社会心理学题目第四章英文版学习资料
社会心理学 第四章 社会认知
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社会心理学
三、社会认知的表征方式：范畴化和图式
（一）范畴化（categorize） 人们并不是把某个人当成独立的个体，而总是自动地将之归到 某一类社会群体当中，可以有效的节省认知资源。
（二）图式（Schema） 基于个体的过去经验，在头脑中形成的的一种心理结构。包括 对所认知物体的知识，以及有关该物体各种认知之间的关系及 一些特殊的事例。
Weiner（1974)认为，人们对行为成败原因的分析可归 纳为以下六个原因：能力，努力，工作难度，运气，身 心状况，其他事关人与事的影响因素。
根据原因的性质，又可将原因归纳到因素来源、稳定性、能控制性 这三个向度之中。 1．因素来源：指当事人自认影响其成败因素的来源，是以个人条 件(内控)，抑或来自外在环境(外控)。在此一向度上，能力、努力 及身心状况三项属于内控，其他各项则属于外控。 2．稳定性：指当事人自认影响其成败的因素，在性质上是否稳定， 是否在类似情境下具有一致性。在此一向度上，六因素中能力与工 作难度两项是不致随情境改变的是比较稳定的。其他各项则均为不 稳定者。 3．能控制性：指当事人自认影响其成败的因素，在性质上是否能 否由个人意愿所决定。在此一向度上，六因素中只有努力一项是可 以凭个人意愿控制的，其他各项均非个人所能为力。
2.内隐自尊、内隐社会态度的研究；
3.人际交往中的内隐性别刻板效应的研究； 4.跨文化交流中的内隐种族刻板效应的研究。
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社会心理学
四、内隐社会认知研究
（三）内隐社会认知的测量方法 直接测量法 VS 间接测量法 内隐社会认知的无意识、自动化的特征，使之很难通 过传统的，自陈式的方法进行直接测量，而只有通过 间接的方法才能对其进行测量。
社会心理学 第四章 思考-精品
社会心理学第四章思考1人们怎样形成对他人的印象？2什么是晕轮效应？它对我们认识他人有什么样的影响？3人们通过那些线索形成对他人的知觉？4什么是图式，它可以分为哪几类？5社会认知对我们的健康有什么样的影响？6试述Heider、Weiner、Kelly和Bem的归因理论。
7人们在归因中会有什么样的偏差？1人们怎样形成对他人的印象？对他人形成印象的过程也叫印象形成，指我们把他人若干有意义的人格特性进行概括、综合，形成一个具有结论意义的特性的过程。
这个过程的特性如下：1第一印象在与陌生人交往的过程中，我们所得到的有关对方的最初印象叫第一印象。
第一印象并非总是正确的,但总是最鲜明，最牢固的，它决定着人们对他人的知觉。
评定人或事物时，有三个基本维度：评价(evaluation)：指对他人或事物从好与坏的方面加以评定力量(potency)：指对他人或事物从力量的强弱方面加以评定活动性(activity):指对他人或事物从主动与被动方面加以评定2整体印象的形成尽管第一印象很重要，但随着我们对他人认识的深入，我们会逐渐形成对他人的整体印象。
人知觉他人的时候往往会获得许多信息，对于如何组织这些信息，心理学家们提出了几个加工处理的模型，包括：(1)平均模型Anderson在1965年提出，该模型认为，在印象形成的过程中，我们以简单平均的方式处理所获得的有关他人的信息。
(2)累加模型指人们对他人片段信息的整合方式是累加的而非平均(3)加权平均模型Anderson于1968年提出，按照这一模型，人们对他人形成整体印象的方式是将所有特质加以平均，但对较重要的特质给予较大的权重。
相对前两个模型而言，加权平均模型能够解释的范围广，它是人们对他人形成整体印象时最常使用的模型。
3个人知觉中的偏差在知觉他人的过程中，人们常常会出现一些偏差(bias),这些偏差是知觉过程的特性，人们可以注意到它，并把他们的影响降低，但人们无法避免它的存在。
社会心理学 第四章 社会知觉与归因
（二）印象形成中的信息选择倾向 1.自然特征 性别、种族、外表吸引力 2.社会特征 所属群体、社会角色 3.心理特征（具有社会评价意义） 人际关系（真诚 vs 自负）、
A: (3*3+3*2+2*4-3*3)÷4＝3.5 B: (3*1+1*3)÷2＝3 A>B
多嘴
-3 (3)
d. 中心品质理论
热情、真诚 A>B
注：括号中为权重
（四）对他人的知觉
社会知觉的途径或线索
对他人形成印象，需要通过对他人的言谈举止、仪表神 态以及行为习惯等的观察和了解进行，这些就构成了社 会知觉的基本途径。
２、语言
“口为心苗，言为心声”
由于一个人所说的话能被人有意识地加以控制，言不
由衷的话已司空见惯。 “卖瓜的谁不说瓜甜” “口是心非”。不仅听他说什么，更重要是看他做什 么，如何做？
3、 行为
Jones 与 Davis （ 1965 ） 相 应 推 论 理 论 （ Correspondent Inference Theory） 对应推论是对行为进行归因的一种方式，即人们常由人的外显行为来推 断其内在动机和人格品质，内在动机和人格是外显行为的原因。 程序：先了解行为者动机，若有意的，再推论品性。 影响相应推论的因素： （ 1 ）行为的社会合意程度：合乎社会规范或社会期望的行为很难反映 一个人的内在特质。 当一个人的行为不符合社会期望或不为社会所接受时，越能对人做出 本质归因。 （2）行为的自由选择性：非外在强大压力下才做的。 好人=好的行为 坏人=坏的行为
社会心理学重点第四章2如何改变他人行为(精)
• 例如，相对于盛有十块巧克力曲奇的瓶子而言，只盛有两
块巧克力曲奇的瓶子让被试觉得里面的巧克力曲奇口味更 好一些。
• 稀缺性原理如何应用于商业市场? • 推销人员很清楚，如果他们让商品显得稀缺，他们就能增
加你购买的可能性：“我手里就这最后一件了，所以我不 敢肯定你是否应该等到明天。"“我逐有另外一位顾客，他 打算回来买这件东西。”这一策略让你觉得你似乎正在失 去一个关键的机会，除非你立刻购买。
• 4.1沟通者 • 1．可信度 • 2．专业性 • 3．可靠性 • 4．喜欢程度 • 5．参照群体 • 6．信息来源贬损 • 7．可当做边缘线索的沟通者
1．可信度
• 可信度(credibility)高的沟通者比可信度低的沟通者更具
•
有说服力。 Hovland和Weiss(1952)第一次用一个经典的研究证明了这 个效应。他们让参加实验的人听了有关是否应该无处方销 售抗组胺剂等问题的沟通信息。每个沟通的信息来源其可 信度有高有低。比如，有关抗组胺剂的沟通信息被说成是 来自于《新英格兰医学期刊>，或是来自于大众通俗画报月 刊。研究结果显示，信息来源可信度高的沟通比信息来源 可信度低的沟通更能导致听众的态度改变。
3.3登门槛现象
• 如果想要别人帮你一个大忙，另一个有效的策略就是：先
请他们帮一个小忙。
• 一旦人们有一只脚跨入了门槛，他们就能利用你的承诺感
增加你随后的依从性。推销人员会利用这些技巧来对付你， 例如，他们让你做出了决定，然后又狡猾地改变交易： “我知道你想买的就是这种车，但我们经理只允许我给你 优惠200美元。” “我知道你就是那种买东西挑质量的人， 所以我知道你不在乎多花一点钱。” 。
3.5 示范
• 让人们依从的方式之一就是营造一种信息性影响的情形：
社会心理学 第四章 自我和自我概念
• 男女的自尊差异
– 多项研究显示，男性的自尊高于女性 – 女性通常处于较低社会阶层，社会对其有更多的社会偏 见；即他人的消极评价导致 – 在印度和马来西亚要求女性做家庭主妇的国家，女性自 我概念很低；芬兰和英国女性劳动力很活跃，男女差异 不大。 – 司机、飞行员、航天员等行业
如何看待“女性年轻官员更易引争议”
第二节 对自我的思考：身份认同的问题
• 对自我的定义随情境而定
– 对自我的描述会依情境需要而变化。完形填空：
• “我是一个……的人”，暗示个体情境，回答倾向宏观 • “当……时我是一个……的人”，针对具体情境，回答细节
– 香港学生在用英文回答“who am I”的问题时，主要 描述了自己与众不同的特质；在用中文回答“我是谁” 时主要阐述了与群体共有的特质。 – 情境变化对群体认同的影响：钓鱼岛问题和“双非”孕 妇 – 我们的不同身份间发生冲突怎么办？
第四节 自我效能感
（四）自我效能感的行为效应
1.自我效能感的行为效应
（1） 选择行为
（2） 努力付出与坚持不懈 （3） 思维方式和情感反应 2.自我效能的信息来源 （1）获得的成就
（2）替代性经验
第四节 自我效能感
• 人们如何评价自己在某些领域的好坏？
– 向下社会比较：将自己与比自己表现差或者比自己层次 低的人进行比较。提升自我形象 – 向上社会比较：将自己与比自己表现好或者比自己层次 高的人进行比较。威胁自我形象
非常 符 符合 合 1、我感到我是一个有价值的人，至少与其 他人在同一水平上。 2、我感到我有许多好的品质。 3、归根结底，我倾向于觉得自己是一个失 败者。 4、我能像大多数人一样把事情做好。 5、我感到自己值得自豪的地方不多。 6、我对自己持肯定态度。 7、总的来说，我对自己是满意的。 8、我希望我能为自己赢得更多尊重。 9、我确实时常感到自己毫无用处。 10、我时常认为自己一无是处。 4 4 1 4 1 4 4 4 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2
社会心理学英文版Lecture 4- Behavior and Attitudes
Outlines
How well do attitudes predict behavior? When does behavior affect attitudes? Why does behavior affect attitudes?
When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?
Results: “Prisoner”: passive behavior, submissive, cry “Guards”: dominating, hostile, brutal.
The social roles we have can significantly change our behavior and attitudes.
When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?
When Saying Becomes Believing
When there is no compelling external explanation for one’s words, saying becomes believing
Implicit attitudes
The attitudes one doesn’t aware of having. Unconscious, not directly expressed
Implicit Association Test
For demonstration, see
Attitudes toward religion can NOT predict whether people go to worship this coming Sunday because other factors, such as weather, the worship leader, sickness, etc. can influence the behavior. But it could predict the overall worship overtime.
社会心理学题目第四章英文版
Chapter4 Behavior and Attitudes9#502 名词解释1.Attitude：个体对事情的反应方式2.Role:处于特定社会位置的人被期望表现出的行为3.Foot-in-the-door phenomenon：如果想要别人帮你一个大忙，一个有效的策略是：请他们帮一个小忙。
4.Self-perception theory:当我们观察自己的行为时我们会做出类似的推断。
填空题1.The “ABCs” of attitudes: affect behavior cognition2.Daryl Bem put forward the self-perception theory3. To reduce and eliminate cognitive dissonance we can: Change cognition Change behavior Increase third party cognition4.self-presentation theory assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent.5.self-presentation also names Impression Management单选题1.Which of the following options is not one of the ABCs of Attitudes?（ C）A. affectB. behaviorC. beliefD. cognition2. Which of the following options is the function of attitude on behavior（B）A．decide B. predict C. change D. strength3.When saying becomes believing？（A）A. when there is no compelling，external explanation for one’s wordsB. when there is no one disagrees what you saidC. when you believe in what you saidD. when people believe in what you said4.which of the following options is true about impression management? (B)A. our attitudes change because we are motivated to maintain consistency among our cognition.B. we express attitudes that match our actions.C. we express attitudes to leave a good impression to others.D. the aboves are wrong.5.what impression management’s purpose is？（A）A. to create a good impressionB. to feel ourselves alrightC. to become a better personD. the aboves are wrong6.“Here I am smoking again，I must like smoking。
社会心理学第四章
（4）我国学者的定义
我国学者奚从清、俞国良认为，社会角色 包含角色扮演者、社会关系体系、社会地 位、社会期望和行为模式五种要素。
社会角色是“个人在社会关系体系中处于 特定社会地位、并符合社会要素的一套个 人行为模式”。
——奚从清、俞国良著：《角色理论研 究》，杭州大学出版社1991年版，第6页
人在一生中学会扮演各种角色，如孩子的角色， 学生的角色，男女的角色、职工和领导的角色等 等。这些角色使人们在不同的情境中以适当的行 为方式与他人进行交往。儿童的角色游戏是个人 社会化的重要手段之一。
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role playing
一个人在扮演符合他人期望的角色时会不会丧失 自我呢？每个人都在一定的文化中通过训练、模 仿和认同学会扮演各种角色。只要人们真正相信 他们的角色，认为应当完善地扮演，他们的行为 就是真实的，他们的自我和角色就是统一的。
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2、主要观点
第一，借用米德的“社会领会”的概念， 并进行发展。
第二，角色领会就是角色建构。人们往往 在三种意义期望中建构角色。
第三，互动是角色领会和角色扮演过程的 连接点。
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四、斯特里克（S.Stryker）的理 论
前两种理论实际上是一个互补的理论， 1980年， S.Stryker提出了一个比较典型 的融合方案。
只有当人们不相信和不认为应当扮演某个角色， 只是为了满足他人期望而扮演某个角色时，才会 产生不真实的角色扮演，自我和角色分裂。社会 心理学家S.朱拉德认为，这种人虽然是出于获得 他人承认的需要，但实际上往往既得不到他人的 承认，也得不到自己的承认。
