托福阅读 tpo41-2WORD打印 Climate of Venus
Climate of VenusEarth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere. By contrast, Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth, or outgassed, by volcanoes. The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth, such as Mount Saint Helens, are predominantly water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth. Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets, icy bodies formed in the outer solar system.According to paragraph 1, in what major respect are Venus and Earth different from each other?A Whether carbon dioxide was present in their original atmospheresB How thin their original atmospheres wereC What their present-day atmospheres mainly consist ofD How long ago they first developed an atmosphereWhy does the author mention “present-day volcanoes on Earth”?A To provide an example of an important difference between present-day Venus andpresent day EarthB To help explain why Earth’s atmosphere still contains traces of s ulfur dioxide butVenus’ does notC To indicate one source of information about the likely composition of the originalatmospheres of Venus and EarthD To account for the fact that Earth’s water supply no longer comes primarily fromimpacting cometsIn fact, water probably once dominated the Venusian atmosphere. Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass, so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth, and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces. Studies of how stars evolve suggest that the early Sun was only about 70 percent as luminous as it is now, so the temperature in Venus' early atmosphere must have been quite a bit lower. Thus water vapor would have been able to liquefy and form oceans on Venus. But if water vapor and carbon dioxide wereonce so common in the atmospheres of both Earth and Venus, what became of Earth's carbon dioxide? And what happened to the water on Venus?According to paragraph 2, what is one reason for thinking that at one time, there were significant amounts of water on Venus?A Because of Venus’ size and mass, its volcanoes probably produced much more watervapor than volcanoes on Earth did.B The low temperature of Venus’ early atmosphere can be ex plained only by the presenceof water.C The presence of carbon dioxide in a planet’s atmosphere is an indicator of water on thatplanet.D Venus probably was struck by roughly as many comets as Earth was.The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans. If Earth became as hot as Venus, much of its carbon dioxide would be boiled out of the oceans and baked out of the crust. Our planet would soon develop a thick, oppressive carbon dioxide atmosphere much like that of Venus.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A The first question to be answered is how Earth’s atmospheric carbon dioxide ei ther gotdissolved in the oceans or got chemically bound into carbonate rocks.B The fact that Earth’s abundant carbon dioxide is more often found in carbonate rockthan dissolved in the oceans is the answer to the first question.C Earth still has abundant carbon dioxide, but instead of being in the atmosphere it isnow dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into ocean rocks.D The formation of limestone and marble used up the carbon dioxide that was dissolvedin Earth’s oceans so that only carbon dioxide in atmospheric form remained.To answer the question about Venus' lack of water, we must return to the early history of the planet. Just as on present-day Earth, the oceans of Venus limited the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide by dissolving it in the oceans and binding it up in carbonate rocks. But being closer to the Sun than Earth is, enough of the liquid water on Venus would have vaporized to create a thick cover of water vapor cIouds. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this humid atmosphere, perhaps denser than Earth's present-day atmosphere, but far less dense than the atmosphere that envelops Venus today would have efficiently trapped heat from the Sun. At first, this would have had little effect on the oceans of Venus. Although the temperature would have climbed above 100° C, the boiling point of water at sea level on Earth, the added atmospheric pressure from water vapor would have kept the water in Venus' oceans in the liquid state.According to paragraph 4, what is one factor that kept the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of early Venus relatively low?A The presence of water vapor cloudsB The presence of oceansC Rapidly increasing temperatures at ground levelD Low atmospheric pressuresThis hot and humid state of affairs may have persisted for several hundred million years. But as the Sun's energy output slowly increased over time, the temperature at the surface would eventually have risen above 374°C. Above this temperature, no matter what the atmospheric pressure, Venus' oceans would have begun to evaporate, and the added water vapor in the atmosphere would have increased the greenhouse effect.This would have made the temperature even higher and caused the oceans to evaporate faster, producing more water vapor. That, in turn, would have further intensified the greenhouse effect and made the temperature climb higher still.According to paragraph 5, what happens when temperatures rise above 374ºC?A Atmospheric pressure begins to decrease.B Water vapor disappears from the atmosphere.C Water evaporates regardless of atmospheric pressure.D More energy is required to evaporate a given volume of water.Once Venus' oceans disappeared, so did the mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. With no oceans to dissolve it, outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect