林斯顿托福样题
林斯顿样题 21. Helium is _____ all gases to liquefy and is impossible to solidify at normal air pressure.(A) more than difficult(B) the most difficult of(C) more difficult of(D) most difficult2. Every year Canadian ______ about 75 percent of their exports to the United States.(A) businesses that sell(B) selling businesses(C) businesses sell(D) that sell to businesses3. An innovator, ballerina Augusta Maywood was ___ a traveling company.(A) to form the first(B) the first to form(C) who formed the first(D) forming the first4. When water freezes in the cracks of rocks, _____ expands, causing the rocks to break apart.(A) it(B) but(C) then(D) and5. With x-ray microscopes scientists can see through live insects ___ even through solid pieces of metal.(A) however(B) nevertheless(C) or(D) yet6. Dennis Chavez of New Mexico _____ to the House of Representatives in 1930 and to the Senate in 1938.(A) when elected(B) elected(C) who was elected(D) was elected7. _______ are not leached out of soil, reclamation procedures are needed to restore the land’sproductivity.(A) For concentration of salt(B) Salt concentrations that(C) If salt concentrations(D) With concentrations of salt8. ______ social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion ofeducational facilities for immigrants to the United States.(A) No(B) Nothing(C) Not(D) None9. ______ as 2500 B.C., the Egyptians used mirrors made of highly polished metal.(A) In early(B) As early(C) Early(D) Was as early10. The quantum theory states ______, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite unitscalled quanta or photons.(A) energy that(B) that it is energy(C) it is energy(D) that energy11. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable _______ spring into full flight instantly whendisturbed in their hiding places.(A) they(B) to their(C) its(D) them to12. Geysers are found near rivers and lakes, where water drains through the soil ______.(A) surface below the deep(B) deep below the surface(C) the deep below surface(D) the deep surface below13. Algebra generalizes certain basic laws _____ the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of all numbers.(A) govern(B) that govern(C) have governed(D) which they govern14. Even at low levels,______(A) the nervous system has produced detrimental effects by lead(B) lead’s detrimental effects are producing the nervous system(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the nervous system(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on the nervous system15. _____ a lonely and rugged life, far from home and family.(A) However the early gold prospector often lived(B) The early gold prospector often lived(C) Not only did the early gold prospector often live(D) The early gold prospector often living16. The culinary expert Fannie Farmer taught dietetics, kitchen management, and to cook at herfamous Boston school.17. The elephant relies more on its sense of smell than for any other sense.17. A few of the naturally elements exist in such small amounts that they are known mainly fromlaboratory-made samples.19. Some insects hear ultrasonic sounds more than two octaves than higher humans can.20. Because of its larger size, the United States House of Representatives is more impersonal,hierarchical, and specialization than the Senate.21. To stay warm in cold weather cold-blooded animals must expose itself to a source of warmth suchas direct sunlight.22. A severe illness where she was just nineteen months old deprived the well-known writer andlecturer Helen Keller of both her sight and her hearing.23. Like all ecological systems, a forest is made up of a living environment and a nonlivingenvironment, the latter composed of air, rocks,soiled,and water.24. The purposeful of the elementary school is to introduce children to the skills, information, andattitudes necessary for a smooth adjustment to society.25. Notorious as a host for wheat rust, the barberry bush has been banned from many area.26. Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has starred in stage, television and film productionson both sides the Atlantic Ocean.27. A microphone enables musical tones to be amplified, thus making it possible the gentle renditionsof soft songs in large halls.28. The poetry of e.e. cummings illustrates the way in which some poets bend grammatical rules asthey strive to expression their insights.29. In the wild, tea plants become trees of approximately thirty feet in high.30. Accounting is described as art of classifying, recording, and reporting significant financial events.31. The development of the watch depended upon the invent of the mainspring.32. The ordeal of the Cherokee Indians who were forcible moved from their homeland in the 1830’s isremembered as the “Trail of Tears.”33. Physical fitness activities can lead to an alarming variety of injuries if participants push themselvesgreatly hard.34. The structure but behavior of many protozoans are amazingly complex for single-celled animals.35. Alaska’s rough climate and terrain divide the state into isolated regions, making highwaymaintenance difficulty.36. For hundreds of years, sailors relied on echoes to warn them of another ships, icebergs or cliffs infoggy weather.37. Although he is employed in the scientific and technical fields, the metric system is not generallyutilized in the United States.38. Prototypical oboes did a loud, harsh tone, but the modern oboe is appreciated for its smooth andbeautiful tone.39. Beneath the deep oceans that cover two-thirds of the Earth, intriguing secret of the planet areconcealed.40. The pioneer John Chapman received the “Johnny Appleseed” because he planted appleseedlings during him travels in what are now Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.普林斯顿样题 31. Cobalt resembles iron and nickel in tensile strength, appearance, ---.(A) is hard(B) although hard(C) has hardness(D) and hardness2. --- who was the first Black woman to run for the office of President of the United States in1972.(A) Shirley S. Chisholm(B) It was Shirley S. Chisholm(C) Shirley S. Chisholm was(D) When Shirley S. Chisholm3. --- versatile performer, soprano Kathleen Battle has often concluded a program of art songs and arias with selections from ragtime or popular music.(A) A(B) Which(C) So(D) Because4. Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, ---, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.(A) sailing directions are studied(B) study the sailing directions(C) to direct sailing studies(D) studies direct sailing5. --- social nesting birds that build their nests in trees and on cliffs.(A) The most storks(B) Most are storks(C) Most storks are(D) Storks most6. Plankton, ---, is the basic foodstuff for everything that lives in the ocean.(A) comprise both minute marine animals and plants(B) is the name given to minute marine animals and plants(C) the collective name for minute marine animals and plants(D) minute marine animals and plants collectively that7. The best-known diffuse nebula is the great Orion Nebula,--- can be seen by the naked eye.(A) one(B) it(C) which(D) who8. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been --- .(A) the least studied(B) study the least(C) study less and less(D) to study the less9. Most amphibians hatch from eggs laid in water or moist ground, and begin life --- water-dwelling larvae.(A) such(B) as(C) to be(D) are10. At the Seventh International Ballet Competitions, Fernando Bujones won the first gold medal ever --- to a United States male dancer.(A) to be awarded(B) to award(C) that awards(D) should be awarding11. Founded around 1075, the Acoma pueblo is considered --- settlement in the United States.(A) the oldest continuously occupied(B) occupied continuously the oldest(C) the oldest occupied continuously(D) continuously the oldest occupied12. On March 1, 1867, --- to the Union when President Andrew Johnson’s veto was overridden.(A) since the state of Nebraska had been admitted(B) admitted that the state of Nebraska(C) the admission of the state of Nebraska(D) the state of Nebraska was admitted13. The best known of all the Arctic birds, --- .(A) birdwatchers favor ptarmigans(B) being ptarmigans and birdwatchers’ favorites(C) favored by both ptarmigans and birdwatchers(D) ptarmigans are a favorite of birdwatchers14. Nearly all trees contain a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum --- properly extracted.(A) after(B) if(C) when it(D) is15. Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people --- .(A) do(B) hear(C) do them(D) hearing it16. Emily Dickinson, one of the greatest poets of the United States, was entirely almost unknown tothe people of her own time.17. Charcoal is employed widely as a deodorizer because it absorbs gases good.18. Abstract Expressionism was a movement in American painting that flourished from the mid-1940’sand mid 1950’s.19. The National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City pay tribute to everyone associated with whatAmericans call the “Old West.”machine that registers difference brain waves in a sleeping individual.21. The Obie Awards have been given annually for 1956 to outstanding artists in off-Broadway theater.23. Because geophysics embraces the concepts, data, and methods of variety other sciences, it isvery board in scope, and its boundaries are hard to define.24. A white oak at Rutgers University is said to had been the inspiration for Joyce Kilmer’s poem“Trees”.25. Starfish move, feed, and breathes with their tube feet.26. The Whitney Museum continues to reflect the diversity of the art of the United Stated in all of itacquisitions.28. Despite the broad acclaim of him novels, James Baldwin is most highly respected as an essayistand social critic.29. Along the East Coast, American India women’s councils could vote a declaration of war atrefusing to supply moccasins and field rations.30. In proportion to its size, the hungriest animal is the shrew, which must consume several timestheir own weight every day.knowledge which learned by living there for many years.32. North America has eight time zone, ranging from Newfoundland on the East Coast to Alaska onthe West Coast.33. Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and trade.34. Although fluorine tests and x-ray analyses, archaeologists can prove the validity of artifacts.35. Dams are used to control flooding, provide water for irrigation, and generating electricity for thesurrounding area.36. The development of photographic techniques and equipment provided an important aid to industry,medical, and research.37. United States tennis championship Pancho Gonzales gained international acclaim for his strongserve.38. Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means of on-the-spot,alive reports.39. Certain zoologists regard crows and ravens are the most intelligent of birds.40. While the twentieth century, the field of dentistry has developed braches that specialize in thetreatment of individual dental problems普林斯顿样题 41 .Hanya Holm is a doctor, choreographer, and ---.（A）dance that she teaches（B）her teaching of dance（C）to teach dancing（D）dance teacher2. During an eclipse of the Sun, --- in the shadow of the Moon.（A）the Earth lies（B）the Earth when lying（C）that the Earth lies（D）the lying Earth3. Under the influence of Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle became associated with the Imagists and --- into one of the most original poets of the group.（A）developed（B）to be developed（C）who developing（D）developing it4. --- all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground; some of it is lost through evaporation. （A）Nowhere（B）Not（C）No（D）None5. In an area first explored by Samuel de Champlain, --- .（A）establishment of the city of Halifax in 1749（B）in 1749 the city of Halifax established（C）in 1749,establishing the city of Halifax（D）the city of Halifax was established in 17496. A nation’s merchant marine is made up of its commercial ships and the people --- them.（A）they operate（B）who operate（C）they operate of（D）do they operate77 -- Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831.（A）Where was（B）It was（C）He was（D）That he was8. The most elaborate of all bird nests ---,domed communal structure built bysocial weaverbirds.（A）larger（B）largely is（C）the large（D）is the large9. William Walker’s mural, “ Wall of Respect”, --- an outdoor wall in Chicago, dealswith social issues.（A）covers（B）covers it（C）which covers（D）which it covers10. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate --- yield when unusual weight isplaced on them.（A）although its crust and mantle（B）its crust and mantle to（C）that its crust and mantle（D）for its crust and mantle to11. The columbine flower, --- to nearly all of the United States, can be raised from seedin almost any garden.（A）native（B）how native is（C）how native is it（D）is native12. The photoperiodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, --- .（A）the light is not on（B）and not on light（C）but is not on the light（D）is not on light13. ---, the first Black denomination in the United States.(A) Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church(B) Richard Allen, who founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church(C) The African Methodist Episcopal Church founded by Richard Allen(D) The foundation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church by Richard Allen14. The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than --- .(A) that of its mining and farming combined(B) mining and farming combination(C) that mining and farming combined(D) of its combination mining and farming15. The wallflower --- because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.(A) so called is(B) so is called(C) is so called(D) called is so16 The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays a vital role in chewing,swallowed, and speaking.17. Instead of being housed in one central bank in Washington, D.C, the Federal Reserve system isdivision into twelve districts.18. Philodendrons of various kinds are cultivated for their beautifully foliage.19. Kiwi birds mainly eat insects, worms, and snails and to search for their food by probing the groundwith their long bills.20. William Penn founded the city of Philadelphia in 1682, and he quickly grew to be the largest city incolonial America.21. Fewer people reside in Newfoundland than in other any Canadian province except Prince EdwardIsland.22. Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune, the founder of Bethune-Cookman college, served as advice to bothFranklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry Truman.23. Some plant produce irritating poisons that can affect a person even if he or she merely brushesagainst them.24. The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible the alternation of periods of light and darkness.25. Anne Elizabeth McDowell is best remembered for a weekly journal, Woman’s Advocat e, who shelaunched in January 1855.26. In every society there are norms that say individuals how they are supposed to behave.27. An erupting volcano or an earthquakes sometimes affected the featured of the surrounding regionand can even cause lakes to disappear.28. Most tree frogs change color to harmonize with its background.29. Due to the refraction of light rays, this is impossible for the naked eye to determine the exactlocation of a star close to horizon.30. Modern poets have experimented with poetic devices such alliteration and assonance.31. Birds eggs vary greatly of size, shape, and color.32. Social reformer Frederick Douglass dedicated his life to working for the abolish of slavery and thefight for civil rights.33. Mount Edith Cavell, a peak in the Canadian Rockies, is named after a famous nurses.34. Xanthines have both good and bad effect on the body, and these effects are generally determinedon the size and regularity of dosage.35. When a severe ankle injury forced herself to give up reporting in 1926, Margaret Mitchell beganwriting her novel Gone with the wind.36. One of the most difficult problems in understanding sleep is determining what the functions ofsleep is.37. The Millicent Rogers Museum houses five thousands pieces of Hispanic and American Indiajewelry, textiles, and other objects documenting the vibrancy of these cultures.38. Seven of planets rotate in the same direction as their orbital motions, while Venus and Uranusrotate in the opposite direction.39. In the United States voters election representatives to the national legislature, which consists ofthe House of Representatives and Senate.40 It is the interaction between people,rather than the events that occur in their lives that are the mainfocus of social psychology.。
2001年8月TOEFL试题阅读部分及答案3
Questions 20-28The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today—summed up, not altogether accurately, as "research and development." Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recentLine phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world (5) as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way (10) to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passedfor the application of science was "engineering science" rather than basic science.(15) Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness-if not understanding-of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting (20) with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. Newareas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainlydo basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways. (25) In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times evenbe multidirectional.20. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?(A) To show how technology influenced basic science(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries(C) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry(D) To argue that basic science has no practical application21. The word "altogether" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) completely(B) realistically(C) individually(D) understandably22. The word "intensive" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) concentrated(C) creative(D) advanced23. The "list" mentioned in line 13 refers to(A) types of scientific knowledge(B) changes brought by technology(C) industries that used scientific techniques(D) applications of engineering science24. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based on which of the following?(A) Engineering science is not very important.(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.(C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.25. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) understanding(B) public awareness(C) scientific knowledge(D) expansion26. The word "assumption" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) regulation(B) belief(C) contract(D) confusion27. Why does the author mention "consultants" in line 24 ?(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions(B) To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science28. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.(C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.。
托福阅读真题第176篇Costs...
