面板坝术语
面板堆石坝概说
汪 易 森 2010年7月8日
面板堆石坝发展过程
库克（Cooke）（1992）将面板堆石坝的 发展分成三个时期：早期（ 1850 ～ 1940 年），过渡期（ 1940 ～ 1970 年），及现 代期（1970年以后） 。 19 世纪 50 年代在美国加州内华达花岗岩 山脉开始修建为淘金供水的堆石坝，这 些堆石坝往往采用木面板防渗 ，大约从 1910 年开始，开始采用按堆石的天然休 止角修建堆石坝，并采用混凝土面板防 渗。
天荒坪面板堆石坝例介
本工程严格规定按 Reece坝的施工规程进行。还规定 上游区30m（El. 315以上15m）范围内必须平起填筑 。施工顺序为在已填筑的平面上先填一层主堆石，在 上游界面上用反铲清除大于 30cm 的超径石以后，再 铺一层过度料，在过度料上游界面用反铲清除大于 20cm 的超径石以后，再在其上游铺一层垫层料，接 着对已铺好的过度料及垫层料同时进行碾压，再在其 碾压完毕的面上再按相同的要求铺过度料及垫层料， 接着对主堆石、过度料、垫层料同时进行碾压，上游 坝面于是平起了 80cm 。以后重复以上工序，每次升 高 80cm。过度料最大粒径为 40cm，主堆石最大粒径 为 80cm ，通过界面的超径石的清除，来达到满足层 间水力过度的要求。天荒坪是我国先于天生桥的第一 个采用这种施工方法的工程。这种施工方法目前在国 际上已成为标准的施工方法，其好处是可以更好地保 证工程质量，又能节省费用，是值得推广的。
面板堆石坝与土心墙堆石坝方案比较
面板堆石坝比土心墙堆石坝的造价要低。两 种坝型的堆石数量大致相同，但是面板堆石 坝堆石的单价比土心墙坝低。面板堆石坝坝 内坡道布置比较自由，因此方便面板堆石坝 的堆石填筑，并且可以不平起填筑。土心墙 堆石坝的心墙及反滤料总造价通常大于面板 造价。面板堆石坝基础处理费用（包括岩石 表面处理、上游防渗铺盖、坝基帷幕灌浆） 一般要比土心墙堆石坝低得多，这是由于面 板堆石坝的处理面积较小，同时可以与坝体 填筑独立进行。在多雨地区，面板堆石坝在 造价方面的优势更为明显
水利专业名词(中英文对照)
水利专业名词（中英）A安全储备safety reserve安全系数safety factor安全性safety岸边溢洪道river-bank spillway岸边绕渗by-pass seepage around bank slope岸墙abutment wall岸塔式进水口bank-tower intakeB坝的上游面坡度upstream slpoe of dam坝的下游面downstream face of dam坝顶dam crest坝顶长度crest length坝顶超高freeboard of dam crest坝高dam height坝顶高程crest elevation坝顶宽度crest width坝段monolith坝基处理foundation treatment坝基排水drain in dam foundation坝基渗漏leakage of dam foundation坝肩dam abutment坝壳dam shell坝坡dam slope坝坡排水drain on slope坝体混凝土分区grade zone of concrete in dam 坝体排水系统drainage system in dam坝型选择selection of dam type坝址选择selection of dam site坝趾dam toe坝踵dam heel坝轴线dam axis本构模型constitutive model鼻坎bucket比尺scale比降gradient闭门力closing force边墩side pier边界层boundary layer边墙side wall边缘应力boundary stress变形观测deformation observation变中心角变半径拱坝variable angle and radius arch dam 标准贯入试验击数number of standard penetration test 冰压力ice pressure薄壁堰sharp-crested weir薄拱坝thin-arch dam不均匀沉降裂缝differential settlement crack不平整度irregularityC材料力学法method of strength of materials材料性能分项系数partial factor for property of material 侧槽溢洪道side channel spillway侧轮side roller侧收缩系数coefficient of side contraction测缝计joint meter插入式连接insert type connection差动式鼻坎differential bucket掺气aeration掺气槽aeration slot掺气减蚀cavitation control by aeration厂房顶溢流spill over power house沉降settlement沉井基础sunk shaft foundation沉沙池sediment basin沉沙建筑物sedimentary structure沉沙条渠sedimentary channel沉陷缝settlement joint沉陷观测settlement observation衬砌的边值问题boundary value problem of lining 衬砌计算lining calculation衬砌自重dead-weight of lining承载能力bearing capacity承载能力极限状态limit state of bearing capacity 持住力holding force齿墙cut-off wall冲击波shock wave冲沙闸flush sluice冲刷坑scour hole重现期return period抽排措施pump drainage measure抽水蓄能电站厂房pump-storage power house出口段outlet section初步设计阶段preliminary design stage初参数解法preliminary parameter solution 初生空化数incipient cavitation number初应力法initial stress method船闸navigation lock垂直升船机vertical ship lift纯拱法independent arch method次要建筑物secondary structure刺墙key-wall粗粒土coarse-grained soil错缝staggered jointD大坝安全评价assessment of dam safety大坝安全监控monitor of dam safety大坝老化dam aging大头坝massive-head dam单层衬砌monolayer lining单级船闸lift lock单线船闸single line lock挡潮闸tide sluice挡水建筑物retaining structure导流洞diversion tunnel导墙guide wall倒虹吸管inverted siphon倒悬度overhang等半径拱坝constant radius arch dam等中心角变半径拱坝constant angle and variable radius arch dam 底流消能energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底缘bottom edge地基变形foundation deformation地基变形模量deformation modulus of foundation地基处理foundation treatment地下厂房underground power house地下厂房变压器洞transformer tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房出线洞bus-bar tunnel of underground power house地下厂房交通洞access tunnel of underground power house地下厂房通风洞ventilation tunnel of underground power house地下厂房尾水洞tailwater tunnel of underground power house地下轮廓线under outline of structure地下水groundwater地形条件topographical condition地形图比例尺scale of topographical map地应力ground stress地震earthquake地震烈度earthquake intensity地质条件geological condition垫层cushion垫座plinth吊耳lift eye调度dispatch跌坎drop-step跌流消能drop energy dissipation跌水drop迭代法iteration method叠梁stoplog丁坝spur dike定向爆破堆石坝directed