even more. Temperatures eventually became high enough to "bake out" any carbon dioxide that was trapped in carbonate rocks. This liberated carbon dioxide formed the thick atmosphere of present-day Venus. Over time, the rising temperatures would have leveled off, solar ultraviolet radiation having broken down atmospheric water vapor molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, With all the water vapor gone, the greenhouse effect would no longer have accelerated.According to paragraph 6, extremely high temperatures increased the amount of carbon dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere byA increasing the rate at which carbon dioxide was outgassedB baking out carbon dioxide from carbonate rocksC creating additional water vaporD replacing the previous mechanisms for removing carbon dioxide with less effectiveonesThe phrase “mechanism for” in the passage is closest in meaning toA means ofB importance ofC need forD benefits of。
托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)摘要：托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)!新托福TPO阅读中，TPO阅读词汇题是重要托福阅读题型。
托福阅读词汇题做题需要考生掌握一定的词汇量和做题技巧，这样也可以帮助同学检验托福词汇的背诵效果，同学们快来巩固一下吧!托福 TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)! 新托福 TPO阅读中，TPO阅读词汇题是重要托福阅读题型。
托福阅读词汇题做题需要考生掌握一定的词汇量和做题技巧，这样也可以帮助同学检验托福词汇的背诵效果，同学们快来巩固一下吧!Paragraph 1: In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since thetwelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. 【TPO17- Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia】1. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to○Return○Opportunity○Stimulus○ObstacleParagraph 3: At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships.For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism)in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship. 【TPO17- Symbiotic Relationships】4. The word devastated in the passage is closest in meaning to○ Influenced○ Infected○ strengthened○ destroyedParagraph 4: In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized. 【TPO17- Symbiotic Relationships】7. The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to○Indefensibly○Substan tially○Unintentionally○Partially相关推荐:北美大学校园生活及学习常用词汇短语归纳托福写作常用短语WORD版汇总托福词汇常考词根大收录相关字搜索：托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题汇总。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文25—1ThesurfaceofMars-
托福考试 复习TPO 25—1 The surface of Mars原文：【1】The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including hugevolcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologicarea near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: OlympusMons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller- a “mere” 18 kilometers high.【2】None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between platesof the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes —volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All fourshow distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found onshield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds ofvolcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, butmany smaller ones are found in the northern plains.【3】The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own weight.The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shieldvolcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above theirrespective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high.Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active? Scientists have no direct evidence forrecent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent ofimpact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittentlyactive. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.【4】Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pittedwith impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon,the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming thatMars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably fasterthan their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 metersacross (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, withMartian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface featuresmuch faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.【5】As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big tohave been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicatorfor the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areaswere obtained in this way.【6】The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important pieceof information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quitedifferent from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on theMoon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. Theejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosionejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost,or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated andliquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.题目：1.The word “enormous”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.importantB.extremely largeC.highly unusualD.active2.According to paragraph 1, Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsisbulge in that Olympus MonsA.has more complex geologic featuresB.shows less impact crateringC.is tallerD.was formed at a later time3.The word “distinctive”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.deep.plex.C.characteristic.D.ancient.4.According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT true of the shieldvolcanoes on the Tharsis bulge?A.They have broad, sloping sides.B.They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.C.They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth.D.They are over 25 kilometers tall.5.The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.typically.B.frequently.C.actually.D.approximately.