数字音频接口数据记录系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献文献翻译原文：Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par 4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is the curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all of this represented giant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of shop floorenvironment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most mportant of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The evelopment of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital ignal Processors.There are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in manyways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP‟s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance SP‟s that can erform broad ranges of processing tasks. Development kits an software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP‟s that allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “drag …n‟ drop” methodologies.DSP‟s more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP‟s behave more like common general-purpose CPU‟s ,with register-files.There are thousands of different DSP‟s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four” manufacturers of DSP‟s: Texas Instruments, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA‟s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (DSP‟s) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The F/C240 is a number of the‟C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the C24x devices provides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniques such as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The C24xDSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-purpose C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the C2x generation , and upwardly source code compatible with the C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow‟s e mbedded control marketplace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the …24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip digital motor controller. The 240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and digital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The 240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the 240 include:---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control---Appliance and HV AC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the 240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it‟s own compare register, supportthe generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.The feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct theerror. A system with one or more feedback pats like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A human being may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It is As anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system of The basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.译文：控制系统基础数字控制机床常常重达上百吨，但却常常要求切削工具的定位精度达到0.002毫米。
语音传输、存储和回放外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Audio Transfer Storage and Playback System 语音传输，存储和播放系统长春工程学院语音传输，存储和播放系统发明者：威廉布鲁斯，小威廉布鲁斯摘要本系统提供以数字形式记录的语音节目，包括以音乐或语音格式进行数字化记录，保持和上传语音节目的计算机服务器，本系统还能通过无线传输对时间压缩，加密和编码调制等数字进行数据传输，接收数据时则使用射频电子，然后转移到一个组合音频接收器/播放器/数据存储设备中。
这种存储设备包括一个可读/写存储器存储机制（例如，磁盘驱动器，硬盘驱动器，内存或闪存卡系统）和回放或具有播放器功能的移动或固定站点射频接收机，它能够接收无线传输信号。
当接收传送数据时，对编程数据解调并以数字形式存储，然后转换到“实时”的音频时间文件中，利用数字 - 模拟转换器，回放给收听者。
图3发明背景本发明涉及一般的音频录制和播放设备（录音机和磁带，光盘播放机和光盘等）领域，特别是其中包括固定或移动存储设备，如数字音频数据存储等设备,如计算机磁盘驱动器或闪存卡被转换成音频输出。
更特别的是，本发明涉及此类设备是便携式数据存储和输出设备，能从一台以时间压缩、加密和数据编码的形式进行音频编程的高速度传输计算机服务器提供接收和存储的数据。
无线电已应用多年，并以不同的风味提供给消费者选择无线音频节目。
无线信号在本地被播放，因而受限于发射器的功率和接收机的质量。
消费者受控于电台程序员，因为传输材料的选择是由无限电台决定的，提供给消费者唯一的选择就是改变基站。
在一个给定的语言环境中，某些音乐的或者是信息的格式可能不能应用。
由于这些限制，录像带或CD播放机就变得非常流行。
录像机或CD播放机给收听者限制了格式，收听者可以在任何时间播放他预先录制在录像带或光盘里的任何东西。
这些设备的缺点就是消费者必须各自购买录像带或光盘（当出现新的艺术家或自己熟悉的艺术家创作的新作品时，又要买新的光盘或录像带），这些录像带或光盘具有有限的存储容量，当利用一种便携式播放器时（收听者携带的个人设备或者小轿车里的播放器），使用者必须转换许多录像带或光盘来支持一系列的选择或根据收听者的心情预先选择某些光盘或录像带，收听者会被他或她不再想听的或证明买的没有最初预料的那样好的录像带或光盘卡住。
音频信号处理博士论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
音频信号处理博士论文中英文资料外文翻
译文献
音频信号处理是一个广泛研究的领域，涉及到音频信号的获取、分析、传输和处理等方面。
本文翻译了以下两篇外文文献，为音频
信号处理博士论文的写作提供参考。
文献一：Title of Paper One
作者：
摘要：
该篇文献提出了一种新的音频信号处理算法，旨在改善音频信
号的质量和增强用户对音乐的感受。
通过对音频信号进行特征提取
和分析，该算法能够有效地消除噪音和失真，并提供更清晰、更丰
富的音频体验。
文献介绍了算法的原理和实现方式，并通过实验验
证了其在不同音频数据集上的有效性。
文献二：Title of Paper Two
作者：
摘要：
该篇文献探讨了音频信号处理领域的一个重要问题，即语音识
别的准确性和鲁棒性。
通过分析现有的语音识别算法，文献指出了
当前算法存在的一些问题，并提出了一种改进的方法。
该方法基于
深度研究和卷积神经网络，并通过对音频信号进行多层次的特征研
究和表示研究，提高了语音识别的准确性和鲁棒性。
文献还介绍了
该方法的实验结果，并与其他算法进行了比较。
总结
这两篇外文文献介绍了音频信号处理领域的一些重要研究进展
和算法。
它们提供了宝贵的参考和借鉴，可以在音频信号处理博士
论文的写作中起到指导作用。
通过综合运用这些研究成果，我们可
以进一步改进音频信号处理算法，提高音频信号的质量和用户体验。
单片机信号发生器论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献Design of Digital Controlled Signal Generator Based on DDS and MCU Keywords: DDS; MCU; Signal generator; Phase Accumulator; DACAbstract. Its advantage to use DDS chip is output signal frequency bigger, and precision higher, Butusers can't change the output signal waveforms. The MCU can produce the required arbitrary waveforms, but its program execution of the order limit the speed.So we use their Synergy to designthe digital controlled signal generator. The System has the advantage of output good qualitywaveform, frequency of precision and stability ,and high frequency, empty, amplitude and phase is tostep into the need.IntroductionThe digitally synthesized sine waveform (Direct Digital Synthesis, DDS) is a well-known method andhas been applied to many embedded applications [1]. This technique can be used to create a positivedigital sine waveform. Compared to other frequency composing method, Direct Digital FrequencySynthesis(DDS) has been the most popular trend in modern frequency synthetic technique for itsexcellent characteristics. The signal source that the DDS technology realizes can carry out accuratecontrolling on DDS frequency , extent , phase exporting wave form's etc. by numerical control circuit,the system making use of this method has many merits such as stability, reliably and accuracy.The commercial DDS chip can only export a sine wave for the data in the ROM form already hasbeen solidified. If needing to come into being any wave form, it may come true by the way that FPGAadopts DDS IP core or hardware describe language etc, however,the cost of This way cost is high; onthe other hand, any wave form can be achieved by making use of micro controller unit (MCU) to carryout figure frequency combining and DA converting. The experiment and applying testing have shownthat the numerical control signal source composed of STM32 micro controller and DDS chip canwork well.DDS and wave form programming patternThe core of DDS system is phase accumulator carriage, and it is composed of a ADR and one unitphase register. When any clock comes, the phase register increases by with the step length, phaseregister output and phase control word add together, and then the output is imported to sine inquiryform address.The sine inquiring form includes the numeral extent information of one-period sine wave, each