disease and Related Neuromuscular Disorders of the Intestine. In Pediatric Surgery,Fifth Edition, Eds ONeill JA et al, Mosby. 1998, pp 1381-1424.nger JC, Seifert M, Minkes RK. One-stage Soave pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease: a comparison of the transanaland open approaches. J Pediatr Surg 2000 Jun;35(6):820-2.19.nger JC, Durrant AC, de la Torre L, Teitelbaum DH, Minkes RK, Caty MG, Wildhaber BE, Ortega SJ, Hirose S, Albanese CT.One-stage transanal Soave pullthrough for Hirschsprung disease, A multicenter experience with 141 Children. Ann Surg2003 Oct;76,2003.20.Dela Torre L, Ortega J. Transanal endorectal pullthrough for Hirschsprungs disease. J Pediatr Surg 33: 1283-1286, 1998.This guideline was prepared by the IPEG Guidelines Committee and was reviewed and approved by the Executive Committee of theInternational Pediatric Endosurgery Group (IPEG) July, 2004.Requests for reprints should be sent to:International Pediatric Endosurgery Group (IPEG)11300 West Olympic Blvd., Suite 600Los Angeles, CA 90064Phone (310) 437-0553Fax: (310) 437-0585E-mail: ipegweb@Back。

先天性巨结肠简介

先天性巨结肠简介

2. 常规检查:CT、超声、钡餐洁检牙查等缝常。规检使查用方牙法可线以时协最助诊好断有巨家长的帮助和指导。
结 肠 。 根 据 病 情 , 可 能 需 要 做 血3.液控、制尿 液饮、食粪:便 等减检少查孩以 了子解的肠糖功 能分摄入,少吃糖果、巧克力等甜
及营养状况。
食,同时鼓励孩子多吃水果、蔬菜等健康食物。
罕见遗传病
1. 病因和遗传方式:先天性巨结肠的病因有很多,其中最常见的是因为结肠神经系统发育不良导致,也可能与环境因素有关。 遗传方式主要有常染色体显性遗传和常染色体隐性遗传两种,其中常染色体显性遗传更为常见。 2. 诊断和治疗:先天性巨结肠的诊断通常需要通过医学影像学和生物化学检验等多种手段,如X线检查、肠镜检查和血液检测。 治疗方面,手术是最常见的方法,可分为单纯结肠切除术和肛门直肠造口术两种。 3. 预后和生活护理:早期诊断和治疗对于先天性巨结肠的预后至关重要,一些合并症如肠穿孔和感染等需要及时处理。同时, 患者和家属需要注意生活护理,如定期进行排便训练、饮食调整和保持良好卫生习惯等。
早期手术治疗
先天性巨结肠: 1.手术时间:手术必须在生后第一到第二周内进行,以避免肠道扩张、 炎症和坏死减轻术后恢复困难的风险。 2.手术类型:常见的早期手术治疗先天性巨结肠方式为割断巨结肠部 分,经直肠造口吻合结直肠、或保留残留结肠。手术方式应根据患者 年龄、病情和巨结肠的程度而定。 3.手术风险:早期手术治疗先天性巨结肠在手术时有一定风险,可能 需要使用呼吸机等器械协助呼吸,还可能出现感染、出血、肠道狭窄 等并发症。此外,即使手术成功,也需要长期随访和进一步治疗以预 防巨结肠复发。
诊断与检查方法
包括:影像学检查和肠镜检查。 影像学检查指通过X光、超声、磁共振等技术进行图像检查, 包括胃肠钡餐检查、CT扫描等。 肠镜检查指通过内镜检查对肠道进行检查,可进行直肠或结肠 镜检查,包括乙状结肠镜、结肠镜、全结肠镜等。
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先天性巨结肠诊疗指南
【诊断要点】
一、临床资料
1、新生儿期胎便排出延迟病史
2、儿童期顽固性便秘
3、伴随症状:腹胀、呕吐
4、营养不良伴生长发育迟缓
5、体格检查:腹胀(蛙腹)、肛指检查、肛门紧缩感,直肠壶腹空虚,拔指后爆破样排气排便
二、辅助检查
1、钡剂灌肠:直肠结肠的痉挛、移行及扩张的形态改变
2、肛直肠测压:肛直肠松弛反射消失
3、病理学检查:直肠粘膜活检或直肠全层活检,神经丛无神经节细胞;免疫组化,乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性或视网膜蛋白CR(—)
【诊断标准】
一、临床资料中三项以上
二、辅助检查两项以上
【术前准备】
一、回流灌肠
1、新生儿术前回流灌肠1周
2、婴幼儿术前回流灌肠1~2周
3、学龄期儿童术前回流灌肠2~3周
二、满足一般腹部手术术前准备要求
术前一天晚上及手术当天早晨回流灌肠,术前30分钟预防性使用抗生素(二代头孢);
【手术方法】
根据患儿年龄、营养发育状况、巨结肠类型及并发症决定
一、结肠造瘘手术
对年龄小、营养状况差,特别是有结肠炎的患儿,如灌肠治疗无缓解应行结肠造瘘
二、巨结肠根治术
医生根据自己的经验及对患儿的评价,可选用Ikad手术、“心”形吻合手术或经肛门手术
【术后处置】
1、切除组织给家属过目(必要时签字);完成手术记录、术后记录,完成术后医嘱(术后医嘱根据患儿病情选用抗生素—选用二代头孢+甲硝唑;禁食,胃肠减压,同时补液纠正水、电解质平衡及营养支持);
2、术后3天检查患儿的全身情况及肠功能的恢复情况后指导进食,术后3天如无明确感染证据停用抗生素,术后
7天,确认伤口恢复情况,随访及交代出院后注意事项(指导扩肛),开具出院证医疗证明书。

【手术人员要求】
按医院医生手术资格准入制度规定,具有手术资格者方可主刀手术。

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