lecture 8 翻译技巧七 语态变换法
Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)

英语中,特别在现代英语中,常常用一个表示具体形象 的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类 词时,一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸,译文才能流畅、 自然。 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。 这里把tiger(老虎)和ape(猿)这两个具体形象引伸 为这两个形象所代表的属性:“残暴”和“狡猾”。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 这里把roses(玫瑰)和thorns(刺)这两个具体形象 引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性:“甜”和“苦”。
On Studies 王佐良译《论读书》 水天同《论学问》 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 水译:读书为学的用途是娱乐、装饰和增长才识。 王译:读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. 水译:在娱乐上学问的主要的用处是幽居养静;在装饰 上学问的用处是辞令;在长才上学问的用处是对于事务 的判断和处理。 王译:其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最 见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
英语专八考试翻译技巧:转换法

英语专八考试翻译技巧:转换法英语专八考试翻译技巧:转换法英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。
本文店铺就为大家介绍英语专八翻译技巧:转换法,供各位考生参考。
转换法:指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
具体的说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。
在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。
在句型方面,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句。
在语态方面,可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
如:(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)(2) Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
(名词转动词)(3) 由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的.综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy,our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)(4) I’m all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。
(介词转动词)(5) The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。
翻译技巧-语态转换译法ppt课件

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1、英汉被动语态差异
1、关于这个问题,已经说得很多了。 2、对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。
1. Much has been said on this question. 2. The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.
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2. 2 译成主动句 B. 添加主语
一些英语被动句并未出现动作施事者,汉译时可适 当增添不确定的主语,如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、 “我们”等;或改变句中其他成分做主语。
1)My holidays afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country.
【译文】有人指出人体内不同种类的蛋白质可多达10万种。 2)It is generally considered that it is not advisable to act that way. 【译文】大家认为这样做是不妥当的。
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2. 5. 1 “It + be + V-ed + that... ”结构
(谓语分译)
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2. 2 译成主动句
A. 保持原主语不变 1)Love can not be forced.
【译文】爱情不能强求。
2)Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine. 【译文】疾病必须先确诊,再用药。
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1、英汉被动语态差异
翻译的八大常用技巧

作用与意义1. 重译法:为了明确、为了强调、为了生动2. 增译法:为了更忠实于原文的意思,而又更合乎译文的表达习惯3. 减译法:源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法4. 词类转移法:语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变,词序有时也随之变化5. 词序调整法:语言之间构成形式并非完全相同,做必不可少的词序改变6. 分译法:主要用于长句的翻译,有时存在于词语语义的分译7. 正反翻译法:由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说,反话正说8. 语态变换法:主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭,因而处于战争状态时,缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。
We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题,解决问题。
A large family has its difficulties.大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。
Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具,当的当了,卖的卖了。
Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown.舟遥遥以轻扬,风飘飘而吹衣。
Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)

英语中,特别在现代英语中,常常用一个表示具体形象 的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类 词时,一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸,译文才能流畅、 自然。 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。 这里把tiger(老虎)和ape(猿)这两个具体形象引伸 为这两个形象所代表的属性:“残暴”和“狡猾”。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 这里把roses(玫瑰)和thorns(刺)这两个具体形象 引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性:“甜”和“苦”。
I have butterflies in my stomach. 我很紧张。 (8)In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table. 在现代世界上,盐除了供食用外,还有许多其他 用途。(dining table原文为"饭桌")
水译:有些书可供一尝,有些书可以吞下,有不多的几 部书则应当咀嚼消化;这就是说,有些书只要读读他们 的一部分就够了,有些书可以全读,但是不必过于细心 地读;还有不多的几部书则应当全读,勤读,而且用心 地读。 王译:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。 换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数 则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。
词义的具体化引伸 将词义作具体化的引申,就是把原文中的某些 比较抽象和笼统的词在译文中引申为意义比较 具体和明确的词。 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示 一种具体事物,译成汉语时一般可作具体化引 伸。
翻译技巧笔记:转换法