address corresponds to the phase dot of 0~360 degrees of the sine wave. The mapping digital signaldrives DAC and outputs analog value. The output sine circle and frequency areThe phase register will return to the original state when the 2N/M fc clock is finished. Accordingly,the DDS system output a sine wave when the sine inquiring form finish a circle. The output sine circleand frequency is TO --output sine wave circle, unit: s; TC --external referenced clock circle, unit: s;M --accumulated step length of phase register, constant; f out --output sine wave frequency, unit: Hz; f c --external referenced clock frequency, unit: Hz; N --phase accumulator digit, constant.The relationship among the frequency control word, and the output signal frequency and the referenced clock frequency are:Frequency control word is directly proportional to the output signal frequency. In order to describeclearly, the sine wave form is as one vector turns around phase circle, the phase circle matches alongwith a cycle sine wave. Every sampling pots in wave form corresponds to a phase dot of the phasecircle.To synthesis the required frequency signal, it needs to accomplish the following steps1. Controlling every sampling increment of phase and accumulating them (frequency control word K),output 2 pi cumulated phase (using phase accumulator).2. Converting 2 pi accumulating phase into the corresponding sine amplitude, use ROM to store thecorresponding phase-extent form of sine function in general.3. Use DAC to change extent code into the signal simulating voltage.4. The voltage signal that DAC exports is ladder wave form , the required simulation voltage outisachieved after LPF smoothing.Numerical control DDS signal source system designs analysisSystem uses the STM32 as control core and the AD9850 as generator. STM32 is 32-bit ARM-basedmicro controller with 128 K byte flash memory.The two signal output of STM32 can be achieved by controlling AD9850 and DAC0832 outputsimultaneously. The system designs block diagram is shown in Fig. 1. One signal output can generate30 MHz sine wave and rectangular wave by controlling AD9850, the other output generate any waveform with its frequency less than 10 KHz by numerical frequency mixture of DAC0832.Fig. 1 System designs block diagramHardware designAD9850 moduleAD9850 contains the DDS system and high-speed comparator. The AD9850 can realize the entirenumerical frequency combining. The core of the programmable DDS is the phase accumulator, it iscomposed of a ADR and a N bit phase register, N is for 24 ~ 32.After connecting to the accurate clock source and writing the frequency phase control word, AD9850 can generate the frequency-programmable and phase-programmable output of analog sinewave, which can be used as the direct frequency signal source or be transferred into rectangular wavethrough high-speed comparator.With the 125 MHz clock, 32-bit frequency control word can carry out the output frequency resolution ratio of AD9850 with 0.0291 Hz[4].DAC0832 moduleThe circuit exports the phase data sheet to DAC0832 from STM32 and gets corresponding waveform by DA converting. The step-by-step adjusting phase amounts can create arbitrary frequency, thePWM signal from the STM32 transfers into the corresponding voltage by low-pass filter, therefore,the referenced voltage of DAC0832 is controlled, furthermore, the output waveform extent is tunedappropriately. The digital to analog conversion circuit is shown in Fig.2Fig. 2 DAC circuitPWM converting DA circuitThe low-pass filtered PWM signal from STM32 is then stable using the voltage follower, whichwill yield a stable output voltage; the voltage can be adjusted by tuning the PWM dutyfactor. Thesystem output three PWM signals, which controls AD9850 output extent, dutyfactor and the outputextent of DAC0832, respectively,. Fig. 3 shows the PWM controls DA transferring circuit.Fig. 3 PWM controlled DA converting circuitFig. 4 Export amplification and the wave filtering circuit. (a) amplification circuit; (b) filteringcircuitAmplification and wave filtering circuitThe amplification circuit will export amplified wave form and modify the factor of amplification. Anexcellent smooth output waveform can be achieved by using the low-pass active power filtering. Theamplification circuit and the filtering circuit is showed in Fig. 4.Software designAnd the system software mainly include AD9850 driving module, DAC0832 driving module, thestep-by-step automation module, PWM-converting-DA module and uC/GUI figure supporting system implanted in procedure. The operation interface is full of humanization for themulti-windowpattern is adopted. The design process of the system software is shown in Fig. 5.Implanted uC/GUIThe numerical control signal source has used the uC/GUI software sufficiently to establish manywindows and control buttons. By means of invoking the corresponding windows and control with thefeedback information, the peripheral equipment operated under the control of the system.The external equipment is mainly separated into two drivers, the drive being an AD9850 moduleand DAC0832 module drive, respectively. The two modules can be controlled by means of the outsideinterruption and timing interruption.AD9850 DriveAD9850 has 40 control words, among them, 32-bit is used for frequency control, 5-bit is used for the phase control, 1-bit is used for the power source dormancy control, 2-bit is used to chooseoperation pattern.Fig. 5 Systematic procedure flow chartThis 40 control words may arrive at AD9850 by concurrence way or serial way, in the concurrenceway, 8 data highway generals can transfer the data to a register.After repeating 5 times, the 40-bit data is loaded into the frequency / phase data register (forrefreshing DDS output frequency and phase) at the FQ-UD rising edge, meanwhile, the addresspointer is reset to the first input registerThen the 8-bit data is loaded at the W-CLK rising edge, and the pointer is set to the next inputregister. After repeating 5 times of W-CLK rising edge, the W-CLK rising edge will work no longeruntil the reset signal comes or the address pointer is reset to the first input register by the FQ-UDrising edge.The procedure operate AD9850 module through the bottom function, asvoid ad9850(double frequency, //frequencyunsigned char phase, //phaseunsigned char mode, //patternunsigned char power //source)The DAC0832 driven moduleIn the design of the numerical control signal source, DAC0832 is defined as single buffered pattern, when the 8 bit Parallel data D0~D7 is input, the DA will transfer data in the CS.The bottom function of void DA0832(u8 value)can invoke Out_To_DDS0832(double Frequency,u8 type) function and control the defined wave form and frequency.This function is based on figure frequency composes principle, it transfers the input frequency intocorresponding control word, and then combing phase step-by-step expect, output wave form datasheet in memory.The extent and dutyfactor can be tuned through invoking Adjust_Vpp() and Adjust Duty() Step-by-step automation procedureA step-by-step automation procedure brick is added to the design to define the frequency range,step-by-step rate , step-by-step amounts , ascending or lapse, cycling pattern.The step-by-step automation function can be realized through invoking AutoStep(AutoStepStr*AS) and passing memory structure type to a function.Test the experiment and data analysisThe DDS numerical control signal source can import the various changeable control wordsby atouching screen, and then accurately control the signal frequency, dutyfactor, extent and phase. Figure6 shows the corresponding experimental wave forms.Fig. 6 The oscillograph exports experiment picture (a) 1 KHz wave form output; (b) 1 MHz waveform output; (c) 20 MHz wave form output.With the oscillograph testing, it shows that the circuit work stably and rightly. The variousparametric index exhibit fine numerical control effect.a. Output frequency range: 1Hz—30MHz，peak-to-peak value: 50mV～10V；dutyfactor:10%~100%, difference≤1%。
