When you are old背景知识
托福阅读tpo62R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO62阅读-3 Is Perceptual Development an Innate or Socially Acquired Process?原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)原文Is Perceptual Development an Innate or Socially Acquired Process?①Most developmental scientists now agree that both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) are essential for the normal development of perception. However, there is still much dispute about the extent to which either nature or nurture is the more important factor. Points of view on this issue are more than just philosophical musings, they affect the kinds of experiments that are undertaken. I argue here that classifying particular aspects of perceptual development as either innate or learned presents us with an overly passive view in which either genes or environment imposes structure on the developing brain. In contrast, I suggest that perceptual development is better characterized as an activity-dependent process involving complex and subtle interactions at many levels.②To begin to illustrate my point, let's consider some recent neurobiological work on the prenatal (before-birth) development of the brain in rodents. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit impulses or messages to other neurons, glands, and muscles. The neurons studied in these experiments are those involved in binocular vision. Experiments show that the prenatal tuning (training) of these neurons arises through their response to internally generated waves of electrical activity. In other words, the response properties of these visual neurons are shaped by a "virtual environment" generated by cells elsewhere in the brain and eye. Although the term "innate" can be stretched to cover this example of development, we could equally well describe this process as the cells "learning" from the input provided. Further, after birth the same neurons continue to be tuned in the same way, except that now their input also reflects the structure of the world outside. When we examine development in detail, it becomes harder to argue, as some theorists do, that "innate knowledge" is fundamentally different from learning.③Another example of the role of activity-dependent processes in perceptual development comes from the ability to detect and recognize faces. Because regions of the human brain are specialized for processing faces, some researchers have argued that this ability is innate. However, experiments with infants reveal a more complex story. The tendency for newborns to look more toward faces turns out to be based on a very primitive, reflexlike system that is triggered by a stimulus as simple as three high-contrast blobs in the approximate locations of the eyes and mouth. This simple bias is sufficient to ensure that newborns look much more at faces than at other objects and patterns over the first weeks of life. One consequence of this is that developing circuits on the visual recognition pathway of the brain get more input related to faces and thus are shaped by experience with this special type of visual stimulus. We can now study this process by using new brain-imaging methods. Such studies have shown that the brains of young infants show less-localized and less-specialized processing of faces than do the brains of adults. It is not until they are one year old that infants show the same patterns of brain specialization for processing faces as do adults, by which time they have had as much as a thousand hours of exposure to human faces.