AFunctionalAnalysisofFirst―PersonPronounsinPresidentObama’sVictorySpeech
人文英语2形考作业（1-3）答案.docx
人文英语2形考作业（1-3）答案.docx人文英语2作业（1-3）一、交际用语(共计10分,每小题2分)l一5题：阅读下面的小对话,选择恰当的答语。
(B)1.-Wouldyou likemetohelpyoumakeaplanforthesummervacation?A.No,Ialreadyhavemyplans.B.I''dloveto,butI''mbusytoday.C.I''mill,soIshouldn''tgoout.(A)2.-CanItakeyourorder,madam?A.Yes.I''dlikeanItaliansouptostartwith.B.Yes,it''sasquietasweexpected.C.No,theprice''sreasonable.(B)3.-Whatareyougoingtodointhe2022WinterOlympics?A.Yes,Ihavebeenthere.B.I''mgoingtobeavolunteer.C.Iamtravelingabroad.(A)4.-1''dliketoinviteyoutomybirthdaypartyonSaturdayevening.A.Thankyouforyourinvitation.B.Idon''twanttojoinyourparty.C.Ididnotgotothepartythatnight.(C)5.-Doyouthinkyouarethesuitablepersonforthisposition?A.I''mnotsureifIwillbehereforthetask.B.Idon''tthinkXiaoMingistherightpersontocounton.C.Yes.I''mhardworkingandIthinkIamsuitableforthisposition.(B)1.-Therewasagunshotinthecinemalastnight.-Iheardaboutit,and____________A.Ifeltintosleepimmediatelyafterthat.B.Ihopenobodywashurtinthecinema.C.doyouknowwhat moviewasonlastnight?(C)2.-Youseemalittlebluetoday.你今天看起来有点忧郁What''sthematter?A.Iamalittlesad.B.Itdoesn''tmatter.C.It''sbeenadifficultday.今天过得很艰难。
专四真题语言知识——2019.2018
TEM 201911. Moving from beginning to end by order of time, narration relies on a more natural pattern of organization than ________.A. will other types of writingB. do other types of writingC. On other types of writingD. other types of writing12. ________ the attempted rescue mission, the hostages might still be alive.A. If it not had been forB. If had it not been forC. Had it not been forD. Had not it been for13. Members of the Parliament were poised ________ ahead with a bill to approve construction of the oil pipeline.A. to moveB. movingC. to movingD. at moving14. Writers often coupled narration with other techniques to develop ideas and support opinions thatotherwise ________ abstract, unclear, or unconvincing.A. may remainB. could remainC. must have remainedD. might have remained15. Protocol was ________ enabled him to make difficult decisions without ever looking back.A. whoB. whatC. whichD. that16. The woman had persuaded him to do ________ he was hired never to do -- reveal the combination for the lock on the entrance.A. one thingB. such one thingC. any one thingD. the one thing17. The bad news was that he could be a very dangerous person ________ he choose to be.A. shouldB. couldC. mightD. must18. “If not us, who? If not now, when?” These two questions are used as a ________.A. sign of angerB. call for actionC. refusal to changeD. denial of commitment19. What is the function of the present progressive in “They are always calling me by the wrong name”?A. To express unfavorable feelings.B. To alleviate unnecessary hostility.C. To indicate uncertainty.D. To dramatize a fact.20. “Harry was compelled to resign and to come down to London, where he set up as an army coach.”The relative clause in the sentence serves to ________.A. supply additional information about LondonB. describe the antecedent “London”C. put restrictions on the identity of HarryD. narrate a sequential action taken by Harry21. A group ________ casinos has urged officials not to grant a license to a facility in the city.A. opposed toB. objected toC. posed againstD.protested against22. After the war, he worked on an island in the Pacific, helping the natives and medical ________ understand each other’s behavior and cultures.A. facultyB. personsC. membersD. personnel23. The subject of manners is complex. If it were not, there would not be so many ________ feelings and so much misunderstanding in international communication.A. injuriousB. injuredC. injuringD. injury24. To illustrate the limits of First Amendment free speech, many have noted that the Constitution doesnot give you the right to falsely ________ “Fire!” in a crowded theater.A. yelpB. yankC. yellD. yield25. The company announced that it has achieved its mission to create a local food economy that is________ to any environment.A. AdoptableB. amendableC. alterableD. adaptable26. Although Patterson acknowledges the disappointing season he had with the Vikings, he has nosecond ________ about how he went about his business.A. thoughtsB. opinionsC. concernsD. reasons27. Electronic cigarettes should be subject ________ the same taxes and limitations on public use astraditional tobacco products.A. aboutB. atC. toD. on28. FC Barcelona, ________ the most iconic club in world soccer, beat Manchester United 2-0 to claim the UEFA Champions League title.A. controversiallyB. arguablyC. debatableD. finally29. The store sells liquid vitamins ________ designed for children under 3.A. explicitlyB. speciallyC. speculativelyD. specifically30. The three law ________ officers on the plane came to the rescue of a fellow passenger who was allegedly trying to kill herself.A. enforcementB. reinforcementC. impositionD. coercionTEM 201811. The Bent Pyramid outside Cairo __________ ancient Egypt’s first attempt to build a smooth-sided pyramid.A. has been believed to have beenB. was believed to beC. is believed to have beenD. is believed to be12. U.S. News ____________ rankings of colleges since 1983. They are a very popular resource for students looking to apply to university campus.A. maintainsB. is maintainingC. maintainedD. has been maintaining13. He was lured into a crime he would not ____________have committed.A. actuallyB. accidentallyC. otherwiseD. seldom14. She was once a young country wife with chickens in the backyard and a view of _____________ mountains behind the apple orchard.A. blue hazy VirginiaB. hazy blue VirginiaC. Virginia hazy blueD. Virginia blue hazy15. I long to alleviate __________, but I cannot.A. the evilB. evilC. evilD. an evil16. Indeed, it is arguable that body shattering is the very point of football, as killing and maiming ______________.A. warB. are warC. of warD. are of war17. At ____________, photography is a chemical process, during which a light-sensitive material is altered when exposed to light.A. its most basicB. its basicC. the most basicD. the basic18. She hired a lawyer to investigate, only to learn that Gabriel had removed her name from the deed. The infinitive verb phrase “only to learn” is used __________.A. to express an intended purposeB. to indicate a high degree of possibilityC. to reveal an undesirable consequenceD. to dramatize a stated fact19. Which of the following italicized words DOES NOT carry the metaphorical meaning?A. I wonder what’s behind this change of plan.B. Jim turned to speak to the person standing behind him.C. This work should have been finished yesterday. I’m getting terribly behind.D. I suppose I’m lucky because my parents were behind me all the way.20. My mother was determined to help those in need and she would have been immensely proud of what has been achieved these last 20 years. The italicized part in the sentence expresses _______.A. a hypothesisB. a suggestionC. a contradictionD. a surprise21. When the police officers who took part in the King beating were first brought to ___________, their lawyers used the videotape as evidence against the prosecution.A. justiceB. testimonyC. trialD. verdict22._________, the most controversial candidate in the election campaign, he has been strongly criticized for his crude comments about women.A. QuestionablyB. ArguablyC. ContentiouslyD. Debatably23. Prices have recently risen in order to __________ the increased cost of raw materials.A. cutB. buoyC. offerD. offset24. The celebrity says in court papers she “has no __________ of giving any authorization to anyone to proceed with a divorce.”A. recommendationB. recordingC. recollectionD. recognition25.What actually __________ a good angle — or a good selfie overall — is rooted in what we consider beautiful.A. consistsB. constitutesC. composesD. constructs26. The school is going the ________ mile to create the next generation of sporting stars thanks to its unique development program.A. finalB. furtherC. supplementaryD. extra27. The teachers’ union _________ a lawsuit against the district calling for repairing “deplorable” school conditions.A. firedB. filedC. finedD. filled28. Last March the __________ of a 19th century cargo ship was found by an underwater archaeological team.A. debrisB. ruinsC. remainsD. wreck29. She’s worn his designs on __________ occasions from red carpets to movie premieres.A. countlessB. countableC. numericalD. numeral30. A leading ___________ intelligence and operations company has released its analysis of worldwide reported incidents of piracy and crime against mariners.A. oceangoingB. oceanicC. marineD. maritime。
完整word版2019年上海市金山区高考英语一模试卷
