翻译文本
文学文本翻译
In the twilight, a myriad of rosy clouds were shining upon the sky, with which the sky blended in one color that it was hard to tell the clouds from the water. Adding an animate touch to sheep at browse on the riverside, too occupied to look up at the beautiful dusk. It seemed that they were seizing the day to snatch one more feed before heading home. This is a scene on the
汉英词汇语义美与翻译
句（1）也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之 畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。 Some sheep; a herd of sheep; the cattle of sheep; a crowd of sheep; a term of sheep; a group of sheep; 汉语一个量词在英语中常有许多相应的名词来表达 相应的概念。 A group of people; a herd of cattle; a flock of sheep; a pack of wolves; a swarm of bees. 试卷中出现的a pack of sheep把羊变成了“狼”， a gang of sheep 把羊变成了“盗贼”，a swarm of sheep把羊变成了“昆虫”。
(3) Beside this splendid picture a flock of sheep were browsing on the riverside, too occupied to look up at the beautiful dusk.
翻译文本_精品文档
翻译文本翻译文本第1篇翻译文本第4篇According to paragraph 1, what is true of plants that can grow in serpentine soil?○ They absorb micronutrients unusually○ They require far less calcium than most plants○ They are able to absorb nitrogen in its elemental○ They are typically crops raised forParagraph 2: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in youngThe word "exhibit" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ fight off○ show○ cause○ spreadAccording to paragraph 2, which of the following symptoms occurs in phosphorus-deficient plants but not in plants deficient in nitrogen or iron?○ Chlorosis on leaves○ Change in leaf pigmentation to a dark shade of green○ Short, stunted appearance of stems○ Reddish pigmentation on the leaves or stemAccording to paragraph 2, a symptom of iron deficiency is the presence in young leaves of○ deep red discoloration between the veins○ white or yellow tissue between the veins○ dead spots between the veins○ characteristic dark green veinsParagraph 3: Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on theHydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitatesthe growing of greenhouse vegetables during Aeroponics, a technique in which plants aresuspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without The word "facilitates" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ slows down○ affects○ makes easier○ focuses onAccording to paragraph 3, what is the advantage of hydroponics for research on nutrient deficiencies in plants?○ It allows researchers to control what nutrients a plant○ It allows researchers to observe the growth of a large number of plants○ It is possible to directly observe the roots of○ It is unnecessary to keep misting plants with nutrientThe word "suspended" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ grown○ protected○ spread out○ hungParagraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certainplants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant They may be herbs, shrubs, or Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbialWhy does the author mention "herbs", "shrubs", and "trees"?○ To provide examples of plant types that cannot tolerate high levels of harmful○ To show why so many plants are○ To help explain why hyperaccumulators can be found in so many different○ To emphasize that hyperaccumulators occur in a wide range of plantThe word "afford" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ offer○ prevent○ increase○ removeParagraph 6: Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals-an environmentally friendly approach known as This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminatedWhich of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential ○ Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulating species of plants local to the target area must be○ The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of○ The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned○ Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that compared with standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation ○ does not allow for the use of the removed minerals for industrial purposes○ can be faster to implement○ is equally friendly to the environment○ is less suitable for soils that need to be used within a short period of timeWhy does the author mention "Indian mustard"?