Tumor Vascular Markers: Possibilities for Detection of Breast Carcinoma
肿标

检测标本的影响因素
1.标本:标本分离后请及时检测,因采血后有
活性的游离PSA仍与血清中的蛋白酶抑制物尤
其是α 2-巨球蛋白结合,而使PSA测得值下降 2.治疗的影响:激素的治疗会影响PSA的表达,
使PSA的测得值下降。
前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)
PAP是前列腺分泌的唯一酶类 临床意义:
(1)前列腺癌血清PAP升高,是前列腺癌诊断、分期、 疗效观察及预后的重要指标。 (2)前列腺炎和前列腺增生PAP也有一定程度的增高。
肺癌41%
胃癌47%
结/直肠癌34%
乳腺癌40%
(2)其他非恶性肿瘤,也有不同程度的升高,但阳性率
较低;如子宫内膜异位症、盆腔炎、卵巢囊肿、胰
腺炎、肝炎、肝硬化等 (3)在许多良性和恶性胸、腹水中发现CA125升高 (4)早期妊娠,也有CA125升高
糖类抗原15-3(CA15-3)
1980s,对乳腺癌的诊断和治疗随访有一定价值, 临床意义:乳腺癌患者CA15-3升高,乳腺癌初期的 敏感性60%,乳腺癌晚期的敏感性80%,CA15-3对乳 腺癌的疗效观察、预后判断,复发和转移的诊断有 重要价值
参考值:尿液:阴性 血清:男性<5 IU/L;正常未妊娠妇女<10 IU/L;孕妇>50 IU/L (不同孕周、不同年龄孕妇含量也不同)
临床意义
1.诊断早孕;监测先兆流产、异位妊娠
2.对滋养层细胞肿瘤的诊断、治疗的监测有重要意义:
绒毛膜上皮细胞癌、葡萄胎血中β -hCG明显高于早孕的水平 。化疗或刮宫后明显下降;如治疗后β -hCG下降不明显,提 示疗效不佳;治疗后下降,后又见上升,提示复发。 3.畸胎瘤、男性睾丸癌、睾丸间质瘤、精原细胞瘤、睾
基于B7-H3靶点的分子影像技术在肿瘤诊断方面的研究进展

基于B7-H3靶点的分子影像技术在肿瘤诊断方面的研究进展①郑梦②王燕②傅丰庆③缪丽燕②(苏州大学附属第一医院,苏州 215006)中图分类号R392-33 文献标志码 A 文章编号1000-484X(2023)11-2439-07[摘要]寻找新的治疗靶点用于准确的癌症早期诊断是目前肿瘤精准治疗亟待解决的问题之一。
B7-H3(CD276)曾被称为“肿瘤相关抗原”,在肿瘤组织中广泛异常高表达,在正常组织上表达受限,使其成为各种靶向肿瘤的造影剂及肿瘤治疗的理想分子。
分子影像通过分子影像探针以非侵入性形式显示肿瘤病理生理特征,可用于诊断、治疗及各种靶向治疗(包括免疫治疗)的效果评估。
因此,本文主要综述以B7-H3为靶点的分子影像在肿瘤诊断中的最新研究进展。
[关键词]B7-H3(CD276);分子影像;肿瘤;探针;靶向治疗;早期诊断Advances in molecular imaging of B7-H3-targeted in context of tumor diagnosticZHENG Meng,WANG Yan,FU Fengqing,MIAO Liyan. The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,Suzhou 215006, China[Abstract]Looking for a cancer therapeutic targeted used in diagnosis is in the spotlight as one solution in the precise fight against cancer. B7-H3 (CD276) was once known as a "tumor-associated antigen", which is aberrantly expressed in a high proportion of human malignancies but limited expression in normal human tissues, making it an ideal target for various contrast agents and cancer treatment. Molecular imaging with molecular imaging probes, noninvasively, demonstrate pathophysiologic features of cancer for diag‐nostic, treatment, and response assessment considerations for various targeted therapies, including immunotherapy. Herein, we review the latest developments in molecular imaging of B7-H3 targeted in the context of cancer diagnostic.[Key words]B7-H3(CD276);Molecular imaging;Tumor;Probes;Targeted therapy;Early detection癌症的发生率和病死率逐年上升,严重威胁人们的身体健康和生命安全。
211105502_CAFs与肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸机制

CAFs与肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸机制①赵刚潘咏梅黄岩松张进拉再提·哈扎依拜克阿力古力·艾则孜徐贵颖②(吉林大学公共卫生学院,国家卫生健康委员会放射生物学重点实验室,长春 130021)中图分类号R735.7 文献标志码 A 文章编号1000-484X(2023)03-0653-04[摘要]肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(CAFs)是肿瘤微环境(TME)中的一种重要组成,近年研究显示,CAFs与肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸密切相关。
肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸是指肿瘤细胞通过多种机制逃避机体免疫系统识别和攻击,使其在体内生存和增殖的现象。