blasting rockfill dam动强度dynamic strength动水压力hydrodynamic pressure洞内孔板消能energy dissipation by orifice plate in tunnel 洞内漩流消能energy dissipation with swirling flow in tunnel 洞身段tunnel body section洞室群cavern group洞轴线tunnel axis陡坡steep slope渡槽短管型进水口intake with pressure short pipe断层fault堆石坝rockfill dam对数螺旋线拱坝log spiral arch dam多级船闸multi-stage lock多线船闸multi-line lock多心圆拱坝multi-centered arch dam多用途隧洞multi-use tunnelE二道坝secondary damF发电洞power tunnel筏道logway反弧段bucket反滤层filter防冲槽erosion control trench防洪flood preventi，flood control防洪限制水位restricted stage for flood prevention防浪墙parapet防渗墙anti-seepage wall防渗体anti-seepage body放空底孔unwatering bottom outlet非常溢洪道emergency spillway非线性有限元non-linear finite element method非溢流重力坝nonoverflow gravity dam分岔fork分洪闸flood diversion sluice分项系数partial factor分项系数极限状态设计法limit state design method of partial factor 封拱arch closure封拱温度closure temperature浮筒式升船机ship lift with floats浮箱闸门floating camel gate浮运水闸floating sluice辅助消能工appurtenant energy dissipationG刚体极限平衡法rigid limit equilibrium method刚性支护rigid support钢筋混凝土衬砌reinforced concrete lining钢筋计reinforcement meter钢闸门steel gate高边坡high side slope高流速泄水隧洞discharge tunnel with high velocity工程管理project management工程规划project plan工程量quantity of work工程设计engineering design工程施工engineering construction工作桥service bridge工作闸门main gate拱坝坝肩岩体稳定stability of rock mass near abutment of arch dam 拱坝布置layout of arch dam拱坝上滑稳定分析up-sliding stability analysis of arch dam拱坝体形shape of arch dam拱端arch abutment拱冠arch crown拱冠梁法crown cantilever method拱冠梁剖面profile of crown cantilever拱内圈intrados拱外圈extrados固结consolidation固结灌浆consolidation grouting管涌piping灌溉irrigation规范code，specification过坝建筑物structures for passing dam 过滤层transition layer过渡区transition zone过木机log conveyer过木建筑物log pass structures过鱼建筑物fish-pass structuresH海漫flexible涵洞culvert河道冲刷river bed scour荷载load荷载组合load combination横缝transverse joint横拉闸门horizontal rolling /sliding gate 洪水标准flood standard虹吸溢洪道siphon spillway厚高比thickness to hight ratio弧形闸门radial gate护岸工程bank-protection works护坡slope protection护坦apron戽琉消能bucke-type energy dissipation滑坡land slip滑楔法sliding wedge method滑雪道式溢洪道skijump spillway环境评价environment assessment换土垫层cushion of replaced soil回填灌浆backfill grouting混凝土concrete混凝土衬砌concrete lining混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall混凝土面板concrete face slab混凝土面板堆石坝concrete-faced rockfill dam 混凝土重力坝concrete gravity damJ基本荷载组合basic load combination基本剖面basic profile基面排水base level drainage激光准直发method of laser alignment极限平衡法limit equilibrium method极限状态limit state坚固系数soundness coefficient剪切模量shear modulus剪切应力shear stress检查inspection检修闸门bulkhead简单条分法simple slices method建筑材料construction material简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop’s method渐变段transition键槽key/key-way浆砌石重力坝cement-stone masonry gravity dam 交叉建筑物crossing structure交通桥access bridge校核洪水位water level of check floo校核流量check flood discharge接触冲刷contact washing接触流土soil flow on contact surface节制闸controlling sluice结构可靠度reliability of structure结构力学法structural mechanics method 结构系数structural coefficient截流环cutoff collar截水槽cutoff trench进口段inlet进口曲线inlet curve进水喇叭口inlet bellmouth进水闸inlet sluice浸润面saturated area浸润线saturated line经济评价economic assessment井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质土坝homogeneous earth damK开敞式溢洪道open channel spillway开裂机理crack mechanism勘测exploration survey坎上水深water depth on sill抗冲刷性scour resistance抗冻性frost resistance抗滑稳定安全系数safety coefficient of stability against sliding 抗剪断公式shear-break strength formula抗剪强度shear strength抗裂性crack resistance抗磨abrasion-resistance抗侵蚀性erosion-resistance抗震分析analysis of earthquake resistance颗粒级配曲线grain size distribution curve可靠度指标reliability index可行性研究设计阶段design stage of feasibility study空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空腹拱坝hollow arch dam空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage空隙水压力pore water pressure控制堰control weir枯水期low water period库区reservoir area宽顶堰broad crested weir宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽高比width to height