④Another example comes from the study of infants' eye movements to visual targets. Although newborns are capable of some primitive reflexive eye movements, only much later in the first year can they make most of the kinds of complex and accurate eye movements seen in adults. One view is that the very limited ability present in newborns is just sufficient to allow them to practice and develop new brain circuits for the more complex integration of visual and motor information necessary for adult eye movements. Once again, it appears that infants actively contribute to their own subsequent development.⑤These considerations should make us skeptical about the many claims that are made for innate perceptual abilities based on experiments with babies of four months and older. In fact, when the same experiments were done with younger infants, quite different results have often been obtained, suggesting dramatic changes in perceptual abilities over the first few weeks and months after birth.⑥Infants are not passively shaped by either their genes or their environment. Rather, perceptual development is an activity-dependent process in which, during postnatal life, the infant plays an active role in generating the experience it needsfor subsequent development.译文知觉发展是先天的还是社会获得的?①大多数发展科学家现在都同意，先天（遗传）和后天（环境）对于感知的正常发展都是必不可少的。
新教材人教版高中英语必修第二册全册书重点单词短语句型汇总(2022新高考一轮复习资料)
人教版必修第二册全册重点单词短语Unit 1Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................ - 1 - Unit 2Wildlife Protection ..................................................................................................... - 9 - Unit 3The Internet .............................................................................................................. - 17 - Unit 4History and Traditions .............................................................................................. - 24 - Unit 5Music ........................................................................................................................ - 31 -Unit 1Cultural Heritage【话题词汇】1.sculpture n. 雕塑；雕刻；雕像2.statue n. 塑像；雕像3.construct v t. 建设；建筑4.remains n. 遗迹5.splendid adj. 辉煌的；壮丽的6.gallery n. 画廊；美术馆7.exhibition n. 展览；展览会8.historical adj. 与历史有关的；史学的9.myth n. 神话10.legend n. 传说；传奇故事11.origin n. 起源；由来12.masterpiece n. 杰作13.rare adj. 罕见的14.unique adj. 独特的，特有的15.precious adj. 宝贵的16.well-designed adj. 设计巧妙的【话题短语】1.be situated/located in 位于2.preserve/protect...from... 保护……免于……3.natural wonder 自然奇观4.be in ruins 变为废墟5.belong to 属于6.non-material cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产7.traditional crafts 传统工艺品8.be listed in 被列入9.folk arts 民间艺术10.The cradle of the civilization 文明的摇篮【话题佳句】1.History and culture are the soul of the city and people should cherish the city's historic and cultural heritage as their own lives.历史和文化是一个城市的灵魂，人们要像爱惜自己的生命一样珍惜城市历史文化遗产。
贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字
贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字这部电影有着好莱坞式的流畅的叙事，悬念丛生，惊心动魄的讲故事的方法，有美国式故事的浪漫和光明，童话气质。