本文分别从巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、髓系来源的抑制细胞、NK细胞和T细胞5种免疫细胞综述了CAFs如何与免疫细胞相互作用,最终介导了肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸。
[关键词]肿瘤相关成纤维细胞;免疫逃逸;肿瘤;肿瘤微环境CAFs and cancer immune evasion mechanismZHAO Gang, PAN Yongmei, HUANG Yansong, ZHANG Jin, LAZAITI Hazhayibaike, ALIGULI Aizezi, XU Guiying. School of Public Health, Jilin University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Changchun 130021, China[Abstract]Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is an important component of tumour microenvironment(TME). Recent studies have shown that CAFs is closely related to immune evasion of tumor cells. The immune evasion of tumor cells refers to the phenomenon that tumor cells escape the recognition and attack of the immune system through various mechanisms, so as to survive and proliferate in vivo. This article reviews how CAFs interact with immune cells and ultimately mediate immune evasion of tumor cells from five immune cells, namely macrophages, dendritic cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, NK cells and T cells.[Key words]Cancer-associated fibroblasts;Immune evasion;Tumour;Tumour microenvironment肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibro⁃blasts,CAFs)是肿瘤微环境(tumour microenviron⁃ment,TME)中的一种重要组成成分,也被称为癌相关成纤维细胞、癌旁成纤维细胞、肿瘤相关间质细胞等。
初治结直肠癌患者血清CA242水平的表达特点

初治结直肠癌患者血清CA242水平的表达特点作者:潘利锋梁君林来源:《中国实用医药》2015年第10期【摘要】目的分析初治结直肠癌患者血清CA242水平在各临床病理参数中的表达特点。
方法检测355例结直肠癌患者术前血清CA242数值,结合术后病理及临床分期,分析其表达特点。
结果结直肠癌患者血清CA242水平与性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、直径、大体病理类型、组织类型无明显相关,与临床病理分期显著相关,病情越晚、分期越高,其水平越高。
结论检测血清CA242有利于对患者免疫抑制情况及病理分期的判断。
【关键词】结直肠癌;CA242;病理参数;病理分期DOI:10.14163/ki.11-5547/r.2015.10.034结直肠癌是消化道常见恶性肿瘤之一。
肿瘤标志物是肠镜、影像学及病理诊断之外对结直肠癌的诊断有重要价值的分子标志物。
研究已表明血清CA242对结直肠癌诊断有很大的价值,而有关其血清水平在结直肠癌病理参数中表达特点的报道比较少[1-3]。
作者通过检测CA242在结直肠癌患者术前血清中的水平,分析其在结直肠癌临床病理参数中的表达特点。
1 资料与方法1. 1 一般资料选取2013年7月~2014年5月于广西医科大学第一附属医院结直肠肛门外科住院结直肠癌患者355例,年龄21~89岁,平均年龄57岁;均经手术病理确诊。
一般资料见表1。
1. 2 方法所有血液标本均是采集患者入院后次日空腹静脉血5 ml,由医院检验中心采用型号为Cobas6000的Roche机器及配套的试剂,使用电子化学荧光法,按操作说明严格检验。
正常参考值范围: CA242:0~20.0 U/ml。
1. 3 统计学方法采用SPSS16.0统计软件进行统计分析,血清CA242检测结果为计量资料,以均数±标准差( x-±s)表示,经正态检验, U=5.225, P=0.000,属于偏态分布,各检测数值间均采用非参数秩和检验。
生长抑素(SST)是在人体内广泛分布的一种激素,表明生长抑素对生成肿瘤血管的多种因子,诸如血管内皮细胞

3.1生长抑素对血生成的影响
近年来体内、外的研究表明,生长抑素及其类似物是一类有效的抗血管生成剂[12]。Danesi等AgNO3烧灼伤诱导的大鼠角膜血管生成模型,体内研究了生长抑素抗血管生成作用,结果发现眼球表面注射奥曲肽10μg/d,连续6天,角膜新生血管形成明显受到抑制,给予40μg/d,能减少实验诱发的鼠肠系膜新生血管形成。Koizumi等将人直肠神经内分泌癌移植于裸鼠皮下,应用奥曲肽治疗6周,发现奥曲肽能够明显抑制肿瘤生长,治疗组肿瘤组织内的微血管密度较对照组明显减少。Albini等将Kaposi肉瘤细胞皮下注入裸鼠侧腹壁,建立移植肿瘤模型,治疗组皮下注射生长抑素100μg/d,连续20天,结果发现治疗组移植肿瘤的体积较对照组明显减小,行移植肿瘤的组织学检查发现:对照组肿瘤组织内有广泛的新血管生成,而治疗组肿瘤组织内仅有少许的新血管生成。上述的研究显示,生长抑素及其类似物是一类有效的抗肿瘤血管生成剂[13,14]。
7WolteringEA,Barrie R,O′DorisioTM,et al.Somatostatinanalogues inhibitangiogenesisin the chickchorioallantoicmembrane.SurgRes,1991,50:245-251。