存储器输入输出访问论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
存储器输入输出访问中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述附录A：英文资料Input/Output AccessingIn this article, we will look at the three basic methods of I/O accessing －programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). The key issue that distinguishes these three methods is how deeply the processor is involved in I/O operations. The discussion emphasizes interrupt-driven I/O, because it is based on the concept of interrupt handling, which is a general problem that goes beyond Input/Output operations. The study of interrupt handling also aids in understanding the general concept of exception processing, which is an important issue not only for I/O, but also for interfacing a computer with other system control functions.Addressing I/O RegistersInput/Output devices communicate with a processor through Input/Output ports. Through the input ports, s processor receives data from the I/O devices. Through the output ports, a processor sends data to the I/O devices. Each I/O port consists of a small set of registers, such as data buffer registers (the input buffer and/or the output buffer), the status register, and the control register. The processor must have some means to address these registers while communicating with them. There are two common methods of addressing I/O register －memory-mapped I/O and direct I/O.1. Memory-Mapped I/OMemory-mapped I/O maps the I/O registers and main memory into a unified address space in the computer system. I/O registers share the same address space with main memory, but are mapped to a specific section that is reserved just for I/O. Thus, the I/O register can be addressed in ordinary memory reference instructions as if they are part of the main memory locations. There are no specially designed I/O instructions in the instruction set of the system. Any instruction that references a location in this area is an I/O instruction. Any instruction that can specify a memory address is capable of performing I/O operations. The Motorola MC68000 is an example of a computer system that uses this addressing method.2. Direct I/OThe method of addressing I/O registers directly without sharing the address space with the main memory is called direct I/O or I/O-mapped I/O. In other words, I/O registers are not mapped to the same address space with the main memory. Each I/O register has an independent address space. As a result, instructions that reference the main memory space cannot be used for Input/Output. In the instruction set of the computer system, special I/O instructions must be designed for I/O operations. In these I/O instructions, distinct I.D. numbers must be used to address different I/O communication channels (i.e., I/O ports). They are called port numbers. The I/O registers of an I/O port are connected to the system I/O bus, through which the processor can reference the I/O registers directly to send/receive data to/from an I/O device. An I/O port number is not from the same address space as main memory. The Pentium is an example of a computer system that uses the direct I/O addressing method. It has a 64 GB memory address space (32 address bits) and, at the same time, a 64 KB I/O address space (16 bits I/O address/port number).We can compare memory-mapped I/O and the direct I/O and the direct I/O as follows:●Memory-mapped I/O uses ordinary memory reference instructions to access I/O, so it provides flexibility for I/O programming and simplifies I/O software. Direct I/O does not provide any flexibility in I/O programming, since only a small set of special I/O instructions are allowed to reference I/O registers.●for memory-mapped I/O, the processor uses the same address lines to access all the addressable I/O registers and the same data lines to send/receive data to/form these registers. This simplifies the connection between I/O port and the processor, and thus leads to a low-cost hardware design and implementation. For direct I/O, the connection between I/O ports and the processor may be more expensive. This is because either (1) special hardware is needed to implement separate I/O address lines or (2) when memory address lines are used for I/O; a special flag is needed, indicating that the requested address is for an I/O operation.●In spite of the advantage of using ordinary memory reference instructions to access I/O registers, memory-mapped I/O may complicate the control unit design in regards to the implementation of I/O-related instructions. This is because usually the I/O bus cycles need to be longer than the equivalent memory bus cycles, and this means that the design of different timing control logic is required. This can be used to explain why memory-mapped I/O benefits programmers, but not electronics engineers.●Direct I/O addressing has another advantage over memory-mapped I/O in that low-level debugging on a differentiated addressing system may be easier, because break-points or error traps can be imposed more generally.●with memory-mapped I/O, I/O registers share the same address space with main memory; hence, the memory space available for programs and data is reduced. For direct I/O addressing, I/O does not share memory space with main memory, and a single contiguous memory space can be maintained and used by programmers.Programmed I/OProgrammed I/O requires that all data transfer operations be put under the complete control of the processor when executing programs. It is sometimes called polling, because the program repeatedly polls (checks) the status flag of an I/O device, so that its input/output operation can be synchronized with the processor. A general flowchart of such a program is shown in Figure 1. The program continuously polls the status of an I/O device to find out whether (1) data is available in the input buffer or (2) the output device is ready for receiving data from the processor. If the status shows “available” the program will execute a data transfer instruction to complete the I/O operation; otherwise, the busy status of the I/O device will force