2019年上海市金山区高考英语一模试卷Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation，a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1．（1分）A．200．B．300．C．400．D．600．2．（1分）A．At a bus stop．B．At home．C．At the airport．D．At a supermarket．3．（1分）A．Manager and employee．B．Teacher and student．C．Husband and wife．D．Brother and sister．4．（1分）A．He went to a picture show．B．He painted some pictures．C．He watched a football match on TV．D．He went out to play football．5．（1分）A．The mouse．B．The price．C．The monitor．D．The keyboard．6．（1分）A．The man shouldn't be so anxious．B．She's already an hour late．C．The man shouldn't wait to be interviewed．第1页（共43页）D．She's too nervous to calm down．7．（1分）A．It is his favorite book．B．It is not worth reading．C．It is not the one he likes．D．It is better than he expected．8．（1分）A．Business is not necessarily good at the turn of the year．B．Business is always good at the end of the year．C．Businessmen are the busiest people at the end of the year．D．There will be many cases at the end of the year．9．（1分）A．She didn't like it at all．B．She thought it was very easy．C．She thought it was too hard for her to follow．D．She thought the instructor was very good．10．（1分）A．They will make a phone call to Dr．Smith tomorrow．B．They can put down the clock because it is always slow．C．Dr．Smith was late for the call．D．They can call on Dr．Smith tomorrow．Section BDirections：In Section B，you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation，and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation and the passages. The conversation and the passages will be read twice，but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question，read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.11．（4.5分）（1）A．The impact of painful memories．B．New research on a pill and the argument about it．C．A way of wiping out painful memories．D．A proper method for changing memories．（2）A．It can cause the brain to fix memories．B．It can stop people remembering bad experiences．C．It can prevent the body producing certain chemicals．D．It can wipe out the emotional effects of memories．第2页（共43页）（3）A．Experts are not sure about the effects of the pill．B．The pill will certainly stop people's emotional memories．C．Taking the pill will do harm to people's physical health．D．The pill has already been produced and used by the American public．12．（4.5分）（1）A．Wearing high heels can improve women's balance．B．Wearing high heels exposes women to strains．C．Wearing high heels can result in back pain．D．Wearing high heels can lead to unhealthy walking patterns．（2）A．They should choose proper heels．B．They should exercise their ankle muscles properly．C．They should measure the strength of their ankles frequently．D．They should give up the habit of wearing high heels．（3）A．Because they thought it was fashionable．B．Because it was a symbol of status．C．Because it could help them to shoot their bow and arrow more effectively．D．Because it was required by European emperors．13．（6分）（1）A．Believing in themselves．B．Writing a book．C．Challenging their life．D．Asking for help．（2）A．She makes children's programs．B．She gets involved in legal decisions．C．She simplifies a judge's job．D．She explains the function of the law in simple words．（3）A．Sharing things with others．B．Solving problems．C．Talking with others．D．Having her opinions heard．（4）A． A judge's reflection on her job and life．B．The success of a children's program．第3页（共43页）C．The importance of law in daily life．D．The problems people meet in court．Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections：After reading the passage below，fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word，fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word；for the other blanks，use one word that best fits each blank.14．（10分）However depressed you may be feeling now，if you look back，there certainly will have been events that made you happy﹣maybe the time （1）you bought your first bicycle or you were awarded a scholarship．When good things happen，we feel excited，proud and happy．But the problem is，happiness doesn't usually last．The excitement of that first bicycle purchase wears off，and the pride in the scholarship gives way to the stress of performing （2）（well）on the next exam．Psychologists call this phenomenon hedonic adaptation （享乐适应症）﹣that is，（3）good something makes us feel，most of the time we drift back to （4）westarted．An often （5）（quote）example is that lottery winners are no happier than non﹣winners eighteen months after their win．But don't despair．It is possible to make happiness last．Psychologists have found twoanti﹣adaptation tools that are effective in sustaining happiness：variety and appreciation．Variety is，as we all know，the spice of life．But it's also a useful weapon （6）adaptation．Positive changes that （7）（experience）in a variety of ways are more likely to lead to lasting happiness．For example，you will feel happier about your volunteer work （8）you are able to cope with new tasks every week．The second tool，appreciation，is in many ways the opposite of adaptation．It's about focusing on something，instead of letting it fade into the background．It is only when you appreciate something （9）an enduring feeling of happiness will follow．Human beings spend a lot of time figuring out what makes them happy，but not enoughtime （10）（try）to hang on to the happiness they already have．This is like focusing all your energy on making more money，without giving any thought to what you will do withthe money．The key to happiness is to not only look for new opportunities but also to make第4页（共43页）the most of the ones you've been given．Section BDirections：Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.15．（10分）A．coupled B．currently C．head D．depressing E．product F．targetG．suggest H．capability I．score J．potentially K．trickyWant to figure out if someone is a psychopath （精神变态者）？Ask them what theirfavourite song is．A New York University study last year found that people who lovedEminem's Lose Yourself and Justin Bieber's What Do You Mean？were more likely to （1）highly on the psychopathy scale than people who were into Dire Straits．Over the past few years，Spotify has been enhancing its data analytic （2）inan attempt to help marketers （3）consumers with adverts tailored to the mood they're in．They infer this from the sort of music you're listening to，（4）with where andwhen you're listening to it，along with third﹣party data that might be available．Now，to be clear，there's nothing particularly （5）about what Spotify is doingwith your data．I certainly don't think that they are working with shadowy consulting firms to serve you ads promoting a culture war while you're listening to the songs that （6）you might be in a casually racist mood．Nevertheless，I find it （7）that ourpersonal private moments with music are increasingly being turned into data points and sold to advertisers．You can see where this could go，can't you？As ad targeting gets ever more complicated，marketers will have the ability to target our emotions in （8）exploitative ways．According to one study，titled Misery Is Not Miserly，you are morelikely to spend more on a （9）if you're feeling sad．You can imagine somecompanies might take advantage of that．And on that note，I'm feeling a little down about all this．I'll （10）off to treat myself to something expensive．Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or第5页（共43页）phrase that best fits the context.16．（15分）The constant working engine that drives the majority of human action is，undoubtedly，the fragrant dream of individualism．And while the presence of its scent is （1）throughout the world entirely，its value is worshipped （敬奉）to such an extent in a land no other than that of America．As the framework of its history，America holds individuality as the ever﹣popular green light，the essence of which becomes the symbol of hope for，well，almost everything．In fact，in America's current social status，individuality has become something of a birthright，and a （2）applied upon the face of the media，where it was （3）valuedas the American dream．There is no denying the popularity of this idol in American society，and little hope for （4）it．However，（5）most pride themselves in their individualistic state，perhaps humans，when stripped （剥）to their core （核心），are everything but．It is no new discovery that people are the sum of their experiences．The overwhelming majority of human experiences involve other humans，along with the （6）and relationships between them．It is a （7）occurrence when a life is built upon eventswithout this stimulus．Indeed，interaction is the core of experience．Therefore，in orderthat humans are the sum of their experiences，they must be the sum of the people that theymeet，just as well．As an Americanized teen，I found the discovery that not only my self﹣entitledindividualism was （8），but that I，as a being，was a product，increasingly unsettling to accept．Questions （9）me such as If I am bits and pieces of everyoneI have met ﹣my family，my teachers，all of my friends，and even strangers ﹣then whatis left that is just me？What part of me is just me？How much of myself is the combining of different parts of different people？Is such a （10）between myself and others even possible？Such are inquiries that will continue to be thought about，as I have come to accept thatthey will remain a （11）．Therefore，with the allowance of these questions，the response must be a （12）湩琠敨搠晥湩瑩潩?景尠湯獥汥屦．The previously mentioned questions no longer concern me，as I have put a stop to the idea that theeal me is some lost第6页（共43页）isolated island on top of an ocean of influence．I realized that my personality cannot depend on a（n）（13）between influenceand individualism，as such is a line that cannot be distinct．（14），I must be aperson whose calmness is a beautifully hazy mixture，and a steady question．Thus，it is the commonly unnoticed durable mystery that is the frustration of those who can （15）the lie of individualism．Hopefully，they will come into acceptance．（1）A．unpredictable B．untrustworthy C．unreliable D．undeniableDmark．model B．（2）A．necessity characteristic C．D．C．later previously extremely publicly B．（3）A．D（4）A．destroying．．B appreciating chasing escaping C．D．．C since（5）A．though B．if asD interaction．cooperation C．tension．（6）A conflict B．DB．C．frequent．rare strange．（7）A commonD．．B justified．A right false C．unclear）（8D．）（9A affected．bothered B．interrupted surprised．CD separation．）（10A C．contrast．combinationB．communicationD．secret．）（11A fantasytruthC．B．mysteryD．gap．）12（A change C．factorbelief．BDdistinction．）13（A ．exchange medium．C B．connectionDC．．InsteadFurthermore However．B Therefore ．）14（AD．cope with see through make up Bbreak up ．）15（A．．C Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by severalquestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.17．（8分）Charity Cycling UK recently launched a campaign to raise awareness of dooring after discovering that many people don't know what it is．Dooring is when a driver or第7页（共43页）passenger opens the door into another road user﹣typically cyclist﹣without looking for otherroad users．Cycling UK chief executive Paul Tuohy told Gloucestershire Live：Some people seemto see car dooring as a bit of a joke，but it's not and can have serious consequences．