翻译技巧笔记:转换法翻译技巧笔记:转换法泛瑞翻译于英汉两种语言在语法和表达方式等方面存在着许多差异,因此英译汉时常常有必要改变表达方式,使译文通顺流畅、地道可读。
这种变通技巧就是转换法(shift of perspective)。
转换的形式多种多样,大体可分为7种:①词类转换,②句子成分转换,③表达方式转换,④自然语序与倒装语序转换;⑤正面表达与反面表达转换,⑥主动式与被动式转换,⑦分句转换。
一、词类转换词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。
(一) 英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. 因此,对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲,培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式,乃是至关重要的对策。
(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind. 红军冒着刺骨的寒风英勇前进。
(3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise. 大家都没有认识到这番经验却是一次个性的考验,最初的兴奋过去以后,又觉得自己已经干得不错了,理应受到赞扬。
(4) He appeared at her side, breathing audibly, a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead, rigid. 她到车站不一会儿,他便出现在她的身旁,听见他喘息的声音。
Lecture英汉动静态差异与语态转换

除了be之外,have, become, grow, feel, go, come, get, do等也使英语常用的弱式动词 (verbs of feeble phenomenality)。 英语还常常把动词转化或派生成名词, 置于虚化动词,如have, make, take, do等之 后作其宾语,如:have a look, take a walk, make attempts, pay visits, do some damages, put up a proposal等。这类动词短语往往显得 虚弱而平淡无味(colorless)。如:
语言发展中的简化倾向(tendency of simplification)是直接动因:
• 作为有丰富形态变化的综合性语言,英语句子中 的谓语动词要受很多形态变化规则的约束,使用 时有很多不便,所以一般每个句子只有一个谓语 动词。而对动词的需要又不至于此,于是只能采 取名词化的方法。 • 汉语因为是分析性的,所以词类界限并不明显, 但动词距离人的体验最近,又无需形态变化,故 而最具优势。
2. 用名词表示施事(agentive noun),代替动 词。 英语除了用抽象名词表示行为和动作(realizerealization, complete-completion)等概念外 ,还常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动 词。大量由动词派生的名词即表施事者,又保留 原来动词的意义,如以-er或-or结尾的名词。这 类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结构:
Is this train for Chicago? (Is this train going to Chicago?) With these words she went away. (After saying these, she went away.) They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy. (They immediately set out to pursue the enemy.)
lecture翻译技巧八顺序和逆序法