8AlbiniA,FlorioT,GiunciuglioD,et al.SomatostatincontrolsKaposi′sarcomatumor growth through inhibition ofangiogenesis. FASEB J,1999,13:647-655。
「」
1PollakMN,SchallyAV. Mechanisms ofantineoplasticaction ofsomatostatinanalogs. Proc Soc ExpBiolMed,1998,217:143-152。
卡瑞利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼或贝伐珠单抗治疗肝癌的疗效分析

研究论著卡瑞利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼或贝伐珠单抗治疗肝癌的疗效分析赖奉庭 刘华强 蔡永广【摘要】 目的 探讨卡瑞利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼或贝伐珠单抗治疗肝细胞癌(肝癌)的疗效差异。
方法 回顾性分析60例肝癌患者的资料,患者以不同治疗方法为A 组(卡瑞利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼)和B 组(卡瑞利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗)。
比较2组近期治疗效果及血清肿瘤标志物(甲胎蛋白、癌胚抗原、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、细胞角蛋白19片段)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP -9)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF )水平,采用癌因性疲乏(CRF )评估量表评价2组治疗前的CRF 程度,并比较2组治疗期间不良反应发生率、无进展生存情况和总生存情况。
结果 2组的近期治疗效果、不良反应发生率、无病生存情况和总生存情况比较差异均无统计学意义(P 均> 0.05)。
2组治疗后的血清肿瘤标志物、MMP -9、VEGF 水平和CRF 评分均比治疗前低,且B 组均比A 组低(P 均< 0.05)。
结论 卡瑞利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼或贝伐珠单抗治疗肝癌患者的疗效未发现明显差异,但卡瑞利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗治疗可以使患者的血清肿瘤标志物及MMP -9及VEGF 水平下降更明显,且可改善CRF 。
【关键词】 肝癌;卡瑞利珠;贝伐珠单抗;仑伐替尼;肿瘤标志物Clinical efficacy of camrelizumab combined with lunvatinib or bevacizumab in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Lai Fengting , Liu Huaqiang , Cai Yongguang. Department of Medical Oncology , Guangdong Medical University ,Guangdong Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Center Hospital , Zhanjiang 524000, China Corresponding author , Cai Yongguang , E -mail:********************【Abstract 】Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of camrelizumab combined with lunvatinib or bevacizumab in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC ). Methods Clinical data of 60 patients with HCC were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into group A (camrelizumab combined with lunvatinib ) and group B (camrelizumab combined with bevacizumab ). Short -term clinical efficacy and the expression levels of serum tumor markers (alpha -fetoprotein , carcinoembryonic antigen , neuron -specific enolase , cytokeratin 19 fragment ), matrix metalloproteinase -9 (MMP -9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF ) were compared between two groups. The degree of cancer -related fatigue (CRF ) before treatment was compared between two groups by using CRF scale. The incidence of adverse reactions , progression -free survival (PFS ) and overall survival (OS ) during the treatment were analyzed between two groups. Results No significant differences were observed in the short -term