大学英国文学史 笔记
英国文学史期末复习笔记
英美文学史期末复习笔记英国美国1.伊丽莎白时期的文学 1.殖民地时期文学2.17世纪和18世纪的文学 2.浪漫主义文学3.浪漫主义时期 3.现实主义文学4.维多利亚时期 4.自然主义文学5.20世纪的小说与诗歌 5.20世纪20年代的诗歌与小说6.二战后的诗歌 6.二战后的诗歌与小说7.二战后的小说7.美国戏剧梳理8.少数族裔文学1.Definition of epicAn epic is a long narrative poem.2.Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。
乔叟the father of English poetry(literature) 英国文学之父the heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)AA BB CC DD EE代表作:The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）文艺复兴时期The Renaissance(1500-1660)1.the definition of RenaissanceRenaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France and thence to Germany and England and Spain and the other countries.核心：humanism ：admire human beauty and human achievement.文艺复兴三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔2.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)He is actor, playwright;totally 37 playsFour great tragedies:Hamlet (哈姆雷特)Othello(奥赛罗)King Lear(李尔王)Macbeth(麦克白)Four great comedies:The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth night 《第十二夜》Ben Johson dedicated a poem in praise of him:“…Soul of the age.He was not of an age, but for all time”.3.Sonnet(十四行诗）Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic(抑扬格的) pentameters（五步格诗）in English. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearen sonnet after its foremost practitinoner) comprises three quatrains (四行诗)and a final couplet（对句），rhyming ababcdcdefef. An important variant of this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser ), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the turn comes with the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram.4.metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌）The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The name given to a diverse group of 17th-century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious (精致的)use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits(幻想), strange paradoxes, and far-reaching imagery, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. T.S Eliot and others revived their reputation, stressing their quality of wit, in the sense of intellectual strenuousness and flexibility rather than smart humor.Its main features:①the diction is simple②The imagery is drawn from the actual life③The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.5.John Donne(1572-1631)View of poetry: A blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or "wit".The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.Special features: Conceits;wit;imagery;dramatic and conversational style.代表作：the flea《跳蚤》6.Francis Bacon(1561-1626)He is the precursor of materialism英国唯物主义的始祖（马克思和恩格斯语）；also the founder of modern science；the first British essayist.作品：Essays《随笔》(of studies is the most famous one of them)7.John MiltonDefense for the English People为英国人辩护;blank verse 素体诗作品：Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园18世纪的启蒙主义文学1.the definition of enlightenmentA general term applied to the movement of intellectual liberation that develop in Western Europe from the late 17th Century to the late 18th century.(the period is often called the Age of Reason), especially in France and Switzerland.The enlightenment culminated(使达到顶峰) with the writings of Jeans-Jacques Rousseau and the Encyclopedia（百科全书）, the philosophy of Immanuel(以马内利，基督的别称) Kant, and the political ideas of the American and French Revolutions while the forerunners in science and philosophy included Bacon, Descartes, Newton, and Locke. Its central idea was the need and the capacity of human reason to clearaway ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice.Literary features:①Classicism: As a critical term, classicism is a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greek and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. ②Neoclassicism:it emphasized the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.③Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.4 Pre-romanticism: In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism.Gothic novel is its most manifest expression.2.John Locke(1632-1704)one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers ;considered one of the first of the British empiricists经验主义者, following the tradition of Francis Bacon; best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer《荷马史诗》;He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations,after Shakespeare and Tennyson.3.Daniel Defoe(1661-1731)代表作：The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (英国文学史第一部小说)Moll Flanders《摩尔. 佛兰德斯》Robinson Crusoe celebrates the 18th-century Western civilization’s material triumphs and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. Robinson, apparently, is cast as a typical 18th-century middle-class tradesman, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.The hero is practical, diligent, shrewd, courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles. In another sense, Robinson is Everyman struggling to master nature.This novel is the representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.4.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)乔纳森.斯威夫特作品：Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》A Tale of a Tub 《木桶的故事》The Battle of Books 《书战》A Modest Proposal 《一个小小的建议》His writing features : Swift defines a good style as “proper words in proper places”. His language is always precise, simple, clear, vigorous as well as economical and concise.He is also a master satirist.5.Henry Fielding(1707-1754)The father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)代表作：《约瑟夫·安德鲁》Joseph Andrews《汤姆·琼斯》Tom Jones6.Oliver Goldsmith’s(1730-1774)代表作：The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师The Deserted Village 荒村浪漫主义时期English Romanticism(1798-1830)1.the definition of RomanticismIt is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》in the Parliament. English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism.Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they revol t against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc. and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.2.two schools of Romanticism①The lake poets湖畔派诗人（escapist romanticists）：William Wordsworth华兹华斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治and Robert Southey骚塞.They three were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.