1. The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S. “Apollo”.
2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts.
我们天天在教室里认真学习。
2. His address is 518 Wenhua Road, Guzan Town, PA626001, Kangding. 他的地址是康定县姑咱镇文化路518号,邮编编码 626001。
3. They were badly defeated at Luding in November, 1945. 他们于1945年11月在泸定附近大败。
+post-) both his two sisters (pre- + central + post-)
我的三位朋友 她的许多本书
Fourth, general principal for placing several attributive modifiers before noun in Chinese:
predeterminer + central determiner + postdeterminer
all the four teachers (pre- + central + post-) all your three books (pre- + central + post-) all these last few days (pre-+central+post-
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C. 把被动语态译成汉语无主句
1). Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.
3.我方合理的价格已由西尔斯公司接受, 这样可促成更多的贸易。
4.You have been invited to this forum 4.今天邀大家来开座谈会,目的是要 today to exchange ideas on…… 和大家交换意见, …… 5. We will not be able to dispatch your 5.只有你方把现有订货量增至我们所 shipment until your order is large enough to 确定的最低数字,我们才能供货。 qualify our minimum requirement in size.
A . 把被动语态译成汉语被动句
1) The company was enjoined from using false advertising.
这家商号被禁止使用虚假广告。 2) Up to now, sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants.
有了钱,就会以钱谋权。 2). If water is heated, the molecules move more quickly.
如果把水加热,水分子就运动得更快。
D. 习惯译法
英语中以it 做形式主语,以被动语态作谓语,其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的 结构很多。这种结构在译成汉语时,除把it一律省略外,通常有两种处理方法: 1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词 2.用“据……”等短语译出
1). It’s believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream. 有人说她那些当明星的计划全都是些非非遐想罢了。
英语中以it 做形式主语,以被动语态作谓语,其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结 构在译成汉语时,除把it一律省略外,通常有两种处理方法: 1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词 2.用“据……”等短语译出
• It must be kept in mind that… 必须记住 • It is known that… 众所周知;大家知道 • It has been objected that… 有人反驳 • It is predicted that… 据估计;据预计 • It is reported that… 据报道;据报告说
到目前为止,二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物中
最严重的一种。
3) All around, the hills were black with oil, and some
were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray. 四周,由于蒙上了一层油,山峦是黑色的,有的山 峦则被天然气和在风中飘洒的喷油遮挡住了。 4) The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。
诗人是天生的,而演说家则是后天造就的。
6). Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down. 在时间沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。(喻“不身体力 行不足以成事”) 7). In his late thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career.
• It must be realized that… 必须了解(认识、明 白)
• It is asserted that…
有人主张(断定) • It is understood that… 人们理解;不用说
• It is said that…
据说;一般认为
• It is suggested that…
翻译技巧七——
The change of the voices
(语态变换法)
the change of the voices(语态变换法)
The passive voice is more commonly used in English than in Chinese, especially in the writing of science and technology. In the sentences in which the doers are not necessarily told or known, the passive voice is used. And sometimes for the sake of connection of the context, there occurs the passive voice. Since the Байду номын сангаасassive structure seldom appears in Chinese, many passive sentences in English have to be turned into active sentences in Chinese. In fact, a translator tries to render the passive sentences into Chinese active sentences as many as possible. But the version must be made idiomatic and smooth, not ambiguous or abstruse. This is a problem which is worth our attention.
1.有人看见码头工人正从“阿波罗”号轮船卸化肥。 2.芬兰贸易代表团受到同行们的热烈欢迎。 3.我方合理的价格已由西尔斯公司接受,这样可促成 更多的贸易。 4.You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas on……
5. We will not be able to dispatch your shipment until your order is large enough to qualify our minimum requirement in size.
练习:
1. The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S. “Apollo”. 1.有人看见码头工人正从“阿波罗”号 轮船卸化肥。
2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a 2.芬兰贸易代表团受到同行们的热烈欢 warm welcome by their counterparts. 迎。 3. Our reasonable price has already been accepted by Sears, which will lead to further business.
有人建议
• It is believed that… 据信;人们(大家)相信 • It is claimed that… 有人(人们)主张;人们要 求 • It is declared that… 据宣称;人们宣称 • It cannot be denied that… 不可否认 • It is estimated that… 据估计(推算) • It has been found that… 已经发现;实践证明
近四十岁时,由于事业上的挫折,他几乎为失意所 毁。
8) The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles.
运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。
使用“加以”、“予以”字 样 表达被动含义。
9) The details of the facade will be further fitted up to match the interior. 铺面将进一步加以装修,使之与室内装饰浑然一体。
TIP: 在行为主体前使用“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”等字,在这类句子中,在“被”、 “由”、“受”、“给”等字后面,在动词前面,有一个名词作为该动词的逻辑主语。
Tip:使用“是……的”、“为……所”句型,这些句 子着重说明一件事情是怎样做或什么时候、什么地点 做的等等。例如:
5) Poets are born, but orators are made.
英语中这种it做形式主语的被动句型在各类文章中比比皆是, 汉译时一般均按主动结构译出。即将原文中的主语从句译在宾 语的位置上,而把it做形式主语的主句译成一个独立语或分句。 常见的固定结构如:
It is generally accepted that… 一般认为;大家公认 • It is alleged that… 人们断言
2). It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting. 据估计,美国人一生中, 在乏味而令人厌烦, 却又躲避 不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。
B . 把被动语态译成汉语主动句