高英期末复习资料

Lesson 1 Paraphrase 1. And it is an activity only of humans. And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. 2. Conversation is not for making a point. Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view. 3. In fact,the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to loss. Actually,a person who is good at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view. 4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives. People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each other’s lives. 5. „it could still go ignorantly on. The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong. 6. They are cattle in the fields,but we sit down to beef(boeuf). These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feed in the fields;but when we sit down at the table to eat,we call their meat beef. 7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers. 8. „English had come royally into its own. The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more. 9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. The phrase,the King’s English,has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. 10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. There still exists in the working people,as in the early Saxon peasants,a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class. 11. There is always a great danger,as Carlyle put it,that “words will harden into things for us.” As Carlyle pointed out,there is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. 12. Even with the most educated and the most literate,the King’s English slips and slides in conversation. Even the most learned and the most literate people do not use standard,formal English all the time in their conversation.

Translation 1. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交际的。

2. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. 尽管争论常常是闲聊的一部分，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲谈之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。 3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. 或许是从小混迹于英国小酒吧的缘故吧，我觉得酒馆里的闲聊是别有韵味的。 4. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it – she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind – but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk. 我不记得其中一个伙伴的那句话是什么情况下说出来的 – 不过，显然她并没有特意地准备什么，那也算不上是什么非说不可的要紧话 – 那只不过是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 5. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken.” 下层人民总是会抵制上流社会给“规范英语”制定的条条框框. 6. Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King’s English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. 词语本身并不是现实，它不过是现实的一种反应形式而已。标准英语和诺曼人的盎格鲁法语的性质一样，也只是一个阶段用来表达现实的一种形式。 7. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below. 让人们学着去讲也许不错，但既不应该把它作为法令，也不应该使它完全不接受来自下层的改变。 8. There is no worse conversation than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print. 要是有谁闲聊时也像做文章一样句逗分明，或像写一篇要发表的散文般咬文嚼字的话，那他说的话就一定极为倒人胃口。 9. When E. M. Forster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age,” we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image. 看到E.M.福斯特笔下写出“如今这个时代阴森恐怖的长廊”时，我们可以深刻体会到语言的生动、比喻的张力。 10. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meaning of “the King’s English.” 那晚，如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的意义，也就不可能再有那场交谈辩论。

Ps:Para.9—11 Someone took one of the best – known of examples, which is still always worth the reconsidering. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of