○ To warn about possible risks involved in phytoremediation○ To help illustrate the potential of phytoremediation○ To show that hyperaccumulating plants grow in many regions of the world○ To explain how zinc contamination can be reducedParagraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels ahundredfold or greater than ■A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of ■Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or ■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbialLook at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to theCertain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities thanWhere could the sentence best fit?Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and●●●Answer Choices○Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean up soils contaminated with toxic levels of these○Though beneficial in lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to○When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities○Because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much researchhas been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural○Some plants can tolerate comparatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted○Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cured by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrient solution。
wps翻译功能
wps翻译功能WPS Office是一款功能强大的办公软件，其中包含了翻译功能。
通过这个功能，用户可以方便地将英文（或其他语言）文本翻译成中文，帮助用户更好地理解和使用外语信息。
下面将对WPS翻译功能进行详细介绍。
首先，启动WPS Office软件，打开需要翻译的文档。
在菜单栏的"工具"选项下，找到"翻译"选项并点击。
在弹出的窗口中，可以看到翻译文本框和目标语言选择框。
然后，在翻译文本框中输入要翻译的英文文本，或是选择已经存在的文本进行翻译。
用户可以根据需要，输入一个单词、短语、句子或是一段文字进行翻译。
接下来，用户需要选择目标语言。
WPS翻译功能支持多种语言之间的翻译，包括英文、法文、德文、日文、韩文等。
用户可以根据自己的需要，在目标语言选择框中选择相应的语言。
在输入文本和选择目标语言之后,用户点击"翻译"按钮，WPS翻译功能会自动将英文文本翻译成中文，并在下方的翻译结果框中显示翻译结果。
用户可以在这个框中查看翻译结果，以便更好地理解英文文本的含义。
此外，WPS翻译功能还提供了一些辅助功能，帮助用户更好地利用翻译结果。
用户可以通过复制翻译结果按钮，将翻译结果复制到剪贴板中，方便在其他地方使用。
用户还可以通过发音按钮，听到翻译结果的发音，帮助用户更好地理解和学习外语。
总的来说，WPS翻译功能在办公软件中提供了便捷的翻译工具，帮助用户更好地理解和使用英文等外语信息。
通过简单的几步操作，就可以获得准确的翻译结果，提高工作效率。
无论是需要翻译单词、短语还是长句子，WPS翻译功能都能满足用户的需求，方便用户进行跨语言的信息交流和学习。
总之，WPS翻译功能是WPS Office软件中的一项重要功能，通过简单的操作，可以方便地将英文文本翻译成中文，帮助用户更好地理解和使用外语信息。
这个功能提供了多种语言之间的翻译，而且配备了便捷的辅助功能，方便用户进行跨语言的信息交流和学习。
歌词文本翻译
• 另：汉语“为梦想，千里行”一句中， “为梦想”作状语，表目的；英语travel dream a thousand miles（该句并非独立 成句，而是与前一句共享主语you and me）,其中对应“梦想”的dream一词却跟 在动词travel 之后作宾语。这是诗歌语言 中，为了颂唱的节奏而有违常规或“出格” 的用法。
歌词文本特征与英译原则
• 从意义的角度看，歌词是通过比，兴的艺 术手法和意向，赞颂歌唱某个主题。 • 从功能的角度看，歌词是最典型的具表情 功能的文本。
• 遵循原则：准确把握原歌词的情感色彩， 译文和原歌词一样具有音韵美。汉语歌词 英译时，必须遵循英语“以形摄神”，语 法规范的特点，使行文连贯，逻辑清晰。
夏天夏天悄悄过去留下小秘密压心底不能告诉你晚风吹过温暖我心底我又想多甜蜜多甜蜜怎能忘记不能忘记你把你写在日记里summersummerovergivemelittlememorykeepmyheartkeepmyheartwonttellyoueveningwindblowsmyheartmakesmemissyouforgetyoucantforgetyouwriteyoudownmydiary
歌词文本的英译
英语教育 一班 毕盼 20099ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ2003
我和你，心连心，同住地球村。 为梦想，千里行，相会在北京。 来吧，朋友，伸出你的手。
我和你，心连心，永远一家人。
You and me, from one world, we are family. Travel dream a thousand miles, meeting in Beijing. Come together, put your hand in mine. You and me, from one world ,we are family.
12日语翻译示范文本
目标是获得马德里奥运会男足足球的金牌 我们日本的首场比赛 没有等待奥运会开幕式开幕就已经开始了
马德里奥运会 日本战、终于 开球了...!!
舞台是这里 巴塞罗那诺坎普
奥运会只有足球比赛不光是在马德里进行 也在以巴塞罗那为代表的瓦伦西亚、塞维利亚、拉科鲁尼亚等西班牙其他各个城市展开
技术和技术 力量和力量 交织在了一起!!
两雄的第一次接触就马上硬碰硬的较量~~~~~~
加尔富特!!