②The Satanic school撒旦派（active romanticists):Byron, Shelly, and Keats.3.William Blake(1757-1827)十九世纪英国浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家作品：Songs of Experience《经验之歌》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》The Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The Lamb《羊羔》4.Robert Burns（1759-1796）（苏格兰著名农民诗人）作品：“A Red, Red Rose”《红红的玫瑰》5.William Wordsworth(1770-1850)He focused on the nature, children, the poor, common people, in his poem, he aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, so he used ordinary words to express his personal feelings.1843年获得桂冠诗人(Laureate)称号代表作：The Daffodils《水仙花》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割者》6.George Gordon Byron（1788-1824）Influence:(to world)Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms & innovations. He stands with Shakespeare & Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland of Europe.(to china)His revolutionary zeal and democratic ideals, as shown in his stirring lyricThe Isles of Greece and Childe Harold, strongly impressed the Chinese youth who were then waging struggles to overthrow the old feudal system.代表作Don Juan《唐璜》, 1818-1823When we two parted《当我们分手》She walks in beauty《她走在美的光彩中》Byronic hero：a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers,unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(fiery passions unbending will, ideal of freedom, against tyranny(专制统治)and injustice, lonely fighters individualistic ends)7.Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）代表作：Ode To The West Wind《西风颂》Queen Mab 《麦布女王》8.John Keats（1795—1821）代表作：Ode to An Nightingale《夜莺颂》(“美即是真，真即是美”Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.是他的著名诗句。
英美文学史复习笔记5篇
英美文学史复习笔记5篇第一篇：英美文学史复习笔记英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。
上外英国文学史笔记表格版,蛮清晰的。好不容易才找到的哦,赶快分享吧。
英国文学Part 1. Old and medievalBeowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements.William Langland 威廉。
兰格伦Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribution to English poetry: introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English renaissanceThomas More托马斯。
莫尔Utopia乌托邦Philip Sidney菲力普。
锡德尼Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。
斯宾塞The Faerie Queene 仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历Francis Bacon培根1561-1626Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）The founder of English materialist philosophyChristopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。
英国文学史笔记总结部分
English Literature 英国文学史笔记The Development of English LiteratureFrom the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods:1. Early and Medieval English literature;2. The English Renaissance;3. The 17th C. – The Period of Revolution and Restoration;4. The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment5. Romanticism in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;6. The Victorian Age;7. The 20th Century Literature –Modernism and Post-ModernismChapter1 Literature of Old and Medieval Period(449—1485)1) Anglo-Saxon Period /Old English Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem in the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.2）The Anglo-Norman Period /Middle English Period (1066-1485)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman Conquest (1066). After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code, the romantic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc.. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.㈠Definitions of Literary Terms1. Couplet(对句): a couplet is two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.2. Iambic pentameter: each line has five feet of iambs; in each foot, there is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.3.Heroic Couplet(英雄偶句／双韵体): two consecutive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. (an iambic pentameter couplet). The form was introduced into English by Geoffrey Chaucer and was widely used subsequently, reaching a height of popularity in the works of Alexander Pope.4. Blank Verse(无韵体，素体诗): unrhymed iambic pentameter.5. Epic(史诗): A long narrative poem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes.6. Frame story: a narrative that provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told. (The Canterbury Tales isa collection of stories in a frame story)7. Romance: A tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. The content of Romance was usually about love, chivalry and religion.㈡Geoffrey Chaucer (about1340—1400) 杰弗里•乔叟“The Founder (Father) of English poetry‖A Londoner of bourgeois origin, the most important and influential poet in medieval England, established English as a courtly language. Geoffrey’s Chaucer’s works are often categorized in three chronological periods (the French period, the Italian period and the English period).Ⅰ.Chaucer’s Contributions①. He introduced from French the ―heroic couplet‖ to English poetry.②. He is the first important poet to write in the current English language.③. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.Ⅱ.Geoffrey Chaucer’s famous work :The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400)《坎特伯雷集》an unfinished series of stories told by a group of pilgrims(about 29), who came from all layers of society(a knight, a prioress, a plowman, a merchant, a clerk, the wife from Bath, etc.), journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. ―The General Prologue‖ told us Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. But Chaucer had actually completed only 23 stories.Scholars are uncertain about the order of the tales, and The Canterbury Tales has been passed down in several handwritten manuscripts.