税收筹划文献综述(1)
精品文档 。 1欢迎下载 文献综述： 随着中国加入WTO以后税制改革以及税收政策日趋透明化、规范化，企业组织形式、运行机制和产权制度的革新及企业决策权力的扩大及理财环境的改善，企业税收筹划越来越受到企业的关注，税收筹划正由过去的“暗箱操作”逐渐变为“阳光作业”，正式走上经济的前台，成为企业自生发展的内在需求。企业在依法纳税的基础上，纳税人通过严格遵循税法，在各项纳税方案中科学合理的进行规划和选择，通过参照税法对企业规定的优惠方案，从而选出最适合的纳税方案，就是企业的税收筹划。通过企业的税收筹划，可以延缓或减轻企业的税负。在发达国家税收筹划已被非常广泛的应用，当前这项行为已经成为企业，特别是跨国公司制定企业长远发展战略的一个重要组成部分。在我国，由于受到很多因素的制约，企业的税收筹划工作起步较晚，发展比较缓慢，企业的税务工作任然只停留在满足企业的各项税务核算、报税等。随着市场经济的不断完善，税收筹划工作已经受到越来越多企业领导者的重视。企业如何在依法诚信纳税的基础上，有效借助国家给予的各项税收优惠政策，是企业能否实现税收筹划的重要前提。
企业税收筹划，是指在税法规定的范围内、依据政府的税收政策导向，通过对企业的筹资、投资、经营、收入分配等事项的事先的精心筹划、选择与安排、从企业长远利益出发，对多种纳税方案进行科学的优化选择，充分利用税法所提供的优惠政策及可选择性条款，以税收负担最小化为目的，尽可能取得企业经济利益最大化的一种理财行为。
理论界对现代企业财务管理目标的争论较多，有“利润最大化”、“股东财富最大化”、“企业价值最大化”、“持续发展能力最大化”等目标论。但不管哪种观点，都要求致力于提升企业的市场竞争能力和获利能力，都不能回避企业的税收环境，不能不考虑企业的税收负担，不能忽略税收法律对企业经济发展的约束。这是因为：现代企业财务管理目标的实现，要求企业最大化降低成本包括税收负担。企业的税收负担包括直接税收负担和间接税收负担。
随着社会经济的发展，税收筹划日益成为纳税人理财或经营管理整体中不可缺少的一个组成部分，尤其近三十多年来，其在许多国家中的发展更是非常显著。正如美国南加州大学W•B•梅格博士在《会计学》中谈到的那样：“美国联邦所得税变得如此复杂，这使为企业提供详尽的税收筹划成了一种谋生的职业。现在几乎所有的公司都聘用专业的税务专家，研究企业主要经营决策上的税收影响，为合法地少纳税制定计划。”此外，社会中介组织，包括会计师事务所、审计师事务所、律师事务所和税务代理所业务中很大一部分收入来自为客户提供税收筹划。即便是税务机关，对税收筹划的研究也非常重视，因为从纳税人的税收筹划活动中，可以掌握多种税收信息，使税收法制与征收管理的建设日臻完善。
同时，税收筹划的理论研究文章、刊物、书籍也应运而生，新作不断，这进一步推动了税收筹划研究向纵深发展。例如，一家以提供税收信息驰名于世的公司（The Bureau of National Affairs Inc.），它除了出书以外，还定期出版两本知名度较高的国际税收专业性杂志，一本叫做《税收管理国际论坛》，另一本就是《税收筹划国际评论》。两本杂志中有相当多的篇幅讲的是税收筹划。比精品文档 。 2欢迎下载 如1993年6月刊的一篇专著，便是关于国际不动产专题的税收筹划，涉及比利时、加拿大、丹麦、法国、德国、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、荷兰、英国、美国等十三个国家。伍德赫得•费尔勒国际出版公司（在纽约、伦敦、多伦多、悉尼、东京等地设有机构）于1989年出版过名为《跨国公司的税收筹划》（Tax Planning for Muitinational Companies）的一本专著。书中提出的论点及税收筹划的技术在一些跨国公司中颇有影响。有的专著虽不以“税收筹划”为名，比如霍瓦斯公司出版的《国际税收（1997）》，全书共有894页，但讲述的多是税收的国际筹划，书中旁征博引了包括我国在内的三十八个国家和地区的资料。近年来，我国图书市场上已有不少关于避税和税收筹划的书籍。中国税务报还专门开辟了“税收筹划”周刊，在微观筹划版上刊登的全是有关税收筹划的文章。
印度税务专家E•A•史林瓦斯在他编著的《公司税收筹划手册》中说道：“税收筹划是经营管理整体中的一个组成部分……税收已成为重要的环境因素之一，对企业既是机遇，也是威胁。”还有美国南加州大学W•B•梅格斯博士在与别人合著的、已发行多版的《会计学》中说：“在纳税发生之前，有系统地对企业经营或投资行为做出事先安排，以达到尽量减少缴纳所得税，这个过程就是筹划。主要如选择企业的组织形式和资本结构，投资采取租用还是购入的方式,以及交易的时间。”
当纳税筹划进一步发展之后，新的纳税筹划理念也随着出现，这就是：纳税筹划目的不单纯以节税（节税和避税）为筹划的最终目标，而是进一步与企业经营活动融合后，将纳税筹划作为一种手段为企业纳入整个企业经营活动之中，或者融入到企业经营活动当中，为经营活动的总的目标服务。
例如《税务筹划》（电子版）（2004年第1期）中的“筹划理论”对纳税筹划相对较为完善的定义是“税务筹划是纳税人在税法规定的范围内，通过对经营、投资、理财活动的事先筹划和安排，选择最优的纳税方案，以争取税收经济利益最大化的筹划活动。”虽然这个定义抽象的描述为“以争取税收经济利益最大化”，但是已经给了我们一个广阔的“筹划空间”而不是局限于直接的“节税”、“避税”。
在这里，传统的纳税筹划的三性也有所改变，而是将纳税筹划的基本特点表述为：合法性、筹划性、整体性、成本性。也就是说这里弱化了目的性，强调了整体性，补充了成本性的特征。我们可以理解，弱化目的性是因为新的纳税筹划理念下目的的表述无法一概而论，不如回避。而且在这时候，纳税筹划更主要地表现为一种手段，而不是目的；而对于整体性，文章中表述为“这里有三层含义：⑴、指税务筹划对企业的各种决策来说是牵一处而动全身；⑵、税务筹划需要多个部门配合才能完成；⑶、综合考量各种税种是税务筹划的重要原则。只有照顾到以上三个方面才可能实现节税整体效益最大化。”我们感受到的是一个比较新颖的纳税筹划理念。
至于纳税筹划目的，在国家税务总局注册税务师管理中心遍的2004年全国税务师执业资格考试指定教材《税务代理实务》中，虽然同样没有给出相对权威或者先进的纳税筹划概念，而仍然沿用了传统三性特点并强调纳税筹划的目的是“通过对经营、投资、理财活动的事先筹划和安排，尽可能地取得‘节税’的税精品文档 。 3欢迎下载 收利益”。但是在解释了筹划“三性”特征之后，还做了如下补充：“税收筹划的目标是获得税收利益，然而税收筹划不能只局限于个别税种税负的高低，而应着重考虑整体税负轻重，因为纳税人的经营目标是获得最大总收益，这就要求他的整体税负最低。在考虑整体整体税负的同时还要着眼于生产经营业务的扩展，即使缴纳税收的绝对额增加了，甚至税负也提高了，但从长远看，资本回收率能增长，还是可取的。理想的税收筹划应是总体收益最多，或许纳税并非最少。”
这意味着以新的筹划目标为标志的新的筹划理念实际已经出现，并正在发展和完善过程当中。
纳税筹划是（企业）财务管理活动的一部分；纳税筹划从属于企业整体发展战略；纳税筹划的目标不是单纯的税负减轻，而是最优（必要、合理）税收负担情况下的企业价值最大化；如果“企业价值最大化”目标被修正，纳税筹划目标也随之修正。
同时我们还有理由期待在纳税筹划理念发展过程中，节税和避税等纳税筹划技术手段的延伸和发展，也就是说纳税筹划的技术不应再局限于传统的节税和避税手段。例如《税务筹划的新境界——反映情况争取政策支持》一文中所说的“高层次税务筹划的实施并不侧重于对既定税法的钻研与巧妙运用，而是更多地倾向于自身谈判实力的提高。一般的避税与节税筹划需要的是纳税人在对现有税法深入研究的基础上，找到自身可以利用的有利规定，从而合理合法降低税负。不同于此，企业申请政策的筹划方法关键在于对现行税法的利弊进行分析，找到说服立法机关改变政策的充足依据。因此，相对于一般的筹划方法对具体业务的操作技巧的要求，这种更高层次的筹划更加看重的是谈判水平与自身实力，特别是对行业经济的深刻把握。”
现代企业财务决策主要包括筹资决策，投资决策，生产经营决策和利润分配决策四个部分。这些决策都直接或间接地受到税收的影响，不考虑税收的决策不可能成为一项英明的决策，税收筹划贯穿于企业财务决策的各个领域，已成为财务决策不可或缺的重要内容。
税收筹划作为企业合理节约成本，提高竞争力的重要手段之一，必将在我国得到前所未有的发展。越来越多的企业也将会认识到税收筹划在筹划、投资、经营、股利分配等活动中的重要作用。同时，税收筹划是企业财务管理的重要组成部分，是企业获得合法税收利益的重要手段，开展税收筹划既有利于企业经营管理和会计水平的提高；实现经济效益最大化，又有利于不断完善税法和税收政策，加强税收宏观调控的经济杠杆作用。
正如美国南加州大学W.B梅格斯博士在其《会计学》中谈到："美国联邦所得税变得非常复杂，为企业提供详尽的纳税筹划成了一种谋生的职业。现在几乎所有的公司都聘用专业的税务专家，研究企业主要经营决策上的税收影响，为合法地节税制定计划。"跨国公司对纳税筹划的重视更不一般。不少跨国公司成立了专门的税务部，高薪聘请专业人士，每年在纳税筹划上的支出相当可观；当然，也带来了非常实在的节税效益。如以生产日用品而驰名的尤丽华公司，有两家姐妹公司，一家设在美国，一家设在荷兰。其子公司遍及世界各地，其中在我国还
《税收筹划的概念和理论基础综述1700字》
税收筹划的概念和理论基础综述目录税收筹划的概念和理论基础综述 (1)1.1 税收筹划的概念 (1)1.2 税收筹划相关理论 (2)1.1.1 博弈理论 (2)1.1.2 契约理论 (2)1.1.3 有效税收筹划理论 (3)1.1 税收筹划的概念税收筹划第一次在法律层面提出是在欧洲1935年的著名法律案例－“税务局长诉温斯特大公”案，在这个案件中，英国上议院议员对此提出了他的看法：“如果在法律条例的依据下，当事人所作出的计划可以少缴税，那么不能去强制要求他多缴税”。
在法律界，这一主张得到了普遍认同，经过了大半个世纪的演进，税收筹划有了更为标准的定义，也就是“在遵守国家法律、财经制度的前提条件下，通过事先对企业自身的生产、经营和管理、投资和理财等经济活动进行特定的筹备和妥善的安排，尽可能减少税收成本，增加企业现金流，以达到税后利润最大化的目的”。
明晰税收筹划与逃税、避税在概念上的不同：逃税与税收筹划的手段截然相反。
逃税是纳税人以自身利益为上，违反现行法律，拒绝缴纳税款而采用的不正当行为，是一种欺瞒诈骗行为。
避税是介于税收筹划与逃税之间的行为，目前也是倍受争议的税收现象。
逃税行为是指在不违反法律规定的条件下，在法律的模糊地带规划税款的缴纳，将纳税人的税负综合降到最低。
由于我国税收法律没有对避税行为进行严格的区分，企业的避税行为是否违法取决于税务机关。
企业如果通过采用避税手段来减少税负，税务机关可以对其采取强制手段的反避税措施，重新计算应税收入，并要求企业补缴少交的税款。
表2－1 税收筹划、逃税、避税概念辨析避税减少纳税不违法法律默认促进税法完善逃税违法追究法律责任消极影响1.2 税收筹划相关理论本文基于博弈理论、契约理论和有效税收筹划理论的理论基础上对T公司的税收筹划现状展开分析。
1.1.1 博弈理论博弈理论，也叫作赛局理论、对策论，指的是在特定的条件下，通常处于契约关系中的斗争双方为了谋取利益，根据对方的策略而实施相应对策。
企业所得税税收筹划案例参考文献
企业所得税税收筹划是企业在合法合规的前提下，通过合理运用税法规定的优惠政策和税收政策，降低纳税额，提高企业经济效益的一种税务管理方式。
税收筹划是合法的，是企业应尽的义务，但必须在法律规定的范围内进行。
在进行税收筹划时，企业要遵循稳妥和适度的原则，不能违法规定和损害国家的税收利益。
下面将通过对一些企业所得税税收筹划案例参考文献的分析，来帮助读者更深入地了解企业所得税税收筹划的具体操作方法和效果。
1. 郭达《企业所得税筹划的理论与实务》郭达的这本专著详细地介绍了企业所得税税收筹划的理论基础和实际操作方法。
书中对企业所得税的基本概念、税收筹划的原则和方法、税收筹划与企业经营决策的关系等内容进行了全面深入地阐述，为企业的税收筹划工作提供了理论指导和实务操作的参考。
2. 王军《企业所得税法律实务及筹划》这是一本介绍企业所得税法律实务和筹划案例分析的专业书籍。
王军在书中系统地介绍了企业所得税的税率、纳税对象、纳税基础等基本概念，同时通过一些实际的税收筹划案例进行了分析与讨论，为企业在实际操作中遇到的税收筹划问题提供了可行的解决思路和方法。
3. 胡光《企业所得税筹划案例与分析》通过对一些企业所得税筹划案例的详细分析，胡光在这本专著中总结了一些成功的税收筹划经验和方法。
书中提到了企业在资产转让、股权转让、跨境投资等方面的税收筹划案例，分析了这些案例中成功的筹划方法和不利的因素，为企业在相似情况下的税收筹划提供了有益的借鉴。
4. 张三《企业所得税优惠政策的筹划应用》这本书主要介绍了各类企业所得税优惠政策的具体应用和操作方法。
张三结合了多年的税务实务经验，通过具体的案例分析和操作步骤，详细地阐述了如何合理利用国家税收优惠政策，降低企业所得税负担，增加企业的经济效益。
通过对以上四本专著的分析可以看出，企业所得税税收筹划在实际操作中需要遵循税法的规定，同时要结合企业自身的经营情况和国家税收政策进行合理筹划。
税收筹划要因地制宜，没有统一的模式，必须根据企业的实际情况和国家政策的变化来灵活运用。
纳税筹划文献综述及外文文献资料
纳税筹划文献综述及外文文献资料本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题：Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in Ghana 作者：Kawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy Kwabla期刊：International Journal of Economics and Finance第6卷，第3期，页码：162-168，2014年Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in GhanaKawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy KwablaAbstractThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning of firms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. The results indicate that that firms' tendency to engage in intensive tax planning activities reduces when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates. Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. It is concluded that investors must institute systems to ensure tax planning benefits reflect significantly in their pockets.Keywords: Ghana stock exchange, tax planning, market performance, longitudinal correlative design, investors1. IntroductionOver the years and throughout the world, the history of taxation brings out one fact; that taxes are coercive in nature and therefore economic units which are assigned the tax liability never wholly intend to bear the actual tax burden (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators (CATA), 2007). Economic units, more specifically, corporate bodies are always adopting ways to minimise, postpone, or avoid entirely, the payment of tax. The attempts by the economic units to reduce, postpone or avoid tax payment can be legal or illegal. The legal means is called tax planning while the illegal means is called tax evasion. The dire consequence of tax evasion makes it an unattractive option for listed companies (Murphy, 2004).The practice of tax planning dates back to 1947 when learned judge Hand, in the case Commissioner v Newman, held that there is nothing sinister in arranging ones affairs so as to keep taxes as low as possible. Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory supports this argument. According to Hoffman, it is a necessity for firms to understand the prevailing tax laws and apply the laws in a manner that ensures the firms minimise their tax exposure. Hoffman posits that it makes no economic sense to pay more tax than what the law demands. Scholes and Wolfson's (1992) tax planning framework also underscores the need for corporate bodies to engage in tax planning. According to Scholes and Wolfson, a successful company is the one that is properly attuned to its tax environment.International governmental organizations, such as CA TA (2009), suggest that corporate bodies in Ghana, especially the large entities, engage in complex tax planning activities. Research by civil society groups such as Christian Aid (2008), Action Aid (2011), and Dan Watch (2011), confirm this assertions made bythe Domestic Revenue Division. The missing element in the findings is thequantitative expression of the tax planning activities of the firms.The traditional thinking is that firms that derive maximum benefit from tax planning perform better than those that do not plan their taxes (Murphy, 2007). From the empirical perspective, tax planning is positively associated with firms' performance. For instance, Desai and Hines (2002); Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin (2010) reported positive association between tax planning savings and firm performance. The argument is that tax represents cost of doing business, and any action that has the potential of minimising tax cost reflects in higher firm performance. This argument presupposes that tax planning cost and risk does not exceed the savings from the planning.Few studies in the UK dispel the traditional relationship between tax planning and firm performance. While admitting that tax planning has a positive association with accounting performance, Desai and Dharmaphala (2007) reported that tax planning has a neutral association with market performance. Indeed Abdul-Wahab (2010) found a negative association between tax planning and firm performance. Kportorgbi (2013) suggested that corporate governance strength plays a mediating factor in the tax planning-firm performance relationship.A study of the effect of tax planning savings on firms' market performance is crucial for all stakeholders in the emerging security markets such as the Ghana stock Exchange. In fact each possible relationship has a unique implication for the players. For instance, a positive association implies that tax planning produces a win-win situation for both management andshareholders (investors). A negative association connotes that tax planning benefits may not eventually trickle to the pocket of the shareholder. Indeed, a negative association may be an indicative of the existence of agency problem, where management is inclined to pursue tax planning to enhance their own lot rather than advancing the interest of the investor. Where a neutral association is established, it will invoke a follow up study on the possible factors that could influence the relationship either positively or negatively. Secondly, the study is necessary to inform tax planning agents and investors on the dynamics of tax planning1.1 Objective of the StudyThe primary objective of this study is to explore the relationship between tax planning savings of firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange and firm market performance. The study also seeks to examine the simultaneous influence of other firm specific variables on the tax planning-market performance relationship.1.2 Tax Planning Intensity of Firms in GhanaCommentators on tax behaviour of firms in Ghana paint a picture that suggests that large firms engage in tax planning activities. For instance CATA (2009) posits that Ghana Revenue Authority lost seventy-four million pounds between 2005 and 2007 to the European Union (EU) in tax revenue as a result of tax avoidance by several multinational companies. Murphy (2004) also reported that firms have complex gamut of arsenals to reduce their tax burden. The reports indicate that the tax avoiding mechanism of firms are largely allowed by the tax laws. There are also indications that the firms take advantage of the loopholes in the tax laws to derive unintended tax benefits. Theavenues for tax planning usually revolve around locational reliefs, industry-specific concessions and capital allowance provitions. Others are time variables and entity variables.Most of the reports are not precise in their estimation of the benefits that firms achieve through tax planning. The lack of precision in measuring tax planning intensity is largely attributed to the insufficient reporting of issues of taxation by firms. Aside the mandatory disclosures to tax authorities, firms are reluctant in disclosing much on tax behaviours. This is due to the perceived thin line that exist between tax planning and tax evasion. Listed companies, however, provide provide adequate information necessary to estimate the tax savings of the firms. This is made possible by virtue of the financial reporting guidelines provided by the security exchange commision.2. Review of Related LiteratureThis section is subdivided into theoretical review and empirical review. The theoritical review encapsultes the Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory. Three main empirical studies are reviewed. They are Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2009) and Abdul-Wahab (2010).2.1 Hoffman's Tax Planning TheoryAccording to Hoffman (1961) tax planning seeks to divert cash, which would ordinarily flow to tax authorities, to the corporate entities. Tax planning activities are desirable to the extent that they reduce taxable income to the barest minimum, without sacrificing accounting income. The theory is premised on the fact that firms tax liability is based on taxable income rather than accounting income. The idea is thus to intensify activities that reduce taxable income but has no indirect relationship on accounting profit. The theory thus recognised a positiveassociation between firm tax planning activity and firm performance.Hoffman (1961) also recognised the role of tax cost in the tax planning activities. The theory thus provided that the positive association between tax planning and corporate performance is on a basic assumption that tax benefits from the tax planning exceed tax cost. The scope of the Hoffman's tax planning theory does not address the dynamics of tax planning and market performance. As capital markets develop and the separation of ownership and control of corporate bodies become well-spread, the need for a comprehensive tax planning theory