托福阅读真题第176篇Costs...Costs and Benefits of DispersalParagraph 1: In order to move from one home base to another, animals must expend calories not only while moving but even before the dispersal when they invest in the development of the muscles needed to move. For example, if a cricket is to leave a deteriorating environment and move to a new and better place, it will need large flight muscles to fly away. Presumably, the calories and materials that go into flight muscle development and maintenance have to come out of the general energy budget of the animal. This means that other organ systems cannot develop as rapidly as they could otherwise, which may mean that the flight-capable individual is, in some other respects, less fit to survive.1. In paragraph 1, the discussion of cricket dispersal is used to illustrate which of the following principles?O For dispersing animals, the benefits of dispersal exceed the costs.O Dispersal always involves costs for the dispersing animal.O Only animals with the greatest fitness for survival are able to disperse.O Dispersal, as much as organ development, requires energy.Paragraph 2: Dispersing individuals not only have to pay energetic, developmental, and travel costs but are also more often exposed to predators—all of which raises the question, why are animals so often willing to leave home even when this means leaving a familiar, resource-rich location? This question is particularly pertinent for species in which some individuals disperse while others do not or do not disperse as far. Onespecies in which some individuals travel farther than others is Belding’s ground squirrel. Young male squirrels travel about 150 meters from the burrow in which they were born, whereas young females usually settle down only 50 meters or so from where they were born. Why should young Belding’s ground squirrels disperse at all, and why should the males disperse farther than their sisters?2. According to paragraph 2, what is of particular interest about the dispersal of Belding’s ground squirrels?O Young squirrels disperse farther than adults.O Young squirrels disperse even from resource-rich areas.O The males and females have different patterns of dispersal.O They leave the mother’s burrow at an earlier age than other squirrels.3. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the phenomenon of dispersalO is difficult to observe in the wildO occurs for reasons that are not always immediately apparentO is motivated by the desire to obtain more or better resourcesO has few benefits for most speciesParagraph 3: According to one argument, dispersal by juvenile animals of many species may be an adaptation against problems associated with inbreeding. When two closely related individuals mate, their offspring are more likely to manifest genetic diseases than are the offspring of genetically unrelated individuals, and as a result, inbreeding tends to produce animals that are less likely to survive to adulthood and reproduce. Dispersal of juveniles makes inbreeding less likely.4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O When closely related individuals mate, their offspring are likely to manifest genetic diseases that will probably be passed on to the next generation.O Genetic diseases inherited from parents that are not related make it less likely that the affected offspring will survive to adulthood and reproduce.O When two related individuals mate, their offspring may survive to adulthood, but they are unlikely to reproduce.O There is a tendency for the offspring of closely related parents to have genetic diseases that make it less likely they will survive and reproduce.Paragraph 4: If avoidance of inbreeding is the point of dispersing, then one might expect as many female ground squirrels as males to travel 150 meters from their natal burrow. In fact females do not disperse as far as males, perhaps because the costs and benefits of dispersal differ for the two sexes. It has been suggested that the reproductive success of female Belding’s ground squirrels depends on their possession of a territory in which to rear their young. Female ground squirrels that remain near their birthplace enjoy assistance from their mothers in the defense of their burrows against rival females. Thus, the benefits of remaining on familiar ground are greater for females than for males.5. According to paragraph 4, young female Belding’s ground squirrels may remain closer to where they were born than do males in order toO avoid inbreeding with their male siblingsO avoid competition with other females for territoryO save energy they need to defend their burrowsO benefit from their mothers’ helpParagraph 5: There may, however, be another reason why male mammals disperse greater distances than females. The usual rule is that males, not females, fight with one another for access to mates, and, therefore, males that lose such conflicts may find it advantageous to move away from same-sex rivals that they cannot subdue. Although this hypothesis probably does not apply to Belding’s ground squirrels, since young males have not been seen fighting with older ones around the time of dispersal, the idea is more plausible with respect to some other species, such as lions.6. According to paragraph 5, the hypothesis that males disperse as a result of conflicts with other males is not supported in the case of Belding’s ground squirrels becauseO young male squirrels that lose fights to other males do not disperseO unlike most species, it is the females, not the males, that fight with each otherO there is no evidence that young male squirrels fight with other males before dispersingO fights between males generally take place after the males have dispersedParagraph 6: Lions live in large groups, or prides, from which young males disperse. In contrast, the daughters of the resident lionesses usually spend their entire lives close to where they were born. The sedentary females benefit from their familiarity with good hunting grounds and safe breeding dens in their natalterritory, among other things. The departure of many young male lions coincides with the arrival of new mature males that violently displace the previous masters of the pride and chase off the males that are not yet adults in the pride as well. These observations support the mate-competition hypothesis for male dispersal. However, if young males are not evicted after a pride takeover, they often leave anyway without any coercion from adult males and without ever having attempted to mate with their female relatives. Moreover, mature males that have claimed a pride sometimes disperse again, expanding their range to add a second pride of females, at a time when their daughters in the first pride are becoming sexually mature. Inhibitions against inbreeding apparently exist in lions and cause males to leave home.7. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, the patterns of dispersal in Belding’s ground squirrels and lions are similar in which of the following ways?O Young males are forced to disperse by older males.O Avoiding inbreeding is probably not a factor in the explanation of the pattern of dispersal.O Males disperse when new siblings are born.O The males disperse farther than the females.8. Why does the author provide the information that “if young males are not evicted after a pride takeover, they often leave anyway without any coercion from adult males and without ever having attempted to mate with their female relatives”?O To support the conclusion that male lions disperse to find mates to which they are not closely relatedO To indicate that the mate-competition hypothesis does not fully account for the dispersal of young male lionsO To imply that young male lions voluntarily leave a pride that has been taken over because the adult males prevent them from mating within the prideO To indicate that males, not females, leave a pride after it has been taken over by adult malesParagraph 4: ■If avoidance of inbreeding is the point of dispersing, then one might expect as many female ground squirrels as males to travel 150 meters from their natal burrow. ■In fact females do not disperse as far as males, perhaps because the costs and benefits of dispersal differ for the two sexes. ■It has been suggested that the reproductive success of female Belding’s ground squirrels depends on their possession of a t erritory in which to rear their young. ■Female ground squirrels that remain near their birthplace enjoy assistance from their mothers in the defense of their burrows against rival females. Thus, the benefits of remaining on familiar ground are greater for females than for males.9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, inbreeding can be avoided without both males and their female relatives dispersing the same distance.Where would t he sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces wherethey belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Many young animals disperse from where they are born.Answer ChoicesO There are a number of competing explanations of why animals disperse, but none of them is consistent with all the observed patterns of dispersal.O The reason there is little inbreeding among lions is that young males are driven away from their female relatives by the adult males who forcibly take over a lion pride.O Inbreeding significantly lowers the likelihood that offspring will survive, and so avoiding inbreeding is a significant benefit of dispersal.O Since males of most species must establish a territory for mating, dispersing of the males makes it more likely that most males will be able to reproduce.O There need to be significant benefits for a species to disperse because the requirements of dispersal involve energy costs and dangers for the dispersing individuals.O In mammal species, young males often leave their family group while related females benefit from remaining in close association with each other and their birthplace.。