次号·再次号因为作者世界杯取材，休刊。GJ18号（8月20日发售）上再次连载。
04-05
果然这个体育场很棒呢 诺坎普
翼这一年里一直在这个地方战斗过来的呢
嗯
所以我一直觉得这次的抽签我走了好运
06
虽然都说日本编入的C组是集结了冠军热门的死亡之组
日本
但是对我来说 能在这一年战斗过来异常熟悉的这片场地上进行小组赛的两场比赛
已经是很大的恩赐了
嗯
翼 虽然我们平时是队友 但这场比赛我绝不会放水
即使击垮你我们也要胜利
莱因卡尔 你的这些话 我也还给你
我也是这么想的
15-16
各位!!先都触一回球 享受这片诺坎普球场吧!!
因为无论是西班牙还是欧洲亦或是世界 这里都是最棒的球场之一!!
哦哦!!
哦!!
嘿嘿嘿嘿...谢了 翼
其实我一直都很紧张 不过这样首先拿一下球后 就能变得轻松些了
不错啊 翼 为了消除队友的紧张 尽快的将队长们的 球队司令塔的职责发挥出来
17-18
首先 日本在后场慢慢倒脚
同门将若林一同率领这条后防线的是后防领袖三杉淳
三杉淳把球传给了后腰松山
PEP小学五年级上册英语文本翻译
PEP小学五年级上册英语文本翻译人教版小学五年级上册课文翻译第一单元A部分Let’s learnyoung年轻的funny 幽默风趣的tall 高的strong强壮的kind和蔼的,亲切的 old 年老的 short 矮的 thin瘦的Who is your ate teacher? 你们的美术老师是谁？M.Hu.胡老师。
What’s he like? 他长得什么样子？He is short and thin.他又矮又瘦。
Let’s talkWho is your math teacher? 你的数学老师是谁？Mr.Zhao.赵老师。
What is he like? 他长得什么样子？He is short and thin.He is very kind.他又瘦又矮。
他非常和蔼可亲。
Read and writeI have three new teachers.我有三位新的老师。
Who are they? 他们是谁？A science teacher,an art teacher and an English teacher.一位科学老师，一位美术老师和一位英语老师。
Who is your English teacher? 你们的英语老师是谁？Mr.Carter.He is from Canada.卡特老师。
他来自加拿大。
What’s he like? 他长得什么样子？He is tall and strong.He is very funny.他又高又壮。
他很有趣。
I know.He is my father.我知道。
他是我的爸爸。
Really?!真的吗?!B部分Let’s learnPrincipal 校长kind 和蔼可亲的university student 大学生young年轻的Strict 严格的smart 聪明的funny 有趣的active活跃的Who is your principal? 你们的校长是谁？Miss.Lin.林老师。
作业13 旅游文本翻译
小组作业：在知网查找中英景点介绍和景物描写的差异，并试着翻译下列段落。
1.当你步入沟（指九寨沟）中，便可见树正群海澹荡生辉，瀑布舒洒碧玉。
一到金秋，满山枫叶降红。
盛夏，湖山幽翠。
仲春，树绿花艳…四时都呈现它的天然原始，宁静幽深。
When you stepped in Jiuzhai Valley,you can see many trees,magnificent waterfall.In autumn,The maple leaves are tinged with autumn red.In summer,the
lakes and mountains are tinged with summer green.In spring,trees are green and flowers are bright.Each season has its own nature and peace.
2.In an undisturbed canyon, protected by spectacular peaks, lies a magical skiing experience. The theme park sits in secluded splendor, yet accessible from across the nation by more flights than ever before.