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3、角色冲突
一个人可以同时扮演多个角色，并能保持 各角色间和谐一致。但有时也会发生角色 冲突。例如，一个职业妇女的职业角色和 她作为妈妈的角色有时会发生冲突；一个 刚进大学的学生，当父母来访时，他作为 一个独立大学生的角色和作为父母的孩子 的角色也会发生冲突。
(完整word版)(含答案)社会心理学期末考试复习题英文版,推荐文档
一、单选题(每题1分，共20分)1.Which of the following is not the scope of social psychology?( D )A. people’s thoughtsB. people’s feelingsC. people’s behaviorsD. people’s present2.Whether you prefer slim or voluptuous female beauty depends on when and where in the world you live. This phenomenon displays ( C)A. social behavior is biologically rooted.B. we construct our social reality.C. social influences shape our behaviorD. social psychology’s principles are applicable in everyday life.3.To evaluate surveys, we must bear in mind four potentially biasing influences. Which of the following is belonging to those potentially biasing influence?( A)A. Unrepresentative samplesB. ControlC. Independent variableD. Informed consent4.Take the phenomenon of College Students' love mate choice as an example, the following is not a research level of social psychology.（A）A .The proportion of loveB. Mate choice attitudeC .Attraction factorD .Love relationship5.Which of the following dosen’t belong to the main characteristic in heart of an individual learned helplessness?( D)A．low self-efficacyB．negative thinkingC．emotional disordersD．good interpersonal relationship6.On matters of opinion, we find support for our positions by overestimating the extent to which others agree. The phenomenon is called( B)A.false uniqueness effectB.false consensus effectC.self-esteemD.self-reference effect7.when show an animated underwater scene, Japanese spontaneously recalled 60 percent more background features than did Americans, and they spoke of more relationships. Americans, as confirmed in a follow-up eye-tracking study, attend more to the focal object, such as a single big fish, and attend less to the surroundings. The example above essentially embodies?( A )A.the difference between individualism and collectivismB.the difference between self-respect and inferiorityC.the difference between optimism and pessimismD. the difference between active and passive8. Which of the following does not belong to the independent personalityof self concept?( B)A.Personal, defined by individual traits and goalsB.ConformityC.“To thine own self be ture”D.support the individualistic Western9.____ is a tendency to search for information that prove one's preconceptions. ( A)A.Confirmation biaB.Belief perseveranceC.OverconfidenceD.Counterfactual thinking10.Attribution theory is the theory of how people explain other's ___. ( D)A.dispositionsB.emotionsC.thinkingsD.behaviors11.Which of the following options is not one of the ABCs of Attitudes?（ C ）A. affectB. behaviorC. beliefD. cognition12. Which of the following options is the function of attitude on behavior（B）A．decide B. predict C. change D. strength13.When saying becomes believing？（A）A. when there is no compelling，extern al explanation for one’s wordsB. when there is no one disagrees what you saidC. when you believe in what you saidD. when people believe in what you said14.What is involved in Asch’s Study of Group Pressure? (B)A.SuggestibilityparisonC.The chameleon effectD.Obedience15.What don’t breed obedience? ( D )A.The victim’s distanceB.Closeness and legitimacy of the authorityC.InstitutionalD.Norm formation16.Why conform? ( D)A.Bystander effectB.Emotional contaglonC.The effect of unanimityD.Normative influence and informational influence17.The key to the change of attitude is ( A ).A.the incentive of the strongB.tend to be motivated byC. to reach the equilibrium state ofD. the avoidance of motivation18.To promote, maintain and regulate individual behavior, so that the psychological process of a certain goal, known as ( A).A.motivationB.needC.attentionD.interested19. Cause the main cause of deindividuation is ( D).A. group polarizationB. social loafingC. conformity D . anonymity20. Sometimes when group together to complete a job, each of the members of efforts to fulfil the task than the individual in a separate case when the phenomenon of fewer, it usually occur in multiple individual cooperation for a common goal, their work performance and cannot be calculated separately. This is called ( B).A. social facilitationB. social loafingC. deindividuationD. group polarization21. Psychologists believe that, in general，deindividuation can make individual aggression（ C ）A. uncertaintyB. invariantC. increaseD. decrease22. Group strengthen we itself has no point of view is called ( B)A. the effects of social arousalB. social facilitationC. deindividuationD. group polarization23. Low limit contact group under the circumstance of not including ( A)A. social facilitationB. social loafingC. desocializationD. deindividuation24. Individual because of the pressure group, with groups in the psychological and behavior in most of the people to maintain consistent phenomenon called ( C)A. assimilateB. obeyC. conformityD. internalization25. The presence of others can affect helping behavior. Usually, the more people present, the more helping behavior ( A)A. the lessB. more difficult to predictC. the moreD. the more rapid increase26.Why conform? ( D)A.Bystander effectB.Emotional contaglonC.The effect of unanimityD.Normative influence and informational influence27.What can’t predicts conformity?(D)A.Group sizeB.CohesionC.Public responseD.Prior commitment28.How many people will have a largest effect in conformity? ( B)A.1-3B.3-5C.5-7D.7-929.Which of the following options is not one of the ABCs of Attitudes?（C）A. affectB. behaviorC. beliefD. cognition30. Which of the following options is the function of attitude on behavior（B）A．decide B. predict C. change D. strength31.When saying becomes believing？（A）A. when there is no compelling，external explanation for one’s wordsB. when there is no one disagrees what you saidC. when you believe in what you saidD. when people believe in what you said32.which of the following options is true about impression management? ( B)A. our attitudes change because we are motivated to maintain consistency among our cognition.B. we express attitudes that match our actions.C. we express attitudes to leave a good impression to others.D. the aboves are wrong.33.how consistent is the person's behavior in this sitiation is( A)A,consistencyB,distinctivenessC,consensusD,confomity34.How specific is the person's behavior to this paticular situation is( B)A,consistencyB,distinctivenessC,consensusD,confomity35.To wahat extent do others in this situation behave similary is（C ）A,consistencyB,distinctivenessC,consensusD,confomity36.with consistency,distinctiveness yes,we atttibute one'behavior to ( A) A,external attributionB,internal attributionC,disposition attributionD,situational attribution37.Humans tend to put themselves as the center of everything and intuition overestimate the attention degree of others to us. what effect it reflects? ( C )A. primacy effectB.recency effectC.spotlight effectD.stark effect38.Which one organizes our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Besides, it enables us to remember our past, assess, our present, and project our future and thus to behave adaptively.