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?A.To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height.B.To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’s.C.To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surfacegravity of Venus.D.To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes ondifferent planets.7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaninginimportant ways or leave out essential information.A.Although direct evidence of recent eruptions is lacking, scientists believe thatthese volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago.B.Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will stillhave extensive impact cratering on their slopes.C.If, as some evidence suggests, these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 millionyears ago, they may continue to be intermittently active.D.Although these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago, thereis no direct evidence of recent or ongoing eruptions.8.The word “considerably”(paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.frequently.B.significantly.C.clearly.D.surprisingly.9.According to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that cratersfill in muchfaster on Mars than on the Moon?A.Erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on Mars than on theMoon.B.There is more dust on Mars than on the Moon.C.The surface of Mars is a dry desert.D.Wind is a powerful eroding force on Mars.10.In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that Mars has few ancient cratersthat are less than 5 kilometers in diameter?A.To explain why scientists believe that the surface matter filling Martian craters ismostly dust.B.To explain why scientists believe that the impact craters on Mars were created by meteoroids.C.To support the claim that the Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent.D.To argue that Mars experienced fewer ancient impacts than the Moon did.11.According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determinefrom studies of large impact cratering on Mars?A.Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.can vary from area to area.B.The age of Mars’s surfacerge impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanicactivity.D.Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are.ater Yuty differs fromthe ejecta12.According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crof the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty craterA.Has now become part of a permafrost layer.B.Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders.C.Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site.D.Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater.13. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence couldbe added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square toadd the sentence to the passage. This surface feature has led to speculation aboutwhat may lie under Mars’s surface.The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece ofMartian craters are information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on theMoon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. Theejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosionejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■【A】However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■【B】Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layerof permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. ■【C】Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong inthe summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage orare minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answerchoices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW NEXT.Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martiangeology.A.Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping theplanet’s surface, is now seen as being directly associated with the planet’volcanoes.B.Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of theplan et’s low surface gravity.C.Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars hasfewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surfa D.Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface becausethere has been too much erosion of it.E.Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surfaceof Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the MoonF.Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost belowthe surface of Mars.答案：1.enormous 巨大的，所以正确答案是B，extremely large。
托福TPO4阅读word版下载二
托福TPO4阅读word版下载二托福TPO4阅读word版下载二Cave Art in EuropeThe earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer andreindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.Paragraph 1: The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.....以上就是小编为大家整理的“托福TPO4阅读word版下载二”部分内容，更多资料请点击托福资料下载频道!。
托福tpo41口语范文
托福tpo41口语范文〔托福〕口语考试是整个托福考试当中失分率最高的一个考试部分,很多考生折戟于此。
下面是我为您整理的关于托福tpo41口语范文，希望对你有所帮助。