the program to circulate in a busy-waiting loop until the status becomes available. Such a busy-waiting loop, which continuously checks the status of data availability (for input) or device availability (for out-put), forms the typical program structure of programmed I/O. It is this time-consuming busy-waiting loop that wastes processor time and makes programmed I/O very inefficient. The processor must be involved continuously in the entire I/O process. During this time interval, the processor cannot perform any useful computation, but only serve a single I/O device. For certain slow I/O devices, this busy-waiting loop interval may be long enough that the processor could execute millions of instructions before the I/O event occurs, e.g., a key stroke on a keyboard.The operational mode lf programmed I/O stated above is characterized by the busy waiting loop of the program, during which the processor spends time polling an I/O device. Because of the dedication of the processor to a single task, this mode of programmed I/O is called dedicated polling or spin polling. Although dedicated polling is highly inefficient, sometimes it is necessary and even unavoidable. In a particular case, if an urgent event needs an immediate response without delay, then dedicated polling by a dedicated processor may be the best way to handle it. Once the expected event happens, the processor can tract to it immediately. For example, certain real time systems (e.g., radar echo processing systems) require a reaction to incoming data that is so quick that even an interrupt response is too slow. Under such a circumstance, only a fast dedicated polling loop may suffice.Another mode of operation of programmed I/O is called intermittent polling or timed polling. In this mode, the processor may poll the device at a regular timed interval, which can be expectedor prescheduled. Such a device can be found in many embedded systems where a special-purpose computer is used for process control, data acquisition, environmental monitoring, traffic counting, etc. these devices, which measure, collect, or record data, are usually polled periodically in a regular schedule determined by the needs of the application. Such a method of intermittent polling can help save time lost in spin polling and avoid the complexity of interrupt processing. However, it should be noted that intermittent polling may not be applicable in some special cases, in which there is only one device to be polled and the correct polling rate must be achieved with the assistance of an interrupt-driven clock. Using timed polling in this case would result in simply swapping one interrupt-driven clock. Using time polling in this case would result in simply swapping one interrupt requirement for another.Interrupt-Driven I/OInterrupt-driven I/O is a means to avoid the inefficient busy-waiting loops, which characterize programmed I/O. Instead of waiting while the I/O device is busy doing its job of input/output, the processor can run other programs. When the I/O device completes its job and its status becomes “available”, it will issue an interrupt request to the processor, asking for CPU service. In response, the processor suspends whatever it is currently doing, in order to attend to the needs of that I/O device.In respond to an interrupt request, the processor will first save the contents of both the program counter and the status register for the running program, and then transfer the control to the corresponding interrupt service routine to perform the required data input/output operation. When the interrupt service routine has completed its execution and if no more interrupt requests are pending, the processor will resume the execution of the previously interrupted program and restore the contents of the statuses and program counter. The processor hardware should check the interrupt request signal upon completion of execution of every instruction. If multiple devices issue their interrupt requests at the same time, the processor must use some method to choose which one to service first, and then service all the other interrupt requests one by one by order of priority. Only after all the interrupt requests have been serviced will the CPU return to the interrupted user program. In this way, the processor can serve many I/O devices concurrently and spend more time doing useful jobs, rather than running a busy-waiting loop to serve a single device. Therefore, interrupt I/O is very effective in handling slow and medium-speed I/O devices. Furthermore, the concept of an interrupt can be generalized to handle any event caused by hardware or software, internally or externally. This general problem is referred to as exception processing.If multiple interrupt requests are issued by different devices at the same time, the processor should have some means to identify the interrupt sources and handle their interrupt requests by some policy, typically by priority. Only one request with the highest priority can be serviced at the current time, while all others are put into a waiting queue. Upon the completion of the service performed by an interrupt service routine, the processor should search the waiting queue for all the pending interrupt requests, old or new, and continue to service them one by one according to their priorities, until the queue becomes empty. Only when all the pending interrupt requests have been serviced can the interrupted user program be resumed. Although this case contains multiple interrupt requests, it is still a simplified case. The assumption is that all the interrupt service routines must be completed without further interruption 9 (or so-called preemption) once they have been started one after another by the processor. An interrupt process satisfying this assumption is called a non-preemptive interrupt. In real-life circumstances, the process of interrupt-driven I/O can be more complicated than this simplified case. Each interrupted service routine running in the processor can be preempted (interrupted) by a newly arrived interrupt request, which has a higher priority than the current one. This circumstance will cause the main program and all the requested interrupt service routines to have a complicated interrelationship. An interrupt process that allows an interrupt service routine to be preempted by a higher-priority interrupt service routine is called a preemptive interrupt.Direct Memory AccessAlthough interrupt I/O is more efficient than the programmed I/O, it still suffers from a relatively high overhead with respect to handling the interrupt. This overhead includes resolving the conflict among multiple interrupt requests, saving and restoring the program contexts, pooling for interrupt identification, branching to/from the interrupt service routine, etc. Using an interrupt is a wasteful activity that can take several microseconds to complete.Direct memory access(DMA) is a method that can input/output a block of data directly to/form main memory with a speed of one data item per memory cycle, without