Ⅲ. Other works:1)The French period (to 1372): Book of Duchess (1369) 《公爵夫人之书》2)The Italian period (1372—1385): House of Fame (1379—1384) 《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls (1377—1382) 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde (1382—1385) 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》3)The English period (1387—1400): The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400) Chapter 2 Literature of English Renaissance（1485—1616）The Renaissance as a cultural movement embraced all Western Europe roughly from the 14th century to the 17th century. It first sprang in Florence of Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe (to Germany and Spain and England). ―Renaissance‖, French for ―rebirth‖, refers to the revival of interest in ancient Roman and Greek culture.During this period, the classical arts and learning were discovered again and widely studied , so the term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Roman and Greek) arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism , it also marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution .In the Renaissance period, scholars and educators called themselves humanists and began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture, in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world. So humanism became the keynote of the English Renaissance. And the greatest humanist is Thomas More, the author of Utopia. The representatives in literature are Shakespeare and Bacon. The former has the greatest contribution in drama an d sonnets while the latter’s essays are condensed and witty.代表人物：1) Thomas More（1478—1535）托马斯•莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2) Thomas Wyatt 托马斯•怀亚特He introduced sonnet into English literature引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter3) Edmund Spenser（1522—1599）埃德蒙•斯宾塞“the poet’s poet”(诗人中的诗人) English poet whose long allegorical poem(寓言性浪漫史诗) The Faerie Queene 《仙后》is one of the greatest in the English language. It was written in what cameto be called the Spenserian stanza.Spenserian stanza：A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The last line is written in iambic hexameter4) Christopher Marlowe （1564—1593）克里斯托弗•马洛“the most gifted writer of the University Wits”“the forerunner of English drama”“The Father of English Tragedy” (one-man tragedy) The greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
英国文学史笔记学习资料
英国文学史简介英国文学史简介楼主一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初）相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。
文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。
托马斯·莫尔（Thomas more， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。
utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。
《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（the new Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（gulliver's travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。
英国文学简史笔记(完整版)
Chapter 1伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期。
大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据。
【 The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period 】✧sign: the Stonehenge（巨石阵）prehistoric monumental pile of stones Celts（凯尔特人）were probably the first inhabitants of the British Isles in recorded history.One of their tribes, the Britons（不列颠人）， came over in the 5th century BC. 亚瑟王传奇 Arthurian legends 500 yearsRoman Conquest, Julius Caesar（尤里乌斯凯撒） 55BC500 yearsAnglo-Saxon Conquest, 5th centuryIn 597 AD the Anglo-Saxons began to be converted to Christianity.pagan elements/regular elementsreligion elementsIn the second half of the 7th century, the first English poet, Caedmon byname， began to sing.Another century passed, Beowulf.In the 9th century, King Alfred decided that literature should be writtenin the vernacular（方言） of Old English.✧With the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 AD and the subsequent spread of Christianinfluence and classical learning, heathen poetry was maneuvered out of the scene.a time of intermingling（过渡时期） of the pagan with the Christian components in poetry.1. Thenational epic of English people, a pagan poem2. An epic of well over 3000 lines.3. The greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribes.4. The most ancient ever since the demise of the Greek andRoman literatures.5. The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxonperiod.6. The story takes place in Scandinavia, no mention ofEngland.7. Anglo Saxon’s early life in Englandth century hero, Beowulf. It is basicallya two-part narrative——Beowulf’s fight with the sea-monstersGrendel and his mother in the first part, and his killing a fierydragon and his death in the second.1.human desire for some super power to conquer nature.2.great tradition of realism（现实主义传统）Versification:1.Pagan story has an Christian overlay（覆盖物，表面）.（作诗法）The mixture of pagan and Christian elements2. using of kenning(一种描写手法)e.g.: sea is often ‚swan’s way‛ or ‚whale-path.3. conspicious occurrence of alliteration(头韵).4. narrator of the poem, the ‚I‛ is aminstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游诗人）5. story’s digressive manner of narration.6. elevated tone（提高的音调）.7. the use of metaphors and understatements✧Then the pagan was superseded（超过） by the religious spirit, and minstrels（吟游诗人） gave way to learned men.✧Caedmon（凯德蒙）: the first known poet in English literary history.✧The Ecclesiastical History of England（英格兰教会史）by the venerable Bede（比得）.欧洲最早的编年史：Anglo-Saxon Chronicle（编年史）founded by King Alfred the Great （阿尔弗雷德大帝）.【 Medieval（中世纪）Literature: a brief introduction 】✧☑In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the ConquerorB. Julius CaesarC. Alfred the GreatD. Claudius☑After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke _____.A. FrenchB. EnglishC. LatinD. SwedishThe changes and replacement of dynasty and government:The Norman line of kings90 years1154 Angevin kingsKing Henry Ⅱ and his descendants 245 years1399 The House of Lancaster✧William the Conqueror grabbed Anglo-Saxon land by force and gave it tohis nobles and followers.A historical record of Anglo-Saxon institutions, customs, and way oflife（十字军东征）A serious of wars between Christians and the Muslims (1096-1270)The first communication between east and west（大宪章）King John was forced to recognize the rights of the powerful barons.（男爵）（Duke公 Marquis侯 Count伯 Viscount子 Baron爵）Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements began to coalesce into one nation, andthe English language started to revive.The emergence of nation（民族兴起）✧传奇：The Growth of the Arthurian Legends（亚瑟王传奇）Not put down on paper until 1147 Geoffrey of Monmouth came out with hisLatin Historia Reugm Britanniae.Be enriched by a good number of later writers.1205 Layamon wrote his cast verse work of 32,000 lines Brut in English.The beginning of the revival of English as a literary medium骑士文学：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:(《高文爵士和绿骑士》)or prose.☑The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____.A. novelB. dramaC. romanceD. essay☑The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. BeowulfC. Piers the PlowmanD. The Canterbury Tales☑The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.A. loyaltyB. revoltC. obedienceD. mockeryA famous roman about King Arthur’s storyA 4-part work of 2,530 lines in 101 sections.knightly virtues: loyalty, valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,and integrity.One Christmas（故事发生的时间）1.某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。