ratio扩散段expanding section扩散角divergent angleL拦沙坎sediment control sill拦污栅trash rack廊道gallery浪压力wave pressure棱体排水prism drainage理论分析theory analysis力法方程canonical equation of force method连续式鼻坎plain bucket联合消能combined energy dissipation梁式渡槽beam-type flume量水建筑物water-measure structure裂缝crack临界水力坡降critical hydraulic gradient临时缝temporary joint临时性水工建筑物temporary hydraulic structure流量discharge流速flow velocity流态flow pattern流土soil flow流网flow net流向flow direction露顶式闸门emersed gateM马蹄形断面horseshoe section脉动压力fluctuating pressure锚杆支护anchor support门叶gate flap迷宫堰labyrinth weir面流消能energy dissipation of surface regime 模型试验model test摩擦公式friction factor formula摩擦系数coefficient of friction目标函数objective functionN内部应力internal stress内摩擦角internal friction angle内水压力internal water pressure挠度观测deflection observation泥沙压力silt pressure粘性土cohesive soil碾压混凝土重力坝roller compacted concrete gravity dam 凝聚力cohesion扭曲式鼻坎distorted type bucketP排沙底孔flush bottom outlet排沙漏斗flush funnel排沙隧洞flush tunnel排水drainage排水孔drain hole排水设施drainage facilities抛物线拱坝parabolic arch dam喷混凝土支护shotcrete support喷锚支护spray concrete and deadman strut漂木道log chute平板坝flat slab buttress dam平衡重式升船机vertical ship lift with counter weight平面闸门plain gate平压管equalizing pipe坡率slope ratio破碎带crush zone铺盖blanketQ启闭机hoist启门力lifting force砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam潜坝submerged dam潜孔式闸门submerged gate倾斜仪clinometer曲线形沉沙池curved sedimentary basin渠首canal head渠道canal渠系建筑物canal system structure取水建筑物water intake structureR人工材料心墙坝earth-rock dam with manufactured central core 人字闸门mitre gate任意料区miscellaneous aggregate zone溶洞solution cavern柔度系数flexibility coefficient褥垫式排水horizontal blanket drainage 软弱夹层weak intercalationS三角网法triangulation method三角形单元三心圆拱坝三轴试验扇形闸门上游设计洪水位设计基准期设计阶段设计阶段划分设计流量设计状况系数设计准则伸缩缝渗流比降渗流变形渗流分析渗流量渗流体积力渗流系数生态环境生态平衡失效概率施工导流施工缝施工管理施工条件施工图阶段施工进度实体重力坝实用剖面实用堰事故闸门视准线法收缩段枢纽布置triangular element three center arch dam triaxial testsector gate upstreamdesign flood level design reference period design stagedividing of design stage design discharge design state coefficient design criteria contraction joint seepage gradient seepage deformation seepage analysis seepage discharge mass force of seepage permeability coefficient ecological environment ecological balance probability of failure construction diversion construction jointconstruction managementconstruction conditionconstruction drawing stageconstruction progresssolid gravity dampractical profilepractical weiremergency gatecollimation methodconstringent sectionlayout of hydraulic complex输水建筑物water conveyance structure竖式排水vertical drainage数值分析numerical analysis双层衬砌double-layer lining双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam水电站地下厂房underground power house 水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水垫塘cushion basin水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水环境water environment水库吹程fetch水库浸没reservoir submersion水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库坍岸reservoir bank caving水库淹没reservoir inundation水力资源water power resource水力劈裂hydraulic fracture水利工程hydraulic engineering，water project 水利工程设计design of hydroproject水利工程枢纽分等rank of hydraulic complex 水利枢纽hydraulic complex水面线water level line水能hydraulic energy水平位移horizontal displacement水体污染water pollution水土流失water and soil loss水位急降instantaneous reservoir drawdown 水压力hydraulic pressu水闸sluice水质water quality水资源water resources顺坝longitudinal dike四边形单元quadrangular element塑性破坏failure by plastic flow塑性变形plastic deformation塑性区plastic range锁坝closure dike锁定器dog deviceTT型墩T-type pier塌落拱法roof collapse arch method塔式进水口tower intake台阶式溢流坝面step-type overflow face 弹塑性理论elastoplastic theory弹性基础梁beam on elastic foundation 弹性抗力elastic resistance弹性中心elastic centre弹性理论theory of elasticity特殊荷载组合special load combination 体形优化设计shape optimizing design 挑距jet trajectory distance挑流消能ski-jump energy dissipation挑射角exit angle of jet调压室surge tank贴坡排水surface drainage on dam slope通航建筑物navigation structure通气孔air hole土工复合材料geosynthetic土工膜geomembrane土工织物geotexile土石坝earth-rock dam土压力earth