CyclingUK wants to see great awareness made about the dangers of opening your car door carelessly，and people to be encouraged to look before they open．The charity says 2，009 of the 3，000 injuries were sustained by cyclists，resulting in five fatalities but says this might not be the full extent of the danger．Cycling UK says not all car dooring incidents will be attended by police，so the charityhas written to transport minister Jesse Norman calling for a public awareness campaign urgingall car occupants，not just drivers，to look before opening vehicle doors．One of the ways桴?档牡瑩?畳杧獥獴椠?桴??瑵档爠慥档，where people leaving a vehicle reach over and usethe non﹣door side hand to open the door．Cycling UK also suggests harsher laws and advice on safer road positioning for peoplewho cycle．Mr．Tuohy said：In the Netherlands they are known for practicing a method，known sometimes as the ‘Dutch reach'，which we think could be successfully encouraged in theUK．Cycling UK has written to the Department for Transport asking them to look into this，and highlight the dangers of ‘car dooring' through a public awareness THINK stylecampaign．If you're really concerned about opening a door into the path of a cyclist coming behindyou，consider using what's known as the Dutch reach to open the door．That will naturallyturn you in your seat and give you a much better view of what's coming up alongside in the car．（1）Why does the author mention the figures in Paragraph 3？A．To cause public concern．B．To report the terrible accidents．C．To show the danger of car dooring．D．To stress the importance of traffic safety．第8页（共43页）（2）桗汩?潤湩?桴??瑵档爠慥档，you should．A．sit still in your seatB．open the car door politelyC．use the inside hand to open the doorD．use the left hand to open the car door（3）What can be learned from the text？A．Many people are ignorant of car dooring．B．The Dutch reach is well received in England．C．Dooring incidents are all attended by police．D．Drivers are to blame for dooring incidents．（4）What's the author's attitude towards car dooring？A．Negative．B．Ridiculous．C．Neutral．D．Concerned18．（6分）Confucius InstituteThe Confucius Institute at the University of Minnesota offers several short classes onChinese language and culture．★Class FeesThe cost of classes is 225（170 for Chinese Rehab）第9页（共43页）★Class CalendarThe Confucius Institute follows the University of Minnesota semester schedule．The Confucius Institute classes start a few weeks after the start of the University semester and lastfor ten class sessions．Classes are not held on University holidays．The upcoming class sessions will be：Spring 2018：February 1﹣April 7Summer 2018：June 13﹣August 25Tentative class calendar：The schedule may change due to teacher availability．MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAYIntermediate II Beginning IIBeginning I，Section Beginning I，SectionA B6：00 ～7：30 p．m．6：00 ～7：00 p．m．6：00 ～7：30 p．m．6：00 ～7：30 p．m．Chinese Rehab Intermediate I Beginning III Intermediate III6：30 ～7：00 p．m．6：00 ～7：30 p．m．6：00 ～7：30 p．m．6：00 ～7：30 p．m．★Class CancellationsAny class not meeting minimum enrollment by four business days before the class startdate will be cancelled and you will be contacted．If we must cancel a class due to insufficient enrollment or any other circumstance beyond our control，we will offer a full refund or issue credit towards another class．★Contact InformationThe Confucius Institute is located within the University International Center on the eastbank of the Twin Cities campus．The University International Center is located in the Keeler Apartment building．Enter at the corner of 17th Avenue S．E．and 4th Street through the doors located near the University International Center sign．Office hoursThe office is generally open Monday through Friday，from 8：00 a．m．until 4：30 p．m．The office is closed daily from12：00 noon until 1：00 p．m．and is closed on all第10页（共43页）University holidays．Office Address160 University International Center，331﹣17th Ave．S．E．，Minneapolis，MN 55414 Phone：612625﹣5080Fax：612﹣625﹣5158Email：confucius（@ umn．edu（1）Chinese Rehab．A．costs more moneyB．is held on MondayC．lasts one and a half hoursD．has four classes a week（2）To get information about the classes，you can visit the office．A．on Monday noonB．at 12：30 a．m．，TuesdayC．on Wednesday eveningD．at 1：30 p．m．，Friday（3）What is True about the classes？A．The schedule may be changeable．B．They can be one﹣to﹣one instruction．C．They are held on University holidays．D．They start at the beginning of the University semester．19．（8分）Parallel worlds exist and interact with our world，say physicists．Quantum mechanics （量子力学），though firmly tested，is so weird and anti﹣intuitive that physicist Richard Feynman once remarked，I think I can safely say nobody understands第11页（共43页）quantum mechanics．Attempts to explain some of the bizarre （奇异的）consequences of quantum theory have led to some mind﹣bending ideas，such as the Copenhagen interpretation and the many﹣worlds interpretation．Now there's a new theory on the block，called the many interacting worlds hypothesis（假设）（MIW），and the idea is just as profound as it sounds．The theory suggests not only parallel worlds exist，but that they interact with our world on the quantum level and are thus detectable．Though still speculative （推测的），the theory may help to finally explain some of the bizarre consequences inherent in quantum mechanics．The theory is a spinoff of the many﹣worlds interpretation in quantum mechanics﹣an assumption that all possible alternative histories and futures are real，each representing an actual，though parallel，world．One problem with the many﹣worlds interpretation，however，has been that it is fundamentally untestable，since observations can only be madein our world．Happenings in these proposed parallel worlds can thus only be imagined．MIW，however，says otherwise．It suggests that parallel worlds can interact on the quantum level，and in fact that they do．The idea of parallel universes in quantum mechanics has been around since 1957，explained Howard Wiseman，a physicist at Griffith University in Brisbane，Australia，and one of the physicists to come up with MIW．In the well﹣known ‘Many﹣Worlds Interpretation'，each universe branches into a bunch of new universes every time a quantum measurement is made．All possibilities are therefore realized ﹣in some universes the dinosaur﹣killing asteroid （小行星）missed Earth．In others，Australia was colonized by the Portuguese．But critics question the reality of these other universes，since they do not influence our universe at all，he added．On this score，our ‘Many Interacting Worlds' approach is completely different，as its name implies．Wiseman and colleagues have proposed that there exists a universal force of repulsion between ‘nearby'（i．e．similar）worlds，which tends to make them more dissimilar．Quantum effects can be explained by factoring in this force，they propose．When asked about whether their theory might imply that humans could someday interactwith other worlds，Wiseman said：It's not part of our theory．But the idea of human第12页（共43页）interactions with other universes is no longer pure fantasy．What might your life look like if you made different choices？Maybe one day you'll beable to look into one of these alternative worlds and find out．（1）According to Paragraph 1﹣2，which of the following statements is true about quantum mechanics？A．It's been tested that no one in the world knows what quantum mechanics is．B．The theory of quantum mechanics is intuition（直觉）based．C．Quantum theories should be interpreted in many different ways．D．Quantum mechanics is valid and based on profound research．（2）According to paragraph 3﹣5，the new theory MIW differs from the previous one in that．A．MIW develops from quantum mechanicsB．MIW suggests the interaction can be detectedC．The previous one is based on profound foundationD．The previous one proves that MIW is imagined（3）According to the passage，critics of parallel universes and its supporters mainly disagrees in．A．the origin of these parallel universesB．the foundation of these universesC．the reality of these other universesD．the ways of how these parallel universes interact（4）The last sentence of the last paragraph implies that．A．someday humans may live in different universes in one lifetimeB．humans may make different choices simultaneously （同时地）and live in different universesC．humans may live again from the beginning if they regret their life in this universeD．life would be more unexpected，but all you expect may be true in other universes Section CDirections：Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more第13页（共43页）sentences than you need.20．（8分）What do you think we can do to prevent Chinese musicals from declining in popularitAt that timthe musical was chosen as the opening show for the 17th China Shanghai International Arts FestivaThe box office is expected to be twice higher than that of last yeareaching $1 million intotaThesmallaudiencesizehasn'tdiscouragedlocalartistsfromproducingoutstandingworks．E．The deal is a milestone for Shimmer in its goal to further spread its influence to the world F．Despite the huge success of Shimmer，the team is facing a limited market．Shanghai Hengyuanxiang Drama Development Company and Netherlander Worldwide Entertainment signed a deal last November that would see Shimmer （《犹太人在上海》）become the first Chinese musical to have an open﹣ended run on Broadway in 2019．（1）Directed by Xu Jun，Shimmer is a musical in both English and Chinese．Shimmer，which tells a story about Jews who fled to Shanghai to escape Nazi persecution （迫害）during World War II，was first shown at the Shanghai Culture Square in 2015．（2）The musical's scheduled open﹣ended run in 2019 will be one of the events to celebrate the40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States．With this play being shown on Broadway，the ties between Chinese people and Americans will be firmly strengthened．And through this drama，the audience can feel thecharm of Chinese culture．