在一个人迹罕至的峡谷内，四周环绕壮观的顶峰，体验魔术般滑雪。
本主题公园坐落于僻静的华丽，现已开设更多抵达此地的航班。
科技文本翻译
科技文本翻译Technology has evolved rapidly in recent years, and this has had a profound impact on our daily lives. From smartphones to smart homes, technology has become increasingly integrated into every aspect of our lives. In this article, we will explore the challenges and opportunities presented by this technological revolution.One of the biggest challenges we face is the ever-increasing amount of data being generated. Every day, we create massive amounts of data through our online activities, social media posts, and interactions with smart devices. This data can be extremely valuable for businesses and organizations, as it can provide insights into consumer behavior and preferences. However, managing and analyzing such large volumes of data is no easy task. This has given rise to the field of big data analytics, which involves using advanced algorithms and techniques to extract meaningful information from huge data sets. By harnessing the power of big data, businesses can gain a competitive edge and make more informed decisions.Another challenge we face is the rapid pace of technological advancements. New technologies are being developed and introduced at an unprecedented rate. This constant stream of innovations presents both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, it allows us to improve our productivity and efficiency, and develop new products and services that can greatly improve our lives. On the other hand, it also requires us to constantly adapt and learn new skills in order to keep up with the changing technological landscape. Lifelong learning has become more important than ever, as we need to continuously update ourknowledge and skills to stay relevant in the job market.The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) is another significant development in the field of technology. AI refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as language translation, image recognition, and decision-making. AI has the potential to revolutionize many industries, from healthcare to transportation to finance. However, it also raises concerns about job displacement and ethics. As machines become more capable of performing complex tasks, there is a fear that many jobs will become automated, leading to unemployment. Additionally, there are ethical questions surrounding AI, such as privacy and security concerns, as well as the potential for bias in decision-making algorithms.Despite these challenges, the technological revolution also presents immense opportunities. For example, advancements in renewable energy technologies can help us transition to a more sustainable future and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. The Internet of Things (IoT), which refers to the network of interconnected devices and objects, has the potential to greatly improve our quality of life by enabling us to remotely control and monitor our homes, cars, and appliances. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies are also opening up new possibilities in fields like gaming, entertainment, and education.In conclusion, the rapid advancement of technology has brought about many challenges, from managing big data to keeping pace with new innovations. However, it also presents numerous opportunities for improving our lives and solving global issues. Aswe navigate this technological revolution, it is important to strike a balance between embracing the benefits of technology and addressing the potential risks and concerns it brings. Only by doing so can we fully harness the power of technology to create a better future for all.。
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Publication numberingAs from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications areissued with a designation in the 60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.出版物的期号从1997年的1月起，所有的IEC出版物都以6000系列发布。
比如说，IEC34-1现在指的是IEC60034-1。
固定版权IEC现在发行它的出版物的固定版权，比如说，版权号码为1.0,1.1和1.2就分别指的是基础出版物，包含修订本1的基础出版物，包含修订版本2的基础出版物。
有关IEC出版物的更进一步的信息IEC出版物的技术内容经常被ＩＥＣ修订，以确保出版物的内容反映当前的技术。
与此出版物相关的信息及它的正确性，新的版本，修订案都可在ＩＥＣ出版物的目录中（如下）可以获得。
