2015理工A阅读理解2
2015年全国高考2卷理科英语试题及标准答案
２01５年高考全国卷2英语试题及答案第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分3０分)略第二部分阅读理解(共两节,满分４0分)AMy coｌor teleｖiｓion has given me ｎotｈing but ａheadａche. I was able to buｙiｔa ｌiｔtlｅｏver a year ago becauseＩhaｄmy rｅlatives gｉｖe me money for mｙbｉｒthday ｉnstead of cｌｏthes ｔhat ｗｏuｌdｎ’t ｆｉt. Ｉlet a salｅｓclerk fｏol mｅiｎｔo buyinｇa dｉｓcontinueｄmodel．I realiｚed ｔhis a day latｅｒ,whenＩsaw newspapｅｒａdvert ｉsements for the set ａt seventｙ-ｆive dollａrs lｅss than I had paid.Thｅｓet woｒkeｄsｏｂeautｉｆulｗｈen Ｉfｉrst got it ｈｏmｅｔhat I ｗould keepｉt on untｉl statｉoｎs signed ｏff fｏr the niｇht. Fortunatelｙ，I didn’ｔgｅt any chaｎneｌs shｏｗinｇall-night mo ｖies or Ｉwould ｎever ｈave gotｔen tｏbeｄ.ＴheｎＩstarｔeｄｄeveloｐｉng a ｐroblｅｍｗｉth ｔhe set that invoｌｖｅｄstａｔic(静电) noisｅ.For some reason，whｅn cｅrtａinｓhowｓswｉtｃheｄiｎto ａcｏmmercial，a loud ｎoiｓe would sｏuｎｄfor a ｆew seｃonｄｓ. Gｒadualｌｙ, thisｎｏise ｂegan ｔo aｐpear durinｇaｓhow, ａｎｄto get riｄof it，I hａd to ｃhange to anｏtｈｅr chaｎnel and thｅn cｈangｅｉt ｂaｃk. Sｏｍetimeｓｔhｉs ｔeｃhnｉｑue would not work，and Ｉhad to piｃk ｕpｔｈe ｓeｔaｎｄsｈake it ｔo remｏｖe tｈe sｏｕnd. Ｉactuａlly bｅgan to build up my arm ｍusｃles(肌肉）sｈakｉng mｙｓet.Ｗhen ｎeｉｔher of these methods rｅmoｖeｄthe sｔaｔic noise, Ｉｗoulｄsit helpｌesｓly and waｉｔfｏｒthe noｉse ｔo gｏawａy．At ｌast I endｅｄup hittiｎg the ｓet w ｉｔh myｆiｒst, aｎd it stoppeｄwｏrkｉｎg altoｇetheｒ.My ｔrｉp to thｅreｐair shoｐcost me $6２，ａnd tｈｅｓｉt is ｗorkinｇwell noｗ,bｕｔI ｋeep expｅctｉｎg mｏｒe trouble.21. Wｈy dｉｄｔhe author ｓay he was fooled ｉｎto bｕying the TV set?A.Ｈｅgｏt an oｌdｅr mｏdel ｔhａn he ｈaｄeｘpeｃted.B.Ｈｅcｏｕldn’t rｅturn it wｈen iｔwａs brｏken.C.Ｈe couｌd ｈave bouｇht ｉｔatａlower pｒice.D.Hｅｆailｅd to fiｎd aｎｙmovie sｈｏｗs on it.22. Ｗｈich ｏf tｈe fｏllowinｇan beｓt replacｅtｈe ｐｈｒase“sｉgnedｏff”iｎparagｒaｐh 1?A.endｅd all thｅir pｒoｇraｍsB.pｒovidｅd fｅwｅr chａｎneｌsC.changed to cｏmｍerciａｌsD.showed all-night ｍoviｅｓ23．How did the auｔｈoｒｆｉnally get ｔｈis TV set working aｇaｉn?A.Ｂy shakiｎg aｎd hitting iｔB.By ｔurnｉng ｉｔon aｎｄoffC.By switｃhiｎg ｃhaｎnｅｌsD.Ｂｙhaving itｒepaired24.How does the auｔhor sounｄwhen tｅlｌiｎg tｈe sｔｏrｙ?A.CｕrｉoｕsB.ＡnxｉoｕsC.CaｕｔｉouｓD.Hｕｍorous【答案】２1. C２2. A２3. D24. D２2．A 词义推测题。
2015全国职称英语A级 阅读理解15篇,考一篇原文
理工A级：第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses（理工A）What do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They‟re all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person．It's no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds．Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though．In Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques．Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang，an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We‟re working on things we traditionally don‟t associate w ith nature．”says Hammond．Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A, C and D batteries in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。
2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案
2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案2015年职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案Part I Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the statement.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:When it comes to eco-friendly homes, cost and energy efficiency remain top priorities for most people. However, the benefits of a sustainable living environment extend far beyond just these two factors. In the past few years, a new trend has emerged that focuses on creating healthy indoor spaces that enhance both physical and mental well-being.Indoor air quality, natural lighting, and building materials are key elements that contribute to the overall healthfulness of a home. Homes with low levels of indoor pollutants can reduce the risk of respiratory diseases and allergies, while exposure tonatural light can improve mood and alertness. Additionally, choosing natural and non-toxic building materials can further enhance the well-being of the occupants.1. The main idea of the passage is__________.A. c ost and energy efficiency are the top priorities foreco-friendly homesB. sustainable living environments benefit people’s physical and mental healthC. i ndoor air quality is the most important factor for a healthy homeD. healthy indoor spaces are expensive to createAnswer: B2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as contributing to the overall healthfulness of a home?A. I ndoor air qualityB. Natural lightingC. S oundproofingD. Building materialsAnswer: C3. What can exposure to natural light do for occupants of a home?A. R educe the risk of respiratory diseasesB. Increase the risk of allergiesC. I mprove mood and alertnessD. Decrease energy efficiencyAnswer: C4. What is one way to enhance the well-being of a home’s occupants?A. C hoose natural and non-toxic building materialsB. Use synthetic materials in constructionC. I nstall artificial lightingD. Increase indoor pollutantsAnswer: A5. Which of the following best describes the new trend in sustainable living environments mentioned in the passage?A. F ocusing on cost and energy efficiencyB. Creating healthy indoor spaces for physical and mental well-beingC. U sing artificial lightingD. Not considering indoor air qualityAnswer: BSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph based on the content of the statement. Each paragraph may be chosen once.Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:The coffee industry has been a major player in the global economy for centuries. From its origins in Africa to its widespread consumption around the world today, coffee has become an integral part of many cultures. However, recent concerns about the environmental impact of coffee production have raised questions about the sustainability of the industry.6. Coffee has been consumed globally for many centuries.7. Concerns about the environmental impact of coffee production have emerged recently.8. The coffee industry has a long history dating back to Africa.9. Coffee production has become a major economic force around the world.10. The sustainability of the coffee industry is being questioned due to environmental concerns.Answer: 3Part II Vocabulary and StructureSection ADirections: Choose the correct answer to complete each of the following sentences.11. The teacher usually______ her students________a lot of homework.A. gives, tooB. gives, withC. gives, too manyD. gives, a lot ofAnswer: C12. By the time Tom_________ the station, the train had already left.A. had reachedB. reachedC. was reachingD. reachesAnswer: A13. The company is planning _______ a new product line next year.A. launchingB. to launchC. launchedD. launchAnswer: B14. Everyone was surprised by the sudden______ of the storm.A. breakB. strikeC. pauseD. hitAnswer: D15. I’d like to ______ a table for two for this evening, please.A. bookB. reserveC. orderD. reserveAnswer: BSection BDirections: Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets.16. The company is______ a new marketing campaign to attract customers. (launch)17. We had to ______ our plans due to the bad weather. (revise)18. The______ system in this building is very inefficient. (heat)19. The new manager has brought a lot of______ to the company. (innovate)20. She is very______ about starting her own business. (enthusiasm)Answer: 16. launching17. revise18. heating19. innovation20. enthusiasticPart III Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 3Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:One of the biggest challenges facing the technology industry today is cybersecurity. With the increasing amount of data being stored online and the rise of cyber attacks, companies must take steps to protect their information and systems.Cybersecurity professionals play a crucial role in safeguarding sensitive data and preventing security breaches.21. What is the biggest challenge facing the technology industry today?A. Technological advancementsB. CybersecurityC. Data storageD. Cyber attacksAnswer: B22. Why do companies need to protect their information and systems?A. To prevent technological advancementsB. To increase data storageC. To safeguard sensitive dataD. To encourage cyber attacksAnswer: C23. What role do cybersecurity professionals play in the industry?A. Creating security breachesB. Safeguarding sensitive dataC. Increasing cyber attacksD. Preventing data storageAnswer: B24. What must companies do to protect their information and systems?A. Increase data storageB. Safeguard sensitive dataC. Prevent security breachesD. Encourage technological advancementsAnswer: C25. According to the passage, what is on the rise in the technology industry?A. Technological advancementsB. CybersecurityC. Data storageD. Cyber attacksAnswer: DPart IV WritingSection ADirections: In this section, you are going to write an essay on the importance of lifelong learning. Write at least 150 words.Lifelong learning is essential in today’s rapidly changing world. With advances in technology and globalization, the skills and knowledge required for success are constantly evolving. In order to stay competitive in the workforce, individuals must continue to learn and adapt throughout their careers. Lifelong learning not only enhances one’s job prospects but also contributes to personal development and fulfillment.Furthermore, lifelong learning allows individuals to stay updated on new developments in their field and remain relevant in a rapidly changing environment. By seeking out opportunities for continuous learning, individuals can adapt to new challenges and take advantage of emerging trends. Lifelong learning also fosters creativity and innovation, as individuals are exposed to new ideas and perspectives.In conclusion, lifelong learning is an invaluable asset in today’s fast-paced world. By committing to continuouslearning, individuals can enhance their skills, stay relevant in the workforce, and lead more fulfilling lives. Investing in lifelong learning is a positive step towards personal and professional growth.Section BDirections: Translate the following sentences into English.26. 我们必须采取措施保护环境，防止进一步的破坏。
2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案