这里给大家分享一些关于贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字，希望对大家能有所帮助。
贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字1《贫民窟的百万富翁》是一个既悲惨又温暖的励志故事，如此征服人心，可见人们对悲情和励志的需求是没有止境的——尤其是在经济危机的时候。
在贫民窟长大的孤儿贾迈尔·马利克，参加了一个电视节目——《谁想成为百万富翁》，只要答对所有的题，他就可以拿到2000万元的奖金。
此前连受过高等教育的律师、政客、学者都在这个节目中一一败下阵来，18岁的贾迈尔却能一路过关斩将，直冲向最后一晚的最后一道题，只要回答这最后一个问题，他就能拿到最后的奖金。
可就在这时候，贾迈尔却因涉嫌作弊被警察逮捕。
是啊，谁能相信一个几乎没有文化知识的小男孩能答对所有的问题呢?而又有几人知道贾迈尔真正参加这档电视节目的初衷只是为了寻找他一生的挚爱——拉媞卡。
为了证明自己的清白，贾迈尔向警察讲述了自己在贫民窟的成长的故事，通过他对自己艰难人生的描述，所有人都明白了，他能回答出电视节目里的那些问题，绝非偶然和作弊。
原来从他的生活经历中都能够找出每道题的答案，因为这些答案都是从他的人生经历中得到启示的。
片子中最沉重的也是记忆最深刻的就是贾迈尔在警局里的供诉那段，揭示了贾迈尔为何碰巧了知道那些问题的正确答案。
那些答案伴随着贾迈尔充满血、眼泪和恐惧的人生轨迹，见证了印度普通百姓的悲欢离合，以及追求幸福生活的艰辛坎坷。
大规模宗教冲突、险恶的孤儿院、颠沛流离的浪荡生涯、黑帮团伙——大鱼吃小鱼，小鱼吃虾米，令人绝望和窒息的不公不义充斥着底层社会，弱肉强食的丛林法则威胁着每一个人。
相依为命的哥哥干起了刀口恬血的杀手行当，初恋女友沦落风尘，不变的惟有贾迈尔那颗善良、正直的心，和对爱情、正义、幸福的坚强信念与渴望。
最全面人教版九年级英语全册第四单元知识点归纳总结
Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.一、词汇与短语◆重点单词A部分1．humorous 有幽默感的；滑稽有趣的adj.2．interview 采访；面试v. 面试；访谈n. 3．silent 不说话的；沉默的adj.4．deal 对付;对待v.5．helpful 有用的；有帮助的adj.6．shyness 害羞；腼腆n.7．score 得分；进球n.&v.8．dare 敢于；胆敢v. 9．background 背景n.10．crowd 人群；观众n.11．ton 吨n.；（pl.）大量；许多12．private 私人的；私密的adj. 13．guard 警卫；看守n. 守卫；保卫v.14．require 需要；要求v. 15．European 欧洲（人）的adj. 欧洲人n.16．African 非洲（人）的adj. 非洲人n. 17．British 英国（人）的adj.18．speech 讲话；发言n.19．public 民众n. 公开的；公众的adj.B部分1．ant 蚂蚁n.2．insect 昆虫n.3．seldom 不常；很少adv.4．influence 影响v.&n.5．absent 缺席；不在adj.6．fail 不及格；失败；未能（做到）v. 7．examination 考试；审查n.8．exactly 确切地；精确地adv. 9．pride 自豪；骄傲n.10．proud 自豪的；骄傲的adj. 11．general 总的；普遍的adj. 将军n.12．introduction 介绍n.◆重点短语A部分1．be afraid of 害怕2．not enough to do sth. 不足够做某事3．get good grades in…在…方面取得好成绩4．from time to time 时常；有时5．be more interested in…对…更感兴趣6．talk to/with…和……谈话7．see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事8．take up doing sth. 开始做某事9．deal with./do with 应对；处理10．dare (not) to do sth. (不)敢做某事11．not……anymore 不再……12．all the time 一直；总是13．worry about……担心……14．be prepared to do sth.准备好做某事15．be very careful about……非常注意……16．give up (doing)……放弃(做)……17．fight on 继续战斗18．make it to the top 能成功到达顶峰19．require a lot of talent 需要很多天赋20．a very small number of 一小部分21．eat a lot of vegetables 吃大量的蔬菜22．listen to pop music 听流行音乐23．watch scary movies 看恐怖片24．at least 至少25．in public公开地；在别人(尤指生人)面前26．tons of许多的；大量27．give a speech 做演讲28．a number of许多；大量B部分1．make a decision做决定2．in person亲身；亲自3．even though即使；尽管4．take care of 照顾；照料5．be absent from 缺席；不在6．paint pictures 画画7．take pride in…为…感到自豪8．music classes 音乐课9．be proud of…为…骄傲；感到自豪10．on the soccer team 在足球队11．do well in……在……方面做得好12．work hard 学习努力13．make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友14．take care of/look after 照顾15．move to……搬到……16．feel lonely 感到孤独17．be absent from classes 旷课18．a boarding school 一所寄宿学校19．fail the exams/examinations 考试不及格20．advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事21．send…to…派……到……；送……到……22．look for 寻找23．have a great influence on sb. 对某人有很大影响◆重点句子A部分1．Mario, you used to be short, didn't you? 马里奥，你过去很矮，不是吗？2．It's been three years since we last saw our primary school classmates.我们上次见到小学同学已经三年了。
when you are old节奏划分
when you are old节奏划分当你年老时，时间的节奏划分成为一种重要的考虑因素。
年老的人们常常需要更多的时间来完成日常任务，因为他们的身体机能逐渐减弱，注意力和记忆力也会逐渐减退。
在这个阶段，时间的合理安排和节奏的划分变得至关重要，可以帮助老年人更好地应对日常生活的挑战。
首先，为了更好地划分时间节奏，老年人可以制定一个详细的日程表。
这个日程表应该包括每天的起床时间、吃饭时间、休息时间、锻炼时间、社交时间等等。
老年人可以根据自己的身体状况和个人喜好来安排这些时间段。