is imperative. This need is rather addressed through the empirical perspective than through theoretical perspective (Inger, 2012).2.2 Empirical Review and Development of HypothesisDesai and Hines (2002) provide evidence on firm performance and tax planning behaviour of firms. Again, the study investigates the relationship between tightening of tax systems and market value of firms. The study was based on 850 listed US firms. The study sample was purposively selected to reflect the characteristics desired by the researchers. The study was cross sectional and the data relates to year 2000. Correlative-description design was adopted. Simple regression and t-tests were used to establish the relationships. Desai and Hines established that intensive tax planning is associated with higher firm performance. On the other hand, the study reported that tightening of the tax system is positively associated with higher market performance of firms. The findings of Desai and Hines (2002) are similar to that reported by Chen, Chen and Chen (2010). Desai and Dharmapala (2007) provided a comprehensive study that incorporates tax planning, corporate governance andfirm performance. The study used 4,492 observations on 862 firms over the period 1993 to 2001. This panel data was drawn from the Compustat and Execucomp databases, merged with data on institutional ownership of firms from the CDA/Spectrum database. Firms' performance is measured using Tobin's q and governance quality is proxied by the level of institutional ownership. Tax planning is measured by inferring the difference between the income reported to capital markets and tax authorities (the book-tax-gap). Two analysis models were adopted-the OLS model and the IV estimation model. The OLS results shows that the average effect of tax planning on corporate performance is not significantly different from zero. In other words, there is no relationship between tax planning and firm performance. The study howeverreports a positive association between tax planning savings and performance for well-governed firms. Desai and Dharmapala (2007) thus concluded that corporate governance mediates the tax planning-firm performance relationship. The IV estimate shows a higher effect of corporate governance on firm performance.Abdul-Wahab (2010) provides a result that differs from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dhamarpala (2009), and Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin. Abdul-Wahab's (2010) study sought to establish a relationship between tax planning savings of firms and their value. The study simultaneously investigates the moderating influence of corporate governance. Abdul-Wahab's study employed 240 firms listed on the London stock exchange from 2005 to 2007. Tax planning was proxied by the difference between the effective tax rate of the entities and the applicable statutory tax rates. Self-constructed governance indexwas constructed using corporate governance mechanisms. Firms' value was represented by the Tobin's Q. The data was analysed using panel regression analysis model. As a check, the OLS model was also used.The results indicate a negative relationship between firm value and tax planning activities. Abdul-Wahab (2010) explains the relationship with reference to tax planning cost and risk. The study suggested that tax planning cost and risks associated with tax planning have the potential of derailing the benefits that should have accrued to shareholders. The researcher maintains that as tax planning activities increase, the tax costs and risks outweighs the benefits.Due to the diversity of the relationships found between tax planning and firms' market performance, it is right to develop a null hypothesis as:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance.It is unreasonable to suggest that tax planning is the only determinants of firm performance. Baring the existence of multicollinearity between (among) the explanatory variables, sales growth, financial leverage, firm size and age of the firms will be introduced into the regression models. Several studies, including Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2007), Abdul-Wahab (2010) reported positive association between firm performance and sales growth, firm size and financial leverage. It is thus clear to develop the null hypothesis that:H2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associated.Firms' age, according to Desai and Dharmapala (2007) and Abdul-Wahab (2010) has a negative association with marketperformance of firms. This gives rise to the third null hypothesis that:H3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. 3. Methodology Longitudinal correlative design is adopted for the study. Longitudinal design is essential if the same research entities sampled in a cross section are then re-sampled at different times (Creswell, 2009; De Vaus, 2001). According to the authors, the design helps overcome limitations associated with the "snap shot" approach of cross sectional designs.The study population comprises all non-financial firms listed on the Ghana stock exchange. As of June 2013, twenty-three (23) out of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange were non-financial companies. Financial companies are excluded from the population. Previous researchers posit that the financial sector is a highly regulated sector and as such regulations blur the relationship that exist among the variables to be studied (O'Hamon & Taylor, 2007; Desai & Dharmapala, 2009; Abdul-Wahab, 2010).The study uses a panel data for twelve-year period, from 2000 to 2011. Data for the study is collected from the database of the Ghana Stock Exchange. Panel regression model is adopted fordata analysis and the Ordinary least square (OLS) been the method of regression.The regression model is summarized as:(1)α = (alpha) shows the constant affecting net profit margin on corporate tax.Tobin's q (market performance) = (market capitalization ofentity) ÷ (book va lue of shareholders fund).Tax savings = Statutory tax rate -Effective tax rate.Statutory tax rate = flat rate as mandated by the Ghana Revenue Authority.Effective tax rate = Corporate income tax expense/profit before tax.Sgrowth (sales growth) = (Previous Sales revenue -Current sales revenue) ÷Previous sales revenue.Fsize (firm size) = Natural log of firm's total assets.fLev (Financial leverage ) = Long term debt/shareholders fund.Age (Age of firms) = log(the difference between the year of establishment and years of observation).4. Results and DiscussionFigure 1 and Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics for two key variables, namely tax planning of firms and market performance over the twelve year period.Like the statutory rate, tax savings of firms show a decreasing trend. As tax authorities take steps to reduce the tax burden on firms, the leakages in tax revenue due to firms tax planning activities reduce. From figure 1, the statutory tax rate reduced from about 32% to 25%. Tax savings of firms reduced also from 15% to 8% by 2011. That is to say each percentage point decrease in the statutory rate leads to a corresponding decrease in firms' tax planning savings.The