( A )A.sense of selfB.self-schemasC.self-efficacyD.self-esteem39.Social Psychology in which year separating from sociology and psychology？（C）A. 1906B. 1907C. 1908D. 191040. Social psychology is an about what subject？( A)A. environmentB. humanityC. culturalD. society二、多选题(每题1分，共20分)1.What is including of the social influence?（ACD ）A. culture and biologyB. prejudiceC. pressures to conformD. persuasionE. aggression2.What is including of the social relations?（CDE ）A.groups of peopleB. our attitudesC. prejudiceD. attraction and intimacyE. helping3.What is including of the social thinking?（BCE ）A.culture and biologyB. what we believeC. judgments we makeD. groups of peopleE. our attitudes4.Which is idea of social thinking? ( ABC )A.we construct our social realityB. our social intuitions are powerful, something perilousC. attitudes shape, and are shaped by ,behaviorD. social influences shape behaviorE. dispositions shape behavior5.which of them were collectivism( AB )A.giving priority to the goal of a groupB.Giving priority to the ambition of a groupC.Individual goalsD.individual ambitions6.which of them were individualism( AB )A.individual goalsB.Individual ambitionsC.Collective goalsD.Collective ambitions7.which of them are .self-reference effect( AB )-letter effectB.Birthday-number effectC.Spotlight effectD.Possible selves8.which of them are passible selves（AB ）A.dream to become who you want to beB.Afraid of becoming who you dislikeC.Self-schemaD.Spotlight effect9.conterfactual thinking is( AD )A,alternative image B,factual memory C,have happened D,didn't happened 10.harold kelly attribute our behavior to internal or external causes with the factor( ABC )A,consistency B,distinctiveness C,consensus D,conformity11. Why does our behavior affect our attitudes ( ABC )A self-presentation: impression managementB self-justification: cognitive dissonanceC self-perceptionD social movement12. How well do our attitudes predict our behavior (ABD )A. when attitudes predict behaviorB. when attitudes are potentC. when saying becomes believingD. when the attitude corresponds very closely to the predicted behavior13 When does our behavior affect our attitude ( ABD )A. role playingB. social movementsC. comparing theoriesD. evil and moral acts14Who is more likely to resist the pressure to conformity ( ABC )A.People who is humaneB.People who is democraticC.People who is individualisticD.People who is patrioticE.People who is selfish15.Why do the results of these classic experiments so often startle people? ( CE )A.Because we expect people to act in accord with their dispositionB.Because the situation they areC.Because the fundamental attribution errorD.Because the conformity and obedienceE.Because the attribution bias16.Four factors that determined obedience were the victim’s emotional distance. They are( CDE )A.The authority’s supportB.The critics he received from authorityC.The authori ty’s closeness and legitimacyD.Whether or not the authority was part of respected institutionE.The liberating effects of a disobedient fellow participant17.（AB ）is right about central route.A. the aidience is analytical and motivated.B. its process is high effort and elaborate.C. it has rule of thumb heuristics.D. central route to persuasion is often only temporarily.18.（BCD ）is wrong about attitude inoculation.A. exposing people to weak attack upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutationsavailable.B. the way the message is delivered -- whether face-to-face, in writing, on film, or in some other way.C. occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.D. occurs when people are influenced by incieental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.19.How do individuals influence the group? （ACD ）A.defections from the majorityB.prestigeC.consistencyD.self-confidence20.The ways that Vincent Brown and Paul Paulus have identified to enhance group brainstorming including? ( ABC )bine group and solitary brainstormingB.have group members interact by writingC.incorporate electronic brainstormingD.group members do their work alone21. （AD ）are the two routes to persuasion.A. central routeB. intermediary routeC. peripheric routeD. peripheral route22. （ABCD ）are the Elements of Persuasion.A. how is it said.B. to whom is it said.C.what is it said.D. who says.23. （AB ）aren't recency effect's point.A. more common than primacy effect.B. other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence.C. information presented last something has the most influence.D. less common than primacy effect.24. （BC ）is the involvement.A. the process by which media influence often occurs.B. personal relevance of the issue.C. high-involvement audience are more motivated to exert the effort to process a persuasive message.D. the individual's tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking.25. How can persuasion be resisted. （ACD ）A. strengthening personal commitment.B. keep a good feeling.C. real-life applications : inoculation programs.D. implications of attitude inoculation.26.In the Milgram’s experiments about the ethics, the “teachers” did experience agony. They ( ABE )A.SweatedB.TrembledC.RelaxedD.ExcitedE.Stuttered27.From Ervin Staub’s study of human genocide across the world, Staub (2003) shows ( AB )A.Where gradually increasing aggression can leadB.Where gradually increasing invasion can leadC.Where gradually increasing aberration can leadpliance bred acceptanceE.Criticism produces contempt28.Conformity is affected by ( BE )A.Where people actB.How people actC.Other people actD.When people actE.What people act29.Who is more likely to resist the pressure to conformity ( ABC )A.People who is humaneB.People who is democraticC.People who is individualisticD.People who is patrioticE.People who is selfish30.Why does our behavior affect our attitudes ( ABC )A self-presentation: impression managementB self-justification: cognitive dissonanceC self-perceptionD social movement31.How well do our attitudes predict our behavior (ABD )A when attitudes predict behaviorB when attitudes are potentC when saying becomes believingD when the attitude corresponds very closely to the predicted behavior32.When does our behavior affect our attitude ( ABD )A role playingB social movementsC comparing theoriesD evil and moral acts33.Which of the following statements is wrong ( AB )A Role play can not predict our attitudeB the foot-in-the-door is not very effectiveC The law of behavior decision attitude may lead to unethical behaviorD Positive behavior to others will enhance the impression of the people34.representasion heuristic is( AC )A,category judgementB,likelihood judgementC,discounting important partD,overweighting vivid instance35.availability heuristic is ( BD )A,category judgementB,likelihood judgementC,discounting important partD,overweighting vivid instance36.conterfactual thinking is( AD )A,alternative imageB,factual memoryC,have happenedD,didn't happened37.harold kelly attribute our behavior to internal or external causes with the factor( ABC )A,consistencyB,distinctivenessC,consensusD,conformity38.which of them are .self-reference effect( AB )-letter effectB.Birthday-number effectC.Spotlight effectD.Possible selves39.which of them are passible selves（AB ）A.dream to become who you want to beB.Afraid of becoming who you dislikeC.Self-schemaD.Spotlight effect40. Social psychology is a subject which studies which problems？