英国文学史笔记
英国文学史笔记Christopher Marlowe William ShakespeareAlexander Pope Edmund SpenserHenry Fielding Samuel RichardsonGeoffrey Chaucer Thomas MoreSamuel Taylor Coleridge Jane Austen Jonathan SwiftHenry Fielding Samuel Richardson William ShakespeareJohn Milton Daniel DefoeWilliam Blake William WordsworthJonathan Swift Ben JonsonThe Anglo-Saxon period (the 11th~14th centuries)Beowulf : the most important piece ;forming period of English literatureBeowulf is the national epic(史诗) of Anglo-Saxon period, while Beowulf is the great warrior of …Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic in British literature. A rich fabric(结构) of fact and fancy.“I shall perform the deeds of hero or I have passed my last day in this mead hall.”The 14th century-the age of ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer, the writer of The Canterbury Tales. While most of his contemporaries are busy writing with French(the language of court) and Latin( the language of church), Chaucer is experimenting with the vernacular(本国的) English.The Arthurian LegendsGeoffrey Chaucer: father of English literature and poetry, a great master of English language.Anthology 诗选The 15th century-the transitional periodThe transitional period between the age of Chaucer and the age of Shakespeare with the popular ballad, Robin Hood Ballad, as the most representative form of literature.Rabin Hood ballads are popular ballads dealing with the famous outlaw……Thomas MoreThomas More –Utopia (written in 1515)This book contains (1) a realistic picture of early 16th century England: social evilsare exposed and attacked (2) the first sketch of the ideal commonwealth by an English writer.Limitations of the book: Utopia(1)His dream world did not have its sound political, economic and socialbases.(2)His indifferent attitude toward slavery and his actual contempt for physicallabor.(3)Contradictions in his world outlook.The Elizabethan AgeEdmund Spenser – The Faerie QueenEnglish poet, born in LondonChristopher Marlowe – Doctor FaustusPlaywright, greatest dramatist before ShakespeareDr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.Ben JonsonWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)He is English playwright and poet, and is recognized in much of the world as the greatest dramatist.Dramatic Works:William Shakespeare has 37 plays to his credit.JULIET:'Tis but thy name that is my enemy;Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What's Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other partBelonging to a man. O, be some other name!What's in a name? that which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet;So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,Retain that dear perfection which he owes Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,And for that name which is no part of theeTake all myself.Love’s Labor’s Lost 爱的徒劳The Merchant of V eniceThe Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧Julius Caesar 凯撒The Two Gentlemen of V eronaPeriod of Romantic Comedies (1595-1600)Four great comedies:The Merchant of V enice – PortiaAs Y ou Like It – RosalindMuch Ado About Nothing – BeatriceTwelfth Night – ViolaThe Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Merry Wives of WindsorA Midsummer-Night’s DreamMature Period (1601-1609)This is the period of tragedies. Four great tragedies:Othello ; King Lear ; Hamlet ; MacbethShakespeare’s Contribution to Drama(1)themes of progressive significance(2)masterful character portrayal(3)adroit plot construction(4)great freedom and ease in the use of languageThe Jacobean AgeBen Jonson (1573-1637)The most important playwright among Shakespeare’s contemporariesEvery Man in His Humor“comedy of humors”The Jacobean Prose:Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Francis Bacon was an important scientist, philosopher and essayist.“Real founder of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general.”– Marx 唯物主义从他开始(1)New InstrumentIn this work Bacon introduced the inductive method to the science.(2)The New AtlantisIn this book Bacon described a utopian society –a fictitious land where his principles of collaborative research have been put into effect in a great agricultural and mechanical experimental station called Solomon’s House.(3)Essays:T hese essays reflect the author’s views on political, social and personal problems and in turn the bourgeois ideals and limitations of a man.*Conciseness of expression and simplicity of dictions are the two chief characteristics of Bacon’s style. Bacon’s essays exerted important influence on the development of English prose. They are the first “essays” in English.Of StudiesThe English Revolution PeriodMetaphysical poets: 玄学派诗人(1) John Donne(2) John MiltonMilton is often considered the greatest English poet after William Shakespeare. 