2016年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2)
2016 年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析 (2)托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexported to other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inventionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously,Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vastforests.By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendously important.■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material.■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating.Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron,much ofwhich was exported to Britain.But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too,and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production,which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
2001年8月TOEFL试题阅读部分及答案2
Questions 10-19The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, theirnests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks Line for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.(5) The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away fromeggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involvesfirst moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily throughthe grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like (10) squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location wellaway from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which (15) the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further away from the true nest.The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuumof injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The (20) bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt totake to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance,seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the "useless" wing fails to provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.10. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers(B) How predators search for plovers(C) The strategies used by plovers to deceive predators(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators11. The word "merely" in fine 3 is closest in meaning to(A) often(B) only(C) usually(D) at first12. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.(B) They are generally defenseless when away From their nests.(C) They are slow to react in dangerous situations.(D) Their nests are on the surface of the ground.13. The word "emitting" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) bringing(B) attracting(C) producing(D) minimizing14. In the deception technique described in paragraph 2. the plover tries to(A) stay close to her nest(B) attract the predator's attention(C) warn other plovers of danger(D) frighten the approaching predator15. The word "spanning" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) covering(B) selecting(C) developing(D) explaining16. According to paragraph 4, which of the following aspects of the plover's behavior gives the appearance that it is frightened?(A) Abnormal body position(B) Irregular escape route(C) Unnatural wing movement(D) Unusual amount of time away from the nest17. The word "pursue" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) catch(B) notice(C) defend(D) chase18. According to the passage, a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques EXCEPT(A) appearing to be injured(B) sounding like another animal(C) pretending to search for prey(D) pretending to sit on her eggs19. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?(A) A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building(B) A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples(C) A comparison and contrast of the nesting behavior of plovers and other ground nesting birds(D) A cause-and-efleet analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator。
95年8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题（上）
Question 1-9 The ocean bottom - a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth - is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted. Until about a century ago， the deep - ocean floor was completely inaccessible，hidden beneath waters averaging over 3，6000 meters deep. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth s surface， the deep - ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans， in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. Although researchers have taken samples of deep - ocean rocks and sediments for over a century， the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did not actually start until 1968， with the beginning of the National Science Foundation s Deep Sea Drilling Project （DSDP）。
1996年8月托福阅读全真试题
1996年8月托福阅读全真试题Questions 1-10The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinar ylight, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneous ly,when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themsel ves,without any outside intervention. Stimulated emissionis different because it occurs when an atom or molecule hol dingonto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However ,for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously andthat stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.It was not until after the Second World War that physicistsbegan trying to make stimulated emission dominate. Theysought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher powers.The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then atColombia University in New York . Instead of working with light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser" for Microwave Amplification by the StimulatedEmission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key ideain1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of yearslater. Before long, many other physicists were building maser sand trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter wavelength.The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes andArthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrotea long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the sam e time,similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a37- year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlowpublished their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Revie wLetter, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later,people still argue about who deserves the credit for the co nceptof the laser.1.The word "coined" in line 1 could best be replaced by(A) created(B) mentioned(C) understood(D) discovered2.The word "intervention" in line 5 can best be replaced by(A) need(B) device(C) influence(D) source3.The word "it" in line 6 refers to(A) light bulb(B) energy(C) molecule(D) atom4.Which of the following statements best describes a laser?(A) A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit li ght.(B) An atom in a high-energy state.(C) A technique for destroying atoms or molecules.(D) An instrument for measuring light waves.5.Why was Towne’s early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves?(A) He was not concerned with light amplification.(B) It was easier to work with longer wavelengths.(C) His partner Schawlow had already begun work on the laser.(D) The laser had already been developed.6.In his research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of the following EXCEPT(A) stimulated emission(B) microwaves(C) light amplification(D) a maser7.In approximately what year was the first maser built?(A) 1917(B) 1951(C) 1953(D) 19578.The word "emerged" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) increased(B) concluded(C) succeeded(D) appeared9.The word "outlining" in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) assigning(B) studying(C) checking(D) summarizing10.Why do people still argue about who deserves the creditfor the concept of the laser?(A) The researchers’notebooks were lost.(B) Several people were developing the idea at the same tim e.(C) No one claimed credit for the development until recently.(D) The work is still incomplete.Questions 11-21Panel painting, common in thirteenth -and fourteenth-century Europe , involved a painstaking , laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the surface for painting , and then polished smooth with specialtools. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then beginthedeliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera pa int(egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushe s.The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors.Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applyingsheets of gold leaf, and then embellishing of decorating thegold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a patt ernhad been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and deliberate . The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artistknow exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush m etthe panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was ,therefore , an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard line aredges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a p art ofthe overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an artis tcould or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was completely alien to these deliberately produce d works.Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consumingthat it demanded assistance. All such work was doneby collective enterprise in the workshops. The painter or master who is credited with having created painting may havedesigned the work and overseen its production, but it is hi ghlyunlikely that the artist’s hand applied every stroke of thebrush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had beentrained to imitate the artist’s style, applied the paint. T hecarpenter’s shop probably provided the frame and perhaps sup pliedthe panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold. Thus,not only many hands , but also many shops were involved in the final product.In spite of problems with their condition, restoration,and preservation many panel paintings have survived, andtoday many of them are housed in museum collections.11.What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly di scuss?(A) Famous examples(B) Different styles(C) Restoration(D) Production12.According to the passage, what was the first step in mak ing a panel painting?(A) Mixing the paint(B) Preparing the panel(C) Buying the gold leaf(D) Making ink drawings13.The word "it" in line 6 refers to(A) chalk(B) composition(C) artist(D) surface14.The word "deliberate" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) decisive(B) careful(C) natural(D) unusual15.Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings?(A) Joining wooden planks to form large sheets.(B) Polishing the gesso.(C) Applying many layers of paint.(D) Covering the background with gold leaf.16.Whar characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage?(A) It dries quickly.(B) It is difficult to make.(C) It dissolves easily.(D) It has to be applied directly to wood.17.The word "demanded" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) ordered(B) reported(C) required(D) questioned18.The "collective enterprise" mentioned in line 25 includes all of the following EXCEPT(A) supplying the gold leaf(B) building the panels(C) applying the paint(D) selling the painting19.The word "imitate" in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) copy(B) illustrate(C) promote(D) believe in20.The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survivals of panel painting EXCEPT(A) condition(B) theft(C) preservation(D) restoration21.The word "them" in line 37 refers to(A) problems(B) condition, restoration, preservation(C) panel paintings(D) museum collectionsQuestions 22-32Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United State s.The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested inthem for a long time. On the other hand, when it comes tosubstantive -- particularly behavioral -- information, crows are less well known than many comparably common speciesand, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects forfield research. Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them. Because they are sonumerous, active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another. Bands, radio transmitters,orother identifying devices can be attached to them , but this ofcourse requires catching live crows, who are among the wariestand most untrappable of birds.Technical difficulties aside , crow research is daunting because the ways of these birds are so complex and various. As preeminent is generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources,andthey can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different i nterestsand inclinations, strategies and scams. For example, onepet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by p ullingthe pin on the door. When the dog escaped, the bird wentintothe kennel and ate its food.22.What is the main topic of the passage?(A) The ways in which crows differ from other common birds.(B) The myths and legends about crows.(C) The characteristics that make crows difficult to study.(D) The existing methods for investigating crow behavior.23.According to the first paragraph, what evidence is therethat crows have interested people for a long time?(A) The large number of stories about crows.(B) The frequency with which crows are sighted.(C) The amount of research that has been conducted on crows.(D) The ease with which crows are identified.24.The word "comparably" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) interestingly(B) similarly(C) otherwise(D) sometimes25.In line 9, the author mentions the endangered California condor as an example of a species that is(A) smaller than the crow(B) easily identifiable(C) featured in legends(D) very rare26.The word "them" in line 10 refers to(A) crows(B) subjects(C) intentions(D) researchers27.According to the second paragraph, crows are poor subjects for field research for all of the following reasons EXCEPT(A) They can successfully avoid observers.(B) They are hard to distinguish from one another.(C) They can be quite aggressive.(D) They are difficult to catch.28.In the second paragraph, the author implies that using ra dio transmitters would allow a researcher who studies crow t o(A) identify individual crows(B) follow flocks of crows over long distances(C) record the times when crows are most active(D) help crows that become sick or injured29.According to the third paragraph, which of the followingis true about crows?(A) They seldom live in any one place for very long.(B) They thrive in a wide variety of environments.(C) They have marked preferences for certain kinds of foods.(D) They use up the resources in one area before moving to another.30.In line 26, the word "inclinations" is closest in meaning to(A) tricks(B) opportunities(C) preferences(D) experiences31.In lines 26-29, the author mentions a pet crow to illustrate which of the following?(A) The clever ways that crows solve problems.(B) The differences between pet crows and wild crows.(C) The ease with which crows can be tamed.(D) The affection that crows show to other creatures32.Which of the following statements is supported by the pas sage?(A) Crows have relatively long lives.(B) Crows have keen vision.(C) Crows are usually solitary.(D) Crows are very intelligent.Questions 33-41In the early days of the United States, postal charges were paid by the recipient and Charges varied with the distance carried. In 1825, the United States Congress permitt edlocal postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for homedelivery, but these carriers received no government salary an d theirentire compensation depended on what they were paid by the recipients of individual letters.In 1847 the United States Post Office Departmentadopted the idea of a postage stamp, which of course simpli fiedthe payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those who did not like to prepay. Besides, the stamp covered onlydelivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to aprivate address. In Philadelphia, for example, with a populat ionof 150,000, people still had to go to the post office to gettheir mail. The confusion and congestion of individual citize nslooking for their letters was itself enough to discourage us e ofthe mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of thesecumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express businesses developed. Although their activities were only semilegal, they thrived, and actually advertised that betweenBoston and Philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than thegovernment mail. The government postal service lost volumeto private competition and was not able to handle efficientl yeven the business it had.Finally, in 1863, Congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mail from the post offices to private add ressesshould receive a government salary, and that there shouldbe no extra charge for that delivery. But this delivery ser vicewas at first confined to cities, and free home delivery bec ame amark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town had to have 10, 000people to be eligible for free home delivery. In 1890, of the 75 million people in the United States, fewer than 20 million had mail delivered free to their doors. The rest, n earlythree-quarters of the population, still received no mail unless they went to their post office.33.