（3）To deal with the problem，many production companies in Shanghai havepointed out that they should keep striving for improvement by creating more Chinese musicalsand by creating more audiences．Currently，those who watch Western musicals in China are limited to a small group ﹣people who have received a university education or have hadoverseas working experiences，white﹣collar and even gold﹣collar workers．There are onlya handful of people who understand foreign languages and you have to find a way to motivatethe public and get them into the theater．第14页（共43页）（4）There has been a handful of successful musical stories in Shanghai．TheChinese editions of Broadway musicals Cats and Mamma Mia，both of which had hundreds of shows across China，are among the top box office hits．Summary Writing21．（10分）Directions：Read the following passage．Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words．Use your own words as far as possible．GossipDid you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday？Lindsey whispers to Tori．With her eyes shining，Tori brags，You bet I did，Sean told me two days ago．Lindsey and Tori aren't very different from most students here at Linton High School，including me．Many of our conversations are gossip and I have noticed the effects of gossip．An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about．Usually，gossip spreads information about a topic﹣breakups，trouble at home﹣thata person would rather keep secret．The more embarrassing the secret is，the juicier the gossipit makes．Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie．People often think ofgossipers as harmless，but cruel lies can cause pain．If we know that gossip can be harmful，then why do so many of us do it？The answerlies in another effect of gossip：the satisfaction it gives us．Sharing the latest rumor can makea person feel important because he or she knows something that others don't．Similarly，敨牡湩?桴?慬整瑳爠浵牯挠湡洠歡??数獲湯映敥?楬敫瀠牡?景琠敨尠湩朠潲灵．In other words，gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority．Gossip also can have a third effect：it strengthens unwritten rules about how peopleshould act．Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group．For instance，if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore orwhat Jane said，then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you thesame kind of negative attention．The do's and don'ts conveyed through gossip will never showup in any student handbook．The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation．The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news，think about why you want to gossip and what effects your juicy storymight have．第15页（共43页）TranslationDirections：Translate the following sentences into English，using the words given in the brackets.22．（3分）新来的员工经验不足，在解决顾客投诉时遇到了麻烦．（have trouble）23．（3分）医生向病人保证，只要他按时服药就没有大碍．（assure）24．（4分）尽管日程安排很紧，他还是报名参加了他同事推荐的那个课程．（despite）25．（5分）直到妻子与他离了婚，他才意识到他应该多抽一些时间陪伴家人，而不是一心只有工作．（until）Guided Writing26．（20分）Directions：Write an English composition in 120﹣150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese．目前中国的移动支付（mobile payment）非常盛行，越来越多的年轻人选择使用移动支付，有的人认为移动支付给人们带来了便利，而有些人认为这种方式存在安全隐患．请你谈谈对这一现象的看法．内容包括：1．简要描述你或你身边的人在日常生活中使用移动支付的现象．2．通过与传统方式的比较，谈谈移动支付给人们带来的利与弊．（参考词汇：微信Wechat；支付宝：Alipay；二维码QR code）第16页（共43页）2019年上海市金山区高考英语一模试卷参考答案与试题解析Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In Section A，you will hear ten shortconversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation，a question will beasked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers onyour paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1．（1分）A．200．B．300．C．400．D．600．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】C【点评】略2．（1分）A．At a bus stop．B．At home．C．At the airport．D．At a supermarket．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】C【点评】略3．（1分）A．Manager and employee．B．Teacher and student．C．Husband and wife．D．Brother and sister．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略第17页（共43页）【解答】B【点评】略4．（1分）A．He went to a picture show．B．He painted some pictures．C．He watched a football match on TV．D．He went out to play football．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】C【点评】略5．（1分）A．The mouse．B．The price．C．The monitor．D．The keyboard．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】B【点评】略6．（1分）A．The man shouldn't be so anxious．B．She's already an hour late．C．The man shouldn't wait to be interviewed．D．She's too nervous to calm down．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】D【点评】略7．（1分）A．It is his favorite book．。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》分章试题
胡壮麟《语言学教程》分章测试题一Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? — A n ice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indic ates the design feature of _____A_____.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. F Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __ verbal________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed_____productivity_____.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. Thisfunction is _____matalingual function___.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavywork has been called the ___yo he ho_______ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ___speech_______ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saus sure’s langu e and Chomsky’s __________. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）Key: Chapter 1[In the reference keys, I won’t give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. – icywarmtea]I. 1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFFIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations,36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data –check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as ______A____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ____A______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ___D_______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10 What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. T Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. F The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either ___voiced__ or __voiceless____, while all vowel sounds are ____voiced______22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __fricition_______.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _tongue_________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the _____height____ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. ___ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(5) voiced interdental fricative答案 Chapter 2I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When ainstruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter 3 LexicoI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _______ is pronounced as a word22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: _______, _______ and __________24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculationKey: Chapter 3I.1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFFIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is aA. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.Key: Chapter4I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBAII.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTTIII.21. simple 22. sentence23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded27. open 28. Adjacency29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.。
高等教育自学考试文学类模拟题2020年(39)_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
高等教育自学考试文学类模拟题2020年(39)(总分100, 做题时间150分钟)一、单项选择题** features refer to the defining properties of________that distinguish it from any animal system of communication． ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELAwordsBhuman languageCsignDvocal system分值: 2.4答案:B本题在2007年下半年真题第一大题第1小题考查过，主要考查语言的甄别性特征。
语言的甄别性特征(区别性特征)指的是人类语言和其他动物的交际系统区别开来的那些特征。
** sound [P] is a voiceless bilabial________． ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELAaffricateBfricativeCstopDliquid分值: 2.4答案:C本题主要考查英语中的辅音。
从发音位置来看，[p]是一个双唇音(bilabial)；从发音方法来看，[p]是一个爆破音(stop)。
** word“boyish”contains two________． ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELAphonemesBmorphsCmorphemesDallomorphs分值: 2.4答案:C本题主要考查有关语素(morphemes)的含义。
单词“boyish”中包含两个语素：“boy”和“-ish”。
4.________studies the sentence structure of language，i．e．how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order．It is an important subfield of linguistics． ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELASyntaxBMorphologyCPhonologyDSemantics分值: 2.4答案:A本题在2007年下半年真题第一大题第4小题考查过，主要考查句法学(syntax)的概念和研究对象。
高级英语InauguralAddress课件翻译译文