pressure土质材料斜墙坝earth-rock dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth-rock dam with central soil core驼峰堰hump weir椭圆曲线elliptical curveWWES型剖面堰WES curve profile weir外水压力external water pressure弯矩平衡moment equilibrium围岩surrounding rock围岩强度strength of surrounding rock围岩稳定分析围岩压力surrounding rock pressu帷幕灌浆curtain grouting维修maintenance尾水渠tailwater canal温度缝temperature joint温度计thermometer温度应变temperature strain温度应力temperature stress温降temperature drop温升temperature rise污水处理sewage treatment无坝取水undamed intake无粘性土cohesionless soil无压泄水孔free-flow outletX下游downstream现场检查field inspection橡胶坝rubber dam消力池stilling basin消能防冲设计design of energy dissipation and erosion control消能工energy dissipator校核洪水位water level of check flood 校核流量check flood discharge斜缝斜墙泄洪洞泄洪雾化泄水重力坝胸墙悬臂梁汛期Y压力计压缩曲线淹没系数扬压力养护液化溢洪道溢流面溢流前缘溢流重力坝翼墙翼墙式连接引航道引水渠引张线法应力分析应力集中应力应变观测应力重分布永久缝优化设计有坝取水有效库容预压加固预应力衬砌inclined joint inclined coreflood discharge tunnel flood discharge atomization overflow gravity damcantiever beamflood periopressure meter compressive curve coefficient of submergence upliftcureliquifactionspillwayoverflow facelength of overflow crest overflow crestoverflow gravity dam wing wallwing wall type connection approach channel diversion canaltense wire method stress analysisstress concentrationstress-strain observationstress redistributionpermanent jointoptimizing designbarrage intakeeffective storagesoil improvement by preloading prestressed lining原型prototype约束条件constraint condition允许水力坡降allowable hydraulic gradient Z增量法increment method闸底板floor of slui闸墩pier闸孔sluice opening闸孔跨距span of sluice opening闸门槽gate slot闸室chamber of sluice闸首lock head闸址sluice site正槽溢洪道chute spillw正常使用极限状态limit state of normal operation 正应力normal stress正常溢洪道main spillw支墩坝buttress dam止水watertight seal止水装置sealing device趾板toe slab趾墩toe pier滞回圈hysteresis loop主应力principal stress纵缝longitudinal joint阻尼比damped ratio作用action作用水头working pressure head最优含水率optimum moisture content。
水电站混凝土大坝中facing的意思
水电站混凝土大坝中facing的意思在水电站混凝土大坝中，“facing”通常指的是面板或者护面的意思。
比如说大坝的迎水面，为了抵抗水流的冲刷、侵蚀等作用，会设置专门的混凝土面板作为护面（facing），这层护面就像大坝的“盔甲”一样，保护着大坝主体结构的安全稳定。
它能够防止水流对大坝内部混凝土结构造成损害，并且有助于保持大坝表面的平整度等特性。
衍生注释：从工程学的角度来看，这个“facing”的设计和施工是至关重要的。
其厚度、强度以及材料的选择都需要经过精心计算和考量。
如果厚度不够，就像给大坝穿了一件薄得可怜的衣服，根本抵挡不了水流长期的冲击。
而材料的选择也如同我们挑选合适的布料制作衣服一样，必须适合大坝所处的环境条件。
赏析：这个概念体现了工程设计中的精妙之处。
它不仅仅是一个简单的结构部件，更是整个大坝安全性和耐久性的关键因素。
就如同我们看一幅画，表面的那层保护漆（类比facing）虽然不起眼，但却能让这幅画保存更久，大坝的facing也是如此，默默守护着大坝。
由于这是一个工程术语相关的解释，并没有特定的作者。
例子1我在参观那个宏伟的水电站大坝的时候，导游指着大坝的迎水面说：“看到没，那一层就是facing。
”我当时就懵了，啥是facing啊？导游笑了笑说：“你可以把它想象成大坝的脸，水总是冲着它，要是没有这层坚固的‘脸’，大坝就像没脸见人似的，早被水冲得千疮百孔了。
这facing啊，可是用特殊的混凝土做的，就像给大坝敷了一层超级厚的面膜，而且是永远不会掉的那种。
你想想，要是你脸上没有皮肤（类比facing），那得多恐怖啊！所以啊，这facing对大坝来说，那可是比命根子还重要呢。
”我这才恍然大悟，原来这个小小的facing有这么大的作用啊。
例子2小张和老李站在水电站大坝下，小张好奇地问老李：“李师傅，我听说大坝里有个叫facing的东西，到底是什么呀？”老李哈哈一笑，拍了拍小张的肩膀说：“年轻人啊，这facing就像是大坝的防护盾。
水工建筑物专业词汇
水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest，dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier，land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam 牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam 人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam重力墩gravity abutment 周边缝peripheral joint 驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint 施工缝construction joint 反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake 通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate 工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench；berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统locking filling and emptying system 船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator；ship lift鱼道fish canal旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall岸墙land wall*** land和边有什么关系。
水利水电工程结构设计专用术语
水利水电工程结构设计专用术语7．1 水利水电工程等别及荷载7．1．1 水利水电工程等别rank of water resources and hydrau-lic project 对水利水电工程按其规模、效益及其在国民经济中的重要性所划分的等别。
7．1．2 水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure按水工建筑物所在工程的等别、作用及其重要性所划分的级别。
7．1．3 永久性建筑物permanent structure工程运用期间长期使用的建筑物。
7．1．4 临时性建筑物temporary structure仅在工程施工及维修期间使用的建筑物。