clinical efficacy , incidence of adverse reactions , PFS and OS between two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment , the expression levels of serum tumor markers , MMP -9,VEGF and CRF scores in two group were significantly lower than those before treatment , and the values in group B were lower than those in group A (all P < 0.05). Conclusions No significant difference is observed in the clinical efficacy between camrelizumab combined with lunvatinib or bevacizumab in the treatment of HCC patients. However , combined use of camrelizumab and bevacizumab can significantly lower the expression levels of serum tumor markers , MMP -9 and VEGF and mitigate CRF in HCC patients.【Key words 】 Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Camrelizumab ; Bevaczumab ; Lunvatinib ; Tumor marker作者单位:524000 湛江,广东医科大学 广东省农垦中心医院肿瘤内科通信作者,蔡永广,E -mail:********************肝细胞癌(简称肝癌)是最常见的肝脏恶性肿瘤[1]。
肿瘤归巢肽及其在肿瘤靶向治疗中的应用
肿瘤归巢肽及其在肿瘤靶向治疗中的应用吴娇;杨唐斌;柳长柏【摘要】Tumor homing peptides (THPs) are a kind of peptide which specifically bind to the tumor cells and tumor vessels. THPs have ability to recognize and bind to primary tumor as well as metastatic tumors through the specif-ic receptors or bio-markers on the surface of the tumor cells or tumor vessels. In consequence, THPs can be used as deliv-ery tools for anti-tumor drugs targeted to tumor tissues and cells directly, which will be able to reduce or eliminate the drug resistance and side effects. This review will summarize the development and applications of THPs in the tumor di-agnosis and the anti-tumor therapies.%肿瘤归巢肽(THPs)是一类对肿瘤组织或血管具有归巢效应的多肽,它能识别和结合肿瘤组织或血管表面的特异性受体或标志物.除了原位肿瘤,THPs还能识别并结合血管源性或转移性肿瘤.因此,THPs可将抗肿瘤药物直接靶向递送至肿瘤组织、细胞中,能够减少或消除药物耐受及毒副作用.本文将综述迄今人们对THPs的认识、开发及其在抗肿瘤诊断及治疗应用中所取得的进展.【期刊名称】《海南医学》【年(卷),期】2016(027)001【总页数】3页(P82-84)【关键词】肿瘤归巢肽;靶向递送;抗肿瘤;靶向治疗【作者】吴娇;杨唐斌;柳长柏【作者单位】三峡大学肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗湖北省重点实验室,湖北宜昌443002;三峡大学医学院,湖北宜昌 443002;三峡大学医学院,湖北宜昌 443002;三峡大学肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗湖北省重点实验室,湖北宜昌 443002;三峡大学医学院,湖北宜昌 443002【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R730.5恶性肿瘤的早期诊断对其治疗至关重要。
结直肠癌患者手术前后血清MMP-2和VEGF
结直肠癌患者手术前后血清MMP-2和VEGF检测的临床意义摘要目的:探讨血清质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在结直肠癌患者手术前后变化及其临床意义。
方法选择来我院就诊的86例手术治疗的结直肠癌患者,检测手术前后检测血清质金属蛋白酶-2和VEGF变化,及在有无淋巴结转移患者中的变化。
结果在结直肠癌患者中,手术前血清中MMP-2和VEGF水平较正常健康者明显增高,手术后7天血清中MMP-2和VEGF 水平较手术前明显降低。
在手术前,有淋巴结转移结直肠癌患者血清中MMP-2和VEGF水平较无淋巴结转移者明显增高。
结论血清中MMP-2和VEGF水平变化与结直肠癌是否存在淋巴结转移,以及疗效判定、评价预后、复发的早期诊断具有很高的临床价值。