2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案2015 Professional Title English Test for Science and Engineering Class A LevelSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In cities, millions of people live _____1_____ close together, yet most of them ____2___ have no close friends. This means there are more lonely people than ever before. Many of them are elderly. They used to see friends nearby every day, but now they are lucky if they see them ____3____ few times a year.How is it that ____4___ people come to be so lonely? There are many reasons. Work, for example, is important for most people. Very often, to be successful, one has to go to live where the best job is. So, ____5___ of us have to move away from friends and family to live and to work.There are probably more lonely people living in ____6____ than anywhere else in the world. The reason for this is that in cities people live close together, but know little about each other.People who live in the ____7____ street or block of flats may never have ____8____ person who lives only a few doors away.School teachers have a lot to do with this ____9____, the first thing they need to do is to get children to realize that perhaps the ____10___ friend is the one that is nearest to them.1. A. so B. as C. very D. rather2. A. however B. nor C. yet D. but3. A. a B. two C. couple D. a4. A. such B. as C. these D. that5. A. some B. few C. many D. a lot6. A. cities B. towns C. villages D. countries7. A. the same B. identical C. different D. similar8. A. knows B. known C. know D. knowing9. A. problem B. activity C. situation D. fact10. A. most B. best C. near D. nextSection II Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are three passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the statement or answers the question. (30 points)Passage OneQuestion 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:In 13th-century England, the Black Death was responsible for the deaths of millions of people. This plague was carried by fleas on the backs of ________ and was spread in the streets of London. Ships arriving from foreign ________ also helped to spread the disease. The situation was made even worse because dead bodies lay rotting in the ________ and people were too terrified to go outside. The streets were ________ with refuse and filth.11. A. rats B. dogs C. cats D. mice12. A. cities B. villages C. towns D. countries13. A. waters B. fields C. streets D. hills14. A. clean B. filled C. packed D. stuffed15. A. A. thing B. something C. everything D. nothingPassage TwoQuestion 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Scientists are working on a new process to turn ________ into a soft and flexible fabric. The plastic bags used to wrap food in supermarkets are made from ________. At present, most of them are thrown away even though they are non-biodegradable. A company in the United States hopes to ________ them into carpets and sleeping bags. They will be soft and suitable for use in houses ________ the edges will be bound with fabric.16. A. planks B. bottles C. metals D. glasses17. A. cotton B. plastic C. leather D. nylon18. A. make B. put C. spin D. drop19. A. so B. however C. whereas D. but20. A. beside B. although C. because D. althoughPassage ThreeQuestion 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:More and more people in Europe are suffering from health problems such as heart disease and ________ because they eat too much ________ food. Doctors have given advice on how to ________ a diet to save one from developing such diseases. They say we should eat more ________ and less fatty food.21. A. lungs B. stomachs C. skins D. hands22. A. cooked B. raw C. good D. delicious23. A. find B. suggest C. include D. increase24. A. fish B. bread C. cheese D. butter25. A. just B. after C. even D. onlySection III TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)26. You must be aware of the limitations of your abilities.27. The old man was struck dead by a passing car.28. The audience was impressed by the young singer's performance.29. They have put off the meeting until next week.30. Please inform me of the result as soon as possible.Section IV WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Favorite Hobby. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 我最喜爱的爱好是什么。
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读理解)
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读理解) 第4部分：阅读理解(第31—45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu IF a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case.But it’s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. “We don’t want people wearing them everywhere,” said the CDC. “The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.”When that’s not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you’re healthy and can’t avoid going to a crowded place. Second t you’re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking onyou. Third, you live with someone who’s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren’t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead.Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you’ve been exposed. It’s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.31. What is the passage mainly about?A. Widespread use of face masks.B. Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreakC. New discoveries of a face mask research.D. Effectiveness of wearing face masks32. The CDC suggests that peopleA. stay alone when being sick.B. wear face masks when going to a crowded place.C. wear face masks wherever possible.D. remain at home if living with someone who’s sick.33. The word "that" in Paragraph 3 refers toA. making preparations.B. avoiding exposureC. coming up with guidelines.D. wearing face masks everywhere.34. Which of the following statements is true?A. Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon.B. Asian bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.C. Masks protect people because they keep viruses away.D. Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.35. One of the concerns the CDC has is thatA .masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe.B. the sick may not wear masks and go out.C. flu virus may spread via public transportation.D. healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.第二篇What’s killing the BatsFirst it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌)known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists don't know Ifthe fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats can’t eat eno ugh food, they starve to death.Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠)bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there aren't enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.36. What is the main idea of this passage?A. All species of bats in North America are dying.B. Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of batsC. The bat deaths are a serious problem.D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.37. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?A. Bees have been dying mysteriously.B. The first article on the website is about bees.C. Bees usually die before bats.D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.38. The word “pipistrelle" in Parag raph 1 refers toA. a kind of fungus.B. an area in the U.S.C. a special cave.D. a kind of bat.39. The "moths" in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example ofA. diseases that kill bats.B. Insects that bats eat.C. animals that have diseases.D. bat species that are starving to death.40. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To get people to stop killing bats.B. To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.C. To ask people not to touch dead bats.D. To tell the public how to help bats.第三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar t hermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with adifferent kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael P athak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but t hey are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That mean s that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light —pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solarthermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.41. PVTs are not efficient inA. creating electricity.B. cooling silicon solar cells.C. generating heat.D. powering solar thermal collectors.42. One of the problems PVTs have is thatA. their thermal applications are costly.B. they are too expensive to afford.C. they occupy too much space.D. it is hard to fix them on the roof.43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?A. They are electrically efficient.B. They are less expensive.C. They are flexible.D. They are environment friendly.44. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market becauseA. their advantages are not well-recognized.B. they do not work well if exposed to light.C. they need improving in appearance.D. they are not advertised.45 Which of the following statements is true?A. Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.B. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.C. Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.D. A new material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2015职称英语理工A阅读理解
Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。
病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。
难怪大部分人一提到病毒,首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
然而,并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。
在马萨诸塞州剑桥市,科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。
他们使病毒开始工作,使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。
病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见,但这对于工程师安吉拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。
安吉拉·贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。
在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院,她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。
在由病毒构成的电池里,科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。
贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉·哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。
哈蒙德说,“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。
”许多电池已经很小了。
A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。
硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。
然而,个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。
这些设备变小了,普通电池就无法安装进去了。
理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。
,贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘,看起来就像普通手表电池。
但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。
这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发,把它放到白纸上,看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同,每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。
这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。
1.According to the first paragraph,people try to C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.2.What is Belcher's team doing at present？C.It is making batteries with viruses.3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word"shrink"appearing in paragraph 5 ？D.Expand.4.Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6？D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.5.How tiny is one battery part？A.Its width is one tonth of a hair.Putting Plants to Work太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。
2015职称英语理工A阅读理解文章及译文