高级英语InauguralAddress课件翻译译文Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy目的/重点Aimsknow how to make good conversationtrace the history of the King's Englishlearn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examplesanalyse the features of spoken Englishappreciate the language featuresTeaching Contents1. Exposition2. History of Britain3. Detailed study of the text4. Organizational pattern5. Language features6. The characteristics of spoken EnglishTime allocation1. Exposition and history (15 min.)2. Detailed study of the text (105 min.)3. Structure analysis (15 min.)4. Language appreciation (15 min.)5. The characteristics of spoken English (30 min)课文内容4. Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an endas well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before youand Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century andthree-quarters ago.2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power toabolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand ofGod.3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed toa new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, andto which we are committed today at home and around the world.4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5 This much we pledge--and more.6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge theloyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge atodds and split asunder.7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our wordthat one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the forthemselves, help them help to efforts best our pledge we misery, mass of bondswhatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let everyother power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.10 To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hopein an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ mayrun.11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not apledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidentalself-destruction.12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertainbalance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, butlet us never fear to negotiate.15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring thoseproblems which divide us.16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nationsunder the absolute control of all nations.17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the oceandepths and encourage the arts and commerce.18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to%undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free.19 And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law,where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished inthe first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americanswho answered the call to service surround the globe.22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, thoughembattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out,ejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation, astruggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in the historic effort?24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forthto lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)NOTES1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address.2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the 潃獮楴畴楴湯漠?桴?湕瑩摥匠慴整?尠3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men arecreated equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that浡湯?桴獥?牡?楌敦?楌敢瑲?湡?桴?異獲極?景?灡楰敮獳?4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a bookin the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authorsof different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?教学教案背景知识课文详解文章结构修辞学习课文录像课文录音词汇短语词汇(Vocabulary): of an inauguration就职(典礼)的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an ancester 祖先，祖宗----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the quality of being generous慷慨；宽宏大量----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: person who appears to get some trait from a predecessor or seems to carry on in his tradition 继承者；后嗣----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: enemy；opponent敌人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the act of bringing to ruin，disgrace，or destruction毁灭；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: in disagreement；quarreling意见不一致；有争执----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: into parts or pieces分成碎片；分散----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person or thing that falls victim to someone or something 牺牲品；掠夺品----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a subverting or being subverted．ruin 颠覆(活动)；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: independent of all others独立自主的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: surpass；exceed在速度上超过；胜过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a violent verbal attack．strong criticism，insults, curses, etc.; vituperation 抨击；辱骂，谩骂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any person or thing that guards，protects，or defends;protection保护人；防护物；保护----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some action命令；律令；文书；传票----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person who opposes or fights against another; opponent；enemy对手，反对者；敌手，敌方----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: again重新，再----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: release from or as from a leash(解开皮带以)释放----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: swallow up；overwhelm 吞没，淹没，压倒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: politeness．esp. in a merely formal way 礼貌，客气----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: talk about at unnecessary length唠唠叨叨地反复讲----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: put together and express (a theory．plan ,etc.)a systematic way系统地阐述(或提出)(理论、计划等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: draw upon；make use of开发、发掘----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pay close attention to；take careful notice of注意, 留神，留心----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a position established by invading troops on an enemy shore；a position gained as a secare starting point for any action；foothold滩头堡，登陆场；立足点----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an earnest attempt or effort努力，尽力----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any form of evidence，indication. etc.；proof证明，证据----------------------------------------------------------------------------------使准备战斗，使严阵以待or set in line for battle，array，]prepare常用于被动语态: [----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: great misery or distress, as from oppression；deep sorrow 苦难；困苦；忧伤----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: move forward steadily，as if against difficulties; form；produce(似乎迎着困难)稳步前进；形成；结成----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a close association for a common objective as of nations，political parties，etc．联盟，联合，同盟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions): in dispute；to be decided；at variance；in disagreement意见不一致例：What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a student's ability.意见的分歧之处在于考试对于学生能力的影响程度。
英语语言学题库
How many syllables are there in the word “rhythmical”?A.ThreeB.FourC.FiveD.Ten答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.02．第2题Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme?A.relationshipB.bedroomkmanD.childlike答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.03．第3题Which of the following is an aspirated consonant?A.[f]B.[s]C.[k]D.[r]答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.04．第4题Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme?rgerB.dataC.traineeD.Kat e’s答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization?A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.06．第6题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.07．第108题Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.08．第109题The relation between ‘furniture’ and ‘wardrobe’ is ___.A.homophonyB.homographyC.hyponymyD.polysemy答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0Which of the following is a representative?A.You’d better go to see a doctor.B.I promise to buy you something when I come back.C.I now declare the meeting close.D.I have never seen the man before.答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.010．第111题Which of the following is a directive?A.Your money or your life!B.You are fired!C.The earth is round.D.Thank you very much.答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.011．第119题Which of the following is a declaration?A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us?D.I’ve never seen her before.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.012．第120题The word "realization" consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/fiveB.five/fourC.four/threeD.four/four答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0The words “subway” and “underground” are ______ synonyms.A.nearB.dialectalC.collocationally-restrictedD.stylistic答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.014．第122题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.015．第123题‘It is 8 o’clock’ is a ___-place predication.A.noB.oneC.twoD.three答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.016．第124题‘She sings very well’ is a ___-place predication.A.noB.oneC.twoD.three答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.517．第125题‘Slim’ and ‘skinny’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.018．第126题‘Handsome’ and ‘pretty’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.019．第127题Which of the following pairs of words are homographs?A.sew---sowB.tear(a drop of liquid that flows from the eye)---tear (to pull apart)C.tec---techD.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.020．第128题Which of the following words is NOT a coined word?A.dacronB.kodakC.xeroxD.gym答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.521．第129题“Up you go, chaps!” belongs to ____ language.A.intimateB.frozenC.consultativeD.casual答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.022．第130题Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his ____.A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.target language答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.023．第131题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n]B.[p,b,m]C.[t,d,n]D.[t,d,m]答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.024．第132题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word “Daddy”.A.overgeneralizedB.overextendedC.overusedD.overstressed答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：此题得分：0.025．第7题Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.026．第8题[i] is a semi-close vowel.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.027．第9题[h] is the glottal sound.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.028．第10题Phonetics deals with speech sounds in all human languages. 答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.029．第11题Tsled’ is a possibl e word in English.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.030．第12题English is a tone language.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.031．第13题‘Teach-in’ is a compound word.