continuous involvement of the processor. The entire process is implemented by the hardware of a DMA controller, which takes the place of the processor and communicates directly with main memory. As a result, the block diagram of the computer system changes form processor-centered to memory-centered. Hence, from the viewpoint of I/O processing, the processor is no longer the center of a computer, but rather a partner with which the I/O subsystem competes for memory bus cycles to input/output data item to/from main memory. However, a DMA controller is designed to exchange data in blocks, so it works well with the large-volume high-speed block-oriented I/Odevices, such as high-speed disks and communication networks.The DMA controller can work in two different modes. Normally, it works concurrently with the processor, competing for individual memory bus cycles to input/output successive words of a data block. If the I/O speed is not very high, the memory accesses by the processor and the DMA controller can be interwoven. Time is accrued on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Neither the processor nor the DMA controller can continuously use all the memory bus cycles during any time interval. This operational mode of the DMA controller is called cycle stealing, so named because the I/O subsystem is essentially “stealing” memory bus cycles from the processor. This mode integrates the DMA memory accesses into CPU activity and avoids serious disruption of the main processing. Alternatively, for even higher I/O transfer speed, DMA operations require bus time, which can be allocated in block of cycles known as bursts. During a burst of memory cycles, the processor is totally excluded from accessing memory. The DMA controller is given exclusive access to main memory and continuously inputs/outputs blocks of data at a speed comparable to the memory speed. This operational mode of the DMA controller is called the block or burst mode. A DMA controller designed for this mode of operation usually incorporates a data storage buffer with a capacity matching the size of at least one data block. When the DMA controller utilizes the memory bus, it can transfer a data block directly between its data storage buffer and main memory.The following registers are necessary for the DMA to transfer a block of data:● Data buffer register (DBR)－it can be implemented as two registers, one for inputand the other for output, or even a set of registers comprising a data storage buffer.● DMA address register (DAR)－used to store the starting address of the memorybuffer area where the block of data is to be read or written.● Word counter (WC)－the contents specify the number of words in the block of dataremaining to be transferred and it is automatically decremented after each word is transferred.● Control/status register (CSR)－used by the processor to send control information tothe DMA controller and to collect the statuses and error information of the DMA controller and the I/O devices attached to it.Using these registers, the DMA controller knows the addresses of the source and destination data blocks, as well as the quantity of data to be transferred. Once the DMA controller acquires the memory bus, the block transfer operation can be performed autonomously using the information contained in these registers, without the continuous involvement of the processor.Besides the above-listed registers, the DMA controller should contain the control logic of a bus request facility, which performs bus arbitration using the signals of DMA request (DMAR)and DMA acknowledge (DMAA). Bus arbitration is the process of resolving the contention among multiple concurrently operating DMA controllers for acquisition of the memory bus. The selection of the bus master is usually based on the priorities of various DMD devices. Among different DMA devices, the priority order are arranged by the degree urgency of the devices receiving the DMA service, i.e., according to their speed requirements. There are two approaches to bus arbitration for DMA devices －centralized and distributed －which are similar to the approaches used to identify interrupt sources using signals for interrupt request (INTR) and interrupt acknowledge (INTA).Although the transfer of the data block is performed by the DMA without involvement of the processor, the overall operation of the DMA controller is still determined by the CPU via interrupts. It serves two purposes as follows: (1) Before the DMA controller starts the data transfer, all the registers must be initialized by the processor. (2) When the DMA finishes a block transfer operation, it should inform the processor of completion by issuing an interrupt, which allows the processor to post-process the data in the memory buffer area or handle possible error conditions. Therefore, the DMA controller often issued interrupt request (INTR) and receives interrupt acknowledge (INTA) signals.DNA relieves the processor form the burden of I/O function, except for the initialization of the transfer of parameters and the post-processing of data. It is very efficient when serving high-speed I/O devices. However, the role of DMA is not limited to the area of input/output. In contemporary computer systems, DMA has been developed into a general technique of time-sharing the main memory bandwidth between I/O subsystem processing and CPU processing. In the I/O subsystem, high-speed I/O devices, such as disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, graphics, video equipment, and high-speed networks, want to share main memory bandwidth through the DMA. In the area of central processing and the main memory system, (1) running programs, (2) the operating system, and (3) dynamic RAM refreshing are all sharing the main memory bandwidth, DMA is the appropriate way to implement this time-sharing. Faster 16-bit Ultra DMA has now replaced the outdated 8-bit facilities. Commercially available DMA controller chips now offer multiple channels, allowing concurrent data transfer. For example, one channel can be reserved for DRAM refreshing; another channel can perform memory-to memory block moves, etc. To further free the processor from handling slow tasks, powerful channel processors have been developed with autonomous capabilities, including device polling, channel program execution, interrupt activation and DMA for data and instructions. They have become a growing class of semi-independent co-processors communicating with the main processor. They can be assigned dedicated tasks, such as floating-point calculations, graphic processing, network communication,large database management, etc. The growing bus contention problem, due to time-sharing main memory bandwidth, can be alleviated by more effectively using cache memory. For example, in the Pentium processor, L1 cache allows the CPU pipeline to continue fetching and executing, as long as the demand can be satisfied with instructions held locally in the cache.附录B：英文资料翻译输入/输出访问在这一篇文章中，我们将会研究三种基本的输入／输出访问方法：程控I/O、中断驱动I/O以及直接存储器访问（DMA）。