policy implication of this finding is two-fold. Firstly, the notion of increasing tax rate in order to rake in more tax revenue may not hold. As tax rates increased, the motivation of firms to deny the state of revenue through intensified tax planning machinery is enhanced. Secondly, as the tax rate is decreased, thenet benefit of planning tax is derailed. The way forward for tax revenue optimisation is to maintain lower tax rates and drag more firms into the tax net.Table 1 provides the market performance of the firms over the twelve year period.The farther the Tobin's Q is from unity, the better the company performance. From Table 1, all the company groups recorded an average score higher than 1.00. The overall average score is 1.78 (the median represents the average as skewness is negative). The high average market performance by the firms is driven by only the mining sector and the manufacturing companies. All the remaining classes of companies recorded lower than the average score.This finding confirms the observation of business persons in Ghana that business climate in Ghana gives unmatched advantage to the mining sector. The service sector records the lowest market performance. This raises a major concern as the sector is the major contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) in Ghana. Another sector to watch out for is the oil and gas. This sector has the most recent history. It was expected that the high hopes of investors in the sector after the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Ghana would have positive influence on the performance. It is expected that the sector will be one of the major drivers of firms' market performance in the future.Table 2 provides correlation results on the variables. This result is essential for at least two reasons. Firstly, it shows basic association between the dependent variable (market performance) and theindependent variable. Secondly, it shows if the "so-called" independent variables are indeed independent. In other words, ittests the multicollinearity status of the independent variables. From Table 2, the correlation co-efficient between tax savings and Tobin's Q is 0.112. This is however significant at 0.097. This significant level is compared with the default alpha of 0.05. As rule of thumb, we reject the null hypothesis if the actual significant level is higher than the expected alpha and do not reject if the actual significant is less than the expected alpha. In this instance p-value of 0.097 is greater than the expected alpha of 0.05. The null hypothesis that:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance is rejected.The correlation results do not suggest causation but gives an indication of association between the variables. The "no relationship" finding between tax planning and firms' market performance supports the reports of Desai and Dharmapala (2007) but differ from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002) and Abdul-Wahab (2010). The findings suggest that although savings from tax planning reflect in higher profit after tax, it does not necessarily reflect in the pocket of shareholders. This finding ignites studies aimed at uncovering factors that mediate the tax planning-firm performance relationship. Indeed, it might be the reasons behind the works of Desai and Dharmapala (2007), Desai and Dharmapala (2009) and Abdul Wahab (2010).Another finding in table 3 is the relationship between market performance (proxied by tobin's Q) and the firm specific variables. Sales growth and firm size shows positive and significant association with firms' market performance. On the other hand financial leverage and age of the firms shows a negative association with firm performance. The findingsWe do not reject the null hypotheses (H2 and H3) stated asH2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associatedH3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. Further Table 3 gives an indication that multicollinearity among the independent variables does not exist. The rule of thumb is that if the correlation coefficients between any two of the variables is above 0.50 (either positive or negative), those two variables are multi-correlated and should not be simultaneously included in the regression model. From Table 3, this condition does not exist. The variables can be regressed against the dependent variables.Table 3 shows the regression of Tobin's Q (proxy of firms' market performance) and all the independent variables.The adjusted R2 connotes that the five independent variables explain 55.3% of the variations in the dependent variable. The model is significant at 0.0001. This is a strong indicator that the variables used in the model have sufficiently explained the firms' market performance.The regression results found a relationship that is largely consistent with the correlation results shown in table 3. The results affirm that tax planning plays an insignificant role in the determination of firms' market performance. Again this supports the agency theory's argument that it not all actions of management that help achieve the wealth maximisation objective of management. From the results sales growth and the financial leverage are the two most influential variables. Firms should maintain low financial leverage ratio and pursue sales growth strategies in order to boost their market performance.5. ConclusionsThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning offirms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. Thefollowing conclusions are reached.Firstly firms' tax savings decrease as tax authorities reduce the statutory corporate income tax rates. This indicates that leakages in tax revenue as a result of intensive tax planning of firms reduce when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates.Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. Agency problem is much present in the issue of tax planning. The efforts of management to reduce tax burden of firms benefit other stakeholders rather than shareholders. There may be other factors that could ensure that substantial benefits of tax planning accrue to shareholders. Some researchers arguably, root for good corporate governance. This falls outside the scope of this study.Finally, sales growth, firm size, age of firms, financial leverage and tax planning simultaneously play a major role in determining firms' market performance. These variables explain 55.3% of the variations in firms' market performance. Sales growth and financial leverage are the two most influential variables that determine firm market performance.References二、文献综述企业纳税筹划文献综述摘要：20 世纪以来并购已经成为企业快速扩张和整合的重要手段之一。
房地产企业经营活动的税务筹划探讨 文献综述 精品
XXX科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）文献综述题目房地产企业经营活动的税务筹划探讨文献综述院（系）经济管理学院专业班级会计学本科2006级学生姓名任媛学号XXX指导教师（签字）文献综述要求1.文献综述是要求学生对所进行的课题搜集大量情报资料后综合分析而写出的一种学术论文。
其特点“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更加精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的描述和评价。
2.文献综述中引用的中外文资料，内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，理工类不得少于10篇，其它不少于12篇。
3.文献综述不少于2000字。
其所附注释、参考文献格式要求同正文。
文献综述的评阅评阅要求：应根据学校“文献综述要求”，对学生的文献综述内容的相关性、阅读数量以及综述的文字表述情况等作具体的评价。