（ABC ）A.What is our faith.B.Culture and the pressure of biological conformity.C.Attraction and intimacy.D.How to survive.E.Cooperation and competition.三、填空题(每空1分，共10分)1.Our instant intuitions shape our fears,(_impressions)____,and _(relationships)_____.2. Kelley's theory of attributions include three factors---_(distinctiveness) _,_(consistency)_,and _(consensus)_____.3. The “ABCs” of attitudes: _ affect behavior and cognition4. For the optimist, the effect of_(positive persuasion )_is better; for the pessimist, the effect of_(negative persuasion)_ is better.5. To reduce and eliminate cognitive dissonance we can:Change cognition Change behavior and Increase third party cognition6. evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others is called_ (social comparison )_.7. The “ABCs” of attitudes: _ affect behavior and cognition8. our thinking is partly _(controlled)__and-more than psychologists once supposed-partly (automatic).9.If the two kinds of information are continuously present, and then after a period of time, the (primacy effect) will appear, especially in the case of the first kind of information is more so.四、改错题(每题1分，共5分)1.The social relations including of prejudice ,aggression ,attraction and intimacy ,helping. 正确2.Our social intuitions are always powerful. 错误3.We exhibit unrealistic optimism about our future. 正确4.Most people suffer from low self esteem or feels of inferiority, Because of self-serving bias. 错误5.Help people fosters liking. 正确6.Reactance,Unanimity let us be different. 错误7.One person coughs,laughs,or yawns,and others are soon doing the same. it’s Mood linkage. 正确8.Conformity meas a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure正确9.The central route can lead to a more stable attitude and behavior change, and the impact of the external route to the short and superficial.正确10.The enhancement of dominant responses is strongest when people think they are being evaluated.错五、简释题(每题5分，共20分)1. 1.correlational research：The study of the naturally occurring relationships amongvariables.2.Confirmation bias：a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions3.learned helplessness：The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or ananimal perceives no control over repeated bad events.4. social facilitation:Original meaning :the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present)(current meaning :the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others5.Conformity:A change in behavior or belief as result of real or imagined group pressure.6. Priming：priming is the awkening or activating of certain association.2.7. social psychology:The scientific study of how people think about ,influence andrelate to one another.8. Role：A set of norms that defines how people in given social position ought to behave.六、简答题(每题5分，共15分)1.Reasons for focus effect and illusion transparency?Answer:·a) Social surroundings affect our self-awareness.As individuals in a group of a different culture·b) Self-interest colors our social judgment.When problems arise in a close relationship such as marriage,we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves.·c) Self concerned about the social nature of the excitation.Human behavior tends to have a certain strategy2. What paths lead to persuasion?Answer: a) Central route to persuasion:occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.b) Peripheral route to persuasion:occurs when people are influenced byincidental cues,such as a speaker's attractiveness.3. why do we make the attribution error？Answer:行动者和观察者的不同；聚焦观点偏见；观点在随时变化；自我觉知；文化差异4. Please explain foot-in-the-door phenomenon,and offer an exampleAnswer:答：如果想要别人帮你一个大忙，一个有效的策略是：请他们帮一个小忙。
Myers-社会心理学复习题(1-5)资料讲解
Chapter 1Introduction to Social PsychologyMultiple Choice QuizThe correct answer for each question is indicated by a .1 INCORRECT In the Dartmouth versus Princeton study discussed in the text, each group saw a greater number of violations in their school’s football game than the other group reported. This supports the ideathat_______A) football fans have poor observational skills.B)t here is an objective reality, BUT it is shaped byindividual values.C)t hat fans from Dartmouth made more observationalerrors than Princeton fans.D)t hat fans from Princeton made more observationalerrors than Dartmouth fans.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is there is an objective reality, BUT it is shaped by individual values.2 INCORRECT Social psychology has been charged with being both _____ and _____.A)d angerous; wrong.B)o bvious; wrong.C)t rivial; dangerous.D)o bvious; useless.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is trivial anddangerous.3 INCORRECT One reason you may not study so hard for your first test in this class isbecauseA)y ou believe you are too smart for the class.B)y ou want to fail out of school.C)w ho cares about GPA anyway?D)s ocial psychology seems obvious because of thehindsight bias.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is social psychologyseems obvious because of the hindsight bias.4 INCORRECT An aspect of a good theory is that it makes certain testable predictions.These are calledA)t heories.B)f acts.C)h ypotheses.D)d predictions.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is hypotheses.5 CORRECT A set of principles that explains and predicts events is a(n)A)t heory.B)h ypothesis.C)f act.D)e xperiment. Feedback: Correct.6 INCORRECT Researcher Kohlberg argues that a child’s gender dev elopment is directly related to his/her cognitive development. This observation is called a(n)A)h ypothesis.B)t heory.C)f act.D)e xperiment.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is theory.7 INCORRECT Researchers hypothesize that people who drive SUVs are bullies. Researchers set up a hidden camera by a four-point stop sign and observe what kind of car/driver is more likely to stop fully and/or not yield to the other driver’s right-of-way. What kind of study is this?A)a laboratory experiment.B)a naturalistic observation.C)a case study.D)a correlational study.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is a correlational study.8 INCORRECT Researcher Zajonc is interested in whether the mere presence of others affects individual behavior. He designs a study in which individuals are brought in and asked to make a speech to either an empty room or a room with five people in it. This type of study is best described as ______.A)a correlational study.B)n aturalistic observation.C)a case study.D)a laboratory experiment.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is a correlational study.9 CORRECT To show causality, researchers must use a(n) _____ design.A)c orrelational.B)c ase study.C)n aturalistic observation.D)e xperimental.Feedback: Correct.10 INCORRECT A study finds that kids who have a lot of electrical appliances are alsomore likely to use birth control. From this we can concludeA)t hat a high use of electricity causes teens to use birthcontrol.B)n othing about causality.C)t hat using birth control makes you buy electricalappliances.D)w hy poor people, who can’t afford appliances, don’t usebirth control .Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is nothing aboutcausality.11 INCORRECT A correlational design tells usA)t hat variable A causes variable B.B)t hat variable B causes variable A.C)t he relationship between two variables.D)t hat when variable A increases variable B mustdecrease.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the relationshipbetween two variables.12 INCORRECT If every person in a population has an equal chance of being selectedfor a study, the researchers are using a _____ method of selection.A)r epresentative.B)r andom.C)c ommunal.D)c ross-cultural.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is random.13 INCORRECT If White Americans make up 50 percent of the population, random sampling should yield roughly _____ percent White Americans in the experimental sample.A)50B)75C)100D)0Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is 50 percent.14 INCORRECT Researchers examined the effects of the number of bystanders on people’s likelihood of helping a stranger in distress. Either alone or in the company of others, a subject witnessed an individual in need of help. Researchers then measured how likely the subject was to help the distressed individual. In this example, the number of bystanders would be theA)i ndependent variable.B)d ependent variable.C)r andom variable.D)c onfounding variable.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is independent variable.15 INCORRECT Researchers were interested in the relationship between the amount of violenttelevision programs watched and observable acts of aggressive behavior by children towards others. They separated subjects into three groups: Group One watched 5 hours a week of violent programs; Group Two watched 10 hours a week of violent programming; and Group Three watched 15 hours of violent television shows. Researchers then polled the parents or teachers on the children’s observable aggressive behavior. In this example, aggressive behavior would be theA)i ndependent variable.B)d ependent variable.C)r andom variable.D)c onfounding variable.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is dependent variable.16 INCORRECT It has been found that children who have encyclopedias in their homes get better grades in school than children without encyclopedias. Can you conclude that using an encyclopedia makes children do better in school?A)y es, this is an experimental study and encyclopedias arethe independent variable.B)y es, this is a correlational study and the correlation is astrong positive one.C)n o, this is a correlational study; something other thanencyclopedias might help grades.D)n o, this is an experiment but there is no control group.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is no, this is a correlational study; something other than encyclopedias might help grades17 CORRECT An investigator who wishes to study the attitudes of people in Illinois selects 1,000 people in Illinois, taking care that the percentages of male and female, Black and White, young and old are the same in the sample as in state’s total population. What kind of sample is the investigator trying to obtain?A)a n independent sample.B)a dependent sample.C)a random sample.D)a representative sample.Feedback: CorrectChapter 2The Self in a Social WorldThe correct answer for each question is indicated by a .1 CORRECT Whether you dream about becoming rich, thin, successful, loved, orfamous, or you fear becoming a failure, you are imagining yourA)p ossible selves.B)s elf-concept.C)s elf-schema.D)r ealized-self.Feedback: Correct.2 INCORRECT I ask you to describe who you are and you tell me your sex, age, political preference, personality traits, and other information you think is relevant. You are describing yourA)p ossible selves.B)s elf-concept.C)s elf-schema.D)r ealized-self.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is self-concept.3 INCORRECT Minority groups often define themselves by paying attention toA)s imilarities between themselves and the majoritygroup.B)t he way they are presented in the media as a sole guideto their identity.C)d ifferences between themselves and the majoritygroup.D)t he similarities they have with other minority groups.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is differencesbetween themselves and the majority group.4 INCORRECT When you walk into a restaurant and everyone in the room looks—well, homely, if not ugly—you feel better about yourself and attractive. This is due toA)y our conceit.B)s ocial identity.C)s elf-reference effect.D)s ocial comparison effect.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is social comparison effect.5 INCORRECT You left high school with a 3.8 GPA and have always believed you were "much smarter than the average bear." Now you are in a college where everyone had a 3.8 GPA in high school and great SAT scores. Suddenly you are struggling to keep up with the pack and feel less and less intelligent as the semesters go by. This is due toA)s ocial identity.B)t he social comparison effect.C)s elf-reference effects.D)t he looking-glass self phenomenon.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is thesocialcomparison effect.6 INCORRECT Western cultures are _____ whereas Eastern cultures tend to be_____.A)c ollectivistic; individualistic.B)g roup oriented; self oriented.C)s ocially oriented; materialistic.D)i ndividualistic; collectivistic.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is Western culturesare individualistic and Eastern cultures are collectivistic.7 CORRECT British, Americans, and Australians are _____ likely to complete "I am"statements with their group identities.A)l ess.B)m ore.C)r arely.D)v ery likely.Feedback: Correct.8 INCORRECT Self-esteem in which culture is more likely tied to how others perceiveboth one's self and one's group?A)A ustralian.B)A merican.C)K orean.D)E nglish.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is Korean.9 INCORRECT How competent and effective you believe yourself to be is yourA)s elf-esteem.B)s elf-monitoring.C)s elf-efficacy.D)s elf-concept.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is self-efficacy.10 INCORRECT High self-efficacy leads one to beA)m ore likely to use drugs.B)l ess successful.C)m ore likely to give up.D)m ore persistent.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is more persistent.11 CORRECT You are taking chemistry next semester and you feel you will fail. After the first three quizzes, however, you are getting an A in the class. Chances are, by the end of the semester your sense of _____ will increase.A)s elf-efficacy.B)s elf-concept.C)s elf-monitoring.D)s elf-esteem.Feedback: Correct.12 INCORRECT The extent to which people believe either internal or external eventsdetermine outcomes is calledA)e xternal/internal orientation.B)l ocus of control.C)a n interdependent sense of self.D)a n independent sense of self.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is locus of control.13 INCORRECT People in Florida know that hurricanes happen often during the hurricane season. For this reason, at the beginning of the hurricane season they buy supplies to make sure they can protect their property and families. This planning and preparedness illustratesA)a n external locus of control.B)h igh self-monitoring.C)h igh self-efficacy.D)a n internal locus of control.