正在考虑的课题的信息及技术委员会为准备此出版物所正在研究的工作，出版物发布的列表都可以从以下获得：IEC网址：IEC出版物的种类：IEC仅出版的：客户服务中心：电子邮件：电话：传真：目录国际电工委员会电力变压器，电源装置，电抗器及类似装置的安全第一部分基本要求和测试前言说明1范围国际标准设计有关电力变压器，电源，电抗器及类似装置的电的，热的，机械安全方面的安全标准包含了干式变压器，电源装置（包括转换模式的电源装置），电抗器等以下种类。
它们的线圈可以被封装也可以不封装。
注解1 电力变压器，电源装置和转换模式的电源装置的区别如下：电力变压器，没有频率的变化，但是电力变压器（如恒压变压器）内部的固有频率不能超过30KHZ。
电源装置，内部的操作频率和波形与供电频率和波形不同，它内部的工作频率不超过500HZ。
（参见定义3.1.19）转换模式的电源，内部的操作频率和波形与供电频率和波形不同，其内部的操作频率大于500ＨＺ小于１００ＭＨＺ。
第2部分的相关内容可以在这个标准的介绍中看到。
A）静止或便携式的，多相或者单相的，空气冷却（自然地或者强制的），具有以下特征的独立或相关的隔离变压器的安全隔离，没有形成一部分分配网络。
直流额定电压不超过1000V额定供应频率不超过500HZ并且遵从以下数值，除非第2部分有相关的说明：对于隔离变压器：--单相额定输出不超过25KVA，多相输出不超过40KVA的电力变压器。
--空载输出电压和额定输出电源超过交流50V不超过500V的，或者特殊应用时与国际电线规则一致不超过交流1000V的。
有关隔离变压器的安全--单相额定输出不超过10KVA的变压器，多相输出不超过16kVA的变压器。
--空载输出电压和的输出电压不超过交流50V，导体之间，或者任何导体和接地保护之间的输出电压不超过交流50V。
注解1术语和定义3.1.1电力变压器3.1.2隔离变压器3.1.1隔离变压器的安全3.1.1分离变压器3.1.1空3.1.14 一般要求4.1 电力变压器应该根据制造商的说明书中得应用，安装和维修来设计和制造，它们不会对个人或周围产生可预见性的，甚至是在正常工作时因粗心大意所造成的危险。
一般来说，这些承诺已经被相关的测试检验过。
4.2 当相关联的变压器被应用在相关标准存在的装置中，它们会在相关的装置标准的情况下被测试。
1-2-3…………………………其他的条款也将被从相关的产品标准中提取来。
如果产品标准不能涵盖剩余的条款，这种变压器所缺少的的相关条款可被使用。
5 测试的一般性注意事项5.1此标准的测试有类型测试（）日常测试（）每种型号的变压器都应该满足所有的测试。
为了减少测试时间并允许任何可能有毁坏性的测试，制造商会提交附加的变压器或者变压器的部件，提供如：它们是相同的材料制成的并像原始的变压器一样设计，同样地变压器上的测试结果也回完全一样。
测试满足要求都是经检测过的这一事实包含任何必要的操作。
接到一体的柔性电缆或者芯线上的变压器都经过测试，测试时柔性电缆和芯线与变压器相连接。
5.2 Tests are carried out on specimens as delivered and installed as in normal use taking into account the manufacturer's installation instructions. If it is not necessary to do the tests of 14.3, 15.5, 16.4 and 26.2, the number of specimens is one for all rated outputs.测试被以种类实施……………………If the tests of 14.3 need to be performed, three additional specimens shall be used. Three more specimens are required ifthe tests need to be repeated.如果14.3的测试需要被演示，三种另外的变压器需要被用到。
如果测试需要被重复，三种或三种以上的种类应该被用到。
If the tests of 15.5 need to be performed, three additional specimens shall be used. These specimens are used only for the tests of 15.5.如果15.3.3的测试需要被演示，三种另外的变压器需要被用到。
而且这些种类这能适用于测试15.5.If the tests of 16.4 need to be performed, they are carried out on four additional specimens.如果16.4的测试需要被演示，4种另外的变压器需要被用到。
If the tests of 26.2 need to be performed, they are carried out on three additional specimens.如果26.2的测试需要被演示，3种另外的变压器需要被用到。
For components tested under conditions prevailing in the transformer, the number of specimens is that required by the relevant standard.For testing a series of transformers, see Annex B.All specimens shall withstand all the relevant tests, except as mentioned in 14.3.NOTE 1 For associated transformers, the equipment standard may prescribe other numbers of specimens to be tested.NOTE 2 In case of non-replaceable and non-resettable protective devices the compliance is checked on a specially prepared specimen.5.3 Tests are carried out in the order of the clauses and subclauses, unless otherwise specified.5.4 If the test results are not influenced by the temperature of the ambient air, the ambient temperature is, in general, maintained at (20 ± 5) °C. Otherwise and if, however, the temperature attained by any part is limited by a temperature-sensitive device, or is influenced by the temperature at which a change of state occurs, the ambient temperature is, in case of doubt, maintained at (23 ± 2) °C or t a ± 2 °C for transformers with t a marking.The tests are carried out with the transformer, or any movable part of it, placed in the most unfavourable position that may occur in normal use.5.5 For a.c., test voltages are of substantially sinusoidal wave form, and, if not otherwise specified, have a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz.5.6 Transformers designed for more than one rated supply voltage, for a rated supply voltage range or for more than one rated supply frequency, are tested, unless otherwise specifiedin this standard, at the supply voltage or supply frequency that results in the most severe test conditions for the transformer.5.7 As far as possible, measurements are made with instruments which do not appreciably affect the values to be measured; if necessary, corrections shall be made.5.8 Unless otherwise specified, transformers intended to be used with external flexible cable or cords are tested with a cord(s) (see definition 3.2.1) connected to the transformer.5.9 If class I transformers have accessible conductive parts which