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.032．第14题The morpheme ‘–or’ in ‘actor’ is an inflectional morpheme.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.033．第15题The –s in ‘works’ of ‘He works hard.’ is a bound morpheme.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.034．第16题In XP, X refers to any such head as N, V, A or P.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.035．第17题The words ‘alive’ and ‘dead’ are relational opposites.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.036．第18题The words ‘lead’(领导) and ‘lead’(铅球) are homographs. 答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.037．第19题The words ‘flat’ and ‘apartment’ are stylistic synonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.038．第20题The words ‘politician’ and ‘statesman’ are collocational synonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.039．第21题The words ‘buy’ and ‘purchase’ are dialectal sy nonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.040．第22题‘His friend is coming.’ presupposes ‘He has a friend.’答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.041．第23题' I fire you!' is a commissive.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.042．第24题' Do not say what you believe to be false' is a maxim of relation.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.043．第25题B' s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below: A: Where do you live? B: In South China Normal University.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.044．第26题B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture? (The speech maker is coming) B: Do we have classes this evening?答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.045．第27题B probably means that it is impolite to ask about her age, in the dialogue below: A: How old are you? B: I am 80.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.046．第28题B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you?答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.047．第29题The word ' mice' , which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.048．第30题In Chaucer' s the Canterbury Tales, we can find ' his' to replace ' it' in Modern English, as in ' Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooth' . This reflects the change in the ' agreement' rule.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.049．第31题' I love thee not.' before the 16th century, has now become ' I do not love you.' This means the change in negation rule.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.050．第32题The word ' walkman' is a blend.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.051．第33题Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.052．第34题General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.053．第35题Phonology studies how a sound is produced.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.054．第36题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.055．第37题Parole is a French word; it means the concrete language events.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.056．第38题F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.057．第39题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.058．第40题Performance is the focus of Chomsky’s linguistic study.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.059．第41题Duality of language means language is a two-level system.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.060．第42题Linguists are interested in all sounds.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.061．第43题Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.062．第44题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.063．第45题Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.064．第46题Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.065．第47题The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.066．第48题UNESCO is a blend.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.067．第49题The word ' tea' is a loan word from Chinese.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：此题得分：0.068．第50题The word ' dinner' comes from French.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.069．第51题Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.070．第52题Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.071．第53题One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.072．第54题Of ' reply' and ' answer' , the latter is more formal.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.073．第55题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：此题得分：0.074．第56题The use of such sentences as ' I ain' t afraid of no ghosts' to mean ' I' m not afraid of ghosts' is one of the syntactic features of Black English.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.075．第57题Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.076．第58题The word ' dog' often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.077．第59题Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.078．第60题It is acceptable to translate ' Every dog has his day.' into ' 每条狗都有自己的日子。
胡壮麟语言学教程测试题及答案
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. contact C. relationB. communication D. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. tree C. crashB. typewriter D. bang3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”sA. interrogative C. informativeB. directiveD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. Interpersonal C. PerformativeB. EmotiveD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. Transferability C. DisplacementB. DualityD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn 't it?Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive C. PerformativeB. PhaticD. Interpersonal7. ______________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. Performance C. LangueB. Competence D. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear andnow.It couldn ' t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of .A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9.____________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our firstlanguage.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. ___________ deals with language application to other fields, particularlyeducation.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)nguage is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.nguage change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.nguage is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16.Only human beings are able to communicate.17.. De Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare ' s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III.Fill in the blanks. (10%)nguage, broadly speaking, is a means of ________________ communication.22.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed .nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is .24.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ______________________________________ theory.25.Linguistics is the _____________ study of language.26.Modern linguistics is _____________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discoverwhat language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______________ overwriting.28.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______________ study.29.Saussure put forward two important concepts. ______________ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure ' s langue and Chomsky ' s __________________ IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Design feature32.Displacementpetence34.Synchronic linguisticsV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (南开大学， 2004 )36.Why is it difficult to define language? (北京第二外国语大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? (青岛海洋大学， 1999)第二章：语音I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Pitch variation is known as ______________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2.Conventionally a _____________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ________________ of the pphoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ______________ .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5.The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____________ .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. [i:] B. [ u ] C.[e] D. [ i ]10.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of aspeech sound.13.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely,the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17.When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax orlong vs. short.19.Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20.The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.Consonant sounds can be either _____________ or _____________ , while all vowelsounds are ______________ .22.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing23.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _____________ and the lips.24.One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the _____________________________________ to which that part ofthe tongue is raised.25.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without26.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating ________________________ .27.In English there are a number of _____________ , which are produced by movingfrom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28.___________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influenceof their neighbors.29.____________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the ______________________ coming from the lungs.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Sound assimilation32.Suprasegmental featureplementary distribution34.Distinctive featuresV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic pho netics?(中国人民大学，2003)36.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?