1)Paradise Lost : greatest epic poem of MiltonIt deals with the fall of man, Satan’s revolt against God and man’s loss of Paradise. The first three lines of Paradise Lost:Of Man’s first disobedience, and the first fruitOf that forbidden tree whose mortal tasteBrought death into the World, and all our woe2)Paradise Regained :Another epic dealing with the redemption of man by Christ3)Samson Agonistes(3)John BunyanSpoke for common people; “the Immortal Tinker”Most famous one “Pilgrim’s Progress”天路历程has become a world classic.V anity Fair 名利场The Life and Death of Mr. Badman(4)John DrydenThe most prominent poet, dramatist, translator, literature critic of Revolution Period, the greatest neoclassicist of the Restoration Period, the age of Dryden Introduced “heroic play”–drama in epic mode; grand, rhetorical and declamatory; its themes being love and honorBest-known piece of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, written in the form of a dialogue.Three Unities “三一律”The EnlightenmentTwo groups of English Enlighteners(1)Those in favor of partial reform :Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele and Richardson(2)The more radical wing :Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Sheridan and GoldsmithAlexander PopeHis most famous poem, “The Rape of the Lock”–夺发记An ingenious mock(1)Enlightener (2) neo-classicist (3) satirist (4) brilliant poet (5) had a greatinfluenceChief Works:1. An Essay on Criticism:A manifesto of neo-classicismAncient poets are highly praised and rules are laid down to be observed.2. An Essay on Man:The best known and the most quoted of all Pope’s works.3. Moral EssaysA good style as “proper words in proper places” is defineThe names of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele have always been linkedwith the literary periodicals – The Tattler and The Spectator..Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)English novelist and journalistProlific 多产的Defoe’s first and most famous novel, “The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”– Alexander Selkirk (原型)∙ A Letter to a Dissenter from his Friend at the Hague, 1688∙Essay on Projects, 1697∙True Born Englishman: A Satyr, 1701. -∙The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters, 1702.∙Hymn to the Pillory, 1703∙ A True Relation of the Apparition of One Mrs Veal, 1705∙The Consolidator, 1705∙Giving Alms No Charity, 1704.∙Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business∙The Family Instructor, 1715∙Dickory Cronke, the Dumb Philosopher, 1719∙On the Education of Women, 1719∙The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 1719.∙The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 1719∙The Life of Captain Singleton, 1720.∙Memoirs of a Cavalier, 1720∙The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders, 1722.∙Colonel Jack, 1722.∙Tour Through Eastern Counties of England, 1722∙From London to Land's End∙Journal of the Plague Year, 1722.∙Roxana, 1724∙The Great Law of Subordination Considered, 1724.∙ A General History of the Robberies and Murder of the Most Notorious Pyrates (attrib.), 1724-8 - excerpts∙ A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, 1724-7.∙The Complete English Tradesman, 1725-7. - excerpts∙The Political History of the Devil, 1726∙An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions, 1727∙London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe, 1728∙The Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, 1729Poems: The True-Born Englishman; A Hymn to the PilloryPicaresque Novel 流浪汉式小说Earliest English picaresque novel is believed to have been The Unfortunate Traveler or, The Life of Jack Wilton (1594) by Thomas.Jonathan SwiftAnglo-Irish satirist and political pamphleteer, considered one of the greatest masters of English prose. He was born in Dublin.A Modest ProposalSwift’s masterpiece Travel into Several Remote Nations of the World, more popularly titled Gulliver’s Travels. It was an instant success. It was an attack on human society. It is at once a fantasy and a realistic work of fiction.Prose: The Battle of Book; A Tale of a TubSamuel RichardsonHis novels are in epistolary form(a series of letters).A founder of the English modern novel and an outstanding novelist.(1)PamelaThe first epistolary novel in the English language; sometimes called the first modern English novel because of its “penetrating” psychological analysis.(2) ClarissaIt is the longest novel in Britain and generally considered Richardson’s masterpiece. Significance:1.sympathy for women2.psychological study *3.exposure of the moral hypocrisyHenry FieldingHe has been considered the real founder of modern fiction.Fielding’s masterpiece:The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)1)one of the great English novels2)is in the picaresque traditionTobias George SmollettA versatile and prolific writerThe comic inventiveness of character and incident greatl y influenced the work of English novelist Charles Dickens.He has three important novels:1.Roderick Random:The first sea novel in English literature, written more or less in the picaresque tradition and narrated in the first person.2.Peregrine Pickle:A picaresque novel3. Humphrey ClinkerWritten in the epistolary formLaurence Sterne1. Tristram ShandyMeditation 沉思,冥想The novel is considered a precursor to the modern novel and the technique of “stream of consciousness.”2. A Sentimental Journey:Sterne enjoys a European fame. He not only has his far-reaching influence upon English writers of later days, especially on Byron and Thackeray, but also upon Diderot(狄德罗) and Rousseau(卢梭) and V oltaire(伏尔泰)Sterne’s fame rests chiefly on his two books, Tristram Shandy and A Sentimental Journey, especially the former..The Gothic RomancesThe Castle of Otranto (1764)Considered the first Gothic novel in EnglishMary Shelley 这一时期的代表Shelley’s wife 雪莱之妻Frankenstein: the first and most important workThe Domestic Novels:1)Fanny Burney: Evelina2)Jane Austen: Pride and PrejudiceThe former described the fashionable society in London, while the latter the life oflanded gentry in provincial England.Richard SheridanComedy: The Rivals and The School for ScandalThe 18th– Century ProseSamuel JohnsonEnglish writer and lexicographer,a major figure in 18th–century literature. In 1755, Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language,which took him eight years to complete. The dictionary contains about 40,000 entries with vivid, idiosyncratic definitions and an extraordinary range of examples. The Dictionary of the English Language is the first kind of English dictionary.Thomas GrayBest known poem: Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardRobert BurnsHe is Scottish poet and writer of