7．1．5 主要建筑物main structure在工程中起主要作用、失事后将造成严重灾害或严重影响工程效益的建筑物。
7．1．6 次要建筑物secondary structure在工程中作用相对较小、失事后影响不大的建筑物。
7．1．7 基本荷载basic load；usual load建筑物在正常运用情况下所承受的荷载。
7．1．8 特殊荷载special load；unusual load建筑物在特殊运用情况下可能承受的荷载。
7．1．9 基本荷载组合basic load combination建筑物在正常运用情况下对可能同时出现的基本荷载的组合。
7．1．10 特殊荷载组合special load combination建筑物在特殊运用情况下对可能同时出现的基本荷载与特殊荷载的组合。
7．2 挡水建筑物7．2．1 挡水建筑物water retaining structure拦截水流、抬高水位以及阻挡河水泛滥或海水入侵的水工建筑物。
7．2．2 坝dam修建在河道或山谷中拦截水流、抬高水位、调蓄水量的挡水建筑物。
7．2．3 混凝土坝concrete dam用混凝土或钢筋混凝土材料浇筑的坝。
7．2．4 碾压混凝土坝roller compacted concrete dam(RCCD)将干硬性的混凝土拌和料分薄层铺开并经振动碾压密实而成的混凝土坝。
水工建筑物术语
水工建筑物术语1．坝 dam阻拦或拦蓄水充、壅高或调节上游水位的挡水建筑物。
顶部不泄水的称非溢流坝，顶部泄水的称溢流坝。
2．坝轴线 dam axis代表坝位置的一条横贯河谷的线。
3．重力坝 gravity dam主要依靠自身重力，抵抗壅水作用于坝体的推力以保持稳定的坝。
4．拱坝 arch dam平面呈拱向上游的曲线形坝，主要依靠拱的作用将壅水作用于坝体的推力传至两岸，以保持稳定的坝。
5．支墩坝 buttress dam由一系列支墩和其上游挡水结构组成的坝6．土石坝 earth-rock dam; embankment dam用土、砂、砂砾石、卵石、块石、风化岩等材料经碾压或填筑建成的坝。
7．混凝土坝 concrete dam用混凝土筑成的坝。
8．橡胶坝 rubber dam; flexible dam; fabric dam锚着于底板上，以聚酯或橡胶为基质合成纤维织物形成袋囊，经充水（气）后形成的坝。
9．丁坝 spur dike; groin一端接河岸，一端伸向整治线，在平面上形成丁字形，坝轴线与流向交角分上挑、下挑或正挑的横向整治建筑物。
10．顺坝 training dike一端接河岸，一端向下游延伸，坝轴线与流向平行或成一锐角，引导水流的纵向整建筑物。
11．溢洪道 spillway从水库向下游泄放超过水库调蓄能力的洪水，以保证工程安全的泄水建筑物。
12．堰（溢流堰） weir在顶部溢流的挡水、泄水建筑物。
13．围堰 coffer dam用于水下施工的临时性挡水设施。
14．水工隧洞 hydraulic tunnel在山体中或地面以下开挖的，具有封闭形断面和一定长度的过水建筑物。
15．深式进水口 deep water intake人水库水面下一定深度处引水的水工隧洞或坝下埋管的首部建筑物。
16．堤坝式水电站 dam type hydropower station用筑坝集中河段落差，形成发电淼砂的水电站。
水利工程技术用语(水工建筑物)
水利水电工程技术术语——水工建筑物1、水利枢纽：为实现一项或多项水利任务，在一个相对集中的场所修建若干不同类型的水工建筑物组合体，以控制调节水流。
2、工程规模：对水利水电工程用库容、坝高、装机容量、灌溉面积等特性指标所反映的工程的大小。
3、水利水电工程等别：对水利水电工程按其规模、效益、及其在国民经济中的重要性所划分的等别。
4、水工建筑物级别：按水工建筑物所在工程的等别、作用及其重要性所划分的级别。
5、永久性建筑物：工程运用期间长期使用的建筑物。
6、临时性建筑物：仅在工程施工及维修期间使用的建筑物。
7、主要建筑物：在工程中起主要作用、失事后将造成严重灾害或严重影响工程效益的建筑物。
8、次要建筑物：在工程中作用相对较小、失事后影响不大的建筑物。
9、挡水建筑物：拦截水流、抬高水位以及阻挡河水泛滥或海水入侵的水工建筑物。
10、泄水建筑物：宣泄多余水量或排放泥沙、冰凌等的水工建筑物。
11、输水建筑物：输送水的水工建筑物。
12、取水建筑物：从水源取水的水工建筑物。
13、渠系建筑物：在各级渠道上修建的水工建筑物。
14、安全系数：建筑物为保持稳定或结构强度安全所应具有的抵抗力与作用力的比值。
15、安全超高：挡水建筑物顶部高程超出最高静水位加波浪高度或爬高后的富裕程度。
16、坝：修建在河道或山谷中拦截水流、抬高水位、调蓄水量的挡水建筑物。
17、堤：在江、河、湖、海沿岸或水库区、分洪区周边修建的挡水建筑物。
18、坝轴线：代表坝平面位置的一根基准线。
19、坝肩：坝体与两岸岩体的接触部位。
20、坝踵：坝底上游端部位。
21、坝址：坝底下游端部位。
22、重力坝：主要依靠自身重量抵抗水的作用力等荷载以维持稳定的坝。
23、混凝土坝：用混凝土或钢筋混凝土材料浇筑的坝。
24、碾压混凝土：将干硬性的混凝土拌合料分薄层铺开并经振动碾压密实而成的混凝土坝。
25、挑流鼻坎：建在泄水建筑物末端，能将下泄的高速水流向下游抛射，具有一定反弧半径和一定角度的坎。
水利专业名词(中英文对照)
水利专业名词（中英）A安全储备safety reserve安全系数safety factor安全性safety岸边溢洪道river-bank spillway岸边绕渗by-pass seepage around bank slope岸墙abutment wall岸塔式进水口bank-tower intakeB坝的上游面坡度upstream slpoe of dam坝的下游面downstream face of dam坝顶dam crest坝顶长度crest length坝顶超高freeboard of dam crest坝高dam height坝顶高程crest elevation坝顶宽度crest width坝段monolith坝基处理foundation treatment坝基排水drain in dam foundation坝基渗漏leakage of dam foundation坝肩dam abutment坝壳dam shell坝坡dam slope坝坡排水drain on slope坝体混凝土分区grade zone of concrete in dam坝体排水系统drainage system in dam坝型选择selection of dam type坝址选择selection of dam site坝趾dam toe坝踵dam heel坝轴线dam axis本构模型constitutive model鼻坎bucket比尺scale比降gradient闭门力closing force边墩side pier边界层boundary layer边墙side wall边缘应力boundary stress变形观测deformation observation变中心角变半径拱坝variable angle and radius arch dam 标准贯入试验击数number of standard penetration test 冰压力ice pressure薄壁堰sharp-crested weir薄拱坝thin-arch dam不均匀沉降裂缝differential settlement crack不平整度irregularityC材料力学法method of strength of materials材料性能分项系数partial factor for property of material 侧槽溢洪道side channel spillway侧轮side roller侧收缩系数coefficient of side contraction测缝计joint meter插入式连接insert type connection差动式鼻坎differential bucket掺气aeration掺气槽aeration slot掺气减蚀cavitation control by aeration厂房顶溢流spill over power house沉降settlement沉井基础sunk shaft foundation沉沙池sediment basin沉沙建筑物sedimentary structure沉沙条渠sedimentary channel沉陷缝settlement joint沉陷观测settlement observation衬砌的边值问题boundary value problem of lining衬砌计算lining calculation衬砌自重dead-weight of lining承载能力bearing capacity承载能力极限状态limit state of bearing capacity持住力holding force齿墙cut-off wall冲击波shock wave冲沙闸flush sluice冲刷坑scour hole重现期return period抽排措施pump drainage measure抽水蓄能电站厂房pump-storage