指导教师的评语：指导教师（签字）年月日房地产企业经营活动的税务筹划探讨文献综述摘要：税务筹划是市场经济的产物，是筹划者为获取整体经济利益，在合理合法的基础上进行的一项复杂的经济管理活动。
许多专家学者对税务筹划理论作了深入的研究，根据我国的实际情况和房地产企业的运用现状，分析了其存在的问题，提出了相应建议及对策。
关键词：内涵意义现状分析建议对策本人搜集了关于房地产企业税务筹划的书籍、期刊、论文等20余篇及外文文献，涉及税务筹划的理论、现状分析、应对措施等。
本人精选出十几篇文章作为综述对象，就其主要观点和写作脉络进行综述分析。
一税务筹划的内涵及作用（一）税务筹划的内涵税务筹划亦称税收筹划、纳税筹划，对于税务筹划概念的描述国内外也不尽相同。
其各自观点如下：荷兰国际财政文献局（IBFD）：“税务筹划是指纳税人通过对经营活动或个人事务活动的安排，实现缴纳最低的税收。
”[1]印度税务专家N.J.雅萨斯威：“税务筹划，是纳税人通过财务活动的安排，以充分利用税收法规所提供的，包括减免税在内的一切优惠，从而获得最大的税收利益。
税收政策文献综述
税收政策文献综述09国经1班吴琼32009032121税收政策是指国家为了实现一定历史时期任务，选择确立的税收分配活动的指导思想和原则，它是经济政策的重要组成部分。
本篇文献综述针对我国财政政策的发展历史，发展现状，存在的问题及解决的方向，结合税收政策作为经济政策的一种手段所产生的作用对当前的发展趋势做出总体的概括。
中国税收政策的形成和发展与中国的社会经济建设紧密联系在一起。
不同时期的税收政策有鲜明的时代特点。
建国初期和国民经济恢复时期的税收政策，由于中共七届二中全会决定把党的工作中心从乡村转到城市，以生产建设为中心任务。
因此税收工作重点也开始由农村向城市转移。
此后，中央人民政府有针对性地制定了统一税政、平衡财政收支的总的税收政策。
具体体现在1950年1月中央人民政府政务院发布的《关于统一中国税政的决定》的通令文件。
明确规定了新中国的税收政策、税收制度、管理体制、组织机构等一系列重大原则，建立了新中国第一个统一税收制度。
对于中国财政经济的好转和国民经济的恢复和发展，创造了良好的条件。
1952年底，中国胜利地完成了恢复国民经济的任务。
国营经济和合作经济在整个国民经济中的比重提高了，商品流转和经营方式也发生了变化，同时，认为“多种税、多次征”的复杂税制不利于国家的计划管理和国营企业经济核算。
因此，提出了“保证税收，简化税制”的原则，税收政策开始配合对资本主义工商业的社会主义改造。
综合各类文献，总结中国税收政策的现状，自1994年税制改革，确立了中国的税收基本政策是：统一税法、公平税负、简化税制、合理分权。
建国以来尤其是改革开放二十多年来，在汲取我国传统税收文化中优良因素的基础上，随着财税体制的规范、税收征管的完善、税法的普及以及纳税人和税务人员素质的提高，我国公开、公平、公正的税收法制环境逐步取得成效，良好的税收文化已在我国初步形成。
然而，在向市场经济体制转轨过程中，作为政治文化一部分的税收文化也随着经济体制的变迁而处于变革之中。
纳税筹划文献综述及外文文献资料
本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题：Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in Ghana 作者：Kawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy Kwabla期刊：International Journal of Economics and Finance第6卷，第3期，页码：162-168，2014年Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in GhanaKawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy KwablaAbstractThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning of firms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. The results indicate that that firms' tendency to engage in intensive tax planning activities reduces when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates. Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. It is concluded that investors must institute systems to ensure tax planning benefits reflect significantly in their pockets.Keywords: Ghana stock exchange, tax planning, market performance, longitudinal correlative design, investors1. IntroductionOver the years and throughout the world, the history of taxation brings out one fact; that taxes are coercive in nature and therefore economic units which are assigned the tax liability never wholly intend to bear the actual tax burden (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators (CATA), 2007). Economic units, more specifically, corporate bodies are always adopting ways to minimise, postpone, or avoid entirely, the payment of tax. The attempts by the economic units to reduce, postpone or avoid tax payment can be legal or illegal. The legal means is called tax planning while the illegal means is called tax evasion. The dire consequence of tax evasion makes it an unattractive option for listed companies (Murphy, 2004).The practice of tax planning dates back to 1947 when learned judge Hand, in the case Commissioner v Newman, held that there is nothing sinister in arranging ones affairs so as to keep taxes as low as possible. Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory supports this argument. According to Hoffman, it is a necessity for firms to understand the prevailing tax laws and apply the laws in a manner that ensures the firms minimise their tax exposure. Hoffman posits that it makes no economic sense to pay more tax than what the law demands. Scholes and Wolfson's (1992) tax planning framework also underscores the need for corporate bodies to engage in tax planning. According to Scholes and Wolfson, a successful company is the one that is properly attuned to its tax environment.International governmental organizations, such as CA TA (2009), suggest that corporate bodies in Ghana, especially the large entities, engage in complex tax planning activities. Research by civil society groups such as Christian Aid (2008), Action Aid (2011), and Dan Watch (2011), confirm this assertions made by the Domestic Revenue Division. The missing element in the findings is thequantitative expression of the tax planning activities of the firms.The traditional thinking is that firms that derive maximum benefit from tax planning perform better than those that do not plan their taxes (Murphy, 2007). From the empirical perspective, tax planning is positively associated with firms' performance. For instance, Desai and Hines (2002); Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin (2010) reported positive association between tax planning savings and firm performance. The argument is that tax represents cost of doing business, and any action that has the potential of minimising tax cost reflects in higher firm performance. This argument presupposes that tax planning cost and risk does not exceed the savings from the planning.Few studies in the UK dispel the traditional relationship between tax planning and firm performance. While admitting that tax planning has a positive association with accounting performance, Desai and Dharmaphala (2007) reported that tax planning has a neutral association with market performance. Indeed Abdul-Wahab (2010) found a negative association between tax planning and firm performance. Kportorgbi (2013) suggested that corporate governance strength plays a mediating factor in the tax planning-firm performance relationship.A study of the effect of tax planning savings on firms' market performance is crucial for all stakeholders in the emerging security markets such as the Ghana stock Exchange. In fact each possible relationship has a unique implication for the players. For instance, a positive association implies that tax planning produces a win-win situation for both management and shareholders (investors). A negative association connotes that tax planning benefits may not eventually trickle to the pocket of the shareholder. Indeed, a negative association may be an indicative of the existence of agency problem, where management is inclined to pursue tax planning to enhance their own lot rather than advancing the interest of the investor. Where a neutral association is established, it will invoke a follow up study on the possible factors that could influence the relationship either positively or negatively. Secondly, the study is necessary to inform tax planning agents and investors on the dynamics of tax planning1.1 Objective of the StudyThe primary objective of this study is to explore the relationship between tax planning savings of firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange and firm market performance. The study also seeks to examine the simultaneous influence of other firm specific variables on the tax planning-market performance relationship.1.2 Tax Planning Intensity of Firms in GhanaCommentators on tax behaviour of firms in Ghana paint a picture that suggests that large firms engage in tax planning activities. For instance CATA (2009) posits that Ghana Revenue Authority lost seventy-four million pounds between 2005 and 2007 to the European Union (EU) in tax