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is an internal locus ofcontrol.14 CORRECT "Sometimes I feel like I don't have control over the direction my life istaking." This statement is most likely to be made byA)s omeone with an external locus of control.B)s omeone with high self-efficacy.C)s omeone with an independent self.D)s omeone with an internal locus of control.Feedback: Correct.15 INCORRECT Often an external locus of control can lead toA)u nrealistic optimism.B)l earned helplessness.C)a self-serving bias.D)a n increase in self-monitoring.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is learnedhelplessness.16 INCORRECT Oftentimes individuals who are hard on their luck and on welfare seemto "give up," feeling like there is nothing they can do. This illustratesA)u nrealistic optimism.B)a self-serving bias.C)l earned helplessness.D)a n increase in self-monitoring.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is learned helplessness.17 INCORRECT After you receive an A on a test you explain that you studied hard and deserved it. Yet after you fail the next test, you explain that you failed because you were out partying the night before, your roommate woke you up early, you felt sick, etc. This is an example ofA)h igh self-monitoring.B)t he actor/observer effect.C)t he fundamental attribution error.D)t he self-serving bias.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the self-serving bias.18 CORRECT The tendency to perceive oneself favorably isA)t he self-serving bias.B)h igh self-monitoring.C)t he actor/observer effect.D)t he fundamental attribution error.Feedback: Correct.19 INCORRECT People who act like "social chameleons"—those who seem to changebehavior and attitudes to fit every situation they're in—are generallyconsideredA)l ow self-monitors.B)h igh self-monitors.C)t o be using the self-serving bias.D)h igh in self-efficacy.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is high self-monitors.Chapter 3Social Beliefs and JudgementsThe correct answer for each question is indicated by a .1 CORRECT Abbey has found that males are likely to attribute a woman's friendliness to an expression of sexual interest. Women report this is a(n)A)m isattribution.B)s uspicious schema.C)h ostile attributional bias.D)s ign of lower intelligence.Feedback: Correct.2 INCORRECT If someone in your dormitory is mean to you, but you notice that he or she appears to be mean to everyone else as well, Kelley would explain that person's behavior in terms ofA)c onsistency.B)c onsensus.C)d istinctiveness.D)c orrespondedness.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is distinctiveness.3 INCORRECT Your friend just took a new job. She meets you for drinks after her first week on the job and complains about her boss. This surprises you because you've never heard her complain about a boss before, and she rarely complains in general. Kelley argues that this information helps us explain her behavior because her behavior toward her boss isA)c onsistent.B)c onsensus.C)c orrespondent.D)d istinctive.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is distinctive.4 INCORRECT A student is told to give a speech in favor of the death penalty. After the speech, the class is informed that the speaker was told to present only that side (in favor) of the issue. Even so, the class overwhelmingly believes that the speaker believes in the death penalty. This illustratesA)t he actor/observer effect.B)t he self-serving bias.C)t he fundamental attribution error.D)c orrespondence.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the fundamental attribution error.5 INCORRECT If as a juror you watch a videotaped confession where the camera is focused on the detective, you are more likely to perceive the confession as coerced. This is due toA)t he fundamental attribution error.B)t he actor/observer effect.C)t he self-serving bias.D)t he suspicious schema.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the actor/observer effect.6 INCORRECT People are less inclined to help those on welfare because ofA)t he suspicion schema.B)t he actor/observer effect.C)t he self-serving bias.D)t he fundamental attribution error.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the fundamentalattribution error.7 INCORRECT Researchers have found that people remember their past relationships and experiences far more favorably after time passes than they felt while the experience was occurring. This is due toA)t he fundamental attribution error.B)r osy retrospection.C)t he actor/observer effect.D)t he self-serving bias.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is rosy retrospection.8 INCORRECT If I told you that you were going to meet someone "warm," the odds are you would enjoy your contact with them. Conversely, if I introduced you to someone I described as "cold," you'd most likely not want to talk to them. This illustratesA)t he suspicion schema.B)a nchoring.C)p riming.D)t he foot-in-the-door technique.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is priming.9 CORRECT Thinking that is deliberate and conscious is also calledA)e xplicit.B)i mplicit.C)a utomatic.D)p rimed.Feedback: Correct.10 CORRECT If on day one you had written down the grade you expected to receive on your first exam in this class, you, and most of your classmates, would most likely write down an A. This is due toA)o verconfidence.B)b ad grading.C)t he self-serving bias.D)t he self-fulfilling prophecyFeedback: Correct.11 INCORRECT A thinking strategy that enables quick efficient judgments isA)a deliberate strategy.B)a lways a correct one.C)a heuristic.D)a correspondence error.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is a heuristic.12 INCORRECT The tendency to believe that someone belongs to a specific group ifthey look like a typical member of that group is theA)a vailability heuristic.B)r epresentative heuristic.C)c onfirmation bias.D)b elief perseverance.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is representativeheuristic.13 INCORRECT If you see a man driving down the street in a VW bug with a surfboard out the back of his car, you are likely to think he is a surfer. This is because ofA)t he availability heuristic.B)t he confirmation bias.C)b elief perseverance.D)t he representative heuristic.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is representativeheuristic.14 CORRECT Use of heuristics may lead toA)b iases.B)a lways being wrong.C)a lways being right.D)t he confirmation bias.Feedback: Correct.15 INCORRECT After the Columbine shootings, people were more likely to overestimate the amount of teen violence and to fear school violence. This is because ofA)t he confirmation bias.B)t he availability heuristic.C)b elief perseverance.D)t he representative heuristic.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the availability heuristic.16 INCORRECT After the movie Jaws came out, and again in the early 1990s after Summer of the Shark, many people were afraid to go in the ocean. This is due toA)t he representative heuristic.B)b elief perseverance.C)t he availability heuristic.D)t he confirmation bias.