power house出口段outlet section初步设计阶段preliminary design stage初参数解法preliminary parameter solution初生空化数incipient cavitation number初应力法initial stress method船闸navigation lock垂直升船机vertical ship lift纯拱法independent arch method次要建筑物secondary structure刺墙key-wall粗粒土coarse-grained soil错缝staggered jointD大坝安全评价assessment of dam safety大坝安全监控monitor of dam safety大坝老化dam aging大头坝massive-head dam单层衬砌monolayer lining单级船闸lift lock单线船闸single line lock挡潮闸tide sluice挡水建筑物retaining structure导流洞diversion tunnel导墙guide wall倒虹吸管inverted siphon倒悬度overhang等半径拱坝constant radius arch dam等中心角变半径拱坝constant angle and variable radius arch dam 底流消能energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底缘bottom edge地基变形foundation deformation地基变形模量deformation modulus of foundation地基处理foundation treatment地下厂房underground power house地下厂房变压器洞transformer tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房出线洞bus-bar tunnel of underground power house地下厂房交通洞access tunnel of underground power house地下厂房通风洞ventilation tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房尾水洞tailwater tunnel of underground power house地下轮廓线under outline of structure地下水groundwater地形条件topographical condition地形图比例尺scale of topographical map地应力ground stress地震earthquake地震烈度earthquake intensity地质条件geological condition垫层cushion吊耳lift eye调度dispatch跌坎drop-step跌流消能drop energy dissipation跌水drop迭代法iteration method叠梁stoplog丁坝spur dike定向爆破堆石坝directed blasting rockfill dam动强度dynamic strength动水压力hydrodynamic pressure洞内孔板消能energy dissipation by orifice plate in tunnel洞内漩流消能energy dissipation with swirling flow in tunnel 洞身段tunnel body section洞室群cavern group洞轴线tunnel axis陡坡steep slope渡槽短管型进水口intake with pressure short pipe断层fault堆石坝rockfill dam对数螺旋线拱坝log spiral arch dam多级船闸multi-stage lock多线船闸multi-line lock多心圆拱坝multi-centered arch dam多用途隧洞multi-use tunnelE二道坝secondary damF发电洞power tunnel筏道logway反弧段bucket反滤层filter防冲槽erosion control trench防洪flood preventi，flood control防洪限制水位restricted stage for flood prevention防浪墙parapet防渗墙anti-seepage wall防渗体anti-seepage body放空底孔unwatering bottom outlet非常溢洪道emergency spillway非线性有限元non-linear finite element method非溢流重力坝nonoverflow gravity dam分洪闸flood diversion sluice分项系数partial factor分项系数极限状态设计法limit state design method of partial factor 封拱arch closure封拱温度closure temperature浮筒式升船机ship lift with floats浮箱闸门floating camel gate浮运水闸floating sluice辅助消能工appurtenant energy dissipationG刚体极限平衡法rigid limit equilibrium method刚性支护rigid support钢筋混凝土衬砌reinforced concrete lining钢筋计reinforcement meter钢闸门steel gate高边坡high side slope高流速泄水隧洞discharge tunnel with high velocity工程管理project management工程规划project plan工程量quantity of work工程设计engineering design工程施工engineering construction工作桥service bridge工作闸门main gate拱坝坝肩岩体稳定stability of rock mass near abutment of arch dam 拱坝布置layout of arch dam拱坝上滑稳定分析up-sliding stability analysis of arch dam拱坝体形shape of arch dam拱端arch abutment拱冠arch crown拱冠梁法crown cantilever method拱冠梁剖面profile of crown cantilever拱内圈intrados拱外圈extrados固结consolidation固结灌浆consolidation grouting管涌piping灌溉irrigation规范code，specification过坝建筑物structures for passing dam过滤层transition layer过渡区transition zone过木机log conveyer过木建筑物log pass structures过鱼建筑物fish-pass structuresH海漫flexible涵洞culvert河道冲刷river bed scour荷载load荷载组合load combination横缝transverse joint横拉闸门horizontal rolling /sliding gate洪水标准flood standard虹吸溢洪道siphon spillway厚高比thickness to hight ratio弧形闸门radial gate护岸工程bank-protection works护坡slope protection护坦apron戽琉消能bucke-type energy dissipation滑坡land slip滑楔法sliding wedge method滑雪道式溢洪道skijump spillway环境评价environment assessment换土垫层cushion of replaced soil回填灌浆backfill grouting混凝土concrete混凝土衬砌concrete lining混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall混凝土面板concrete face slab混凝土面板堆石坝concrete-faced rockfill dam 混凝土重力坝concrete gravity damJ基本荷载组合basic load combination基本剖面basic profile基面排水base level drainage激光准直发method of laser alignment极限平衡法limit equilibrium method极限状态limit state坚固系数soundness coefficient剪切模量shear modulus剪切应力shear stress检查inspection检修闸门bulkhead简单条分法simple