关键词:结直肠癌;血管内皮生长因子;基质金属蛋白酶-2中图分类号:R656Clinical Significance of Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase -2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patientwith Colorectal CancerAbstract Objective: To evaluate the clinical significance of serum matrix metalloproteinase -2 (MMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in colorectal cancer patients before and after surgery. Methods Detection serum matrix metalloproteinase -2 and VEGF changes in 86 cases before and after operation with colorectal cancer. The lymph node metastasis in patients was also detected. Results, In colorectal cancer patients, serum levels of MMP-2 and VEGF was significantly higher than the normal healthy individuals before surgical, 7 days after surgery serum levels of MMP-2 and VEGF significantly reduced compared with before surgery. Before the surgery, with lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer in patients with serum levels of MMP-2 and VEGF than those without lymph node metastasis was significantly higher. Conclusion There is significant clinical value of serum MMP-2 and VEGF levels in colorectal cancer with the existence of lymph node metastasis, and to determine efficacy, evaluating prognosis and early diagnosis.Key words: colorectal cancer; vascular endothelial growth factor; matrixmetalloproteinase-2细胞外基质和基底膜降解是恶性肿瘤局部浸润和转移的必要条件,基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是降解细胞外基质蛋白的最主要的蛋白水解酶,MMP-2是基质金属蛋白酶家族中的重要成员,在肿瘤侵袭转移的过程中起重要作用。
GATA3、SOX10_在乳腺癌不同分子分型中的表达及意义
- 152 -[11] LANGAN R C.Benign prostatic hyperplasia[J].Prim Care,2019,46(2):223-232.[12] MIERNIK A,GRATZKE C.Current treatment for benignprostatic hyperplasia[J].Dtsch Arztebl Int,2020,117(49):843-854.[13] GRECHENKOV A,SUKHANOV R,BEZRUKOV E,et al.Risk factors for urethral stricture and/or bladder neck contracture after monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia[J].Urologia,2018,85(4):150-157.[14]林家豪,苑炜,梁涛,等.发生性功能障碍患者的耻骨上膀胱造瘘管相关性尿路感染的影响因素[J].现代泌尿外科杂志,2022,27(6):483-488.[15]冯伟,朱笑丛,胡雅芳.经尿道前列腺等离子电切术后发生性功能障碍发生率及影响因素分析[J].河北医学,2020,26(7):1195-1200.[16]李祝勇,黄健,邓宏伟,等.经尿道前列腺电切剜除术治疗良性前列腺增生对术后性功能障碍率及机体应激反应的影响[J].中国性科学,2020,29(10):19-22.[17]朱从武,吴石,张晶,等.不同术式治疗大体积前列腺增生的效果及术后尿失禁、性功能障碍发生情况比较[J].吉林医学,2019,38(7):1322-1323.[18]吕德滨,刘立人,陈庆祥.男子性欲和性能力与年龄的关系[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2019,5(5):304-306.[19]姚丽敏,姚志剑,程宏,等.焦虑和非焦虑型男性抑郁患者P300和甲状腺激素、性激素水平对比研究[J].中国实验诊断学,2019,20(10):1667-1669.[20]宫晓洁,罗朝东,刘莉.NO 在男性生殖系统中的作用[J].华夏医学,2020,13(2):234-236.[21]余维洋,殷波.经尿道摩西钬激光前列腺剜除术治疗良性前列腺增生的临床效果[J].临床医学研究与实践,2022,7(27):89-91.(收稿日期:2023-08-29) (本文编辑:白雅茹)*基金项目:广西卫生健康委员会自筹资金科研项目(Z20211355)①桂林市妇幼保健院病理科 广西 桂林 541001②桂林市妇幼保健院遗传代谢科 广西 桂林 541001③桂林医学院附属医院病理科 广西 桂林 541001通信作者:邓俊耀GATA3、SOX10在乳腺癌不同分子分型中的表达及意义*於桃① 彭子军① 邓俊耀② 唐子翔③ 【摘要】 目的:探讨GATA 结合蛋白3(GATA3)、性别决定区Y 框蛋白10基因(SOX10)在乳腺癌不同分子分型中的表达特点及意义。
徐玲-乳腺癌与基因检测
• Ashkenazi犹太人后裔的乳腺癌女性患者,年龄小于 等于50岁
• 乳腺癌女性患者,伴两个或者多个近亲有乳腺癌 (尤其其中一例年龄小于等于50岁)
• 未受累女性,一个近亲适应前面高风险的标准
中国指南提出乳腺癌高危人群标准
Annual review of medicine 1998; 49: 425-36. Human molecular genetics 2001; 10: 705-13.