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is the availability heuristic.17 INCORRECT "It always rains after I wash the car." This statement is an example ofA)inferential statistics.B)t he confirmation bias.C)a n illusory correlation.D)a positive correlation.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is illusory correlation.18 INCORRECT "No matter what line I'm in, it's always the longest." This statement isan example of a(n)A)a positive correlation.B)t he confirmation bias.C)a negative correlation.D)i llusory correlation.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is illusory correlation.19 INCORRECT You believe that Friday the 13th is bad luck. Sure enough, every Fridaythe 13th bad things happen to you. Why might this be?A)i llusory correlation.B)s elf-fulfilling prophecy.C)t he confirmation bias.D)b elief perseverance.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is self-fulfillingprophecy.20 INCORRECT A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is a(n)A)i llusory correlation.B)c orrespondent inference.C)s elf-fulfilling prophecy.D)b elief perseverance.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is self-fulfillingprophecy.Chapter 4Behavior and AttitudesThe correct answer for each question is indicated by a .1 CORRECT Which of the following would NOT be true about the relationshipbetween attitudes and behaviors?A)t hey predict behavior.B)w hen social influences are minimal they are a fairpredictor of behavior.C)w hen an attitude is strong it is a good predictor ofbehavior.D)w hen the attitude is specific to the behavior it is a goodpredictor of behavior.Feedback: Correct.2 INCORRECT The best way to determine if someone really cares about theenvironment would be toA)a sk how they voted.B)l ook at what kind of car they purchased.C)s ee what political party they belong to.D)a sk them about their attitude.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is look at what kind ofcar they purchased.3 INCORRECT Actions expected of those who occupy a particular social position arecalledA)n orms.B)s tatus.C)r oles.D)v alues.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is roles.4 INCORRECT When our behavior is out of sync with our attitudes it is calledA)a ttitude incongruity.B)t he attitude-behavior dissimilarity theory.C)a ttitude inoculation.D)c ognitive dissonance.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is cognitivedissonance.5 INCORRECT If you are paid $20 to lie to someone versus $1 to tell the same lie tosomeone, you are LESS likely to experience dissonance. Why?A)t he overjustification effect.B)i nsufficient justification effects.C)t he insufficient funds effect.D)t he underjustification effect.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is insufficientjustification effect.6 INCORRECT Bem argues we look to our behavior to find out what our attitudes are.He calls thisA)d rive theory.B)c ognitive dissonance.C)d istraction-conflict theory.D)s elf-perception theory.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is self-perceptiontheory.7 CORRECT When offered an unnecessary reward in an attempt to controlbehavior, the _____ effect occurs.A)o verjustification.B)u nderjustification.C)i nsufficient funds.D)i nsufficient justification.Feedback: Correct.8 INCORRECT Whose theory involves the idea of arousal as central to dissonance?A)Z ajonc.B)B em.C)F estinger.D)B andura.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is Festinger.9 INCORRECT Threaten a person's self-concept in one domain and they will compensate by doing something good in another domain. This describes theA)s elf-presentation effect.B)s elf-affirmation theory.C)s elf-monitoring effect.D)s elf-identity theory.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is self-affirmationtheory.10 INCORRECT Dissonance theory explains attitude _____ while self-perceptiontheory explains attitude __________.A)f ormation; change.B)i ncongruity; justification.C)c hange; formation.D)j ustification; incongruity.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is dissonance theoryexplains attitude change while self-perception theory explainsattitude formation.11 INCORRECT Self-perception theory argues that people will adopt attitudesconsistent with behaviors in order toA)f igure out the dominant response.figure out1.计算出；估计；理解2.想出，理解，明白；计算出B)r educe tension.C)d etermine how they should behave.D)c reate good impressions.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is to create goodimpressions.12 CORRECT Which theory of why behavior affects attitudes assumes that we look toour behavior to discover our attitudes?A)s elf-perception theory.B)d rive theory.C)d istraction-conflict.D)s ocial facilitation.Feedback: Correct.13 INCORRECT Which theory of why behavior affects attitudes gives rise to theoverjustification effect?A)d rive theory.B)d istraction-conflict.C)s ocial facilitation..D)s elf-perception theory.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is self-perceptiontheory.14 CORRECT In a strange but revealing experiment, Zajonc et al. have found that roaches are affected by the mere presence of others in much the same way as humans. That is, when the dominant response is correct, performance is increased; when the dominant response is wrong, performance is harmed. These findings would best support which theory of social facilitation?A)d rive theory.B)d istraction-conflict.C)e valuation apprehension.D)s elf-perception theory. Feedback: Correct.15 INCORRECT Your girlfriend asks you if you'd be willing to run really quick to the grocery store with her. You agree. However, once in the car she asks if you'd mind running three other errands with her. Begrudgingly you say yes. She has used which of the following techniques?A)s lave labor.B)t he door-in-the-face technique.C)t he foot-in-the-door technique.D)t he low-ball technique.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answeristhe-foot-in-the-door technique.16 INCORRECT A politician who publicly favors a tax increase that he privately doesn'tsupport will most likely experienceA)a ttitude incongruity.B)t he attitude-behavior dissimilarity theory.C)a ttitude inoculation.D)c ognitive dissonance.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is cognitivedissonance.17 CORRECT A teenager is out with her friends at the mall. Although she doesn't believe in shoplifting, when they all take earrings and put them in their pockets, she does as well. As a result, she will most likely experienceA)c ognitive dissonance.B)t he attitude-behavior dissimilarity theory.C)a ttitude inoculation.D)a ttitude incongruity.Feedback: Correct.18 INCORRECT A student states that he supports gun ownership by individuals. In speech class, his teacher assigns him to present a persuasive speech on abolishing gun ownership by individuals. After arguing the opposing side, he finds his initially favorable attitude is changing. This can best be explained byA)a ttitude incongruity.B)t he attitude-behavior dissimilarity theory.C)a ttitude inoculation.D)c ognitive dissonance theory.