例如，他们可以选择在早晨起床后进行一些简单的体操锻炼，然后安排一段时间来读报纸、看电视或者进行其他的娱乐活动。
在午餐和晚餐时间，老年人可以选择与家人或者朋友一起用餐，以增加社交互动。
同时，老年人还可以在日程表上设置一些休息时间，以便在疲劳时能够得到适当的休息。
其次，老年人在划分时间节奏时需要考虑到他们的身体状况和能力。
年老的人们通常需要更多的时间来完成一些日常任务，例如穿衣、洗漱、走动等等。
因此，他们应该给自己足够的时间来完成这些任务，避免过于匆忙和紧张。
同时，他们还可以考虑使用一些辅助工具来帮助他们完成一些需要较多体力的任务，例如使用助行器或者轮椅来行走。
此外，老年人还可以适当调整日常活动的强度和频率，以避免过度疲劳和身体不适。
另外，老年人在划分时间节奏时还需要注意到他们的注意力和记忆力可能会逐渐减退。
因此，他们可以采取一些措施来帮助自己更好地管理时间。
例如，老年人可以使用提醒工具，例如手机闹钟或者电子日历，来提醒自己重要的活动和约会。
此外，他们还可以使用备忘录和便签来记录一些重要的事项和任务，以帮助自己更好地记忆。
如果可能的话，老年人还可以寻求家人或者朋友的帮助，来协助他们记住重要的事情。
最后，老年人在划分时间节奏时还需要考虑到他们的精神需求。
年老的人们常常需要更多的时间来放松和休息，以缓解压力和焦虑。
因此，老年人可以安排一些专门的时间段来进行放松和娱乐活动，例如看电影、听音乐、阅读等等。
例析初中英语诗歌教学——以When you are old为例
例析初中英语诗歌教学——以When you are old为例赵美玲【摘要】针对目前初中英语诗歌教学存在随意性和盲目性的问题,以W hen you are old课外诗歌教学为例,探究教师如何根据诗歌的文体特点指导学生感知诗歌的韵律,提高欣赏水平.认为在初中英语教学中,教师应适当拓展诗歌教学,激发学生学习英语的兴趣,让学生了解英语文学作品丰富的文化内涵,品味其蕴含的积极情感因素,培养学生良好的情感态度和审美情趣,充分发挥诗歌特有的教学价值.【期刊名称】《英语教师》【年(卷),期】2019(019)002【总页数】4页(P25-28)【关键词】初中英语;课外诗歌;诗歌教学【作者】赵美玲【作者单位】225721,江苏兴化,江苏省兴化市戴泽初级中学【正文语种】中文引言《义务教育英语课程标准（2011 年版）》（以下简称《课程标准》）三级目标明确要求：“学生能感知歌谣中的韵律，背诵一定数量的小诗，并能理解和欣赏一定经典的英文诗歌。
”（教育部2012）但迫于教学任务的压力及应试教育的束缚，教师不愿在诗歌教学上耗时费力，仅把诗歌当成一般阅读材料处理，未能凸显出其特有的教学价值。
新译林版初中英语教材中诗歌教学内容偏少，仅在七年级（下）Unit 7、八年级（上）Unit 6 的Reading板块有所涉及，且所选的三首诗还不是真正意义上的诗歌。
没有合适的教学资源，使得许多教师缺少诗歌的教学经验，缺乏利用诗歌教学来改善和优化英语课堂的意识（马海清、高霄霄2015）。
《课程标准》提出：“英语教学中可以适当选用国外优质的教学资料，以补充和丰富课堂教学内容。
”要在英语课堂上拓展课外诗歌教学，首先要解决教学资源的选择问题。
教师要遵循两个原则，一要选择符合初中生心理和认知特点，语言稍高于当前学生的英语水平，韵律优美、蕴含哲理、情感积极向上的诗歌；二要考虑教学资源的可利用性，尽量选择能够找到适用音视频资料的诗歌（马海清、高霄霄2015）。
托福阅读tpo63R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO63阅读-2Structure and Composition of Comets原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (7)背景知识 (8)原文Structure and Composition of Comets①Astronomers now have a fairly good idea of what a comet really is.When it is far from the Sun,it is a very small object only a few kilometers across.It consists mainly of ices(water,methane,ammonia)with bits of dust embedded in it-a kind of dirty ice ball.As it approaches the Sun,radiation from the Sun vaporizes the icy matter and releases some of the dust.This forms a gigantic halo around the ice ball. This halo-called the coma extends out tens of thousands of kilometers from the icy core,which is the nucleus of the comet.Sunlight reflected off the dust particles makes the coma visible to observers on Earth.Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun breaks down the vapor molecules into their constituents.These components can be excited by absorbing radiation from the Sun.In returning to lower-energy states, the excited atoms and ions emit light,contributing to the luminosity of the coma.②When the comet gets even closer to the Sun,one of its most spectacular parts begins to form-the tail.Actually,there are two kinds of tails:the dust tail and the ion tail.The dust tail is produced by the light from the Sun reflecting off the dust particles in the coma.A photon carries momentum.In bouncing off a dust particle, it imparts a tiny,but perceptible,momentum change to the dust particle,driving it away from the coma.As the comet sweeps along its orbit,it leaves a curving trail of dust behind in its path.This visible dust tail can extend for tens or hundreds of millions of kilometers out from the nucleus.The dust tail is characterized by its gently curving shape and its yellowish color.