revenue as a result of tax avoidance by several multinational companies. Murphy (2004) also reported that firms have complex gamut of arsenals to reduce their tax burden. The reports indicate that the tax avoiding mechanism of firms are largely allowed by the tax laws. There are also indications that the firms take advantage of the loopholes in the tax laws to derive unintended tax benefits. The avenues for tax planning usually revolve around locational reliefs, industry-specific concessions and capital allowance provitions. Others are time variables and entity variables.Most of the reports are not precise in their estimation of the benefits that firms achieve through tax planning. The lack of precision in measuring tax planning intensity is largely attributed to the insufficient reporting of issues of taxation by firms. Aside the mandatory disclosures to tax authorities, firms are reluctant in disclosing much on tax behaviours. This is due to the perceivedthin line that exist between tax planning and tax evasion. Listed companies, however, provide provide adequate information necessary to estimate the tax savings of the firms. This is made possible by virtue of the financial reporting guidelines provided by the security exchange commision.2. Review of Related LiteratureThis section is subdivided into theoretical review and empirical review. The theoritical review encapsultes the Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory. Three main empirical studies are reviewed. They are Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2009) and Abdul-Wahab (2010).2.1 Hoffman's Tax Planning TheoryAccording to Hoffman (1961) tax planning seeks to divert cash, which would ordinarily flow to tax authorities, to the corporate entities. Tax planning activities are desirable to the extent that they reduce taxable income to the barest minimum, without sacrificing accounting income. The theory is premised on the fact that firms tax liability is based on taxable income rather than accounting income. The idea is thus to intensify activities that reduce taxable income but has no indirect relationship on accounting profit. The theory thus recognised a positive association between firm tax planning activity and firm performance.Hoffman (1961) also recognised the role of tax cost in the tax planning activities. The theory thus provided that the positive association between tax planning and corporate performance is on a basic assumption that tax benefits from the tax planning exceed tax cost. The scope of the Hoffman's tax planning theory does not address the dynamics of tax planning and market performance. As capital markets develop and the separation of ownership and control of corporate bodies become well-spread, the need for a comprehensive tax planning theory is imperative. This need is rather addressed through the empirical perspective than through theoretical perspective (Inger, 2012).2.2 Empirical Review and Development of HypothesisDesai and Hines (2002) provide evidence on firm performance and tax planning behaviour of firms. Again, the study investigates the relationship between tightening of tax systems and market value of firms. The study was based on 850 listed US firms. The study sample was purposively selected to reflect the characteristics desired by the researchers. The study was cross sectional and the data relates to year 2000. Correlative-description design was adopted. Simple regression and t-tests were used to establish the relationships. Desai and Hines established that intensive tax planning is associated with higher firm performance. On the other hand, the study reported that tightening of the tax system is positively associated with higher market performance of firms. The findings of Desai and Hines (2002) are similar to that reported by Chen, Chen and Chen (2010). Desai and Dharmapala (2007) provided a comprehensive study that incorporates tax planning, corporate governance and firm performance. The study used 4,492 observations on 862 firms over the period 1993 to 2001. This panel data was drawn from the Compustat and Execucomp databases, merged with data on institutional ownership of firms from the CDA/Spectrum database. Firms' performance is measured using Tobin's q and governance quality is proxied by the level of institutional ownership. Tax planning is measured by inferring the difference between the income reported to capital markets and tax authorities (the book-tax-gap). Two analysis models were adopted-the OLS model and the IV estimation model. The OLS results shows that the average effect of tax planning on corporate performance is not significantly different from zero. In other words, there is no relationship between tax planning and firm performance. The study howeverreports a positive association between tax planning savings and performance for well-governed firms. Desai and Dharmapala (2007) thus concluded that corporate governance mediates the tax planning-firm performance relationship. The IV estimate shows a higher effect of corporate governance on firm performance.Abdul-Wahab (2010) provides a result that differs from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dhamarpala (2009), and Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin. Abdul-Wahab's (2010) study sought to establish a relationship between tax planning savings of firms and their value. The study simultaneously investigates the moderating influence of corporate governance. Abdul-Wahab's study employed 240 firms listed on the London stock exchange from 2005 to 2007. Tax planning was proxied by the difference between the effective tax rate of the entities and the applicable statutory tax rates. Self-constructed governance index was constructed using corporate governance mechanisms. Firms' value was represented by the Tobin's Q. The data was analysed using panel regression analysis model. As a check, the OLS model was also used.The results indicate a negative relationship between firm value and tax planning activities. Abdul-Wahab (2010) explains the relationship with reference to tax planning cost and risk. The study suggested that tax planning cost and risks associated with tax planning have the potential of derailing the benefits that should have accrued to shareholders. The researcher maintains that as tax planning activities increase, the tax costs and risks outweighs the benefits.Due to the diversity of the relationships found between tax planning and firms' market performance, it is right to develop a null hypothesis as:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance.It is unreasonable to suggest that tax planning is the only determinants of firm performance. Baring the existence of multicollinearity between (among) the explanatory variables, sales growth, financial leverage, firm size and age of the firms will be introduced into the regression models. Several studies, including Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2007), Abdul-Wahab (2010) reported positive association between firm performance and sales growth, firm size and financial leverage. It is thus clear to develop the null hypothesis that:H2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associated.Firms' age, according to Desai and Dharmapala (2007) and Abdul-Wahab (2010) has a negative association with market performance of firms. This gives rise to the third null hypothesis that:H3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. 