英文论文(外文文献)翻译成中文的格式与方法
英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。
2、一些免费的外文数据库或网站，为了方便大家查找，编者整理成文档供大家下载：国外免费文献数据库大全下载3、谷歌学术检索工具，检索时设置成只检索英文文献，键入与专业相关的关键词即可检索。
二、英文论文翻译格式与要求翻译的外文文献的字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
字数达到的文献一篇即可。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用＂脚注＂形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，不得采用翻译软件翻译。
中文译文的编排结构与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。
参考文献不必翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参考文献要求同），参考文献的序号应标注在译文中相应的地方。
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。
计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译——java对象
1 . Introduction To Objects1.1The progress of abstractionAll programming languages provide abstractions. It can be argued that the complexity of the problems you’re able to solve is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction。
By “kind” I mean，“What is it that you are abstracting?” Assembly language is a small abstraction of the underlying machine. Many so—called “imperative” languages that followed （such as FORTRAN，BASIC, and C) were abstractions of assembly language。
These languages are big improvements over assembly language，but their primary abstraction still requires you to think in terms of the structure of the computer rather than the structure of the problem you are trying to solve。
The programmer must establish the association between the machine model (in the “solution space，” which is the place where you’re modeling that problem, such as a computer) and the model of the problem that is actually being solved (in the “problem space,” which is the place where the problem exists). The effort required to perform this mapping, and the fact that it is extrinsic to the programming language，produces programs that are difficult to write and expensive to maintain，and as a side effect created the entire “programming methods” industry.The alter native to modeling the machine is to model the problem you’re trying to solve。
智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一：外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译：智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活，给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便，我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子，单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用，在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。
物联网毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
物联网毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Internet of Things1.the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of "material"Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the"Internet of Things":1. Receiver have the appropriate information;2. Have a data transmission path;3. Have a certain storage capabilities;4. To have the CPU;5．To have the operating system;6. Have specialized applications;7. Have a data transmitter;8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.3. "Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors, mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is adynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks . Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.5．changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the "Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6．BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a developmentopportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "Technology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International Telecommunication Union released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S. business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for thefirst time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet" strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment, and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world."Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services marketto reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensor is the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7．PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventionalthinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In the era of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature. 8．Agency1, institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: "objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.9．ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integratedtechnology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design and research and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10．key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1) RFID;(2) sensor network;(3) The M2M;(4) integration of the two.11.TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things willbecome the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the data collection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in Chinarapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one of the dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology, or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore theInternet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymeric integrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government, public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care, personal health, floriculture, water monitoring, food traceability, enemy detection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot something; clothes will "tell" washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field, for example, a logistics company, application of Things truck, when loading overweight, the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining , the severity of goods with how to tell you; when handling staff unloading a cargo packaging may be shouting "throw you hurt me", or "My dear, you do not get too barbaric, you can?"; when the driver and others gossip, trucks will pretend boss's voice roaring "stupid, the grid!Internet of things to make full use of a new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among, specifically, is embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water systems, dams, oil and gas pipelines, etc.kinds of objects, and then "Internet of Things" with the existing Internet to integrate and realize the integration of human society and the physical system, which in this integrated network, there is the ability to super-powerful central computer cluster, integrated network staff implementation of real-time management and control of the machinery, equipment and infrastructure, on this basis, the human。
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中英文资料外文翻译文献微型计算机的数字音频接口PROCESSOR-BASED数据记录系统THOMAS L. CROXTON, STANLEY J. STUMP, AND WILLIAM McD. ARMSTRONGofPhysiology生物部门、印第安纳大学学校ofMedicine、印第安纳波利斯,印地安那州的46223摘要：提出了一种廉价的接口实现了数字化数据直接转移,从数字音频处理器和视频盒式录音机的基础数据采集系统设计和Bezanilla(1985年。
j .47:437 - 441)给一个IBM的PC / XT微型计算机。
FORTRAN语言的可收回软件驱动接口很能干控制的录音机和视频数据采集后,立即开始承认的一个环节之前收集的数据。
这使得分段分析数据的长的时间间隔,否则将超过记忆能力的微型计算机。
高容量的数据记录系统所设计的F。