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The increased use of private mail services.(B) The development of a government postal system.(C) A comparison of urban and postal services.(D) The history of postage stamps.34.The word "varied" in line 2 could best be replaced by(A) increased(B) differed(C) returned(D) started35.Which of the following was seen as a disadvantage of the postage stamp?(A) It had to be purchased by the sender in advance.(B) It increased the cost of mail delivery.(C) It was difficult to affix to letters.(D) It was easy to counterfeit.36.Why does the author mention the city of Philadephia in l ine 13?(A) It was the site of the first post office in the Unite d States.(B) Its postal service was inadequate for its population.(C) It was the largest city in the United States in 1847.(D) It was commemorated by the first United States postage stamp.37.The word "cumbersome" in line 17 is closest in meaning t o(A) burdensome(B) handsome(C) loathsome(D) quarrelsome38.The word "they" in line 20 refers to(A) Boston and Philadephia(B) businesses(C) arrangements(D) letters39.The private postal services of the nineteenth century clai med that they could do which of the following better than the government?(A) Deliver a higher volume of mail.(B) Deliver mail more cheaply.(C) Deliver mail faster.(D) Deliver mail to rural areas.40.In 1863 the United States government began providing which of the following to mail carriers?(A) A salary(B) Housing(C) Transportation(D) Free postage stamps41.The word "confined" in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) granted(B) scheduled(C) limited(D) recommendedQuestions 42-50Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past. This has been called "historical archaeology," aterm that is used in the United States to refer to anyarchaeological investigation into North American sites that po stdatethe arrival of Europeans.Back in the 1930’s and 1940’s,when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was t ofind the foundations of historic buildings and then take a backseat to architects.The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the 1950’s and 1960’s.Most people entering historical archaeolo gyduring this period came out of university anthropology de- partments., where they had studied prehistoric cultures. Theywere, by training, social scientists, not historians, and the irwork tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framedand the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because th eywere treading on historical ground for which there was oftenextensive written documentation and because their own knowledg eof these periods was usually limited, their contributionsto American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread.More recently, professional archaeologists have takenover. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that theirwork can be a valuable tool not only of science but also ofhistory, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of or dinarypeople whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social hist oryhas shown great promise, and indeed work done in this areahas lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past.In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence hasuncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedlycontrolled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an excavation at site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building’s ba se-ment despite sanitation laws to the contrary.42.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Why historical archaeology was first developed.(B) How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology ha ve changed.(C) The contributions architects make to historical archaeolog y.(D) The attitude of professional archaeologists toward histori cal archaeology.43.According to the first paragraph, what is a relatively ne w focus in archaeology?(A) Investigating the recent past.(B) Studying prehistoric cultures.(C) Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United Stat es.(D) Comparing finding made in North America and Europe.44.According to the passage, when had historical archaeologist s been trained as anthropologist?(A) Prior to the 1930’s(B) During the 1930’s and 1940’s(C) During the 1950’s and 1960’s(D) After the 1960’s45.The word "framed" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) understood(B) read(C) avoided(D) posed46.In the third paragraph, the author implies that the techn iques of history and the techniques of social science are(A) quite different from each other(B) equally useful in studying prehistoric cultures(C) usually taught to students of archaeology(D) both based on similar principles47.The phrase "their contributions" in line 23 refers to the contributions of(A) social scientists(B) prehistoric cultures(C) historians(D) documentation and knowledge48.The author mentions an excavation at the site of a hotel in Sacramento in order to give an example of(A) a building reconstruction project(B) the work of the earliest historical archaeologists(C) a finding that conflicts with written records(D) the kind of information that historians routinely examine49.The word "supposedly" in line 36 is closest in meaning t o(A) ruthlessly(B) tightly(C) barely(D) seemingly50.The word "sanitation" in line 40 is closest in meaning t o(A) city(B) housing(C) health(D) trade。
普林斯顿样题(2)(听力答案)
托福普林斯顿样题(2)1——10 DDBAB BDBDC11——20 ACCBA DAABD21——30 ABCDC CADBA31——40 CDBCC BADBB41——50 AADBC ACCBATOEFL LISTENING TEXT普林斯第二套样题1.-W: Do you know anyone who can translate this document?- M: What about the new se cretary? I heard he’s bili ngual.What does the man mean?2.-W: Did you hear the weather report for today?- M: The pollution’s going to be so bad they recommend staying indoors.What are the speakers discussing?3.-W: Don’t you think Bob should go into engineering ---I mean, he’s so good in math.- M: He’ll have to decide that for himself.What does the woman say about Bob?4.-W: I’ll be ready in a few minutes. I have to finish up this letter.- M: Ok, I’ll go down to the lobby for a paper.What will the man probably do?5.-W: Did you see this article on the exhibit of eighteenth-century prints that opened today? - M: Yes, and I’ve already bought a ticket to see it next mo nth.What does the woman mean?6.-W: I’d like to apply for the part-time job.- M: Fine. Just fill out this form. Someone will be with you in a moment.What does the woman mean?7.-W: It’s ten o’clock. Is that too late for us to call Professor Brown about the student council meeting?- M: Let’s hold off till tomorrow.What does the man mean?8.- W: Did you get a study manual for your driver’s test?- M: I had Dan pick one up for me.What does the woman mean?9.- W: Every time I come to the gym, you’re here exercising.- M: I try to work out whenever I have a chance.What does the woman mean?10.- W: Would you have som e free time to look at this proposal for me?- M: I’m kind of busy now. How does late this afternoon so und?What does the woman mean?11.- M1: I was going to take organic chemistry next semester---but now it’s been cut.- M2: I heard the university’s going to double the tuition, too.What can be inferred about the university?12.- W: Could I get a ride with you to the concert tonight?- M: I can’t go, but you might ask Betty. I think she’s leaving around 7:30.What does the woman mean?13.- W: You’ve been living off campus this year, haven’t you?- M: Yes, and I’m going to next year too---It’s so much nicer than living in the dorm itory. What does the man mean?14.- W: You ought to see a doctor about that cough.- M: I guess I should. I’ve been putting it off for d ays.What does the woman mean?15.- W: What do you want to do tonight?- M: There’s supposed to be a good documentary on channel eight.What does the man mean?16.- W: I’ve finally decided about my history paper. I’m going to focus on the Civil War.- M: That’s so broad---do you think it’ll be approved?What does the man imply?17.-W: Sorry you had to miss the seminar, how’re you doing now?- M: I took it easy last week---it’s amazing what a li ttle rest can do.What does the man mean?18.-W: Is the snack bar always this deserted?- M: It’s the end of the sem ester. Everyone’s in the library studyi ng.What does the woman imply?19.-W: Are you going to play tennis with us today?- M: I promised Bill I’d go hiking with him---and I’m really looking forward to it.What does the man mean?20.- W: Joe’s not planning to go to California again this summer.- M: But with his new schedule, he could.What does the woman say about Joe?21.- W: If Professor Thomson was willing to give us a three-day extension to finish the project, maybe she’ll give us a few more days.- M: Let’s not push our luck, okay?What does the man mean?22.- W: Do you know what’s wrong with Mark? He’s been acting very strangely lately.