托福tpo41口语范文托福tpo41口语task4综合口语范文When people form opinions about a person or a situation, those opinions are likely to be based on first impressions, on an initial assessment of the person or situation. In other words, the opinions we have of people or situations tend to be based much more on the first information we learn about them than on information we learn later. This tendency is called the primacy effect. Researchers believe that the primacy effect occurs because after people have made an initial judgment, they tend to notice evidence that supports that judgment, and disregard or fail to notice evidence that contradicts it.托福TPO独立口语41 TASK 1范文：题目：Talk about a famous person that you admire. Explain why you respect this person.话题：a famous person托福TPO独立口语41 TASK 1范文：The famous person I admire most is George Washington who is the father of the United States. First, he is a great military genius. Its him that led the American army defeated the British colonists. Without his military talents, the USA would take probably more than 8 years to get rid of British colonial rule. In addition, he showed great virtue in his refusing to become an emperor .Besides, he is also a very considerate leader. During the war of independence, he spent lots of time in visiting and comforting the wounded soldiers which hugely enhanced morale in the army.托福TPO独立口语41 TASK 2题目：Some people believe it is important for university to provide funding for student entertainment, such as movies or concerts on campus. Others believe that university money should only be used for academic purposes. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.话题：University funding distribution托福TPO独立口语41 TASK 2 范文：In my opinion, the money should be used in entertainment rather than academic purpose. The reasons are as below. To start, college life can be really stressful, students have so many classes and assignments each day, so a little movies or concerts can do a lot good to them. Help them easy up and remain a better mood. So its a good way to balance their study and life. Furthermore, itll be healthier to spend their leisure time doing such entertaining things, otherwise, they may stay at their dorm or hang out in the library, which is a little boring, and if the university can hold some interesting events, itll be a good way to kill time.托福口语TPO41 Task3(听力+阅读+题目+范文):Final Project Reading Part:Final ProjectThe final project for this course will be an oralpresentation. Students must work with an assignedpartner to select a topic and complete all relatedresearch for the project. The partners will orallypresent their research to the class during the last twoweeks of classes. This project will provide students withthe opportunity to discover therewards and challenges of working with another individual, an experience that will help them infuture endeavors Furthermore, these presentations will benefit the entire class: when studentsshare their discoveries with the class, they enable other students to learn from their work.听力部分W : I dont know about this.M : Why not? Sounds OK to me.W : Thing is depending on someone else makes menervous. My roommate had to do a project like thisand the other girl didnt show up to meetings, didnt do any research. My roommate had to doeverything herself.M : Thats a drag. I guess if your partner is irresponsible, you are out of luck.W : Exactly. It hurt her grade. I dont want the same thing to happen to me. Right now I, mmore concerned with getting a good grade even though I know thats not the lesson theprofessor has in mind.M : Still itll be good to listen everyones stuff.W : Well I dont know. I mean at the end of the semester. People are focusing on studying forexams.M : Yeah.W : Who has time to put something like this together when they are busy studying?M : True.W : I cant image anyone would be able to really do a good job with it and everyone would beso preoccupied by then that they probably wont listen anyway. I think the professor is gonnabe disappointed and students, well, weII all just be frustrated by the whole thing.Question:The woman expresses her opinion of the assignment. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.托福TPO综合口语41 TASK 3范文：The final project of the womans course will be an oral presentation which is presented by the students and an assigned partner. And the woman holds a negative view towards the announcement. The first reasons she gives isthat depending on someone else is not that reliable and she may get a low grade. And the tragedy happened to her roommate whose partner didnt show up or do any research. And the second one is based on the fact that by the end of semester, everyone will be busy with their exams, they dont have enough energy to do a good job with it and the others wont listen anyway, and it may disappoint the professor. Therefore, she disagrees with that opinion.托福口语TPO41 Task4(阅读+题目+范文):Primacy EffectReading Part:Primacy EffectWhen people form opinions about a person or asituation, those opinions are likely to be based onfirst impressions, on an initial assessment of theperson or situation. In other words, the opinions wehave of people or situations tend to be based muchmore on the first information we team about themthan on information we learn later. This tendency is called the primacy effect. Researchersbelieve that the primacy effect occurs because after people have made an initial judgment, they tend to notice evidence that supports that judgment, and disregard or fail to noticeevidence thatcontradicts it.Question:Using the two examples from the professors lecture, explain what is meant by "the primacy effect andhow it can affect our opinions.托福TPO综合口语41 TASK 4范文：高分词汇：reinforce, from time to time, unreliable, incompetent, performance范文：In the lecture, the professor mainly talked about the theory that how primacy effect be used in real life. To reinforce the theory, the professor gave two examples in his speech. The first one is that during his first week as a laboratory assistant, he made a good suggestion to his boss and it worked pretty well. And after that, his boss regarded him as a star employee even though he made some mistakes from time to time. The other one is that his colleague made a big mistake and lost some important data, and it cost the lab some time and money to fix it. So after that the boss decided that she was unreliable and incompetent. But actually she was really good at her job maybe even better than theprofessor himself. However their boss could only noticed her mistake based on the performance of her very first week. And thats the two examples the speaker presented to explain his idea.