Oncology reports 2013; 30: 1019-29.
权威指南——美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)指南
2017 NCCN
基因诊断 基因治疗 疾病易感基因识别 药物研发 生物芯片 疾病及药物筛选模型 ……
乳腺癌易感基因
1990 年代
发现了乳腺癌易感基因BRCA1位于17号染色体,随后几年便确定 了BRCA1的基因序列
1995年
用连锁分析,Michael Stratton发现了BRCA2基因,他发现一名男性 乳腺癌患者的乳腺-卵巢癌家族,没有17q21(BRCA1位点)的突变, 而发现了位于13q12的BRCA2基因
如何检测BRCA突变 科学预防乳腺癌
家族性乳腺癌&遗传性乳腺癌
• 古希腊曾发现家族聚集性乳腺癌,但首先完整的报道是在1866年,由 法国神经病理学家Paul Broca报道了他妻子家族四代的10例患乳腺癌, 这就不能用偶然解释了。
• 大量的研究者确定和收集了乳腺癌家族的病例,小于乳腺癌总体的25%。 分析这些病例,发现家族性乳腺癌不同与非家族性乳腺癌的几方面, 包括:1.患病年龄早;2.双侧发病率高;3.其家族发生其他恶性病变 有相关性;4、纵向传递。
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J.Chem.Chem.Eng.6(2012)1 18-123 Tumor Vascular Markers:POSS_bilitieS for Detection of Breast Carcinoma
Miroslava Bilecov ̄i.Rabajdov ̄i ,Peter Urban ,Andrea Gre ̄ovfi2,Anna Birkov ̄i ,Alexander Ostr6 and M ̄tria Marekov ̄i1 1.Department ofChem ̄try,Biochemistry,MedicalBiochemistry andLABMED,Faculty ofMedicine.P.J. ̄afdrik University, Kogice 041 54,Slovakia 2 2ndDepartments ofGynecology andObstetrics,Faculty ofMedicine,P j Safdrik University,Kogice 041 54,Slovakia
Received:October 1 1,201 1/Accepted:November 07,201 1/Published:February 25,2012 Abstract:Breast cancer is one of the world’s most urgent health problems.The first symptoms of mammary malignancies are manifested only at an advanced stage with significant mo ̄ality.Detecting this disease at an early stage gives the majority ofpatients a beaer chance of surviva1.The aim was to search for changes in gene expression of specific tumor vascular markers like death receptor 6(Dr6)and glycoprotein M6B(Gpm6B)in the blood of patients with breast cancer.All subjects were divided into two groups.First group with patients arc with diferent grades of breats tumors(n=30).Second group consists from healthy women(n=1 5).After isolation of mRNA from blood.RT—PCR was followed by gel electrophoresis.For statistical analysis one.way ANOVA was used with Student’s T test using GraphPad InStat software.Significant changes in mRNA levels of gene Dr6 in all grades of first stage breast cancer were detected.The mI A levels of Dr6 showed a rising tendency from Gl fll6%higher value than contro1)to G3(198% higher than contro1).During monitoring ofthe mRNA level of Gpm6B.a weaker increase was observed than in Dr6.The difference in Gl was only 8%higher compared with controls and 44%at G3.From our results it call be concluded that DR6 is a more suitable marker for the diagnosis of breast malignancies in the early stages than Gpm6B.In our work.a non-invasive method for more timely and precise determination ofthe earlier stages ofbreast cancer is described.which could also contribute to monitoring the effectiveness oftreatment,or regression ofthis disease.