2015职称英语理工A阅读理解文章及译文第34篇Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common?They'realldiseasecausedbyviruses,tiny microorganisms that can pass frompersontoperson.It'snowonderthatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses, finding ways to steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds.Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarriers,though.InCambridge,Massachusetts,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomeviruses can be helpful 'in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries.Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways.Inthecase ofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowabout biology, technology and production techniques.Belcher'steamincludes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang,anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery."We'reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon'tassociatewith nature," says Hammond.Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall.YoucanholdA,CandDbatteries in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than apenfiy.However,everyyear,newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayers orcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore.Asthesedevicesshrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit inside.The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now,Belcher'smodelbattery,ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses,lookslike a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small --so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see howwideyourhairis--prettythin,right?Althoughthewidthofeachperson'shair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts,sidetoside,across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses.病毒电池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病，病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。
2015职称英语理工类A级试题及答案讲解
2015职称英语理工类A级试题及答案职称英语考试《理工类A级》阅读理解强化练习题(5)Early or Later Day CareThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from it. Secondly, common sense tells US that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cuff, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.词汇：psychoanalyst n.精神分析学家一心理分析学家 insulate vt.隔绝rear vt.抚养 predispose 易导致 care taker n.照顾者，看管人 entail vt.蕴涵infant n.婴儿 anthropologist n.人类学家1.Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?A) Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day car for children at the age of three or older.B) Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.C) The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.D) Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.2.Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby's work?A) Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.B) Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child's development.C) A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.D) Baby care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a child's s personality.3.It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that ______ .A) the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societiesB) a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societiesC) mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societiesD) children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years4.Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?A) Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.B) The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.C) The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.D) Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.5. Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?A) Children under three should stay with their parents.B) Early day care has positive effects on children's development.C) The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.D) The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.「答案解析」1.C 波比认为，孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的“依恋”期。
2015年职称英语考试理工类A级阅读判断模拟题及答案汇总
Mad Scientist Stereotype OutdatedDo people still imagine a physicist as a bearded man in glasses or has the image of the mad scientist changed?The Institute of Physics set out to find out whether the stereotype of a physics'boffin'(科学家)still exists by conducting a survey on shoppers in London.The people were asked to identify the physicist from a photograph of a line-up of possible suspects.98percent of those asked got it wrong.The majority of people picked a white male of around60,wearing glasses and with a white beard.While this stereotype may have been the image of an average physicist fifty years ago,the reality is now very different. Since1960the number of young women entering physics has doubled and the average age of a physicist is now31.The stereotype of the absent-minded scientist has lasted a long time because the media and Hollywood help promote the image of men in white lab coats with glasses sitting by blackboards full of equations(等式)or working with fizzing(嘶嘶响)test tubes.These stereotypes are really damaging to society.Very good school children are put off studying science because they don't see people like themselves on television or in magazines doing science.They simply don't relate to themedia's image of the mad scientist.This is one reason why fewer young people are choosing to do science at university.If we want to encourage more young