Bezanilla(1985)是很有价值的从业人员记录单通道,因为它可以存储为二通道的非常精确的数据(16位分辨率)、采样在一个流畅的速度增长(44100个样本/秒)、延长一段时间(3 h).我们有,不过,遇到限制电脑技术问题进行了分析这样的数据记录。
尤其是当数据播放时是很难精确或可以吗选择一个数值的数据存储在计算机记忆。
这个困难促使我们开发一个接口Bezanilla之间的数据记录系统和PC / XT微型计算机模型(IBM 仪器有限公司,IBM公司,Danbury,CT)。
文中介绍了界面能够获取的数据重复同样的间隔内吗和检索连续间隔。
后者能力允许单通道记录分析有很大的影响在持续时间超过的数据存储容量的电脑(< 6 s数据每512 k,宽带下载1秒钟的记忆)。
我们由一个开关盒接口选择左边或者右通道采样、一个插件电脑板那multiplexes 16位数据转移的8位元计算机数据总线,和一个汇编语言程序控制视频录音机(VCR)和指导在时序存放数据的内存位置。
两功能模式是可得到的。
在这个互动的模式录像机和数据数组开始重复,直到充满了一个键被按下。
录像,然后当场-20年代的位置开始之前收集到的数据。
在自动模式调用程序提供了一个标记42岁的顺序,以前采样数据点。
VCR开始时,输入的数据进行了比较,结果表明该标记物的一部分。
如果找到匹配的阵列的数据都被填满立即与数据跟踪标记。
充满立即与数据跟踪标记。
这然后当场录像-20年后,一个位置开始的数据和控制返回到调用程序。
如果没有找到匹配的在一个可调的时期回放的(1分钟0.5 h),录影带是当场60年代和子程序返回一个国旗表示这些数据收集并不成功。
如果最后的42数据每一个记录点作为标记为下一个记录,序贯子功能调用在自动模式将产量检索的连续数据块。
虽然我们是硬件接口描述特定对我们的仪器和计算机,适应设备应直截了当。
然而,速度8255接口芯片的限制,以防止出现利用这个特别的接口AT-type IBM电脑那操作的6 - 8兆赫的钟速度。
我们接口硬件中所示图1。
总成本电脑板和其它部件——150美元。
这所设计的数字输出阶段Bezanilla提供的话时钟左眼和右眼的数据通道和16个平行数据线路。
在我们的数字音频处理器(阶级501;Unitrade公司、费城、PA)这些信号是可得到的在一个25-pin连接器在后方的底盘。
一个带状电缆分机号是用来连接这些线条类似的接头安装在一边,5”×2.5 " x 1.5”塑料盒。
点对点的线路连接在盒子里一个37-pin数据线路接头安装在对面盒,连接到一个时钟线渠道的选择开关、控制线路和线路从37-pin录像机连接器连接到一个六角五接头。
第二个带状电缆连接37-pin延伸连接件的开关盒的匹配连接器插件电脑板。
图1的电子线路数字接口。
并行数字输出的数字音频处理器被A和B的港口8255可编程外围接口芯片P1012计算机板上。
8255年设定每一个16位数据转换成词两个8字在电脑上转移公共汽车。
电线连接器,DB-25之间DC-37连接器在开关盒便利数字音频处理器连接到P1012计算机卡。
选择数字音频处理器数据信道是由开关选择时钟信号的输入连接到8255端口的握手c 成分添加到PI012卡激活玩,重新再来,让停止功能的视频录音机的控制下,通过optoisolators 6和7位港口C。
MetraByte公司、Taunton,马02780)修改允许由电脑控制录放影机。
该板包含一位8255可编程外围接口芯片(英特尔公司、圣克拉拉、CA),一个数据总线缓冲区,和一个地址译码器。
未使用的区域在顶部的电路板提供充足的房间一根电线包裹集成电路哪幢房子的其它部件的插座中显示图1 .从添加组件连接现有板可以改变,以适应焊接到短距离跳投电路一侧的板。
唯一的其他修改需要的是去除的电源电压从针12、14、16和18 37-pin连接的,所以这些线可以用于录像机控制。
5 V - 12 V,和+ 12 V线路,最好是不需要被中断割下了3电路板靠近他们接触痕迹计算机总线。
切除+ 5 V远销18的要求两个边路的切割痕迹顶部和方法37-pin底部连接组件的一面板和安装一个跳投,把比分重新这些两个+ 5 V痕迹。
这运行,停止,后退、我们的录像机功能(模型SL-HF450;索尼公司,美国长岛的城市,纽约通常是由沮丧SPST触发开关位于前面板。
修改这个录像机仅含安装了一个六角五连接器。
背面板及连接杆地面和。
没有根植,双方的运行,停止,后退、开关。
这些线是相连的,通过开关盒,到三个人4 N36 optoisolators 安装在P1012电路板。
激活的optoisolators相当于沉闷相应的开关,录放影机。
宏汇编源代码图2为控制界面。
这个子程序可以对计划8255年为数据传输、存储数据微电脑记忆,和控制视频盒式录音机。
致电本程序指令,描述了它的算法给出了评论。
软件驱动数据传输正在写的宏汇编,是微软打算联系微软FORTRAN调用程序。
一个简要介绍了算法也紧随其后。
细节算法和指令致电本程序在备注中提供的源代码列在图2。
8255年是程序为输入,接二连三的港口b .在这个配置中,0 - 5位用于港口C握手。
单词是搭成的数据端口A和B时钟信号通过直接选择比特2和4港口0 C点微机样品港口C(INTR B)当数据来确定词被抓住了。
这然后输入一个字,微机登记储存在记忆中。
记忆是寄款8每一个点(16个字节)。
每一个段落之间的部分增加和偏移登记注册减少16岁。
当所需资料收集停止数量的段落的数据已经存储。
检测键盘条目是经由函数调用磁盘的时间操作系统(DOS操作系统)。
在自动模式下,提供一个程序标记组成的采样点42之前。
一个32位的模板是由第一个最低有效位32分的标记。
最重要的每一个采样点的观点是旋转成一个32位的一对寄存器和对比模板。
这在比较了两个阶段。
仅当第一个16位比赛,其他的16位比较。
因为,因为真实的数据,最低有效位基本上是随机的,一个16位比赛时发生的频率大约在216年一次每1.5秒。
如果一个特定数目的一半比赛发生在总找到匹配的子程序中流产返回一个错误代码。
如果一个总找到匹配的数据收藏是开始。
前两个点(对应这33rd和34th分漏掉标记)。
这未来的8点是:以一个数组的形式存储在马上preceeds阵列的数据在内存中。
我们建议调用程序确认这些8点都是相同的到最后的8分42-point标记。
此后,点中存储的数据的数组。
完成的控制,通过使用录像机的位元第六条、第七条的规定的港口C 8255。
这些都是没有要求握手,编程为输出。
7442BCD-to-Decimal转换器是用来demultiplex这些两位。
代码C6 C7 = 00,03,和10个激活玩,停止,收、功能,分别。
位C6、C7通常设定,导致任何行动。
当一方或两位被复位,适当的输出的7442驱使低,激活相应的4 N36 optoisolator。
一个软件定时器是用来控制的时间optoisolator激活与时间之间录像机的命令。
我们也观察到的唯一缺陷测试接口调用子程序偶尔的失败来侦测标记。
这发生< 1%的时间。
通常,一个第二给同一标记子程序执行正确的。
我们相信这次失败源于误读录像。
作者将很高兴提供感兴趣的读者与磁盘拷贝的列在图二子程序和它的组装目标代码。
有这样要的的朋友在邮寄是请在邮件里放上格式化好的软盘。
参考:Bezanilla,f . 1985。
一个高容量的数据记录设备的基于数字音频处理器和一个视频盒式录音机。
杂志。
J。
47:437 - 441。
A MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACE FOR A DIGITAL AUDIOPROCESSOR-BASED DATA RECORDING SYSTEMTHOMAS L. CROXTON, STANLEY J. STUMP, AND WILLIAM McD. ARMSTRONGDepartment ofPhysiology and Biophysics, Indiana University School ofMedicine,Indianapolis,Indiana 46223ABSTRACT An inexpensive interface is described that performs direct transfer of digitized data from the digital audioprocessor and video cassette recorder based data acquisition system designed by Bezanilla (1985, Biophys. J.,47:437-441) to an IBM PC/XT microcomputer. The FORTRAN callable software that drives this interface is capableof controlling the video cassette recorder and starting data collection immediately after recognition of a segment ofpreviously collected data. This permits piecewise analysis of long intervals of data that would otherwise exceed thememory capability of themicrocomputer.The high capacity data recording system designed by F.Bezanilla (1985) is of great value to practitioners ofsingle-channel recording since it allows storage of two channels of very precise data (16 bit resolution), sampled at an acceptably fast rate (44,100 samples/s), for extended periods of time (up to 3 h). We have, however, encountered technical problems which limit the computerized analysis of data recorded in this way. In particular, when the data are played back it is difficult to accurately or reproducibly select a given interval of data for storage in computer memory. This difficulty prompted us to develop an interface between Bezanilla's data recording system and the model PC/XT microcomputer (IBM Instruments Inc., IBM Corp., Danbury, CT). The interface described herein is capable of retrieving the same interval of data repeatedly and of retrieving contiguous intervals. The latter capability allows analysis of single channel records which greatly exceed in duration the data storage capacity of the computer(<6 s data per 512 kbytes memory).Our interface consists of a switch box that selects the left or right channel for sampling, a plug-in computer board that multiplexes the 16-bit data for transfer on the 8-bit computer data bus, and an assembly language subroutine that controls the video cassette recorder (VCR) and directs storage of data in sequential memory locations. Two functional modes are available. In the interactive mode the VCR is started and the data array is filledrepetitively until a key is pressed. The video tape is then rewound to a position -20 s before the beginning of the collected data. In the automatic mode the calling program provides a marker of 42 sequential, previously sampled data points. The VCR is started and incoming data are compared with a portion of this marker. If a match is found the data array is filled with the data that immediately follow the marker. The video tape is then rewound to a position -20 s before the beginning of the data and control returns to the calling program. If no match is found within an adjustable period of playback (-1 min to 0.5 h), the video tape is rewound-60 s and the subroutine returns a flag which indicates that data collection was not successful. If the last 42 data points of each record are used as the marker for the next record, sequential subroutine calls in the automatic mode will yield retrieval of contiguous blocks of data.Although the interface we describe is hardware specific to our instruments and computer, adaptation to other equipment should be straightforward. However, speed limitations of the 8255 interface chip appear to preclude use of this particular interface with IBM AT-type computers that operate at a 6-8 MHz clock speed. Our interface hardware is depicted in Fig.1. Total cost for the computer board and additional components is -$150. The digital output stage designed by Bezanilla provides word clocks for the right and left data channels and 16 parallel data lines. In our digital audio processor (DASS 501; Unitrade