3. MethodologyLongitudinal correlative design is adopted for the study. Longitudinal design is essential if the same research entities sampled in a cross section are then re-sampled at different times (Creswell, 2009; De Vaus, 2001). According to the authors, the design helps overcome limitations associated with the "snap shot" approach of cross sectional designs.The study population comprises all non-financial firms listed on the Ghana stock exchange. As of June 2013, twenty-three (23) out of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange were non-financial companies. Financial companies are excluded from the population. Previous researchers posit that the financial sector is a highly regulated sector and as such regulations blur the relationship that exist among the variables to be studied (O'Hamon & Taylor, 2007; Desai & Dharmapala, 2009; Abdul-Wahab, 2010).The study uses a panel data for twelve-year period, from 2000 to 2011. Data for the study is collected from the database of the Ghana Stock Exchange. Panel regression model is adopted fordata analysis and the Ordinary least square (OLS) been the method of regression.The regression model is summarized as: (1)α = (alpha) shows the constant affecting net profit margin on corporate tax.Tobin's q (market performance) = (market capitalization of entity) ÷ (book value of shareholders fund).Tax savings = Statutory tax rate -Effective tax rate.Statutory tax rate = flat rate as mandated by the Ghana Revenue Authority.Effective tax rate = Corporate income tax expense/profit before tax.Sgrowth (sales growth) = (Previous Sales revenue -Current sales revenue) ÷Previous sales revenue.Fsize (firm size) = Natural log of firm's total assets.fLev (Financial leverage ) = Long term debt/shareholders fund.Age (Age of firms) = log(the difference between the year of establishment and years of observation).4. Results and DiscussionFigure 1 and Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics for two key variables, namely tax planning of firms and market performance over the twelve year period.Like the statutory rate, tax savings of firms show a decreasing trend. As tax authorities take steps to reduce the tax burden on firms, the leakages in tax revenue due to firms tax planning activities reduce. From figure 1, the statutory tax rate reduced from about 32% to 25%. Tax savings of firms reduced also from 15% to 8% by 2011. That is to say each percentage point decrease in the statutory rate leads to a corresponding decrease in firms' tax planning savings.The policy implication of this finding is two-fold. Firstly, the notion of increasing tax rate in order to rake in more tax revenue may not hold. As tax rates increased, the motivation of firms to deny the state of revenue through intensified tax planning machinery is enhanced. Secondly, as the tax rate is decreased, the net benefit of planning tax is derailed. The way forward for tax revenue optimisation is to maintain lower tax rates and drag more firms into the tax net.Table 1 provides the market performance of the firms over the twelve year period.The farther the Tobin's Q is from unity, the better the company performance. From Table 1, all the company groups recorded an average score higher than 1.00. The overall average score is 1.78 (the median represents the average as skewness is negative). The high average market performance by the firms is driven by only the mining sector and the manufacturing companies. All the remaining classes of companies recorded lower than the average score.This finding confirms the observation of business persons in Ghana that business climate in Ghana gives unmatched advantage to the mining sector. The service sector records the lowest market performance. This raises a major concern as the sector is the major contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) in Ghana. Another sector to watch out for is the oil and gas. This sector has the most recent history. It was expected that the high hopes of investors in the sector after the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Ghana would have positive influence on the performance. It is expected that the sector will be one of the major drivers of firms' market performance in the future.Table 2 provides correlation results on the variables. This result is essential for at least two reasons. Firstly, it shows basic association between the dependent variable (market performance) and theindependent variable. Secondly, it shows if the "so-called" independent variables are indeed independent. In other words, it tests the multicollinearity status of the independent variables. From Table 2, the correlation co-efficient between tax savings and Tobin's Q is 0.112. This is however significant at 0.097. This significant level is compared with the default alpha of 0.05. As rule of thumb, we reject the null hypothesis if the actual significant level is higher than the expected alpha and do not reject if the actual significant is less than the expected alpha. In this instance p-value of 0.097 is greater than the expected alpha of 0.05. The null hypothesis that:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance is rejected.The correlation results do not suggest causation but gives an indication of association between the variables. The "no relationship" finding between tax planning and firms' market performance supports the reports of Desai and Dharmapala (2007) but differ from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002) and Abdul-Wahab (2010). The findings suggest that although savings from tax planning reflect in higher profit after tax, it does not necessarily reflect in the pocket of shareholders. This finding ignites studies aimed at uncovering factors that mediate the tax planning-firm performance relationship. Indeed, it might be the reasons behind the works of Desai and Dharmapala (2007), Desai and Dharmapala (2009) and Abdul Wahab (2010).Another finding in table 3 is the relationship between market performance (proxied by tobin's Q) and the firm specific variables. Sales growth and firm size shows positive and significant association with firms' market performance. On the other hand financial leverage and age of the firms shows a negative association with firm performance. The findingsWe do not reject the null hypotheses (H2 and H3) stated asH2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associatedH3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. Further Table 3 gives an indication that multicollinearity among the independent variables does not exist. The rule of thumb is that if the correlation coefficients between any two of the variables is above 0.50 (either positive or negative), those two variables are multi-correlated and should not be simultaneously included in the regression model. From Table 3, this condition does not exist. The variables can be regressed against the dependent variables.Table 3 shows