(南开04)VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学， 1999 )(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2)low front vowel(3)lateral liquid(4)velar nasal(5)voiced interdental fricative第三章：词汇I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _______________A.lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ________________morpheme. A. inflectional C. boundB.freeD. derivational3.There are _____________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4.In English -se and -ion are called ________________ .A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5.The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _______________ .A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC.infixD. back-formation6. _____________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7.The word TB is formed in the way of ______________ .A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8.The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _______________ .A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9.The stem of disagreements is _____________A. agreementB. agreeC. disagree10.All of them are meaningful except for _____________ .A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. disagreement D. allomorphII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12.Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13.Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14.In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16.Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17.The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19.Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20.Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.An ____________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _______________ is pronounced as a word.22.Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with ______________ .23.Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ______________ , ______________ and _____________ .24.All words may be said to contain a root _____________ .25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to ______________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to class. 26. ___________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. ___________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28.Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _____________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a _____________ , and a word formed by compounding is called a ______________ .30.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ________________ and _____________ . IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Blending32.Allomorph33.Closed-class word34.Morphological ruleV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.How many types of morphemes are there in the En glish Ian guage? What are they? (厦门大学，2003)36.What are the main features of the En glish compo un ds?VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Match the terms un der COLUMN I with the un derli ned forms from COLUMN II (武汉大学，2004)⑴IacronymIIa.foe⑵free morpheme b. subc on⑶derivatio nal morpheme c. UNESCO⑷in flecti onal morpheme d. overwhelmed⑸prefix e. calculati on第四章：句法I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ____________ .A. only linear C. complexB. only hierarchicalD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are _______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ___________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammaticalsentences.A. lexicalC. linguistic B. morphologicalD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ______ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A ____________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have _______ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _______A.how words and phrases form sentences.B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD.all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “ the city Rome ” is ___A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “ on the shellfongs”tob_e _____________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence isa ________________sentence. A.simple “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.B. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13.In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15.Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20.It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A ____________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A ____________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A ____________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called ___________________ .25. A ____________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called anclause.27.Major lexical categories are _____________ categories in the sense that new wordsare constantly added.28. ____________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. ____________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operatein one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between andamong n atural la nguages.30. ________________________ The theory of con diti on expla ins the fact that nounphrases appear only in subject and object positi ons.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples ・(20%)31.Sy ntax32.IC an alysis33.Hierarchical structure34.Trace theoryV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What are en doce ntric con struct ion and exoce ntric con struct ion?(武汉大学，2004)36.Disti nguish the two possible meanings ofmore beautiful flowers by mea ns IC analysis.(北京二外国语大学，2004)VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Draw a tree diagram accordi ng to the PS rules to show the deep structure of thesenten ce:The student wrote a letter yesterday.第五章：意义I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced byA. PlatoB. Bloomfield 2. “ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.A. the conceptualist viewC. the naming theory 3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “ Can I borrow your bike?” _________ “You have a bike. ” A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes 5. _____________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components,called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis 6. “ Alive ” and “ dead ” are __________________________ .A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. __________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. _____________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. HyponymyC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth This statement represents B. contexutalism D. behaviorism9.Words that are close in meaning are called ___________________ .A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _________ .A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.15.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.17.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.19.“ It is hot. ”-pislaacenopredication because it contains no argument.20.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.____________ can be defined as the study of meaning.22.The conceptualist view holds that there is no _____________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23.____________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24.Words that are close in meaning are called _____________ .25.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called ___________________ .26.____________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.27.____________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.28.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called_____________ restricti ons, which are con stra ints on what lexical items can go with what others.29.A(n) _____________ is a logical participa nt in a predicati on, largely ide ntical withthe nominal eleme nt(s)in a senten ce.30.Accord ing to the _____________theory of meaning, the words in a Ian guage aretake n to be labels of the objects they sta nd for.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.En tailme nt32.Propositionp onen tial an alysis34.Refere neeV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What are the sense relati ons betwee n the followi ng groups of words?Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots (青岛海洋大学，1999) 36.What are the three kinds of an to nymy?(武汉大学，2004)VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.For each group of words give n below, state what sema ntic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what sema ntic property or properties dist in guish betwee n the classes of (a)words and (b) words.(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram⑵ a. table, stone, pen cil, cup, house, ship, carb. milk, alcohol, rice, soup⑶ a. book, temple, moun tai n, road, tractorb. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear (青岛海洋大学，1999)第七章：语言、文化和社会[注：第六章无测试题 ]I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A.PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. General linguistics2.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____________ .e of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes3. ___________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB.Loyalty to and confidence in one ' s native speechC.Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD.Social barriers5. __________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer6. __________ in a person ' s speech or writing usually ranges on a cmonfrtionmuu casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8.Although _________ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9.In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their_____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10. A linguistic _________ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“ polite ” society fgreonmeral use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)nguage as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.12.The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation andlanguage use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.13.From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “ speeocthbveauriseetydcan n to ”refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.14.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar anduses of vocabulary.15. A person 's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.16.Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communicationamong groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in itslexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.19.Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.20.The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech ______________ .22.Speech _____________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by aspeaker or group of speakers.23.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a variety of a language.nguage standardization is also called language _______________ .25.Social variation gives rise to _____________ which are subdivisible into smallerspeech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.26. ___________ variation in a person ' s speech or writing ussuaollny arange continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.。