Key words:RT-PC R,Dr6,Gpm6B,gynecological malignancies,breast cancer 1.IntrOducti0n Breast cancer is a very frequent cause of death in women.It belongs in a group of cancers with very heterogeneous properties from the molecular, morphological and clinical perspectives.In general it is the second most common malignancy and the fifth most common cause of death from all malignant tumors.The Slovak Republic ranks 48th place in the world for breast cancer incidence『l 1.Onset of breast cancer before the 20th year of life is rare.but the incidence increases with age and rises sharply after the
‘Corresponding author:Peter Urban,Ph.D.,research field
gynecological malignancies gene expression. E—mail peter.urban@upjs.sk.Tel:055/640 43 56,0421 908 957 1 14.
50th year of life,which is directly related to the menopause[2・3】.Carcinoma of the mammary gland is characterized by significant phenotypically variable manifestations.The phenotypic variability is caused by genetic and epigenetic changes,which usually lead to destruction of the balance between cell proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation ability.There are also effects of aging processes of single cells and the controlling mechanisms ofthese cellular processes[4]. Development of mammary cancer(BC-breast cancer) is determined mainly by classical morphological characterization,such as tumor size and extent using Tumor Nodus Metastasis classification(TNM). Nowdays in clinical practice mainly estrogens and progesterone hormone receptors,p53,Ki-67 and Tumor Vascular Markers:Possibilities for Detection of Breast Carcinoma HER2/neu are used as molecular,prognostic indicators [5].There also exist many other genes associated with breast cancer,such as BRCA 1,2 for the differentiation of hereditary cancer,and ATM,STK 1 1,PTEN,MMR genes(mismatch repair genes).Predisposing risk of breast cancer is related to qualitative and quantitative changes in the CHEK2 gene,PALB2,NBS 1,and RAD50.Oncogenes involved in sporadic cases of breast cancer are MYC,CCND 1(cyclin D 1)and HER2/neu(erbB2)[6】.The novel markers for the detection of early stages of Be belong in the family of tumor vascular markers.Dr6,Gpm6B【7],VLC, cadherin, TEM1,TEM7, adlican, COLLl 1A1, YKL.40[8—9]could be diagnostically useful in the near future as new independent prognostic factors or in combination with histopathology.TNM classification, and the Rotterdam as well as the Nottingham index.A major objective for clinical and molecular investigative techniques is the early diagnosis of small tumors(up to 0.5 cm)without lymph node involvement[1 0]. There are few studies presenting the detection of gynecological and other cancers using tumor vascular markers[11].For tumor growth it is essential to rebuild the blood vessels,as cancer cells measuring more than l mm cannot be maintained by diffusion alone. Formation of new blood vessels in the tumor is conditioned by the presence of endothelial factors, which are called angiogenic factors or tumor vascular markers.Levels of ideal tumor vascular markers for screening of breast cancer are reported as having significantly different levels of expression during natural physiological angiogenesis compared to carcinogenesis. These conditions are fulfilled for example by adlican, COLl lA1.Gmp6B and Dr6。which show from 10一f0ld up to 350一fold increase in expression in gynecological cancers 【1 2]. Gpm6B encodes a membrane glycoprotein. Interaction of the membrane glycoprotein M6B with q—opioid receptors was recently demonstrated,facilitating endocytosis and cellular metabolism of serotonin,with regard to identification I19 of the membrane of glycoprotein M6B as a binding partner of SERT-serotonin transporter.Gpm6B is a promising vascular marker in detecting breast cancer based on its function in intercellular communication controls[12・13].Transmembrane receptor Dr6 belongs in the group of tumor necrosis factor(TNF). Dr6 is functionally involved in the tasks of proliferation,differentiation and programmed cell death[14].High expression of Dr6 in cancer cells, which probably affects the anticancer cellular response through the differentiation and proliferative effects on monocytes,correlates with significant activity of NF—kB,due to internal stimulation of oncotic cell proliferation【15-17]. Tur aim was to search for changes in gene expression of specific TVM-tumor vascular markers.Defining the reference intervals of TVM expression changes for a particular type of tumor and demonstrate some new diagnostic markers for gynecological malignancies than standard tumor markers.Changes were looked for in gene expression of specific tumor vascular markers such as death receptor 6(Dr6)and glycoprotein M6B (Gpm6B)in the blood of patients with breast cancer(n =30)and healthy women(n 15).