- M: Come on, with his parents coming to visit next week---right after he’s moved into a new apartment---h’s just got a lot on his mind.What does the woman say about Mark?23.- W: you look cold and tired. Could I buy you a hot cup of tee?- M: Oh, that would be just what the doctor ordered.What does the man mean?24.- W: There were only twenty students a last night’s meeting, so nothing could be voted on. - M: That’s too bad. They’ll have to turn out in greater numbers if they want a voice in campus issues.What does the woman mean?25.- W: Have we received response form everybody we invited?- M: Only Tina can’t c ome.What does the woman mean?26.- W: I hope the view form the balcony is good.- M: No problem---you can see the actors no ma tter where you’ve sitting.What kind of place are the speakers probably talking about?27.- W: Could you use a hand with those suitcases?- M: If you wouldn’t mind.What does the man mean?28.- W: You’re redecorating your apartment, aren’t you? How’s c oming along?- M: I’m just taking it one step at a ti me.What does the woman imply?29.- W: We’re supposed to pick up the tickets to sell this afternoon.- M: Oh, so they have been printed.What had the man assumed about the tickets?30.- W: Were you able to reach Lucy at home?- M: I couldn’t get to a phone.What does the man mean?-Question 31-34. Listen to a telephone call to a professor.- M: Math Department. Dr. Webster speaking.- W: Hello, Professor Webster. This is Janet Hill calling. I live two doors down from yourteaching assistant, Don Williams. Don asked me to call you because he’s lost his voice and can’t talk to you himself.- M: Lost his voice? That’s too bad. Is there anything I can do for him?- W: Well, he has a class this afternoon from two-thirty to four, and he won’t be able to make it. But he doesn’t want to cancel it either.- M: Does he want me to try to find somebody else to teach it?- W: No, not exactly. What he wants to do is get someone to go in for him---just to pass back t he midterm exams. He’s already marked them and they are on the desk in his office. The whole thing wouldn’t take more than….ehh, ten minutes or so.- M: Two-thirty, you say? Well, I’m free then, and I was going to be on campus anyway, so I could do it for him. Where’s his class?- W: Carter Hall, room two-fourteen. Will you need his office key to get the exams? I could bring it to you.- M: Well, actually, that won’t be necessary. We have a master key in the Math Department. So I can get into his office.- W: Thank you. Professor Webster.- M: My pleasure.- W: Don doesn’t have another class to teach until Thursday, and hopefully he’ll be able to talk by then. He’ll call you as soon as he can. Oh, and…uh…I almost forgot…- M: Yes?- W: Could you put the next assignment on the board too? They should solve the equations at the end of chapter eight, and that’s due at the next class.- M: Okay. No trouble at all. Thanks for the news about Don, and tell him not to worry about this.31. What is Don’s problem?32.What favor does Don want someone to do for him?33.What does Janet offer to do?34. What does Janet almost forget to ask Professor Webster to do?-Questions 35-39. Listen to two students talk about an experiment in a science class.- M: Have you done the lab for physiology yet---the one on taste?- W: Yeah, it was kind of fun---mapping the taste buds? Didn’t you think so?- M: I’m doing it this afternoon. How long will it take?- W: It went pretty quickly---under an hour, anyway. See, first you mix up the four solutions. - M: You take water and add either sugar, lemon juice, salt, or…What was it?- W: Bitter quinine.- M: That’s it…uh…then what?- W: Then all you have to do is taste each sample and describe where each flavor seems most intense.- M: Is that hard?- W: Not really. One thing to remember though---not all the taste buds are on the tongue. - M: Right. I’ll keep that in mind. And thanks for going over this with me. Maybe we could talk about this after I’ve tried it---we could get a pizza or something.- W: Great. Give me a call.35. What is the main purpose of the lab experiment?36.About how long does it take to do the experiment?37. What does the woman remind the man about?38. How does the man close the conversation?-Questions 39-42. Listen to “Science Watch,” a daily radio program.- W: Word com es form California of a new weapon I the war on household pests. Two scientists working for a firm in Anaheim, California, have developed a method to eliminate insects without using dangerous chemicals. The new poison? Hot air. The basic idea is that insects cannot adjust to temperatures much above normal. In laboratory experiments, cockroaches and termites can’t survive much more than a quarter of an hour at 125 degree F, or about 50 degrees centigrade.- The new method involves covering a house with a huge tent and filling it with air heated to around 65 degrees centigrade. Hot air is forced in with fans, and the tent keeps the heat inside the house. Since termites try to escape by hiding in wooden beams, the heat treatment must be continued for a full six hours. But when it’s all over and the insects are dead, there are no toxic residues to endanger humans or pets and no funny smells. Scientists claim that there is no danger of fire, either, since very few household materials will burn at 65 degrees centigrade in fact wood is prepared for construction use by drying it in ovens at 80 degrees centigrade, which is substantially hotter than the air used in this procedure.39. What is the talk mainly about?40. According to the speaker, what makes the new system better than other treatments.?41. Why are the houses covered with tents?42. Why does the speaker mention that construction wood is dried by heat?-Qusetions 43-46. Listen to a teacher talk to students in her freshman English course.- W: I’m sure you realize that your research papers are due in six weeks. I’ve looked at your proposed topics and made comments about them. The most frequent problem was proposing too broad a topic---remember, this is only a fifteen---page paper. As I return you topic papers. I’d like to look over the schedule which sketches out what we’ll do during the next two weeks. Today is Monday, by Friday, I want your preliminary outline. Please be sure to incorporate the suggestions I’ve made on your topics and your outlines. Next week I’ll have a conference with each of you. I’ve posted a schedule on my office door---sign your nam e to indicate the time you’re available for an appointm ent. In the conference, we'll discuss your prelim inary outline. Then you can make the necessary revisions and hand in your final outline, which is due two weeks form today.- Use the outline style in your textbook and remember it should be no more than two pages long. Be sure to begin with a thesis statement---that is with a precise statement of the point you intend to prove and include a conclusion. Have you got all that? Your two-page preliminary outlines are due at the end of this week and the final outlines are due after your conferences. Follow the text book style and include a thesis statem ent and conclusion.43. What does the speaker mainly discuss?44. When will conferences be held?45. What is the purpose of the conference?46. According to the speaker, how should the outline begin?-Questions 47-50. Listen to a talk given by a tour guide at a museum.- M: Before we begin our tour, I’d like to give you some background information on the painter Grant Wood---we’ll be seeing much of his work today. Wood was born in 881in Iowa country, and became interested in art very early in life. Although he studied art in both Minneapolis and at the Art Institute of Chicago, the strongest influences on his art were European. He spent time in both Germany and France and his study there helped shape his own stylized form of realism.- When he returned to Iowa, Wood applied the stylistic realism he had learned in Europe to the rural life he saw around him and that he remembered from his childhood around the turn of the century. His portraits of farm families imitate the static formalism of photographs of early settlers posed in front of their homes. His paintings of farmers at work, and of their tools and animals, demonstrate a serious respect for the life of the mid-western United States. By the 1930’s, Wood was a leading figure of the school of art called “American regionalism.”- In an effort to sustain a strong Mid-western artistic movement. Wood established an institute of Mid-western art in his home state. Although the institute failed, the paintings you are about to see preserve Woo d’s vision of pioneer farmers.47. What is the main purpose of the talk?48. What had an important effect on Wood’s early art?49.What would be most likely to appear in a painting by Wood?50. According to the speaker, how did Wood try to encourage Mid-western art?。
2008年6月美国托福英语考试(TOEFL)阅读真题精选