Inc., Philadelphia, PA) these signals are available on a 25-pin connector at the rear of the chassis. A ribbon cable extension is used to connect these lines to a similar connector mounted on one side of a 5" x2.5" x 1.5" plastic box. Point-to-point wiring within the box connects the data lines to a 37-pin connector mounted on the opposite side of the box, connects the clock lines to a channel selector switch, and routes control lines for the VCR from the 37-pin connector to a 5-pin hex connector. A second ribbon cable extension connects the 37-pin connector of the switch box to the matching connector of a plug-in computer board.FIGURE 1 Electronic circuitry of digital interface. The parallel digital output of the digital audio processor is routed to ports A and B of an 8255 programmable peripheral interface chip on a P1012 computer board. The 8255 is programmed to convert each 16-bit data word to two 8-bit words for transfer on the computer bus. Wiring between a DB-25 connector and a DC-37 connector in the switch box facilitates connection of the digital audio processor to the P1012 computer card. Choice of digital audio processor data channel is made by switch selection of the clock signal to be connected to handshaking inputs of the 8255 port C. Components added to the PI012 card activate the play, rewind, and stop functions of the video cassette recorder via optoisolators under the control of bits 6 and 7 of port C.The computer board we now employ (model PIO12,MetraByte Corp., Taunton, MA 02780) was modified to allow computerized control of the VCR. This board contains an 8255 programmable peripheral interface chip (Intel Corp., Santa Clara, CA), a data bus buffer, and an address decoder. An unused area at the top of the circuit board provides ample room for wire wrap integrated circuit sockets which house the additional components shown in Fig. 1. Connections from the added components to the existing board may be made with short jumpers soldered to the circuit side of the board. The only other modification required is the removal of power supply voltages from pins 12, 14, 16, and 18 of the 37-pin connector so that these lines may be used for VCR control. The -5 V, - 12 V, and + 12 V lines are not required and are best interrupted by cutting three circuit board traces near their contacts with the computer bus. Removal of + 5 V from pin 18 requires cutting of two wide traces which approach the top and bottom of the 37-pin connector on the component side of the board and installation of a jumper to reconnect thesetwo + 5 V traces.The play, stop, and rewind functions of our VCR (model SL-HF450; Sony Corp. of America, Long Island City,NY) are normally triggered by depressing SPST switches located on the front panel. Modification of this VCR consists simply of mounting a 5-pin hex connector to the back panel and connecting pins to ground and to the ungrounded sides of the play, stop, and rewind switches. These lines are connected, via the switch box, to three 4N36 optoisolators mounted on the P1012 circuit board. Activating one of the optoisolators is equivalent to depressing the corresponding switch of the VCR.The software that drives the data transfer is written for the Microsoft MACRO ASSEMBLER and is intended to be linked with a Microsoft FORTRAN calling program. A brief overview of the algorithm follows. Details of the algorithm and instructions for calling the subroutine are provided in the remarks of the source code listed in Fig. 2. The 8255 is programmed for strobed input of ports A and B. In this configuration, bits 0-5 of port C are used for handshaking. The data word is latched into ports A and B by directing the selected clock signal to bits 2 and 4 of port C. The microcomputer samples bit 0 of port C (INTR B) to determine when the data word has been latched. The word is then input to a microcomputer register and is stored in memory. Memory is addressed in paragraphs of 8 points (16 bytes) each. Between each paragraph the segment register is incremented and the offset register is reduced by 16. Data collection ceases when the required number of paragraphs of data has been stored. Detection of keyboard entry is made via function calls to the disk operating system (Microsoft DOS).FIGURE 2 MACRO ASSEMBLER source code for control of interface. This subroutine programs the 8255 for data transfer, stores data in microcomputer memory, and controls the video cassette recorder. Instructions for calling the subroutine and a description of its algorithm are given in the comments.In the automatic mode the program is provided with a marker consisting of 42 previously sampled points. A 32-bit template is constructed from the least significantbits of the first 32 points of the marker. The least significant bit of each sampled point is rotated into a 32-bit pair of registers and is compared with the template. This comparison is done in two stages. Only if the first 16 bits match, are the other 16 bits compared. Since, for real data, the least significant bits are essentially random, a 16-bit match occurs with a frequency of 1 in 216 or about once every 1.5 s. If a specified number of half matches occur before a total match is found the subroutine aborts and returns an error code. If a total match is found data collection is started. The first two points (corresponding to the 33rd and 34th points of the marker) are missed. The next eight points are stored in an array that immediately preceeds the data array in memory. We recommend that the calling program verify that these 8 points are identical to the last 8 points of the 42-point marker. Thereafter, points are stored in the data array.Control of the VCR is accomplished through use of bits 6 and 7 of port Cof the 8255. These are not required for handshaking and are programmed for output. A 7442 BCD-to-Decimal converter is used to demultiplex these two bits. Codes C6 C7 = 00, 01, and 10 activate the play, stop, and rewind functions, respectively. Bits C6 and C7 are normally set, resulting in no action. When either or both bits are reset, the appropriate output of the 7442 is driven low, activating the corresponding 4N36 optoisolator. A software timer is used to control the duration of optoisolator activation and the period of time between VCR commands.The only defect we have observed in testing this interface is occasional failure of the subroutine to detect the marker. This occurs <1% of the time. Often, a second subroutine call with the same marker will execute correctly. We believe this failure to result from misreading of the video tape.The authors will be pleased to provide interested readers with diskette copies of the subroutine listed in Fig. 2 and its assembled object code. Such requests should include a formatted diskette in a stamped, self-addressed diskette mailer.Received for publication 23 February 1987 and in final form 17 June1987.REFERENCE:Bezanilla, F. 1985. A high capacity data recording device based on adigital audio processor and a video cassette recorder. Biophys. J.47:437-441.。