slices method建筑材料construction material简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop’s method渐变段transition键槽key/key-way浆砌石重力坝cement-stone masonry gravity dam交叉建筑物crossing structure交通桥access bridge校核洪水位water level of check floo校核流量check flood discharge接触冲刷contact washing接触流土soil flow on contact surface节制闸controlling sluice结构可靠度reliability of structure结构力学法structural mechanics method结构系数structural coefficient截流环cutoff collar截水槽cutoff trench进口段inlet进口曲线inlet curve进水喇叭口inlet bellmouth进水闸inlet sluice浸润面saturated area浸润线saturated line经济评价economic assessment井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质土坝homogeneous earth damK开敞式溢洪道open channel spillway开裂机理crack mechanism勘测exploration survey坎上水深water depth on sill抗冲刷性scour resistance抗冻性frost resistance抗滑稳定安全系数safety coefficient of stability against sliding 抗剪断公式shear-break strength formula抗剪强度shear strength抗裂性crack resistance抗磨abrasion-resistance抗侵蚀性erosion-resistance抗震分析analysis of earthquake resistance颗粒级配曲线grain size distribution curve可靠度指标reliability index可行性研究设计阶段design stage of feasibility study空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空腹拱坝hollow arch dam空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage空隙水压力pore water pressure控制堰control weir枯水期low water period库区reservoir area宽顶堰broad crested weir宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽高比width to height ratio扩散段expanding section扩散角divergent angleL拦沙坎sediment control sill拦污栅trash rack廊道gallery浪压力wave pressure棱体排水prism drainage理论分析theory analysis力法方程canonical equation of force method 连续式鼻坎plain bucket联合消能combined energy dissipation梁式渡槽beam-type flume量水建筑物water-measure structure裂缝crack临界水力坡降critical hydraulic gradient临时缝temporary joint临时性水工建筑物temporary hydraulic structure流量discharge流速flow velocity流态flow pattern流土soil flow流网flow net流向flow direction露顶式闸门emersed gateM马蹄形断面horseshoe section脉动压力fluctuating pressure锚杆支护anchor support门叶gate flap迷宫堰labyrinth weir面流消能energy dissipation of surface regime 模型试验model test摩擦公式friction factor formula摩擦系数coefficient of friction目标函数objective functionN内部应力internal stress内摩擦角internal friction angle内水压力internal water pressure挠度观测deflection observation泥沙压力silt pressure粘性土cohesive soil碾压混凝土重力坝roller compacted concrete gravity dam 凝聚力cohesion扭曲式鼻坎distorted type bucketP排沙底孔flush bottom outlet排沙漏斗flush funnel排沙隧洞flush tunnel排水drainage排水孔drain hole排水设施drainage facilities抛物线拱坝parabolic arch dam喷混凝土支护shotcrete support喷锚支护spray concrete and deadman strut漂木道log chute平板坝flat slab buttress dam平衡重式升船机vertical ship lift with counter weight平面闸门plain gate平压管equalizing pipe坡率slope ratio破碎带crush zone铺盖blanketQ启闭机hoist启门力lifting force砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam潜坝submerged dam潜孔式闸门submerged gate倾斜仪clinometer曲线形沉沙池curved sedimentary basin渠首canal head渠道canal渠系建筑物canal system structure取水建筑物water intake structureR人工材料心墙坝earth-rock dam with manufactured central core 人字闸门mitre gate任意料区miscellaneous aggregate zone溶洞solution cavern柔度系数flexibility coefficient褥垫式排水horizontal blanket drainage软弱夹层weak intercalationS三角网法triangulation method三角形单元triangular element三心圆拱坝three center arch dam三轴试验triaxial test扇形闸门sector gate上游upstream设计洪水位design flood level设计基准期design reference period设计阶段design stage设计阶段划分dividing of design stage设计流量design discharge设计状况系数design state coefficient设计准则design criteria伸缩缝contraction joint渗流比降seepage gradient渗流变形seepage deformation渗流分析seepage analysis渗流量seepage discharge渗流体积力mass force of seepage渗流系数permeability coefficient生态环境ecological environment生态平衡ecological balance失效概率probability of failure施工导流construction diversion施工缝construction joint施工管理construction management施工条件construction condition施工图阶段construction drawing stage施工进度construction progress实体重力坝solid gravity dam实用剖面practical profile实用堰practical weir事故闸门emergency gate视准线法collimation method收缩段constringent section枢纽布置layout of hydraulic complex输水建筑物water conveyance structure竖式排水vertical drainage数值分析numerical analysis双层衬砌double-layer