are not connected to a protective earth terminal or protective earth contact, and are not separated from hazardous live parts by an intermediate conductive part which is connected to a protective earth terminal or protective earth contact, such parts are checked for compliance with the appropriate requirements specified for class II transformers in this standard.5.10 A flush-type transformer is tested with an appropriate flush-mount box of insulating material. This box is placed in an enclosure as indicated in Figure 1, made from plywood, with a thickness of 20 mm, the inside painted dull black, and the distance between the back of the mounting box and the rear wall of the enclosure being 5 mm.5.11 Transformers for specific use for which there are no relevant appliance or equipment standards are tested as transformers for general use, their rating being considered as the power consumption and power factor of the appliance(s) or equipment for which they are designed.5.12 Void5.13 IP00 transformers with unknown end application, are tested without adding an enclosure.For these transformers, the requirements of Clauses 9 and 17 are not applicable.5.14 IP00 transformers, with known end application, are mounted and tested in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.5.15 The tests in Clauses 18 and 26 are based on an elevation of 2 000 m above sea level. If tested in elevations in excess of 2 000 m above sea level, Annex A of IEC 60664-1 applies.6 RatingsRatings are indicated in the relevant part 2 for different types of transformers and in Annex U for tw marked transformers.7 Classification7.1 Transformers are classified:According to their protection against electric shock:–class I transformers;– class II transformers;– class III transformers.NOTE Incorporated transformers are not classified; their degree of protection against electric shock is determined by the way in which the transformer is incorporated.7.2 According to short-circuit protection or protection against abnormal use:–inherently short-circuit proof transformers;– non-inherently short-circuit proof transformers;– non-short-circuit proof transformers;– fail-safe transformers.7.3 According to the degree of protection ensured by the enclosure and defined in accordance with IEC 60529 (IP code) except IP1X NOTE For further information see Annex Q.7.4 According to their mobility:–stationary transformers;– fixed transformers;– portable transformers;– hand-held transformers.7.5 According to their duty type:–continuous duty;– short-time duty cycle;– intermittent duty cycle.7.6 According to the intended use:7.6.1 Associated–incorporated;– for specific use.7.6.2 Independent7.7Optionally (only for tw marked transformers), according to the rated maximum operating temperature of the winding, tw, and corresponding estimated life expectancy under specified conditions − t w5 for 5 years continuous operation–t w10 for 10 years continuous operation–t w n where n stands for number of years other than the above 7.8According to the environmental conditions where they are intended to be used:–normal environment–special environments (e.g. arctic, etc.)8 Marking and other information8.1 Transformers shall be marked with the:a) rated supply voltage(s) or the rated supply voltage range(s) in volts;Transformers having a range of rated values and able to operate without adjustment throughout the range, shall be marked with thelower and the upper limits of the range separated by a hyphen. NOTE 1 Example 115 V –230 V: the transformer is suitable for any value between 115 V and 230 V.Transformers having different rated values, and which have to be adjusted for use at a particular value by the user or installer, shall be marked with the different values separated by an oblique stroke. NOTE 2 Example 1: 115 V / 230 V: the transformer is only suitable for 115 V or 230 V (e.g. a transformer with a selector switch or different sets of terminals).NOTE 3 Example 2: 230 V/400 V: The transformer is only suitable for 230 V or 400 V where 230 V is for single-phase operation and 400 V for three-phase operation (e.g., a transformer with terminals for both supplies).b) rated output voltage(s) in volts or kilovolts;65ye^^……………………。