people to study science subjects,we need to change this image of the scientist and make science careers more attractive.But we must also develop children's interest in science.In an attempt to change this negative image,an increasing number of science festivals are being organized.Thousands of people from secondary schools are also encouraged to take part in nationwide science competitions of which the most popular are the national science Olympiads.Winning national teams then get the opportunity to take part in the International Science Olympiads which are held in a different country every year. These events are all interesting for the young people who take part but they only involve a small proportion of students who are already interested in science.It seems that there is a long way to go before science becomes attractive as subjects like computer studies or fashion and design.1Most people have similar ideas of what a physicist looks like.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2The majority of physicists in Britain today are Cambridge graduatesA RightB WrongC Not mentioned3The media and the cinema have played a role in promoting the image of the mad scientist.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4There will be more women scientists than men scientists in.the futureA RightB WrongC Not mentioned5More children will study science if it becomes more attractive.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6The image of the mad scientist is really encouraging tosociety.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7The International Science Olympiads are held once every two years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned【参考答案】1.A2.C3.A4.C5.A6.B7.BMother Nature Shows Her StrengthTornadoes(龙卷风)and heavy thunderstorms moved across the Great Lakes and into Trumbull County on Saturday evening. The storms were dramatic and dangerous.George Snyder was driving the fire truck down Route88when he first noticed that a funnel(漏斗状的)cloud was behind him. "1stopped the truck and watched the funnel cloud.It was about 100feet off the ground and I saw it go up and down for a while. It was moving toward Bradley Road and then suddenly it disappeared,"Snyder said.Snyder only saw one of the funnel clouds that passed through northeastern Ohio on Saturday.In Trumbull County,a tornadoturned trees onto their sides.Some trees fell onto houses and cars.Other trees fell into telephone and electrical wires as they went down.Amanda Symcheck was having a party when the storm began. "1knew something was wrong,"she said.'1saw the sky go green and pink(粉红色).Then it sounded like a train rushing toward the house.I started crying and told everyone to go to the basement for protection."The tornado caused a lot of damage to cars and houses in the area.It will take a long time and much money to repair everything.There was also serious water damage from the thunderstorms.The heavy rains and high wind caused the power to go out in many homes.The storms caused serious flooding in areas near the river. More than four inches of rain fell in parts of Trumbull County. The river was so high that the water ran into streets and houses. Many streets had to be closed to cars and trucks because of the high water.This made it difficult for fire trucks,police cars, and other rescue vehicles to help people who were in trouble.Many people who live near the river had to leave their homes for their own safety.Some people reported five feet of water in their homes.Local and state officials opened emergencyshelters for the people who were evacuated(撤走).The Red Cross served meals to them."This was a really intense storm,"said Snyder."People were afraid.Mother Nature can be fierce.We were lucky this time.No one was killed."1The weather was nice in Trumbull County on Saturday evening.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2George Snyder was a firefighter.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3Amanda Symcheck was having a party in the basement when the storm began.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4Power supply system was not damaged during the storm.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5There had not been such a severe storm in Trumbull County for a hundred years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6Rescue vehicles had a hard time getting to people.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7Several people were missing during the storm.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned【参考答案】1.B2.A3.B4.B5.C6.A7.CA Dolphin and an AstronomerOne day in1963,a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer,Carl Sagan,were playing a little game.The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other.Sagan was standing on the edge of one of the tanks where several of these friendly, highly intelligent creatures were kept.Elvar had just swum upalongside him and had turned on his back.The dolphin wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again,as the astronomer had done twice before.Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting.Then,after a minute or so,the dolphin leapt up through the water and made a sound just like the word"more". The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident."Oh,yes.That's one of the words he knows,"the director said,showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have,and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds.What is more,these sounds seem to have different functions,such as warning each other of danger.Sound travels much faster and much further in water than it does in air.That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans.But can it be said that dolphins have a'language',in the real sense of the word?Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds,or even words.A language has a structure and what we call a grammar.The structure and grammar of a language help to give it meaning. For example,the two questions'Who loves Mary?'and'Who does Mary love?'mean very different things.If you stop to thinkabout it,you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question'Can dolphins speak?'can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in a grammatical order which affects their meaning.1The astronomer was not interested in the way dolphins communicate with each other.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2The dolphin leapt up into the air because Sagan was too near the water.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3Parts of the dolphin's brain are particularly well developed to handle different kinds of sound.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4Dolphins are the most useful animals to humans.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5Dolphins travel faster in water than any other animals.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6Some scientists believe that dolphins have a language of their own.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7Sounds can be called a language only when they have a structure and a grammar.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned【参考答案】1.B2.B3.A4.C5.C6.A7.AMotion SicknessLiving in space looks like lots of fun.You can do certain things in space(like floating around,or pushing huge objects) that you cannot do on earth.But being in space can do thingsto you,too.If you stay too long in a gravity-free environment, your bones could become weak,and a small spaceship just might annoy you after a while,because space travel could make you seasick!On July4,1982,after seven days orbiting the earth, astronauts Thomas K.Mattingly and Henry W.Hartsfield returned home.Although not all of the experiments on board worked properly,the flight basically seemed to be a success except for one"little"thing:early in the flight,astronaut Hartsfield became"seasick".Thomas Mattingly,who is also a jet pilot and is highly resistant to motion sickness on earth,did much better. Mattingly sailed through space with a steady stomach.But no one knows why Hartsfield felt uneasy and Mattingly did not.So far it seems there is no reliable way to predict who will become motion sick in outer space and who will not.in all,at least four astronauts have suffered from space motion sickness. Russian and American scientists are working together to try to understand and solve the motion sickness.Space program officials worry that if so many highly-trained pilots get sick in space,what will happen when civilians start flying in the shuttle?Motion sickness is a disagreeable feeling that comes from the pitching,rolling,swaying,or just the moving of the object you are riding in or on.Symptoms of motion sickness include: dizziness,headache,a sinking feeling in the stomach,and vomiting.Why does motion make some people ill?Doctors believe that motion sickness is caused by a disturbance in the inner ear.Our ears do more than give us hearing.A part of the ears gives us a sense of balance and helps make us aware of whether we are right side up or upside down.If you know that you get carsick or seasick,what can you do?Speak to your doctor.There are certain medicines available that can help stop that uneasy feeling.But many of them can also make you ually they work best taken before you begin feeling ill.Some people also recommend water,ice cubes,mints,or plain toast.But these remedies do not always work for everyone.Perhaps,since motion sickness is such a big problem in outer space,researchers may soon find a way to cure the astronauts-and those of us who stay on earth.16Floating in space for too long a time may also do harmto one's lungs and heart.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17At the end of the flight,Hartsfield became"seasick".A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18Mattingly was much thinner than Hartsfield.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19Russian and American scientists are working together to solve the problem of motion sickness in astronauts.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20Untrained civilians are more likely to suffer from motion sickness in a spacecraftA RightB WrongC Not mentioned21The motion sickness some astronauts suffered from during space travel had been caused by the defective digestive system.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22People suffering from motion sickness during space travel can alleviate its symptoms by eating or drinking something.