lining双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam水电站地下厂房underground power house水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure水垫塘cushion basin水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水环境water environment水库吹程fetch水库浸没reservoir submersion水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库坍岸reservoir bank caving水库淹没reservoir inundation水力资源water power resource水力劈裂hydraulic fracture水利工程hydraulic engineering，water project 水利工程设计design of hydroproject水利工程枢纽分等rank of hydraulic complex水利枢纽hydraulic complex水面线water level line水能hydraulic energy水平位移horizontal displacement水体污染water pollution水土流失water and soil loss水位急降instantaneous reservoir drawdown水压力hydraulic pressu水闸sluice水质water quality水资源water resources顺坝longitudinal dike四边形单元quadrangular element塑性破坏failure by plastic flow塑性变形plastic deformation塑性区plastic range锁坝closure dike锁定器dog deviceTT型墩T-type pier塌落拱法roof collapse arch method塔式进水口tower intake台阶式溢流坝面step-type overflow face弹塑性理论elastoplastic theory弹性基础梁beam on elastic foundation弹性抗力elastic resistance弹性中心elastic centre弹性理论theory of elasticity特殊荷载组合special load combination体形优化设计shape optimizing design挑距jet trajectory distance挑流消能ski-jump energy dissipation挑射角exit angle of jet调压室surge tank贴坡排水surface drainage on dam slope通航建筑物navigation structure通气孔air hole土工复合材料geosynthetic土工膜geomembrane土工织物geotexile土石坝earth-rock dam土压力earth pressure土质材料斜墙坝earth-rock dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth-rock dam with central soil core 驼峰堰hump weir椭圆曲线elliptical curveWWES型剖面堰WES curve profile weir外水压力external water pressure弯矩平衡moment equilibrium围岩surrounding rock围岩强度strength of surrounding rock围岩稳定分析围岩压力surrounding rock pressu帷幕灌浆curtain grouting维修maintenance尾水渠tailwater canal温度缝temperature joint温度计thermometer温度应变temperature strain温度应力temperature stress温降temperature drop温升temperature rise污水处理sewage treatment无坝取水undamed intake无粘性土cohesionless soil无压泄水孔free-flow outletX下游downstream现场检查field inspection橡胶坝rubber dam消力池stilling basin消能防冲设计design of energy dissipation and erosion control 消能工energy dissipator校核洪水位water level of check flood校核流量check flood discharge斜缝inclined joint斜墙inclined core泄洪洞flood discharge tunnel泄洪雾化flood discharge atomization泄水重力坝overflow gravity dam胸墙breast wall悬臂梁cantiever beam汛期flood perioY压力计pressure meter压缩曲线compressive curve淹没系数coefficient of submergence扬压力uplift养护cure液化liquifaction溢洪道spillway溢流面overflow face溢流前缘length of overflow crest溢流堰顶overflow crest溢流重力坝overflow gravity dam翼墙wing wall翼墙式连接wing wall type connection引航道approach channel引水渠diversion canal引张线法tense wire method应力分析stress analysis应力集中stress concentration应力应变观测stress-strain observation应力重分布stress redistribution永久缝permanent joint优化设计optimizing design有坝取水barrage intake有效库容effective storage预压加固soil improvement by preloading预应力衬砌prestressed lining原型prototype约束条件constraint condition允许水力坡降allowable hydraulic gradientZ增量法increment method闸底板floor of slui闸墩pier闸孔sluice opening闸孔跨距span of sluice opening闸门槽gate slot闸室chamber of sluice闸首lock head闸址sluice site正槽溢洪道chute spillw正常使用极限状态limit state of normal operation 正应力normal stress正常溢洪道main spillw支墩坝buttress dam止水watertight seal止水装置sealing device趾板toe slab趾墩toe pier滞回圈hysteresis loop主应力principal stress纵缝longitudinal joint阻尼比damped ratio作用action作用水头working pressure head最优含水率optimum moisture content。
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混凝土面板堆石坝主要技术术语表
坝高：从趾板清基后的建基面算起到坝顶路面之间的高度。
趾板：位于坝踵、连接面板和防渗帷幕的结构物。
趾墙：布置在趾板线上和面板连接的混凝土挡墙。
基准线：面板内坡延长线与趾板设计建基面交点的连接。
趾板面等高线：垂直于趾板长度方向的线条。
混凝土面板：位于堆石坝体上游面的防渗主体结构。
防浪墙：与面板顶部连接的L型混凝土挡墙。
周边缝：面板与趾板或趾墙之间的接缝。
垂直缝：面板条块之间的竖向接缝。
水平缝：分期施工面板的水平接缝。
防浪墙底缝：面板与防浪墙间的接缝。
其它接缝：面板与溢洪道电站进水口等建筑物之间的接缝。
施工缝：面板施工中的水平缝，为施工需要或临时产生的水平缝。
保护罩：用于覆盖和保护接缝顶部填料的材料。
挤压钢筋：布置于面板侧面和底面、承受挤压的附加钢筋。
堆石坝体：面板下游的堆石体。
垫层区：是面板的支承体，向堆石体均匀传递水压力，并起渗流控制作用。
特殊垫层区：位于周边缝下游侧垫层区内，对周边缝及其附近面板上的堵缝材料起反滤作用。
过渡区：是垫层料和主堆石料之间连接的过渡区，保护垫层并共同起渗流控制作用。
主堆石区：位于堆石坝体的上游，是承受水荷载的主要支撑体。
下游堆石区：位于堆石坝体的下游，与主堆石体共同保持坝体稳定，其变形对面板影响轻微。
上游铺盖区：用粉细砂、粉煤灰或土料覆盖面板和周边缝。
柔性填料：由沥青、橡胶和填充料混合而成并用于止水的材料。