the regression of Tobin's Q (proxy of firms' market performance) and all the independent variables.The adjusted R2 connotes that the five independent variables explain 55.3% of the variations in the dependent variable. The model is significant at 0.0001. This is a strong indicator that the variables used in the model have sufficiently explained the firms' market performance.The regression results found a relationship that is largely consistent with the correlation results shown in table 3. The results affirm that tax planning plays an insignificant role in the determination of firms' market performance. Again this supports the agency theory's argument that it not all actions of management that help achieve the wealth maximisation objective of management. From the results sales growth and the financial leverage are the two most influential variables. Firms should maintain low financial leverage ratio and pursue sales growth strategies in order to boost their market performance.5. ConclusionsThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning of firms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. Thefollowing conclusions are reached.Firstly firms' tax savings decrease as tax authorities reduce the statutory corporate income tax rates. This indicates that leakages in tax revenue as a result of intensive tax planning of firms reduce when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates.Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. Agency problem is much present in the issue of tax planning. The efforts of management to reduce tax burden of firms benefit other stakeholders rather than shareholders. There may be other factors that could ensure that substantial benefits of tax planning accrue to shareholders. Some researchers arguably, root for good corporate governance. This falls outside the scope of this study.Finally, sales growth, firm size, age of firms, financial leverage and tax planning simultaneously play a major role in determining firms' market performance. These variables explain 55.3% of the variations in firms' market performance. Sales growth and financial leverage are the two most influential variables that determine firm market performance.References二、文献综述企业纳税筹划文献综述摘要：20 世纪以来并购已经成为企业快速扩张和整合的重要手段之一。
税务筹划研究综述
205税务筹划研究综述张瑜作者简介：张瑜（1995—），女，汉，陕西延安人，在读研究生，延安大学，研究方向：税法与税务筹划。
（延安大学陕西延安716000）摘要：近些年来，有关于对税务筹划的研究已经不再局限于以往的理论研究，在实践方面也取得了十分可观的成绩。
但是据实来说，我国对于税务筹划的研究相比于国外的研究还是略显不足。
本文对有关于税务筹划的若干文章进行了梳理，期望可以给国内税务筹划的研究提供些许借鉴。
关键词：税务筹划；研究简述；述评一、引言依据税法进行纳税是我国每一个公民都应当尽的义务。
税务筹划能够直接减少税金，增加企业的可流动资金，从而能够使企业在市场中拥有更多的主动权。
所以，税务筹划得到了广泛关注。
税务筹划是什么、税务筹划应该达到什么样的目的、税务筹划有哪些具体的方法，这些都需要学者们来进行研究。
二、国外税务筹划研究简述伴随着政府开始征收税金，人民以及企业想要降低税负的想法也就随之而来。
税务筹划先是在国外发展起来的，但是它发展的道路并不是一帆风顺的。
税务筹划一开始并不为人们所接受，经历的曲折的过程才慢慢发展道路现在的被承认。
发展过程经历了两个阶段。
（一）传统税务筹划理论阶段税务筹划先是在国外一些发达国家中发展起来的。
1935年Tomlin 发表了声明，指出“无论是谁都有权利在法律所允许的范围之内安排自己的日常活动，即便是为了使自己需要缴纳的税负减少，虽然说这不是政府和人们所提倡的，但是政府没有理由认为这种行为是不合法的，不应该受到指责。
”［1］威斯特敏斯特诉讼一案之后，税务筹划才被国外的法律承认，自此，税务筹划理论得到了广泛而科学的研究。
早期的税务筹划研究，把着眼点放在考察与税务相关的管理行为上，如Morrison Thomas A．＆Buzby Stephen L．（1968）等研究的是税收如何影响特定的管理决策；Crumbley D．Larry （1973）从行为学角度研究税收问题。
纳税筹划研究综述
纳税筹办研究综述中文大纲在市场经济条件下，我国社会主义市场经济已逐渐成立其实不断圆满，社会法制化程度已逐渐提高，这为各种经济主体（即纳税人）发挥才华供应了广阔的空间，同时也使他们面对着残忍的市场竞争，税收作为国家的一种无偿的逼迫性课征，直接将企业的一部分收入转移到国家手中，这种价值向国家的单向转移，必定减少企业的收入，以致企业的功能损失，不可以防范地影响企业的行为选择。
正如美国着名法学家弗兰克林曾说 : 世界上除了死亡和纳税，其他都不是必定的。
既然税收不可以防范，而其数额的多少将直接影响着经济主体自己的实质经济效益，而且，纳税筹办贯穿于企业经济活动的全过程，对企业的生产经营成就起着举足轻重的作用。
因此，对纳税筹办的研究是经济全球化的必定要求，是大势所趋，是时代潮流。
在我国纳税筹办倍受重视的情况下，正确理解纳税筹办的含义关于战胜纳税筹办中的阻截有着积极的意义。
纳税筹办的实质是一种起初的税务方面的安排和筹办，以降低税出入出为手段，以追求税后净收益最大化为目的的管理策略。
本文在介绍纳税筹办归纳和纳税筹办在中国发展历程的基础上，经过对国内外现有的关于纳税筹办的研究进行商议分析，总结前已获取的研究成就并提出有待深入研究的内容与方向，以期对我国新阶段纳税筹办的研究供应一些有益的建议。
【重点词】纳税筹办；研究；综述AbstractUnder the condition of market economy, China's socialist market economygradually establish and improve the legal degree,society has gradually improved, the various economic entities (. taxpayers) to display their talent and providea vast space, also causes them to face the fierce market competition, the tax asa free compulsory levy,directly to the part of the business income transfer into state hands,this kind of value to the state of the one-way transfer,will reduce the income of the enterprise,causes the enterprise effectiveness loss,inevitably affect the enterprise behavior choice.As the United States famous jurist Franklin once said:the world except death and taxes,other are not necessarily.Since taxes are inevitable, and its amount how many will directly affect the economic mainbody their actual economic benefits,therefore,corporate tax planning throughout the whole process of economic activities,production and operation of enterprises results play a decisive role. Therefore, the research on tax planning is theinevitable requirement of economic globalization, is to represent the generaltrend, is the trend of the times.In our country,tax planning has been paid muchattention to the case, a correct understanding of the meaning of tax planning to overcome obstacles in the taxplanning is of great significance.Tax planning is the essence of an advance tax arrangement and planning, in order to reduce tax expenditure as a means, to thepursuit of the after-tax net profit maximization as the goal of managementstrategy. Based on the introduction of tax planning and tax planning in China is outlinedon the basis of the development， through to the domestic and foreign existing research on tax planning study。
税收筹划论文范文精选3篇(全文)
税收筹划论文范文精选3篇一、税权分析(一)从权利与义务的角度分析。
税权作为一个税法概念，应当将其置于税收法律关系中，按照法律权利的一般原理对其进行解释。
在税收法律关系中，无论形式多么复杂，最基本的当事人是GJ和纳税人，最基本的法律关系是GJ与纳税人之间的权利义务关系。
税权不是GJ单方面的权力；GJ和纳税人作为税收法律关系的两极，理应享有对等的权利义务，税权也应是GJ和纳税人同时享有的税收权利或税法权力。
从法律权利与义务的角度看，税权即税法权利，是指税法确认和保护的GJ和纳税人基于税法事实而享有的对税收的征纳和使用的支配权利。
由此可见，对于GJ而言，税权体现为对税金的取得和使用的权利；对于纳税人而言，税权体现为纳税人对税收要素的参与决定权和对税款使用的民主监督权等。
从权利与义务的角度和纳税人作为税收双主体之一的角度来认识税权，提升了纳税人的主体地位并将纳税人税权系统地划分为税收使用权、税收知情权、税收参与权、税收监督权、税收请求权等几类。
(二)从公共财政的角度分析。
对于税收本质的认识，主要有两大类：一类是马克思主义的GJ分配论，认为税收是GJ凭借政治权力对社会产品进行再分配的形式；另一类是以西方社会契约思想为基础的等价交换说、税收价格说和公共需要说，认为税收是公民依法向征税机关缴纳一定的财产以形成GJ财政收入，从而使GJ得以具备满足公民对公共服务需要的能力的一种活动，是公民为猎取公共产品而支付的价格。
从公共财政角度出发分析税权，将税权不仅定位在GJ与纳税人之间权力与权利的追求，并将纳税人作为税收权利的主要地位，纳税人为了获得公共需要而纳税，政府则成为企业获得公共需要而必须提供公共服务的GJ权力。
(三)税收权力与税收权利。
马克斯·韦伯说：“权力是指一个人或一些人在某一社会行动中，甚至是在不顾其他参与这种行动的人进行抵抗情况下实现自己意志的可能性”。
而权利是权利主体在权力保障下的必须且应该得到的利益和索取，是社会治理者、领导者所保护的必须且应该的索取和必须且应该得到的利益。
浅析新时期个人所得税纳税筹划开题报告及文献综述
毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目:浅析新时期个人所得税的筹划英文题目:A Study on the planning of Personal Income Tax in the new period 系别: 工商管理系专业: 会计学班级: 07 级会本 (2) 班学号: 姓名: 指导老师:填表日期: 2010年-11月-15日一、选题的依据及意义：市场经济的不断发展，收入水平的提高，个人所得税的筹划越来越被人们所认识和重视.个人所得税逐渐与我们每个人都息息相关，个人所得税筹划将越来越普遍。
2006-2009年我国提高了工资、薪金的费用扣除标准，起征点从1200调制1600.到目前为止.至2010年.部分地区现在还调至2000.但全国个人所得税的继续保持增长，之所以在工资薪金所得费用标准提高后，个人所得税的收入还能够保持增长，首先是得益于经济发展带来可以预见，中国将逐步进入“全民纳税”的时代。
随着税收征管力度的加大，纳种人偷逃税款的空间越来越小，况月，偷逃税款会受到法律的处罚。
因而对纳税人来说，应将重点放在个人所得税的纳税筹划上。
通过对个人所得税的纳税筹划研究，能使我们在符合立法精神的前提下，进行科学的节税规划，与偷税漏税有这本质区别，具有在不违反税法前提下达到节税的目标。
因此，必将成为纳税人减轻税收负担，依法节税的必然选择，对个人所得税的筹划不仅可以使纳税人少缴冤枉税，也可以使得国家更好的完善税法二、国内外研究现状及发展趋势（文献综述）：引言：由于目前我国个人所得税征收面过窄、收入比重偏低，严重制约了我国财政收入；，也与我国现阶段经济发展及收入分配结构不相适应。
所以个人所得税纳税筹划也就引起广泛关注。
同时，随着市场经济的日渐成熟和各项法力法规的日益完善，依法纳税逐渐被人们所认识和重视，如何才能获得最大收益是要考虑的问题了.国内研究现状：我国个人所得税起步较晚，税务筹划在我国出现的历史很短，而目前对个人所得税的纳税筹划研究少，我国还尚属于一个比较新的课题。