2008年6月美国托福英语考试（TOEFL）阅读真题精选(总分：120.00，做题时间：150分钟)一、READING(总题数：5，分数：120.00)Loie FullerThe United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862–1928) found theatrical dance in the late nineteenth century artistically unfulfilling. She considered herself an artist rather than a mere entertainer, and she, in turn, attracted the notice of other artists.Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes. She rejected the technical virtuosity of movement in ballet, the most prestigious form of theatrical dance at that time, perhaps because her formal dance training was minimal. Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visual effects.Although she discovered and introduced her art in the United States, she achieved her greatest glory in Paris, where she was engaged by the Folies Ber gère in 1892 and soon became “La Loie,” the darling of Parisian audiences. Many of her dances represented elements or natural objects—Fire, the Lily, the Butterfly, and so on—and thus accorded well with the fashionable Art Nouveau style, which emphasized nature imagery and fluid, sinuous lines. Her dancing also attracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and their efforts to synthesize form and content.Fuller had scientific leanings and constantly experimented with electrical lighting (which was then in its infancy), colored gels, slide projections, and other aspects of stage technology. She invented and patented special arrangements of mirrors and concocted chemical dyes for her draperies. Her interest in color and light paralleled the research of several artists of the period, notably the painter Seurat, famed for his Pointillist technique of creating a sense of shapes and light on canvas by applying extremely small dots of color rather than by painting lines. One of Fuller’s major inventions was underlighting, in which she stood on a pane of frosted glass illuminated from underneath. This was particularly effective in her Fire Dance (1895), performed to the music of Richard Wagner’s “Ride of the Valkyries.” The dance caught the eye of artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, who depicted it in a lithograph.As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, she later used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, ev entually graduating to Stravinsky, Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then considered progressive. She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea, in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights. Always open to scientific and technologicalinnovations, she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated the phosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films—then in an early stage of development—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) was played by René Clair, later a leading French film director.At the Paris Exposition in 1900, she had her own theater, where, in addition to her own dances, she presented pantomimes by the Japanese actress Sada Yocco. She assembled an all-female company at this time and established a school around 1908, but neither survived her. Although she is remembered today chiefly for her innovations in stage lighting, her activities also touched Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, two other United States dancers who were experimenting with new types of dance. She sponsored Duncan’s first appearance in Europe. Her theater at the Par is Exposition was visited by St. Denis, who found new ideas about stagecraft in Fuller’s work and fresh sources for her art in Sada Yocco’s plays. In 1924 St. Denis paid tribute to Fuller with the duet Valse à la Loie.（分数：24）(1).What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about theatrical dance in the late nineteenth century?（分数：2）A.It influenced many artists outside of the field of danceB.It was very similar to theatrical dance of the early nineteenth century.C.It was more a form of entertainment than a form of serious art. √D.It was a relatively new art form in the United States解析：参考译文：Loie FullerLoie Fuller(1862-1928)作为一位美国的舞者，认为 19 世纪末的舞台式舞蹈缺乏艺术性。
参考：老托福185写作题目思路分析（十四）
131. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.不同意1）有些职业并不挣钱。
廉洁的政治家，艺术家，科学家，社会⼯作者等。
2）有些富⼈挣钱的⼿段不道德。
贩毒，⾛私，贪污等。
132. If you could invent something new, what product would you develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention is needed. (0108)133. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person’s childhood years (the time from birth to twelve years of age) are the most important years of a person’s life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (已考过，但年⽉待确认)134. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.同意1）能够使⼉童理解⽗母2）能够使⼉童学会⾃理3）能够使⼉童体会劳动的乐趣135. Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.同意穿校服1）树⽴学校形象2）有利于培养学⽣健康⼈格3）使学⽣注意⼒放在学习上136. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing a game is fun only when you win. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (已考过，但年⽉待确认)137. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? High schools should allow students to study the courses that students want to study. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. (已考过，但年⽉待确认)138. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to be a member of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.不同意：1）领导更有权威2）领导有更多的施展机会3）领导更受尊敬139. What do you consider to be the most important room in a house? Why is this room more important to you than any other room? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.书房：1）⾥⾯有书，⽽我爱学习2）⾥⾯有电脑，⽽我爱上3）可以⾃由⾃在，⽆⼈⼲涉140. Some items (such as clothes or furniture) can be made by hand or by machine. Which do you prefer — items made by hand or items made by machine? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your choice.喜欢⽤机器做的东西1）机器做的东西⽐较便宜2）机器做的东西⽐较耐久3）机器做的东西更加好看。
rsolst托福185写作题型分类
、|!_一个人总要走陌生的路，看陌生的风景，听陌生的歌，然后在某个不经意的瞬间，你会发现，原本费尽心机想要忘记的事情真的就这么忘记了..新托福185道作文题目分类2008年10月13日星期一现象的原因分析1. 上大学的原因12. 工作的原因483. 电影普及原因1804. 参观博物馆的原因125. 长寿的原因216. 冒险体育或其它危险活动437. 国外读书的原因1688. 音乐为什么重要1699. 礼物为什么被记住161选择+陈述理由比较类型1. 工作：大公司V 小公司472. 工作：手工V 机器101 = 1043. 工作：被雇佣V 自雇佣644. 工作：雇人低薪新手V 高薪经验675. 工作：高薪高密度V 低薪多自由716. 工作：团队V 独立787. 生活：儿童成长城市V 农村208. 生活：大城市V 小城市你的选择99. 生活：室内V 室外10. 生活：吃饭在家V 饭店？你的选择1311. 生活：住所传统V 现代14412. 生活：住所固定V改变你的选择？3113. 生活：变化V 习惯不变11814. 生活：住所气候变化分明V 气候稳定不变9115. 生活：早起V 晚起 4516. 生活：电影严肃V 娱乐5717. 生活: 假期长V 短14318. 生活：室友选择V 规定安排9919. 生活：大学住宿舍V 租房10520. 生活：快V 慢节奏5921. 生活：自由时间规划V 随心11522. 生活：旅游：跟团V 独立4423. 生活：独处V 交友11024. 生活：交友少量V 交友大量11125. 生活：交友性格相同V 不同性格11726. 生活：亲友建议V 个人经验10827. 生活：家庭影响V 朋友影响11428. 生活：入乡随俗与否10029. 生活：穿校服与否13530. 学习：儿童学校成功父母影响V 同班同学影响6631. 学习：经验知识V读书知识哪个更重要？432. 学习：读小说V 看电影12733. 学习：在家学V 传统学校15734. 学习：大学生上课强制V自选你的观点1435. 学习：体育V 全部时间学习12836. 学习：博学V 精专 7537. 学习：文史V 理工12438. 学习：自学V 跟着老师学习1739. 学习：老师讲课V 学生讲17540. 学习：独立V 团队18441. 花钱：政府花钱建造道路V 改善公共交通1942. 花钱：政府花钱买计算机V 基础设施10043. 花钱：政府花钱星外探索V 基本需求9544. 花钱：个人存钱V花钱 3245. 花钱：个人音乐会V 买珠宝3346. 花钱：个人买房V 买企业18547. 花钱：朋友买车V 度假17748. 花钱：学校花钱：计算机V 书籍49. 花钱：公司花钱：艺术V 环境50. 成功的要素：冒险V 规划 5151. 古老历史建筑：拆除V 保护6552. 环境：人类行为和地球健康：help V harm 29 = 81（agree）53. 儿童：学习V 玩耍11254. 抱怨：书面V 当面16055. 土地：发展工业和住房V 原始状态18156. 社会尊重：科学V 艺术57. 高等教育：所有人V 部分优秀学生 107命题单一观点同意与否agree or disagree类型1. 父母是最好的老师2 best parents 群体概念的复杂性2. 电视毁坏了亲友之间的交往communications friends and family 83. 成功来自hard work 和运气luck 没有任何关系104. 大学图书馆和学生体育活动花费应相等115. 人们有时候应当做自己不喜欢的事情276. 媒体对名人生活关注过渡287. 企业雇员终身制 348. 进步永远是好的379. 学习历史于今无益3810. 技术使得学习更多更快3911. 永不放弃目标4012. 当面交流比其它方式好4913. 工作最重要因素是赚钱5314. 永不以貌取人5415. 永不独自决策5516. 企业为利润不择手段5817. 游戏对成年人和儿童同样重要6018. 成年人（父母等）为15-18岁孩子重要事项决策19. 生活中一度的苦痛成为将来有价值的教训6320. 分数鼓励学生学习 7221. 有导游的团队旅游是最佳方式74 （绝对化语言：目的，性格，）22. 孩子一上学就应该学习外语7623. 儿童做家务13424. 男女生分校7725. 技术使得世界变成更好生活的场所8126. 现代技术正在创造世界单一文化8327. 广告反映国家8228. 电话和电子邮件使得交流缺少人性化8829. 舞蹈在文化中起到重要作用94 （过程分析法：起源发展）30. 老师薪酬和学生所学挂钩9731. 学生评估老师10232. 人们行为因服装而改变11933. 快速决策总是错误的12034. 人们永远不满足自己已经拥有的12235. 读书应该只读关于真人实事的书籍12336. 文史比科学和数学更重要12437. 年轻人不能教给老年人任何事物12638. 读小说比看电影更有趣味12739. 只有赚钱很多的人才是成功的13140. 仅当游戏赢了才有令人高兴136 （失败的价值）41. 游戏告诉我们生活14842. 0-12岁是一生中最重要的时期13343. 看电视对儿童有害15044. 高中生应该被允许学习他们想学的课程13745. 做队员比做团队的领导更好13846. 动物园没有用15347. 公共场所禁烟15448. 向朋友借钱伤害友谊17349. 人和宠物关系 18250. 影视如何影响人的行为 751. 你从看一个国家的电影看到了这个国家的那些方面 18352. 读写能力比以前更重要16353. 学校如何帮助学生解决初到新学校面临的问题 172建造类型的题目1. Factory 工厂42. Restaurant 餐馆163. shopping center购物中心254. Movie theater 265. A high school 306. New university 1137. Business center / agriculture research center 129品质要求题目1. 好邻居 good neighbor 152. 好上司 good supervisor 183. 合作者 Co-eorker 224. 好儿女 good son or daughter 465. 好父母 Good parents 1796. 好室友 good roommates 93改变选择类型题目1. 家乡一变One important thing about your hometown 62. 吸引同龄人家乡一变To make your hometown more appealing to people your age 523. 改进社区之一行为 1654. 你的城市决定建造你国内某名人雕塑Statue or Monument 795. 海外友人贵邦一日游选择一地856. 国外两周游选择一国家1567. 时空回溯选择一时一地868. 时空回溯选择一人相遇889. 你和父辈一差异10. 选见一名人9011. 问名人一问题9112. 消除压力之一法 9613. 国际展览选一物代表你的国家9814. 选择一习俗 8015. 人生成功之一性格 10316. 成功一技能One important skill to be successful 4217. 选择未曾学习一学科one subject 6918. 发明一物 13219. 贵国内百年最伟大发明 8720. 房间内重要一室13921. 帮助儿童成长之一礼物14222. 儿童到成人变化的事件群16623. 贵国重要动物 15124. 贵国重要植物 15525. 选择一消失的资源15226. 养生健身之一法16427. 离家一年带一物17128. 二十一世纪一变化178比较选择和利弊分析1. 汽车，自行车，飞机三选一解释对人生活的改变 362. 64公里旅程交通方式比较选择 1063. 智，幽默，信三选一朋友性格 624. 做事学习，读书，听别人讲解三种学习方法选择一个1165. 保护动物的土地不如耕地，住房和工业重要同意与否 416. 学生打工利弊分析 237. 汽车利弊 708. 网络利弊 849. 学生家庭作业之必要性讨论6810. 如何使用土地149。