考研英语长难句翻译
难句分析与翻译注:语法纲要是依据李阳疯狂英语<<突破语法>>写成,难句分析依据考试虫<<阅读基本功,难句过关>>写成.掌握基本语法对阅读、听力、写作都有很大的帮助。
此文目的之一在于巩固语法,请自行分析.一、定语从句英语中的定语既可前置亦可后置。
1、President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions,who criticized,on whosejudgment he could rely,who presented an intelligent point of view,regardless of their rank or viewpoint.分析：本句中四个“who”定语从句并列，共同修饰中心词“people”。
翻译：肯尼迪总统需要提问的人、能提批评意见的人，做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人，而不问他们的级别和观点。
2、Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves withcondemnations,in my delegation’s opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both substance as well as the superficial aspects which,after all,serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council’s agends.分析:本句中三个定语，尤其要注意第三个，只修饰superficial aspects，根据上下文有因果关系。
考研13 text4个人翻译
Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration lawMonday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more importantmatter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upsetthe balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions ofAr izona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. TheConstitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule ofNaturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontr oversial. Arizona hadattempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruledthat the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority heldthat Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on thefederal’s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status ofpeople who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has alwaysenvisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officersto share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with thisConstitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robustdefense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in hisobjection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power.” The White House argued thatArizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied withfederal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate anyotherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship andthe borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their ownresources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was inessence assertin g that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, nostate should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ______.［A］deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers［B］disturbed the power balance between different states［C］overstepped the authority of federal immigration law［D］contradicted both the federal and state policies37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?［A］Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.［B］States’ independence from federal immigration law.［C］States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.［D］Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ______.［A］violated the Constitution［B］undermined the states’ interests［C］supported the federal statute［D］stood in favor of the states39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement ______. ［A］outweighs that held by the states［B］is dependent on the states’ support［C］is established by federal statutes［D］rarely goes against state laws40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?［A］Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.［B］Justices intended to check the power of the Administration. ［C］Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress. ［D］The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.◆On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigrationlawMonday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.在周一最高法院通过5:3的投票，否决了亚利桑那州的移民法案——这对奥巴马政府是一个适当的政策胜利。
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AFunctionalAnalysisofFirst―PersonPronounsinPresidentObama’sVictorySpeech
1.Introduction Research background.Some of the most important points of attractiveness in the recent history of linguistics as a science are the different perspectives from which text analysis can be carried out.That is why discourse analysis is becoming a discipline that brings together linguistics researchers from different areas.According to the text to be analyzed，one will be more suitable than others.But the common ground is that analysts start from the same proposition：a text.Text linguistics is always descriptive and，from this perspective，we analyze what words are used，how a message is said and how discourse is built upon （Coulthard，1994）. In November 2008，Barack Obama became the 44th president of the United States，sweeping to a victory of historic consequence.Exotically named and unusually colored，Obama’s candidacy was intoxicating.He “hit the American scene like a thunderclap” （Von Drehle，2008），rising from relative obscurity to transform the political agenda and restore the fragile confidence of an increasingly disorientated superpower.Supported by a remarkably effective campaign ?C “powered by hope” （Obama，2009） ?C his margin of victory was the largest of any democratic candidate in history （Uhlenbeck，2008； Harris，2008），signaling a popular desire for change，and handing Obama a mandate to refashion America’s political terrain in the most radical terms since Reagan’s landslide victory of 1980.Quite apart from the symbolic reverberation of his ethnicity，Obama’s eloquent and inspirational rhetoric helped reaffirm a nation’s faith in its most cherished of myths，whilst confirming the decline of a political discourse that had dominated American society，and indeed the wider world，for almost three decades.In November 7th，2012，Barack Obama won the campaigning for re-election.At Obama headquarters in Chicago，a huge crowd gathered waving small American flags and cheering.Supporters hugged each other，danced and pumped their fists in the air.“Excited crowds gathered in New York’s Times Square，at Faneuil Hall in Boston and near the White House in Washington，drivers joyfully honking as they passed by.” New York Daily News，November 7，2012，late ed.：B6.To compare with these two political discourses，I have found that there is an intersection.It is about the intention of the discursive functions of using “I” and “we”. My own analysis and findings of the victory speech of Barack Obama in 2012，I found that the former conclusion is not specific enough.According to the data from the material of the victory speech ，I could conclude that in the speech，Obama has used the first-person pronoun “we” more frequently than “I” to make the entire Americans and himself closer，make them believe that Obama himself is the one who is capable to make the United States stronger.Moreover，besides using “we”，Obama has used other two first-person plural respectively in accusative case （us） and in possessive case （our）. This study aims to analyze Barack Obama’s Strategic Use of First-Person Pronouns more specifically based on the doubt why the data from the victory speech in 2012 is not in accord with the conclusions of the previous researches. 2.Related studies 2.1The most frequently-use is the first-person pronoun A stylistic study on Barack Obama’s Presidential Victory Speech has been conducted in 2011 by Chen Danbin，a doctor from Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College.In this study，the writer had a general survey of the main linguistic features in the speech.They are phonetic，lexical and syntactic features.Among these features’ analysis，I found that the writer had conclude something that impressed me in his lexical feature analysis. In this part，he had found that lexical features are used to find out how choice of words involves various types of meaning.They may contain a general description of vocabulary choice，and examinations of nouns，adjectives，verbs，adverbs，etc.Lexical choices can help to achieve perfect characterization and in turn a growing revealing of the novel’s theme.Public speech，as a formal activity，is very particular in choosing vocabulary.Vocabulary in a speech is clearly than daily conversation，included a number of difficult words and abstract words.In this Obama’s speech，there are 473 difficult words with more than three syllables.Abstract words in public speech are commonly seen，especially in this speech，such as democracy，sacrifice，enormity，challenge，mortgage，determination，humanity，etc，which increased the difficulty of understanding，but on the other hand，increased the formality and reliability of the speech. On the other hand，the writer also analyzes another lexical feature in the public speech，which is the use of personal pronoun.The most frequently-use is the first-person pronoun