traditional Scottish folk songs, whose works are known and loved wherever the English language is read.He has been considered the greatest Scottish poet. His love songs are unsurpassed.He is a many-sided genius:Poet: A Red, Red RoseWilliam BlakeHe is an important English poet at the turn of the 19th century.Blake should be remembered chiefly for his bitter social criticism, for his fight for freedom, and for his lyricism.The Songs of Experience is certainly the most important of all Blake’s poetry.Poem: The Chimney SweeperLondonThe TigerWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)1. English poet, one of the most accomplished and influential of England’sromantic poets.2. Themes: freedom, folk, mature3. The DaffodilsI wandered lonely as a cloud,That floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Byron was notorious for his love affairs and unconventional lifestyle⏹He died while working to secure Greek independence from the Turks.⏹The “Byronic hero”— lonely, rebellious, and brooding— first appeared inManfred (1817).Among his other works are Childe Harold(1812-1818), The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), and the epic satire Don Juan (1819-1824).⏹Since the 1920s, his poetry has exerted considerable influence upon theChinese poets, and with the translation of some of his poems into the Chinese language, his name has become well known to the general reading public in China.●In 1822, shortly before his 30th birthday, Shelley was drowned in a stormwhile sailing.●In the final stanza—which ends with the now famous line “If Wintercomes, can Spring be far behind?”—Shelley appeals to the wind to help him spread the moral and political messages of his work.● A Defense of Poetry lays emphasis on the social educative role of poetry●. Byron only attacked political tyranny, but Shelley also saw the cruel relations of economic exploitation in the feudal-bourgeois world.Shelley had faith in the collective strength of the people and worked for the interests of the masses while Byron thought more of one’s personal happiness and sorrow and he believed chiefly in the might of individual heroes but had contempt for the common people.●Marx once said, “The real difference between Byron and Shelley is this:those who understand them and love them rejoice that Byron died at 36, because if he had lived he would become a reactionary bourgeois, theygrieve that Shelley died at 29, because he was essentially a revolutionist and he would always have been one of the advanced guard of socialism.”•John Keats (1795-1821), English poet, and an influential figure of the romantic movement.Ode to a Nightingale is possibly one of the most poignant expressions of Keats’ intense personal yearning for freedom from human misery as he fell under the magic of the nightingale’s song.•John Keats is remembered for his melodious, rich verse, and is considered one of the greatest English poets.Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott is considered the first major European historical novelist.l Scott’s historical novels may be conveniently divided into three main groups which coincided with the three periods in his creative career: l(1) The history of Scotlandl(2) English historyl(3) European historyl Novels on English historyl e.g. Ivanhoe: the struggle of Anglo-Saxon peasantry against their oppressors the Norman lords, in the last part of the 12th century.l Jane Austen (1775-1817), major English novelist, whose brilliantly witty, elegantly structured satirical fiction marks the transition in English literature from 18th-century neoclassicism to 19th-century romanticism.Austen was born near Basingstoke.l In her first period, from 1796 to 1798, she wrote Sense and Sensibility(1811), Pride and Prejudice(1813), and Northanger Abbey (1818); these novels did not find a publisher for several years after their composition.l Austen's second period of productivity began in 1811 after the publication of Sense and Sensibility.l She produced in quick succession her last three novels: Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1816), and Persuasion (1818).It is a truth universally acknowledged thatWho are the main characters of "Wuthering Heights"?I'm just lost. There are way too many characters, and I'm having trouble picking out the main characters.For example, would Mr. Lockwood be considered one? He's only listening to the story that Mrs. Dean is telling him.So please, can anyone write the name of all the main characters?1.Redscar has given you a terrific outline of the characters inthis novel. The only thing I might add is this: not all characters in fiction are considered "main characters". Characters have different roles in literature. For example, Mr. Lockwood and Nellie Dean are characters, but they are both used as vehicles for advancing the plot.This is a technique the author uses to tell the story in retrospect.Nellie narrates the story to Mr. Lockwood but Nellie is also a character in the action that has taken place in the past. She has experienced the tale she is telling to Mr. Lockwood. She is both a storyteller and part of the plot itself. Keep in mind that Nellie's story is biased, however, but this too has its purpose in the novel.2.It is my opinion (and some will disagree) that the two maincharacters of this novel are Heathcliff and Catherine. Wuthering Heights is THEIR story. All of the other characters have significance only as they relate to Heathcliff and Catherine. In other novels, there are many subplots, and so it can be said that there are many "main" characters, but in this novel, the entire story is about Heathcliff and Catherine.Even after Catherine dies and the younger generation comes into play, the story is still about Catherine and Heathcliff because Heathcliff cannot give Catherine up. So, I think if you really want to boil things down, Catherine and Heathcliff are the two main characters and all of the other characters are vehicles that enrich their story.。
(完整word版)英国文学史笔记(上外)
IndexThe Sixteenth CenturyWilliam ShakespeareThe works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism，a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations。