托福口语TPO41 Task5:Discussion托福TPO综合口语41 TASK 5范文：Question:The speakers discuss two possible solutions to theproblem. Briefly summarize the problem then statewhich solution you recommend and explain why.范文：In this conver〔sat〕 ion, the woman is having a hard time dealing with the problem that staying on campus during the semester break, and the dorm is always closed, so she needs to find a place to stay for two weeks. And the man offers her two possible solutions. One is staying with her friends who live in an apartment not too far from campus. The other is the woman can get special permission to stay at the dorm. And if it were my choice, I would choose the latter one, because her friends will be on vacation and they may party too much and the woman will have to get up early in the morning and work all day, so she needs a quiet environmentto sleep well. Although staying at the dorm will not as cheap as staying with her friends, at least itll guarantee her a good environment that suits her situation.托福TPO综合口语41 TASK 6范文：题目： Using points and examples from the talk , explain why play is important for a childs development 。
托福TPO41综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO41×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO41×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Burning coal in power plants produces a waste product called coal ash, a material that contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals Environmentalists in the United States are concerned about the damage such harmful chemicals may be doing to the environment and suggest that the United States government should create new, much stricter regulations for handling and storing coal ash. However, representatives of power companies take the opposite view; they argue that new regulations are unnecessary and might actually have negative consequences They use the following arguments to support their position. Regulations Exist First, power company representatives point out that effective environmental regulations already exist. For example, one very important regulation requires companies to use liner-special material that prevents coal ash components from leaking into the soil and contaminating the surrounding environment. Companies that dispose of coal ash in disposal ponds or landfills must use liner in every new pond or landfill they build. Concerns About Recycling Coal Ash Second, some analysts predict that creating very strict rules for storing and handling coal ash might discourage the recycling of coal ash into other products Currently, a large portion of coal ash generated by power plants is recycled: it is used, for example, in building materials such as concrete and bricks Recycling coal ash reduces the need to dispose of it in other ways and presents no environmental danger. However, if new, stricter rules are adopted for handling coal ash, consumers may become concerned that recycled coal ash products are just too dangerous, and may stop buying the products Increased Cost Finally, strict new regulations would result in a significant increase in disposal and handling costs for the power companies. perhaps as much as ten times the current costs. Power companies would be forced to increase the price of electricity, which would not be welcomed by the general public.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO41×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Professor: There should definitely be stricter rules adopted for handling and disposing of coal ash.¡¡¡¡First, the regulations we have now, for example, those that require companies to use liner, are not really sufficient. Under the current regulations, liner has to be used only when a company builds a new landfill or a new pond. But companies are not required to add liner to old ponds and landfills. Yet several of those older disposal sites have caused significant damage. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. We absolutely need stricter new regulations that will prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites, the new sites as well as the old ones.¡¡¡¡Second, stricter rules for handling coal ash won't necessarily mean that consumers will stop using recycled coal ash products. Let's look at how people responded to strict regulations for other dangerous materials. Take mercury for example. Mercury is a fairly hazardous material and it's been subject to very strict handling and storage rules for a long time. Yet despite those rules, it's been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years. And consumers have had very few concerns about it. So it's unlikely that consumers will become afraid to buy recycled coal ash products if stricter regulations are adopted.¡¡¡¡Third, it's true that the cost of coal ash storage and handling will increase, but in this case, the result is well worth the extra cost. According to analysts, the cost to the power companies of implementing these rules would be about 15 billion dollars. That sounds like a lot. But when you actually do the math, it would increase the average consumer's household electricity bill by only about one percent. That's not a big price to pay for having a cleaner environment.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO41×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡The reading mainly talks about that the new regulations of coal ash are unnecessary. However the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons. Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the effective environmental regulations have already existed. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the regulations we have now are not sufficient. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. So we need stricter new rules to prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites. Secondly, the passage asserts that creating too strict rules for storing and dealing with coal ash might discourage the recycling of it into other products. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion that stricter rules don¡¯t mean that consumers won¡¯t use recycled coal ash products anymore. Take mercury as example, it¡¯s been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years and it receives little concerns. Finally, the author of reading passage believes that strict new regulations would increase the cost of disposal and handling for the power companies. On the other hand, the professor disagrees it with the point that the result is worth the extra cost. To state it more clearly, it would increase the average consumer¡¯s electricity bill by only about one percent which is totally acceptable to have a cleaner environment. ####According to the reading passage, representatives of power companies hold the view that new regulations for handling and storing coal ash are unnecessary and might lead to undesirable consequences. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons. Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the effective environmental regulations already exist. For example one regulation requires companies to use liner to prevent coal ash components from contaminating the surrounding environment. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the regulations we have now are not sufficient. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. So。
TPO41 阅读文本答案翻译
TPO-41Navajo ArtThe Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances,5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. ■ The paintings and chantswho are impersonated by masked performers. ■ The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be re presented by up to 500 sand paintings. ■These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days.■The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change. When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony. Thus, the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process.Too many words you don’t know? Look them up in《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》!Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past. The songs sungover the paintings are renditions of songs from the past. By recreating these arts,which reflect the original beauty of creation, the Navajo bring beauty to the presenthero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory, the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accurately as possible.The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets. Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dying of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embodydynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make. Weaving is a paradigm of theunited earth and sky. It was she who, according to legend, taught Navajo women how to weave. As they prepare their materials and weave, Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.Working on their looms, Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature. It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty, harmony, and healing of the world. Thus, weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.A. colorfulB. exactC. delicateD. complexA. assistB. requireC. describeD. recruitYou enjoy the convenience of having all vocabulary questions listed as a separate part in《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》.Wechat: geeqi08053. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the Navajo ritual chants?A. There is a large number of them.B. Each of them corresponds to a particular sand painting.C. They are difficult to remember.D. They do not take long to perform.4. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of many important Navajo rituals EXCEPT:A. They involve the creation of large, detailed images.B. They include performers whose faces are covered.C. They take place indoors.D. They are performed without elaborate planning.5. It can be inferred from the discussion of illness and curing in paragraph 2 thatA. the Navajo consider illness to always have a supernatural causeB. rituals involving songs and sand paintings may be used to treat an illnessC. when a Navajo is ill, ugly and disorderly sand paintings are madeD. after a serious illness, a Navajo will take part in a ceremonyA. modernB. accurateC. wonderfulD. simplified7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Navajo used the symbolism and beauty of their works of art to improve their life in an often inhospitable environment.B. The ideas the Navajo hold about symbolism and beauty were influenced by their inhospitable climate, neighbors, and rulers.C. When they first arrived in the Southwest, the Navajo produced symbolic art forms that promoted harmony.D. In their works of art, the Navajo emphasized beauty and harmony that can be found even under the most inhospitable circumstances.8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is often the subject of Navajo sand paintings?A. The landscape of the SouthwestB. Traditional Navajo practicesC. Historical events that occurred in the SouthwestD. The lives of heroes in traditional Navajo stories9. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about Navajo weavers and weaving?A. Navajo women oversee all aspects of wool production and weaving.B. The wool used for blankets comes from different sheep than does the wool used for other purposes.C. Navajo weavers have used some of the same designs for hundreds of years.D. Weaving is done primarily for use in rituals.A. relative from an earlier generationB. person who established a particular tradition in a societyC. hero from ancient timesD. person who once made important contributions to a social group or culture11. Why does the author discuss “a mythic ancestor”?A. To show how Navajo ideas of weaving have changed over time.B. To explain why the Navajo principle of stability is more clearly represented in their weavings than in their sand paintings.C. To emphasize the role of naturally occurring weaving materials in the creative weavings of the Navajo.D. To help explain the significance of weaving in Navajo culture.12. According to paragraph 4, Navajo weavers imitateA. traditional weaving patternsB. patterns used in sand paintingsC. the activities through which the world was createdD. images from nature13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Since this purpose is limited to the context of the ritual, the paintings are destroyed when the ritual is completed.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Navajo art is fundamentally connected to aspects of Navajo ritual and belief.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Navajo sand paintings are an expression of the close relationship between nature and the spiritual world in Navajo cultureB. Sand paintings, which help participants in rituals recall traditional chants, are part of ceremonies designed to restore beauty and harmony.C. Whereas Navajo sand paintings are associated with male deities. Navajo weaving involves representations of female figures such as Spider Woman.D. Individual Navajo sand paintings typically embody the principles of harmony and disorder.E. Sand paintings, which are created by Navajo men, are faithful re-creations of earlier works and as such represent the principle of stability.F. In Navajo culture, weaving is a female art and is associated with creativity and change.参考答案:1-5.B D C D B 6-10.B A D A A 11-13.D C D 14.BEFIf you have any questions concerning the texts or answers, feel free to contact Wechat: geeqi0805. If you are tired of looking up TPO words in a dictionary, try《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》!参考译文：纳瓦霍人的艺术纳瓦霍人是生活在美国西南部的美洲土著人，以小规模的散居为生活方式。
tpo41托福综合写作范文
tpo41托福综合写作范文一、阅读文章要点。
阅读文章的观点是，人类可以在火星上建立永久性的居住点，并且给出了三个理由：1. 火星的大气含有二氧化碳：这一气体可以被利用来生产燃料和氧气。
通过一些技术手段，比如将二氧化碳分解成一氧化碳和氧气，氧气可供人类呼吸，一氧化碳可作为燃料的组成部分。
这样就能解决人类在火星上生存所需要的呼吸用气和能源问题。
2. 火星的重力较低：这对于人类来说是一个优势。
低重力环境使得从火星发射宇宙飞船返回地球更加容易。
相比在地球发射火箭，需要克服巨大的重力，在火星上发射火箭所需要的燃料会少很多，从而大大降低了太空探索任务的成本和难度。
3. 火星上有冰存在：火星上的冰可以融化成水。
水是生命之源，它可以用于人类饮用、灌溉农作物等。
而且，水还可以分解成氢气和氧气，进一步为人类提供能源。
这就使得人类在火星上建立永久性居住点有了最基本的资源保障。
二、听力文章要点。
听力文章对阅读中的观点进行了反驳，理由如下：1. 二氧化碳利用困难：虽然火星大气中有二氧化碳，但是这些二氧化碳大多以固体干冰的形式存在于火星的两极。
要将其收集并转化为有用的氧气和燃料，需要复杂的设备和大量的能量投入。
以目前人类的技术水平，要将这些设备运送到火星并且维持其运行是非常困难的，所以无法像阅读中所说的那样轻易地利用二氧化碳。
2. 低重力带来健康问题：火星的低重力环境对人类健康有严重的危害。
长时间处于低重力环境下，人类的肌肉和骨骼会萎缩。
例如，宇航员在国际空间站待一段时间后返回地球时，身体就会出现各种问题。
在火星上建立永久性居住点意味着人类要长期面对这种低重力环境，这会使人类的身体状况变得非常糟糕，甚至可能威胁到生命，所以低重力并不是一个像阅读中说的那样的优势。
3. 火星上的冰难以利用：火星上的冰并不是像阅读中所说的那样容易被利用。
因为这些冰里含有很多有害物质，像高氯酸盐。
如果要将这些冰融化成水供人类使用，首先需要去除这些有害物质，而目前我们还没有一种简单有效的方法来做到这一点。
托福TPO41阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Climate of Venus Earth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere.By contrast,Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide.The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth,or outgassed,by volcanoes.The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth,such as Mount Saint Helens,are predominantly water vapor,carbon dioxide,and sulfur dioxide.These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth.Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets,icy bodies formed in the outer solar system. In fact,water probably once dominated the Venusian atmosphere.Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass,so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth,and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces.Studies of how stars evolve suggest that the early Sun was only about 70 percent as luminous as it is now,so the temperature in Venus’early atmosphere must have been quite a bit lower.Thus water vapor would have been able to liquefy and form oceans on Venus.But if water vapor and carbon dioxide were once so common in the atmospheres of both Earth and Venus,what became of Earth’s carbon dioxide?And what happened to the water on Venus? The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth,but now,instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide,it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks,such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.If Earth became as hot as Venus,much of its carbon dioxide would be boiled out of the oceans and baked out of the crust.Our planet would soon develop a thick,oppressive carbon dioxide atmosphere much like that of Venus. To answer the question about Venus’lack of water,we must return to the early history of the planet.Just as on present-day Earth,the oceans of Venus limited the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide by dissolving it in the oceans and binding it up in carbonate rocks.But being closer to the Sun than Earth is,enough of the liquid water on Venus would have vaporized to create a thick cover of water vapor clouds.Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas,this humid atmosphere—perhaps denser than Earth’s present-day atmosphere,but far less dense than the atmosphere that envelops Venus today—would have efficiently trapped heat from the Sun.At first,this would have had little effect on the oceans of Venus.Although the temperature would have climbed above 100°C,the boiling point of water at sea level on Earth,the added atmospheric pressure from water vapor would have kept the water in Venus’oceans in the liquid state. This hot and humid state of affairs may have persisted for several hundred million years.But as the Sun’s energy output slowly increased over time,the temperature at the surface would eventually have risen above 374°C.Above this temperature,no matter what the atmospheric pressure，Venus’oceans would have begun to evaporate,and the added water vapor in the atmosphere would have increased the greenhouse effect.This would have made the temperature even higher and caused the oceans to evaporate faster,producing more water vapor.That,in turn,would have further intensified the greenhouse effect and made the temperature climb higher still. Once Venus’oceans disappeared,so did the mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.With no oceans to dissolve it,outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere,intensifying the greenhouse effect even more.Temperatures eventually became high enough to"bake out”any carbon dioxide that was trapped in carbonate rocks.This liberated carbon dioxide formed the thick atmosphere of present-day Venus.Over time,the rising temperatures would have leveled off,solar ultraviolet radiation having broken down atmospheric water vapor molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.With all the water vapor gone,the greenhouse effect would no longer have accelerated. Paragraph 1 Earth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere.By contrast,Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide.The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth,or outgassed,by volcanoes.The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth,such as Mount Saint Helens,are predominantly water vapor,carbon dioxide,and sulfur dioxide.These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth.Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets,icy bodies formed in the outer solar system. 1.According to paragraph 1,in what major respect are Venus and Earth different from each other? A.Whether carbon dioxide was present in their original atmospheres B.How thin their original atmospheres were C.What their present-day atmospheres mainly consist of D.How long ago they first developed an atmosphere 2.Why does the author mention"present-day volcanoes on Earth"?。
tpo41综合写作范文
tpo41综合写作范文TPO 41 综合写作范文。
The passage discusses the issue of deforestation andits impact on the environment, while the lecture provides additional information and examples to support the argument. Both the passage and the lecture agree that deforestation has a negative impact on the environment, but they approach the issue from different perspectives.The passage begins by explaining that deforestation is the process of cutting down trees in forests, which hasbeen happening at an alarming rate in recent years. The passage argues that deforestation leads to a loss of biodiversity, as many species of plants and animals rely on forests for their habitat. Additionally, the passage points out that deforestation contributes to climate change, as trees play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The passage concludes by stating thatefforts should be made to conserve forests and promotesustainable forestry practices.In the lecture, the professor expands on the points made in the passage by providing additional examples and evidence. The professor explains that deforestation can also lead to soil erosion, as trees help to hold the soil in place. Without trees, the soil is more likely to be washed away by rain, leading to a loss of fertile land. The professor also discusses the impact of deforestation on water sources, as trees help to regulate the water cycle and prevent floods and droughts. Furthermore, the professor emphasizes the importance of forests in providing valuable resources, such as timber and medicinal plants.Overall, both the passage and the lecture agree that deforestation has a negative impact on the environment. They both emphasize the importance of conserving forests and promoting sustainable forestry practices. However, the lecture provides a more in-depth analysis of the issue, with additional examples and evidence to support the argument.In conclusion, deforestation is a pressing issue that has far-reaching consequences for the environment. It is important for governments, organizations, and individuals to work together to address this issue and promote sustainable forestry practices. By conserving forests, we can help to protect biodiversity, mitigate climate change, and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.。
11月15日托福阅读真题(新东方版)
11月15日托福阅读真题（新东方版）第一篇考生回忆：本文属讲的是热带雨林树木的种类。
先讲了在温带地区树的种类非常好区分，但是在热带去不是这个样子。
接下来说开花的情况不一样。
在干湿分明的雨林中，花是随着雨季开放的。
在很多雨林一直都有雨，那么它们如何授粉?应该是一起同时开花。
接下来说叶子难以区分，大部分叶子要进化成很厚的样子，而且叶尖会滴水。
所以都长得很像。
另外一种辨别的方法是看树干。
虽然树干也很像。
接下来说在温带地区，树种没有那么难以辨别。
数量不会超过半打，但是热带的确是难以辨别。
第二篇考生回忆：主要讨论的是地球与宇宙年份的测定。
先说地球年份的测算。
一开始说可以通过陨石的年份来推测。
但是因为地球上面有水、火山和地壳运动，所以岩石的成分无法分析。
进一步的分析方法是岩石的辐射衰变。
得出来的结论是46亿年，这个测算的结果和月球上测算的结果是一样的。
因为月球上没有地球上的这些侵蚀，所以月球的测算数据相对准确。
接下来是宇宙年份的测算。
宇宙的年份重要是通过红移(red shift)来测量。
测算的结果发现宇宙一直在不断地膨胀。
第三篇考生回忆：讨论恐龙灭绝的原因。
首先说尝试解释恐龙灭绝的假说是在太多。
分析了6亿5千万年之前的底层，发现很好含钙的化石，其中就有恐龙的。
超过这个时间之后恐龙化石就再也找不到了，也就是认为恐龙灭绝了。
接下来提出一个假说，认为是辐射所导致恐龙基因变异导致恐龙灭绝。
恰好是每隔几百万年地球的南北磁极就会发生倒置，地磁场太弱，所以恐龙灭绝了。
后来又认为是陨石撞击地球，但是恐龙并没有立马就全部死绝，而是通过破坏全球的气候，通过影响底层生物链的生物最终使得恐龙饿死。
这个理论认为这些间接因素也很关键。
最后说火山运动也可能导致恐龙灭绝。
举了印度的例子，长时间的火山爆发导致了大片新火山岩的形成。
火山爆发喷出的灰烬遮盖了太阳，使得全球温带骤降。
但也有温室气体的排放会导致温度提高。
后来说这样的结果导致了新物种的大爆发。