第二讲 基本句型的转换与扩大 主谓一致(一)

基本句型的转换与扩大
（1）基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，这些句型可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句。

the tourists have arrived.
Have the tourists arrived?
The tourists have not arrived.
She gave him some money.
Did she give him any money?
She didn’t give him any money?
He was given some money.
Some money was given to him
（2）句型扩大的语法手段之一是分句的并列。

Eg:
He was a handicapped child, but he persevered in his studies, and later he become a well-known scholar.
He didn’t like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted it.
（3）句型扩大的另一种语法手段是增加修饰成分和使用从属分句。

也就是说利用从属分句来使思想表达复杂化。

The African people have long been our class friends in fighting against hegemonism霸权主义and power politics.
The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises and gasping for air.
（4）增加的修饰成分还可以再被其他结构（如从属分句）所修饰。

The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises he had just heard upstairs and gasping for air as he hesitantly held on to the banister栏杆..
注意；有时，分句的并列和从属还可以同时并用。

并列与从属两种手段同时并用的结果，往往会产生更加复杂的句子。

Eg;
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously, but, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
又例如：
Furthermore , he is not only critical of the work of others, of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments 科学仪表and that a number of factors tend to disturb impartial 不偏不倚的，公正的and objective investigation.
主谓一致（一）
“一致”指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调一致关系。

主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在人称和“数”的方面的一致关系。

这又叫做“主动一致”（subject-verb concord）.
一、指导原则
主语和谓语动词一致的关系常为三种不同的原则所支配
1、语法一致主谓之间的一致关系主要表现在数的形式上，即用作主语的名词词组中心词
和谓语动词在单复数形式上的一致。

Bobt boys have their own merits.
Few students are really lazy.
Many people want to go.
Two girls were standing on the corner.
Every/Each boy has his own book.
His enthusiasm did n’t work.
Either answer is correct.
Much effort is wasted.
2、意义一致和就近原则有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单复数形
式，而是取决于主语的单复数意义；比如有时主语在语法形式上并非复数，但有复数意义，随后的动词便用复数；反之亦然。

The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register现金出纳机
有时谓语动词的单复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语（主要指名词）的单复数形式，这种关系所依据的原则叫做“就近原则”。

Either my brother or my father is coming.
Only one out of five were present.
No one except his own supporters agree with him.
Neither Julia nor I am going.
注意：上述关于主谓一致的指导原则在实际使用中往往受到习惯用法和不同语体、语域的制约，因而常会产生疑难。

下面从几个容易引起疑难问题的方面来阐明主谓一致关系。