③A different mechanism is responsible for the ion tail.Near the Sun,ultraviolet radiation from the Sun(solar wind)ionizes and excites the atoms in the coma.Asthe solar wind sweeps through the coma,the high-velocity charged particles of the solar wind interact with the electrically charged excited ions in the coma,driving them away from the head of the comet.In returning to lower-energy states,these excited ions emit photons and form a luminous,bluish-colored tail extending out from the comet directly away from the Sun.Since both kinds of tails are produced by radiation streaming out from the Sun,they extend out from the coma in the general direction away from the Sun.A comet may exhibit several tails of each kind.④Although the nucleus is of the order of a few kilometers in size,the diameter of the coma may be tens or hundreds of thousands of kilometers;the tails typically extend out tens or hundreds of millions of kilometers away from the coma.⑤A comet leaves a trail of matter behind it as it moves through the inner solar system.Some of this debris may get strewn across Earth's orbit around the Sun. When Earth passes through this part of its annual path,it sweeps through the dust trail.The particles enter Earth's atmosphere at high velocity.The air friction can cause one of these bits of matter to produce a brief streak of light as it burns up in the atmosphere.⑥Since a comet loses matter on each pass by the Sun,eventually it will be depleted to the point where it is no longer ets that approach the Sun have finite lifetimes.Given the typical sizes of comets and the typical rates at which they lose matter,astronomers have concluded that the lifetimes of comets with orbits that bring them near enough to the Sun to be seen from Earth are very much shorter than the age of the solar system.Where do the new comets come from to replace the old ones that dissipate and vanish from view?⑦Dutch astronomer Jan Oort proposed that a giant cloud of matter left over from the formation of the solar system surrounds the Sun and extends out to about 50,000astronomical units.This cloud contains large chunks of matter like the nuclei of comets.The gravitational influence of a passing star can be sufficient to perturb the orbit of one of these chunks to send it toward the inner solar system and bring it near the Sun.译文彗星的结构和组成①天文学家现在对彗星的真正含义有了相当好的了解。
外研版(三起)-英语-六年级下册--外研版三起Module 7 Unit 2教材同步讲解
Unit 2:She couldn't see or hear.（第二单元：她看不到也听不到。
）（教材41～43页）1．Listen and chant．听一听并跟着唱。
（教材第41页）课文英汉互译Helen couldn't see.海伦看不见。
But she could read但她可以阅读。
Helen couldn't hear.海伦听不见。
But she could talk.但她可以说话。
重难点精析could的用法Helen couldn’t see．But could read.海伦看不见。
但她可以阅读。
【点拨】.could用来表示过去的能力、可能性或允许。
例如：I could run faster then.那时我能跑得更快。
could还可与表示感知的动词，如see，hear，smell，taste，feel，understand等连用，表示特定的能力。
例如：He said he could see me next week.他说他下周能见我。
【知识拓展】(1)could意为“允许”时，表示委婉地提出问题或陈述看法。
例如：-Could I use your bike?我可以用你的自行车吗？-Yes，you can．是的，你可以。
(2) could还可表示过去的可能或许可。
例如：Father said I could swim in the river.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
【即学即用】连词成句borrow,pen,l,could,your(?)答案速查Could I borrow your pen?2．Listen and read．听一听并读一读。
（教材第41页）课文英汉互译Helen Keller was born① in the US in 1880.As② a baby,she became③ blind and deaf.She couldn't see or hear.海伦·凯勒于1880年出生在美国。