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned【参考答案】1.C2.B3.C4.A5.A6.B7.CPlants in DesertOnly special plants can survive the terrible climate of a desert，for these are regions where the annual range of the soil temperature can be over75℃.Furthermore，during the summer there are few clouds in the sky to protect plants from the sun's ray.Another problem is the fact that there are frequently strong winds which drive small，sharp particles of sand into the plants，tearing and damaging them.The most difficult problem for all forms of plant life，however，is the fact that the entire annual rainfall occurs during a few days or weeks in spring.Grasses and flowers in desert survive from one year to the next by existing through the long，hot，dry season in the form of seeds.These seeds remain inactive unless the right amount of rain falls.If no rain falls，or if insufficient rain falls，they wait until the next year，or even still the next.Another factor that helps these plants to survive is the fact that their life cycles are short.By the time that the water from the spring rains disappears——just a few weeks after it falls——such plants no longer need any.The perennials have special features which enable them to survive as plants for several years.Thus，nearly all desertperennials have extensive root systems below ground and a small shoot system above ground.The large root network enables the plant to absorb as much water as possible in a short time.The small shoot system，on the other hand，considerably limits water loss by evaporation.Another feature of many desert perennials is that after the rainy season they lose their leaves in preparation for the long，dry season，just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs in preparation for the winter.This reduces their water loss by evaporation during the dry season.Then，in next rainy season，they come fully alive once more，and grow new branches，leaves and flowers，just as the grasses and flowers in desert do.16.Ordinary plants are unable to survive in the desert mainly because of the changeable weather.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned17.Grasses and flowers in desert are able to survive because they stay in the form of seeds to wait for the right amount of water to come.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned18.Grasses and flowers in the desert whose life cycles are short shows their ability to adapt to the quick disappearance of rainwater there after it falls in spring.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned19.Winter is the toughest season for grasses and flowers to survive in desertA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned20.The shoot system of perennials can help the plants absorb less of the sun's ray.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned21.The theme of the second last paragraph is why the perennials can survive as plants for several years.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned22.Desert perennials lose their leaves after the rainy season just as trees lose theirs in wetter climates before winter arrives，but the reasons for this feature are different.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【参考答案】16.B17.A18.A19.C20.B21.A22.B。
2015年职称英语考试理工A级真题及答案
2015年职称英语考试理工A级真题及答案【天宇考王】为广大考生归纳总结职称外语最新考试资讯，让考生最先了解职称外语考试报名等有关事项的通知，天宇考王是一款上机练习题库软件，有单机版、网页版、手机版、三位一体多平台学习模式。
词汇学习七每组词汇学习有15 道小题。
在每道题的句子里都有一个加底线的词或短语，请在四个选项中找出与加底线的词或短语意义最相近的一项。
1. Loud noises can be annoying.A) hateful B) painful C) horrifying D) irritating1. D annoying和irritating意思最相近，有“使烦恼的”，“使人不愉快的”等意思。
hateful 有“可恨的”，“心怀不满的”等意思。
He is hateful to me.我觉得他可恨。
Don't be so hateful.别这么怨天尤人。
painful:痛苦的。
I don't like his painful look.我不喜欢他那副痛苦的表情。
horrifying是“恐怖的”，“使震惊的”的意思。
These were horrifying experiences.这些经历不堪回首2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be deliberately controlled and modified.A) sufficiently B) noticeably C) intentionally D) absolutely2. C deliberately和intentionally意思相同：故意，蓄意地。
sufficient:足够的，充分的。
This is sufficient for my needs.足够我用了。
noticeable:明显的，易见的。
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理工A-2+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed透露that ants 蚂蚁have a big impact 影响on their local当地的environment环境as a result of their activity活动as "ecosystem engineers" and predators捕食者. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.""In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web," Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van V een, another author on the study, said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem．Ants are important in below ground processes8through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.词汇：predator /' predətə/ n．食肉动物nutrient/' nju:triənt/ n ．营养物；adj．营养的decomposer/,di:kəm'pəuzə/ n．腐生物；分解体prey/prei/ v．捕食；n．被捕食的动物subtlety/ 'sʌtlti/ n ，微妙，精妙herbivore/ 'hʒ:bivɔ: / n ．食草动物注释：1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大学。
1851 年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。
2. nest building ：筑巢3. territorial ：领地的。
在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。
4. an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。
5. biomass ：物质名词，由bio和mass 两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。
6. biodiversity ：物质名词，由bio和diversity 两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。
7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。
8. below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。
练习：1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A Because they build their own nests.C collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3. Dirk Sanders' study centered on how antsA can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。