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is cognitive dissonance theory.19 CORRECT If pollsters outside elections polls survey entering voters on which candidate they prefer, and then ask exiting voters who they actually voted for, they would generally find a high correlation between initial preference and actual vote. In this specific example, this is becauseA)i n general, attitudes specific to a behavior are excellentpredictors.B)w hen an attitude is strong it is an excellent predictor ofbehavior.C)w hen social pressures are low, an attitude is anexcellent predictor of behavior.D)a ttitudes are strong when you share them with yourfriends.Feedback: Correct.Chapter 5Genes, Culture and GenderThe correct answer for each question is indicated by a .1 CORRECT The adaptive change in frequency of specific genes over generations isA)n atural selection.B)s pecies heredity.物种遗传C)e thology.动物行为学D)d ifferential reproduction.分化生殖Feedback: Correct.2 INCORRECT If outgoing and friendly people reproduce more than socially withdrawn and unfriendly people, we should see more outgoing and friendly people in future generations. This illustratesA)v ariation.变异B)n atural selection.C)h eredity of the species.D)o ntogeny.个体发育Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is natural selection.3 INCORRECT Patty Hearst's actions as a member of the SLA after her kidnapping was a type of _____, as evidenced by her return to being a "housewife" after her capture, incarceration, and deprogramming.捕获，监禁和洗脑A)s ocial loafing.社会惰化B)m irror-image perception镜像知觉.C)r ole-playingD)n orm reversal.转向，反向Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is role-playing.4 INCORRECT Autism isA)m ostly a female disorder.B)a lways diagnosed by the age of one.C)m ostly diagnosed in adulthood.D)m ostly a male disorder.Feedback: Incorrect. The correct answer is mostly a maledisorder.5 INCORRECT Males are likely to take jobs that _____, while women are more likelyto take jobs that _____.。
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Chapter4 Behavior and Attitudes9#502 名词解释1.Attitude：个体对事情的反应方式2.Role:处于特定社会位置的人被期望表现出的行为3.Foot-in-the-door phenomenon：如果想要别人帮你一个大忙，一个有效的策略是：请他们帮一个小忙。
4.Self-perception theory:当我们观察自己的行为时我们会做出类似的推断。
填空题1.The “ABCs” of attitudes: affect behavior cognition2.Daryl Bem put forward the self-perception theory3. To reduce and eliminate cognitive dissonance we can: Change cognition Change behavior Increase third party cognition4.self-presentation theory assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent.5.self-presentation also names Impression Management单选题1.Which of the following options is not one of the ABCs of Attitudes?（ C）A. affectB. behaviorC. beliefD. cognition2. Which of the following options is the function of attitude on behavior（B）A．decide B. predict C. change D. strength3.When saying becomes believing？（A）A. when there is no compelling，external explanation for one’s wordsB. when there is no one disagrees what you saidC. when you believe in what you saidD. when people believe in what you said4.which of the following options is true about impression management? (B)A. our attitudes change because we are motivated to maintain consistency among our cognition.B. we express attitudes that match our actions.C. we express attitudes to leave a good impression to others.D. the aboves are wrong.5.what impression management’s purpose is？（A）A. to create a good impressionB. to feel ourselves alrightC. to become a better personD. the aboves are wrong6.“Here I am smoking again，I must like smoking。
”which of the following can explain the sentence?（D）A. self-persentionB. self-justicationC. impression managementD. self-perception7.“I look like a cool smoker.”which of the following can explain the sentence？（B）A. self-perceptionB. impression managementC. self-justicationD .self-observation8.“I don’t sing because I am happy，I am happy because I sing.”which of the following can explain the sentence？（A）A. insufficient justification effectB. self-perception theoryC. self presentation theoryD. impression management9.which of the following is true about cognitive dissonance theory？(C)A. the smallest incentive that will get people to do something is usually the most effective in getting them to like the activity and keep on doing it.B. people explain their behavior by noting the conditions under which it occurs.C. when external inducements are insufficient to justify our behavior，we reduce dissonance by justifying the behavior internally.D. the result of bring people to do what they already like doing；they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing10.social psychology’s detective suspect three possible sources about why actions affect attitude，what are they？(C)A. self presentation，overjustification effect，cognitive dissonanceB. self presentation，overjustification effect，insufficient justification effectC. self presentation ，self justification ，self perceptionD. self presentation ，self justification，impression management.多选题1 Why does our behavior affect our attitudes ( ABC )A self-presentation: impression managementB self-justification: cognitive dissonanceC self-perceptionD social movement2 How well do our attitudes predict our behavior (ABD)A when attitudes predict behaviorB when attitudes are potentC when saying becomes believingD when the attitude corresponds very closely to the predicted behavior3 When does our behavior affect our attitude ( ABD )A role playingB social movementsC comparing theoriesD evil and moral acts4 Which of the following statements is wrong ( AB )A Role play can not predict our attitudeB the foot-in-the-door is not very effectiveC The law of behavior decision attitude may lead to unethical behaviorD Positive behavior to others will enhance the impression of the people5 Claude Steele’s suggest why is “volunteering” to say or do undesirable thing so arousing,（ ABC ）A act are embarrassingB they make us feel foolishC they threaten our sense of personal competence and goodnessD people rarely internalize coerced behavior6 Reduce and eliminate the stress and psychological tension caused by the cognitive dissonance, usually take the following ways( ABD )A change cognitionB change behaviorC choose to escapeD increase cognition7 What reason will produce pleasant behavior（ AC ）A intrinsic motivationB The environmental factorsC extrinsic motivationD above three8 Which of the following is a foot-in-the-door phenomenon( ABC )A Decomposing a large problem into a number of small problemsB when asking for help, ask for a little.C When making a plan, first complete the simple part.D Attain the highest level in one step9 Which of the following statements is right( ABCD )A social psychologist Allan Wicker offered a shocking conclusion; People’s expressed attitude hardly predict their varying behaviorB self-conscious people usually are in touch with their attitudeC Cruel behavior will erode the conscience of the actorD when there is no compelling external explanation for one’s word ,saying becomes believing10 How to change their behavior by the( AD )A change themselves attitudeB Have a good habitC Develop a beliefD Listen to others' advice判断题：1.Non coordination theory main explain the contradiction between behavior and attitude. (yes)2.Behavior can determines attitude, but attitude can not predict behavior. (no)3.people always internalize coerced behavior. (no) (rarely)4.help people fosters liking. (yes)5.harming people fosters hated. (yes)问答题1.Please write down the main contents of “cognitive dissonance theory”答：认知不协调理论假定当两种想法或信念在心理上的不一致是我们就会感到紧张——因此，当我们决定说或做一些事是，我们会带有一定的感情。