WorksFirst period: Romeo and JulietSecond Period:1.Hamlet， Prince of Demark2.Othello, the Moor of Venice3.King Lear4. The Tragedy of MacbethThe Seventeenth CenturyPuritan AgePoetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert ， and prose became as somber as Burrton’s Anatomy of Melancholy 。
The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age 。
This so called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisites workmanship, and one of great master of verse whose work would glorify anyage or people —--John Milton, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression.Restoration AgeJohn DrydenAs a critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of the restoration age。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英国文学史笔记1、it is “Beowulf”,the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），又译贝奥武甫，完成于西元八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000行。
故事的舞台位于北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。
是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，在语言学方面也是相当珍贵的文献。
贝奥武夫（Beowulf）乃现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。
该诗中并未提及英国，但学者相信该诗约於西元七二五年左右在英国完成。
全诗凡三千一百八十二行，以斯堪地那维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹构成主要内容。
虽然历史上并未证实确有贝奥武夫其人，但诗中所提及的许多其他人物与事迹却得到印证。
Features of “Beowulf”:The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration. Other features of “Beowulf” are the use of metaphors and of understatements.本诗原以西撒克逊方言写成，押头韵而不押尾韵，用双字隐喻而不用明喻。
全诗内容分为两部分：第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（King Hrothgurs）宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。
此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。
国王当晚设宴款待，熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。
第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。
第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。
最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。
诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。
2、The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was theromance------chivalry.The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.英国封建主义时期最主要的文学是传奇故事(骑士文学). 是最充分地表现了封建贵族阶级精神特征的文学，也是世俗的贵族阶级文学的主要成就.3、The Ballads:Aballed is a story told in ually in 4-line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.They are mainly the literature of the peasants,and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.民谣,叙事诗(押韵).4、Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德.The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。
在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。
The Prologue序言:All classes of the English feudal society.except the royalty and the poorest peasant.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet of5accents in iambic meter (the “heroic couplet”) 乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.首创英雄双韵体.5、The Renaissance and Humanism: Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. 文艺复兴,提倡理性,人文主义.6、Thomas More:Utopia托马斯?摩尔:乌托邦(空想社会主义).Book one picture ofcontemporary English,expose the poverty of labouring class.Book two ideal commin wealth.More understood that the principle “From everyone according to his capacities,to everyone according to his needs”is the only p ractical basis for a communist society.7、The sonnet,an exact form of poetry in 14lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed,was introduced to England from Italy.十四行诗(五步抑扬格,押韵).blank verse:无韵体(米尔顿).8、Sir Philip Sidey is well-known as a poet and criti c of poetry,”Astrophel and Stella”圣?菲律浦?西德尼十四行诗<<阿期菲尔和斯特拉>>.Edmund Spenser:the “poet’s poet”.in 1579 he wrote “The Shepherd’s Calendar”斯宾塞,诗人中的诗人,<<牧羊人的日历>>.The Faerie Queene是一部卷帙丰富的长诗,诗中有传统寓言(ALLEGORY)以及对伊丽莎白女王的颂歌。
9、Francis Bacon,the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science . 培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.10、Marlowe’s 马洛<浮士德博士>It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeles iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.为莎士比亚戏剧作了奠基11、Shakespere :四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Merchant of Venice,As You Like It,Twelfth Nightl.四大悲剧:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth.Desdemona and Othello both belong to the future world.Their tragedy shows that noble—minded people may be led astray by evil forces in a evil society and commit heinous mistakes if they cannot distinguish falsehood from truth,and evil from good.”Othello”is a tragety of humanism.”Othello”is also a tragedy of the coloured people in a society of racial prejudice.The theme of “King Lear”is not simply filial ingr atitude.The play depicts a great social upheaval.The miseries of Lear disclose the essence of a corrupt society,This is a reflections of the jungle law of the age of primitive accumulations.The root of Lear’s tragedy lies in his irresponsibly dividing up h is kingdom owing to mistaking his two daughters’insincere flattery for genuine love.“Macbeth”:The play is a tragedy of ambion,which drives a brave soldier and national hero to degenerate into a bloody murderer and despot right to his doom. “Hamlet”:is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art.12、Milton::Paradise Lost米尔顿<失乐园>13、Samson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies.大力士参森14、Bunyan:The Pilgrim’s Progress班扬<天路历程>影晌了Vanity Fair<名利场>15、Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets玄学派和骑士诗人John Donne,邓恩the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.形式上很怪异,荒谬.16、John Dryden was a prolific writer.According to classicism,drama,poetry and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules.古典主义理性法则,秩序.17、the Enlightenment in Europe,the enlighteners fought against classinequality,stagnation,prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.the representatives of the Enlightness in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele,the essayists,and Alexander Pope,the poet.英国启蒙运动18、Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin,Ireland,in 1667.Gulliver’s Travels斯威夫特<格列佛游记>.The Drapie’s Letters 散文and A Modest Proposal,Wood’s half-pence19、Defoe:Robinson Crusoe笛福:鲁滨逊漂流记The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoesie at the earlier satages of its development,He is most practical and exactg,always religious and at same time mindful of his own profit.20、Samuel Richardson:Pamela,First,it discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroic romance s,and puctured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly,its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction,Thirdly,it describes not only the saying and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feeling.It was,in fact,the first Enhlish psycho-analytical novel.书信体写作方法,是心理分析小说的鼻祖,21、Fielding菲尔丁<约瑟夫安德鲁>the novel was at the same time criticized for its excessive sentimentality and its utilitarian morality.Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic Novel英国现实主义小说奠基人Some Features of fielding’s Novel:1)Fielding’s Method of Relating a Story;There are three ways in telling the story of a novel.It may be told in a series of letters.22、Sheridan雪尔顿,戏剧家,造谣学校.23、Johnson’s Dictionary约翰逊<字典编撰>24、Oliver Goldsmith:Peoms:,五步一扬格25、Sentimetalism in English Poetry.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite.Romanticism in English Poetry.感伤主义,古典和浪漫转换Thomas Graya;牧园哀歌26、William blake:and27、Burns:the works of the Scottish poets Ramsay and Fergusson.苏格兰庄严形式,//A Res,Red Rose//.So the general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois xiciety.消极28、Wordsworth,the representarive poet of the early romaneicism.marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century.标志着浪漫主义的开始”all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned sa the “Lake Poet”消极的湖畔诗人.29、Coleridge;His most important prose work is “Bioftaphia Literaria,or S ketches of My Literary Life and Opinions”a literty autobiography,which afforded the new Romantic poetry a new principle of criticism,whose task was not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.Coleridge was the first critic of the Romantic school.诗人,评论家.30、Byron:----cantos,拜伦:<唐璜>诗篇31、Shelley:,雪莱,<被缚的普罗米修斯>,<西风颂>32、John Keats:”Beauty in truth,truth in beauty.”he shared a close sympathy in political sentiment.Yet,while byron and Shelley attempted to remould the contemporary society with both poetry and political action,Keats restricted his application of the principle of liberty to the sphere of Art.33、Lamb,from Montaigne’s “Essais”:.伊利亚散文集34、English Critical Realism:Charles Dickens,MakepeaceThackeray,Charlotte and Emily Bronte,Elizabeth Gaskell,George Eliot.英国批判现实主义,,讽刺,Humorous scenes may attend the actions of the positive characters,but this humour is tinged with lyricism and serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters.At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society.Through the sketches of various negative characters given birth to by the capitalist system,critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies the root of the democratic and humanistic character of the critical realism of the 19th century.But the critical realists did not find a way to eradicate social evils.They were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions.The chief tendency in treir works is not of revolution but rather of reformism.35、Dickens, 《A Tale of Two Cities》.”There were,of course,rich people and poor”36、Thackeray::A Novel Without a Hero名利场.The title was taken from Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress”37、Jane Austen:She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.The comparison is true.The ivory surface is small enough,but the woman who made drawings of human life on it is a real artist. pride and prejudice奥斯汀,<傲慢与偏见>38、Charlotte Bronte:夏洛蒂勃朗特,Emily Bronte,39、Mrs.Gaskell:40、George Eliot:,,.Eliot wrote her novels with the aim of propagating her moral views.”Adam Bede”is a novel of moral conflicts,showing the contest of personal desires,passion,temperament,human weaknesses and the claims of moral duty. 41、The English realists of the 19th century made a panoramic picture of the bourgeois society.They gave a biting exposure of the greed,hypocrisy and sordidness of the bourgeoisie.They also described the sufferings of the common people under capitalism.Their depth of interpretation and description pushed the art of novel-writing to new heights,hitherto not attained by the 18th century novelists in terms of morality and ethics,and put forward reform and reconciliation as the way to solve acute class contradictions.their great contribution for world literature lies chiefly in their exposure and criticism of the bourgeoisie and in their sympathetic description of the small,common people of the lower classes.Marx thus praised the English critical realists of the 19th century.19世纪批判现实主义42、Thomas Carlyle’s mission was to establish a new principle in literary criticism.He maintains that it is the critic’s chief task to get into sympathy with his author,to understand,appreciate and interpret his aims and intentions,but not to impose on him purposes which lie outside his plan.43、Matthew Arnold:精英文化代表人物,无政府主义.”Barbarians,Philistines and Populace”三种人,贵族,中产和低层44、It now seldom touched on the serious social problems,but mainly concerned itself with the poet’s purely p ersonal or spiritual questionings----such “luxury problems”as shades of religious belief,the conflict between faith and science,or a study of the Italian Renaissance from a pureloy acsthetic view.So the Victorian Age witnessed”the at least temporary decline of English poetry”.It was “an age which gave us little or no great poetry,although it has left us more than enough of skilful verse”.Tennyson,the most important poet of the Victorian Age.45、Browning’s principal achievement lies in his introducing to En glish poetry a new form,the dramatic monologue.戏剧独白.46、Naturalism:George Gissing自然主义,乔治?吉辛.47、Neo-Romanticism: Stevenson.Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions.史蒂文森,新浪漫主义,对社会不满.48、Aestheticism:唯美主义代表人物Walter Pater .Oscar Wilde,,his 4 comedies(,1893;,1894;《An Ideal Husband》;,1895.现想主义,为艺术而艺术.49、Joseph Conrad,he could write it with eloquence and even with masterly economy.,50、Henry James,forerunner of the “stream of consciousness”literature,was born in New York and educated in America.意识流先驱.51、Thomas Hardy:哈德,批判现实主义代表人物,<无名的裘德>52、George Bernard Shaw戏剧家53、W.B.Yeats:,叶芝,<当你老了>.54、Eliot:艾略特<荒原>.55、Lawrence:劳伦斯<恋母情结>.查泰莱夫人的情人56、James Joyce:尤利西斯57、Virginia Woolf:意识流。